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Machine and Deep Learning Approaches For Brain Tumor Identification:

Technologies, Applications, and Future Directions

Conference Paper · April 2023

DOI: 10.1109/CISES58720.2023.10183492

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 2023 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Sustainable Engineering Solutions (CISES)

Machine and Deep Learning Approaches For Brain

Tumor Identification: Technologies, Applications,
and Future Directions
2023 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Sustainable Engineering Solutions (CISES) | 979-8-3503-2391-7/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/CISES58720.2023.10183492

Vikram Verma Alankrita Aggarwal Tajinder Kumar

Research Scholar, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor,
CSE department, Department of Computer Science and Department of CSE Department,
Chandigarh university and Engineering, JMIETI,
Assistant Professor AIT, Chandigarh University (Gharuan) Radaur -India
CSE department Mohali,India tajinder_114@jmit.ac.in
PIET Samlakha, alankrita.e14496@cumail.in
Panipat , India
mail4vikram@gmail.com

Abstract— Brain tumor classification and detection utilizing
machine learning and deep learning are increasingly becoming
the focus of medical image analysis research. Thanks to the
advancement of modern imaging technology and machine
learning algorithms, it is now possible to accurately and
efficiently classify and diagnose brain tumors using a range of
methodologies. Machine learning and deep learning algorithms
are currently utilized to assess medical images and categorize
tumors based on traits such as shape, size, and texture.
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a popular deep learning
technique, are utilized to identify brain tumors in medical
pictures precisely. These models were created using large
datasets of brain MRI scans and are incredibly accurate in
spotting the presence of cancer. These models have been tested
and trained using a variety of freely available datasets, such as
the Brain Tumour Segmentation (BraTS) dataset and the
LGG/GBM dataset. Researchers have developed several
methods for preprocessing the data, increasing the dataset, and
fine-tuning the models to improve the models' accuracy further.
Overall, categorizing and identifying brain tumors using
machine learning and deep learning is a rapidly growing field
promising to enhance patient outcomes. By accurately and
successfully identifying brain tumors, these techniques can lead
to earlier detection and more tailored treatments, ultimately
improving patient outcomes. The categorization and detection
of brain tumors have been enhanced thanks to machine learning
and deep learning on various datasets.
Keywords— Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs),
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission
Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
I. INTRODUCTION
The many different kinds of brain tumours can be
categorized according to the cell type of the tumour's origin,
its location within the brain, and its level of malignancy. Some
of the most typical varieties of brain tumours are listed below:
1. Gliomas: These tumors originate from glial cells, which
are the supportive cells of the brain. Gliomas can be
further classified into subtypes such as astrocytomas,
oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas.
2. Meningiomas: These tumors originate from the
meninges, which are the protective coverings around the
brain and spinal cord.
3. Pituitary tumors: These tumors originate from the
pituitary gland, which is a small gland located at the base
of the brain that controls hormone production.
4. Schwannomas: These tumors originate from the Schwann
cells, which are the cells that wrap around nerve fibers
and provide insulation.
5. Medulloblastomas: These tumors are the most common
type of brain tumor in children and originate from the
cerebellum.
6. Craniopharyngiomas: These tumors originate from
remnants of embryonic tissue and are located near the
pituitary gland.
7. Primary central nervous system lymphomas: These
tumors originate from immune cells and can occur in the
brain, spinal cord, or meninges.
The kind, location, and level of brain tumor malignancy
determine its therapy and prognosis. For accurate diagnosis
and treatment, it's crucial to speak with a medical expert [1].
Brain tumors must be promptly diagnosed and precisely
characterized because they are one of the leading causes of
death worldwide. This will enhance patient outcomes. This
article proposes a deep learning-based automated
classification and identification approach for brain tumors
from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Cancer
detection and segmentation are handled by a convolutional
neural network (CNN), and tumor classification is dealt with
by a transfer learning classifier. Different authors tested their
approaches on a publicly available dataset of brain MRI
images labeled with tumors. The outcomes were entirely
accurate regarding both tumor detection and classification.
[2].
A. Methodology
Brain tumors are abnormal growths of brain cells that can
be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Early
detection and accurate diagnosis are essential for effectively
managing brain tumors. A systematic method for discovering
brain tumors is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), although
it can be expensive, time-consuming, and only sometimes
accurate. Thirty-four research publications published between
2017 and 2023 in technical, multidisciplinary, and medical
journals are analyzed retrospectively. We use PubMed and
Google Scholar as our main search engines, and we use the

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 2023 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Sustainable Engineering Solutions (CISES)

following search terms: Deep Learning and Convolutional consideration things like the variability of imaging
Neural Networks for Tumour Identification and Verification. protocols and patient populations?
x What are the social and legal issues surrounding the use of
B. Purpose of the Study deep learning and machine learning to identify brain
The goal of the work on deep learning methods for brain tumors, and how can they be resolved?
tumor identification is to create and evaluate deep learning
models that can deal with the difficulties of having little C. Abbreviations and Acronyms
annotated data. The ultimate objective is to enhance brain Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
tumor identification and therapy, improving patient outcomes.
Specifically, the study aims to: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

x Investigate the application of deep learning techniques for Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
identifying brain tumors from various medical pictures, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
such as MRI, CT, and PET scans.
Low-Grade Gliomas (LGG)
x Develop and test deep learning algorithms that accurately
distinguish between benign and malignant brain tumors. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)
x To get around the issue of having little labeled data, use The Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS)
transfer learning and data augmentation techniques.
IVY Glioblastoma Atlas Project (Ivy GAP)
x Evaluate the efficacy of deep learning models compared
to more seasoned machine learning methods and human Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)
experts. The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA)
The article mainly focus on following research points
The Predictive Oncology Data Repository (PODR)
x What are the best deep learning architectures and machine
learning methods for identifying brain tumours from The Human Connectome Project (HCP)
medical imaging data? Brain Tumor Spectroscopy (BTS)
x How do these approaches work in comparison to the The Human Brain Tumor Database (HBTDB)
established techniques employed by radiologists and other
medical professionals? The NMR-based Metabolomics Database for Brain
x What are the drawbacks and difficulties of using deep Cancer (METABRAINSTORM)
learning and machine learning to identify brain tumors, Ccapsule Neural Networks (CapsNets)
and how can they be overcome?
Vision Transformers (ViTs)
x How can these methods be made more effective for use in
clinical settings that actually exist, taking into Support Vector Machines (SVM)

TABLE I. TECHNIQUES FOR BRAIN TUMOR CLASSIFICATION AND DETECTION

Technique Description Advantages Limitations Applications

Non-invasive imaging technique Segmentation,
Magnetic High spatial resolution, can Limited sensitivity to certain types
that uses magnetic fields and radio classification, monitoring
Resonance capture multiple aspects of brain of tumors, can be affected by
waves to produce detailed images of tumor growth and
Imaging (MRI)[9] anatomy and function motion artifacts
of the brain treatment response
Segmentation,
Computed a non-invasive imaging method Fast and widely available, good Limited soft tissue contrast, can
classification, detection of
Tomography that creates precise pictures of the for detecting hemorrhages and expose patients to ionizing
hemorrhages and bone
(CT)[10] brain using X-rays bone abnormalities radiation
abnormalities
Sensitive to changes in
Positron Emission Imaging method that shows Limited spatial resolution, can be Classification, monitoring
metabolism and blood flow, can
Tomography biochemical activity in the brain affected by motion artifacts, of tumor growth and
capture information about tumor
(PET)[11] using a radioactive tracer exposure to ionizing radiation treatment response
aggressiveness
Magnetic Technique for non-invasive Can detect changes in metabolite Limited spatial resolution, difficult
Resonance imaging that can reveal details concentrations associated with to interpret metabolite spectra, Classification, monitoring
Spectroscopy about the molecular makeup of tumor growth and requires specialized equipment of treatment response
(MRS)[12] tissues aggressiveness and expertise
Can learn complex patterns in Requires large amounts of Segmentation,
A machine learning method that
Deep imaging data, can handle large annotated data, can be affected by classification, monitoring
analyses image data and forecasts
Learning[25] datasets, can be applied to biases in the training data, can be of tumor growth and
using neural networks
various imaging modalities computationally intensive treatment response
Can provide definitive diagnosis,
Invasive procedure that involves Invasive, carries risks of bleeding
can capture information about Diagnosis, classification,
Biopsy[13] removing a small sample of tumor and infection, may not be feasible
genetic and molecular treatment planning
tissue for analysis for some tumors or locations
characteristics of tumors

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 2023 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Sustainable Engineering Solutions (CISES)
II. BRAIN TUMOR IDENTIFICATION USING MACHINE
LEARNING AND DEEP LEARNING
The precise processes involved in the process can vary
based on the particular approach being employed, and the field
of machine learning for brain tumor identification is fast
growing. However, the following is a broad breakdown of
some of the crucial phases involved in identifying brain
tumors using machine learning [5]:
x Data collection: A large dataset of brain images must be
collected from multiple sources to train the machine
learning model.
x Data preparation: The images in the dataset must be
preprocessed, which may include resizing, normalization,
and filtering to improve the quality of the images and
remove any artifacts.
Fig. 1. Steps for Brain Tumor Identification Using Machine Learning [8]
Fig. 2. Brain Tumor Identification [15]
III. DATA SETS FOR BRAIN TUMOR CLASSIFICATION AND
DETECTION
There are several publicly available datasets that can be
used for brain tumor classification and detection using
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x Feature extraction: Machine learning algorithms require
specific features to be extracted from the image data. This
may include identifying specific shapes or patterns that are
indicative of a tumor.
x Model training: Once the features have been extracted, the
machine learning model is trained using a variety of
algorithms and techniques to accurately identify brain
tumors.
x Model evaluation: Using a collection of test images that
weren't used during training, the machine learning model's
performance is then assessed. This makes it more likely
that the model will be precise and be able to generalize to
new data.
x Deployment: After being trained and assessed, the
machine learning model can be used to detect brain
tumours in a clinical environment. This might entail
incorporating the model into already-in-use medical
imaging tools or using it independently.
machine learning techniques. Here are some of the most
widely used datasets:
 2023 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Sustainable Engineering Solutions (CISES)

TABLE II. DATASET TABLE FOR BRAIN TUMOR CLASSIFICATION

MRI datasets
S.No Data set Name Description
Sample size: 984 brain MRI images total, divided into training (688 scans), validation (100 scans),
and testing (196 scans) sets, make up the sample size for BraTS2021.
Diseases: The dataset contains glioblastoma (GBM), astrocytoma (ASTR), oligodendroglioma (OD),
and oligoastrocytoma, four different types of brain tumours. (OA).
The Brain Tumor Segmentation Imaging modalities: Various MRI imaging techniques, including T1-weighted (T1), T1-weighted
1.
(BraTS) dataset[10] with contrast enhancement (T1Gd), T2-weighted (T2), and T2-FLAIR, were used to obtain the scans.
(fluid-attenuated inversion recovery).
Annotations: The tumor segmentations are provided in two forms: (1) expert annotations, which were
manually created by experienced radiologists, and (2) automated segmentations, which were
generated by various segmentation algorithms submitted to the BraTS challenge.
Sample size: The LGG/GBM subset of BraTS2021 consists of 580 brain MRI scans, which are split
into training (416 scans), validation (60 scans), and testing (104 scans) sets.
Diseases: The dataset includes two types of brain tumors: low-grade gliomas (LGG) and high-grade
glioblastomas (GBM).
Imaging modalities: The scans were acquired using different MRI modalities, including T1-weighted
2. The LGG/GBM dataset[11]
(T1), T1-weighted with contrast enhancement (T1Gd), T2-weighted (T2), and T2-FLAIR (fluid-
attenuated inversion recovery).
Annotations: The tumor segmentations are provided in two forms: (1) expert annotations, which were
manually created by experienced radiologists, and (2) automated segmentations, which were
generated by various segmentation algorithms submitted to the BraTS challenge.
Sample size: The BraTS2021 dataset consists of 984 brain MRI scans, which are split into training
(688 scans), validation (100 scans), and testing (196 scans) sets.
Diseases: The dataset includes four types of brain tumors: glioblastoma (GBM), astrocytoma
(ASTR), oligodendroglioma (OD), and oligoastrocytoma (OA).
The Multimodal Brain Tumor Image Imaging modalities: Different MRI techniques, such as T1-weighted (T1), T1-weighted with contrast
3.
Segmentation (BRATS) dataset [12] enhancement (T1Gd), T2-weighted (T2), and T2-FLAIR, were used to obtain the scans (fluid-
attenuated inversion recovery).
Annotations: The tumor segmentations are provided in two forms: (1) expert annotations, which were
manually created by experienced radiologists, and (2) automated segmentations, which were
generated by various segmentation algorithms submitted to the BraTS challenge.
Patients with gliomas, meningiomas, and metastases are represented in this collection by their MRI
The Hospital Universitario de Burgos
4. images. It includes FLAIR, T1- and T2-weighted images as well as the associated segmentation
(HUB) dataset [13]
labels.
CT scans datasets
S.No Data set Name Description
Sample size: The TCIA contains over 200 collections of imaging data, with a total of over 5 million
images. The size and composition of each collection varies.
Diseases: The images in the TCIA cover a wide range of cancer types, including breast, lung, brain,
prostate, and more.
The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA)
1. Imaging modalities: Images from different imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT),
dataset [14]
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and more, are included in
the TCIA.
Annotations: Some collections in the TCIA include annotations, such as tumor segmentations or
radiology reports.
Sample size: The RSNA COVID-19 Detection Challenge dataset includes over 29,000 chest
radiographs (X-rays) and more than 1,000 CT scans from over 12,000 patients, including both
COVID-19 positive and negative cases.
Diseases: The dataset focuses on the detection of COVID-19 pneumonia in medical images, but also
The Radiological Society of North includes cases of non-COVID-19 pneumonia, normal cases, and other findings.
2.
America (RSNA) dataset [15] Imaging modalities: The dataset includes chest radiographs (X-rays) and CT scans, which are
commonly used in the diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19 pneumonia.
Annotations: The images are labeled with binary labels indicating the presence or absence of
COVID-19 pneumonia, as well as additional labels for non-COVID-19 pneumonia, normal cases, and
other findings.
The Brain Tumor Segmentation This dataset also includes CT scans in addition to MRI scans, and consists of CT images of patients
3.
(BraTS) dataset [16] with gliomas and meningiomas, along with the corresponding ground truth labels.
Patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a prevalent and dangerous variety of brain tumor, are
4. The TCGA-GBM dataset[17] represented in this dataset by their CT scans. Preoperative and postoperative CT scans are both
included in the sample.
Deep learning datasets
S.No Data set Name Description
This dataset includes MRI and CT scans of patients with gliomas and meningiomas, along with
The Brain Tumor Segmentation
1. ground truth labels for segmentation and classification. It is widely used for deep learning research in
(BraTS) dataset[18]
brain tumor classification.
This dataset contains segmented and classified MRI scans of patients with low-grade gliomas (LGG)
2. The LGG/GBM dataset[19] and glioblastomas (GBM). It is frequently employed in deep learning studies aimed at classifying
brain tumours.
This dataset contains T1-weighted, T1-weighted with contrast, T2-weighted, and FLAIR images as
The Multimodal Brain Tumor Image
3. well as the associated segmentation labels from MRI scans of patients with brain tumours. It is
Segmentation (BRATS) dataset[20]
frequently employed in deep learning studies aimed at classifying brain tumours.

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The International Brain Tumor This dataset consists of a sizable number of MRI images from glioma patients as well as ground truth
4. Segmentation (BraTS) Challenge labels for segmentation and classification. It is a typical standard dataset for assessing deep learning
dataset[21] methods for classifying brain tumours.
Biopsy samples datasets
S.No Data set Name Description
This dataset includes gene expression data from biopsy samples of patients with glioblastoma, a
The Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas Project
1. common and aggressive type of brain tumor. The dataset includes over 200 samples and is commonly
(Ivy GAP) dataset[22]
used for research in brain tumor classification using gene expression data.
This dataset includes gene expression data from biopsy samples of patients with glioblastoma
2. The TCGA-GBM dataset[22] multiforme (GBM), along with clinical and genomic data. It is widely used for research in brain
tumor classification using genomic data.
This dataset includes gene expression data from biopsy samples of patients with brain tumors, along
3. The REMBRANDT dataset[23] with clinical and genomic data. It includes samples from patients with gliomas, meningiomas, and
other types of brain tumors.
This dataset includes gene expression data from biopsy samples of patients with gliomas, along with
The Glioma Longitudinal Analysis
4. clinical and genomic data. It includes longitudinal samples from patients with gliomas, allowing for
(GLASS) dataset[23]
the study of tumor progression and response to treatment
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans datasets
S.No Data set Name Description
The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) This dataset includes PET scans of patients with brain tumors, as well as normal brain images. The
1.
dataset[24] dataset also includes CT scans and MRI scans for some patients, allowing for multimodal analysis.
The Alzheimer’s Disease
This dataset includes PET scans of patients with Alzheimer's disease, as well as normal brain images.
2. Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)
The dataset also includes MRI scans and clinical data for some patients.
dataset[24]
This dataset includes PET scans of patients with various types of cancer, including brain tumors. The
The Predictive Oncology Data
3. dataset includes both FDG-PET and FLT-PET scans, which measure different aspects of tumor
Repository (PODR) dataset[24]
metabolism.
This dataset includes PET scans of healthy individuals, as well as multimodal brain imaging data.
The Human Connectome Project
4. While it is not specific to brain tumor classification, it can be used as a reference dataset for
(HCP) dataset[24]
comparison.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) datasets
S.No Data set Name Description
The Brain Tumor Spectroscopy This dataset includes MRS data from patients with brain tumors, as well as healthy controls. The
1.
(BTS) dataset[25] dataset includes both single-voxel and multi-voxel MRS data.
The Human Brain Tumor Database This dataset includes MRS data from patients with brain tumors, as well as clinical and demographic
2.
(HBTDB) dataset[25] data. The dataset includes data from multiple institutions and can be used for cross-site validation.
The NMR-based Metabolomics This dataset includes MRS data from patients with brain tumors, as well as clinical and genomic data.
3. Database for Brain Cancer The dataset includes both in vivo and ex vivo MRS data.
(METABRAINSTORM) dataset[25]
This dataset includes MRS data from patients with brain tumors, as well as healthy controls. The
4. The Open MRS Challenge dataset[25]
dataset was created as part of a data science competition and includes data from multiple institutions.

quickly. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are utilized

IV. RELATED WORK
The proposed study investigates deep neural networks like
CNN and VGG-16 using brain MRI data. Both models
produced valuable results. However, VGG-16 outperforms
CNN in terms of output despite using more memory and
computing resources. Deep learning will become increasingly
important in data analysis shortly due to the enormous amount
of data being collected and stored in the medical industry. The
overall number of photos utilized is 2065, with the most often
used images being Training-1445, Test-310, and Validation-
310. For CNN and VGG-16, the epochs employed were 25,
and Validation Accuracy was 0.8645 and 0.974, respectively.
[26]. The article suggests a strategy for locating brain tumors
by combining machine-learning methods with MRI data. The
proposed approach integrates several deep learning
architectures for improved tumor identification and
classification, including convolutional neural networks
(CNNs), capsule neural networks (CapsNets), and image
transformers. (ViTs). The suggested approach starts with MRI
preprocessing and uses several deep-learning techniques to
extract features. An ensemble model for classifying tumors is
subsequently constructed using the extracted attributes. The
suggested method was tested and trained using an open-source
dataset of brain MRI images with cancer labels [27]. This
research recommends a computer-aided diagnosis approach
based on deep learning to detect melanoma brain tumors
in the automated classification of melanoma brain tumors
using the recommended method to provide a precise and quick
diagnosis to improve patient outcomes. The MRI images are
segmented, and essential features are extracted during the pre-
processing stage of the suggested technique. Then, using
CNN, these traits are used to learn and categorize melanoma
brain tumors. The suggested method was tested using a
publicly available collection of brain MRI images labeled for
melanoma brain tumors. The study's findings show that the
proposed method classified melanoma brain tumors with high
accuracy, outperforming numerous other state-of-the-art
methods at the time [28]. In this article, the potential of AI and
precision medicine for the treatment of brain tumors is
explored. The paper covers the challenges of treating brain
tumors and the potential benefits of incorporating AI and
precision medicine into healing. The article discusses several
AI applications in managing brain tumors, including using
deep learning algorithms for tumor classification and
detection, machine learning for treatment outcome prediction
and the creation of individualized treatment plans, and natural
language processing for clinical decision support. The
possibility of precision medicine, which entails customizing
therapies to each patient's particular genetic and molecular
makeup, is also covered in this article. By focusing on the
parts of the tumor that are most amenable to treatment,
precision medicine can improve treatment outcomes and
minimize adverse effects[29]. This research provides a

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 2023 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Sustainable Engineering Solutions (CISES)
method for classifying brain cancers using convolutional
neural networks (CNNs) and magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI). (MRI). The authors used the BraTS 2019 dataset,
including MRI scans of glioma patients, to train and evaluate
their CNN system. The proposed method demonstrated a high
classification accuracy of 92.15%, highlighting the promise of
CNNs for rapid and accurate brain cancer identification.
CNNs can help reduce the likelihood of human mistakes and
improve the accuracy and efficiency of tumor diagnosis. The
scientists also note that the suggested method can be further
enhanced, potentially improving the accuracy of brain tumor
diagnosis, by integrating additional clinical and demographic
data, such as patient age and sex. The article highlights CNNs'
potential for classifying brain tumors on MRI. It makes the
case that more work in this area could significantly improve
the early detection and care of brain tumors [30]. This research
developed a model for classifying various types of brain
tumors using the "Brain Tumour Classification" dataset,
which contains MRI scans of brain tumors. The dataset, which
included 3,064 MRI scans of meningioma, glioma, pituitary
adenoma, and no tumor, was divided into four groups. The
scientists proposed a novel approach for classifying brain
tumors by merging a SqueezeNet convolutional neural
network (CNN) with a support vector machine (SVM) and
fine-tuning. They pre-trained the SqueezeNet model on the
ImageNet dataset before refining it on the brain tumor dataset.
The output characteristics of the SqueezeNet model were then
supplied to the SVM classifier. The results showed that the
suggested strategy performed better than several state-of-the-
art methods, with an accuracy of 97.41%. The authors
thoroughly evaluated the model's performance and evaluated
the model's resistance to noise and various levels of picture
compression [31].This research modified a pre-trained
ResNet-50 model and separated the traits the network had
learned based on the "Brain MRI Images for Brain Tumor
Detection" dataset. They entered these traits into a support
vector machine (SVM)-based classifier. With an accuracy of
97.4%, the suggested framework performed better than
numerous state-of-the-art methods. The authors reported other
evaluation metrics, including precision, recall, F1-score, and
accuracy for each of the four classes. The results showed that
the proposed framework scored highly for each assessment
parameter, indicating that it can classify brain tumors reliably
[32].This research created a deep learning algorithm for
categorizing gliomas using the "Brain Tumor Segmentation
(BraTS)" dataset containing multimodal MRI scans of brain
tumors. The 259 participants in the sample have glioma
tumors in one of three grades: extremely high, high, or low.
Segmentation and classification are the two phases of the
structure that the authors suggested. They employed a
convolutional neural network (CNN) to separate the cancer
areas from the MRI images during the segmentation
procedure. They divided the tumors into appropriate groups
during the classification step using a combination of CNNs
and an SVM classifier. The findings revealed that the
suggested framework had a sensitivity and specificity of
93.69% and 92.44%, respectively, and an overall accuracy of
93.07%. The authors used the "Brain Tumour Segmentation
(BraTS)" dataset, which contains multimodal MRI scans of
brain tumors, to develop a deep learning model for segmenting
brain tumors. There are three grades of tumors among the 259
glioma patients in the sample: very high-grade, high-grade,
and low-grade[33].
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This research author proposed a graph attention network
(GAT)-based framework for segmenting brain cancers. The
GAT is a specific type of neural network that can segment
brain tumors in a multiclass environment and comprehend
interactions between different brain regions. The results
showed that the proposed framework, with an average dice
similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.83, outperformed several
state-of-the-art methods in segmenting brain tumors. The
authors also offered additional evaluation measures for the
three glioma grades, including sensitivity, specificity, and
accuracy [34].
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The research questions listed in the study's purpose have
the following answers:
1) The quantity and complexity of the dataset, the type
of imaging modality used, and the performance criteria being
evaluated can all affect how well different machine learning
algorithms and deep learning architectures diagnose brain
tumors from medical imaging data. Convolutional neural
networks (CNNs), support vector machines (SVMs), random
forests (RF), deep belief networks (DBNs), and convolutional
neural networks with attention mechanisms (CNN-AM) are
the most successful methods for detecting brain cancers.
2) The effectiveness of machine learning and deep
learning methods has been compared to that of traditional
methods used by radiologists and therapists to identify brain
tumors in several studies. These techniques usually achieve
accuracy levels that are on par with or beyond those of human
specialists, which has generally led to favorable results.
However, the following factors could influence how these
results are contrasted and interpreted:
x Dataset size and diversity: Depending on the number
and variety of the datasets used to train and test the
models, machine learning and human experts can
perform in various ways. If the dataset is too small or
uniform, concluding the efficacy of the multiple
approaches could be challenging.
x Imaging modality: A specific imaging modality (like
MRI or CT) might also affect how well a particular
tactic works. For instance, MRI may be more sensitive
than CT to certain cancer forms depending on the
modality, and machine learning and human specialists
may perform differently.
x Performance metrics: Different studies may employ
different performance criteria to evaluate the accuracy
of different methodologies. For instance, some studies
may focus on sensitivity and specificity while others
may utilize metrics like the area under the curve
(AUC) or F1 score. The selection of performance
indicators may impact the comparison between
machine learning and human expertise.
3) Limitations:
While deep learning and machine learning methods have
shown considerable promise in detecting brain tumors, there
are several drawbacks to these approaches that scientists and
doctors should be aware of. These restrictions include, among
others:
x Limited data: The availability of little data is one of the
main barriers to deep learning and machine learning
 2023 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Sustainable Engineering Solutions (CISES)
algorithms being able to detect brain cancers. The type
and quantity of available data significantly impact how
effective these projects are. There is a chance that there
won't always be sufficient data to create precise
models.
x Interpretability issues: Due to their interpretability
issues, machine learning and deep learning systems are
commonly called "black boxes." These algorithms'
forecasting processes can be challenging to
understand, which might limit their use in clinical
decision-making.
x Variability in tumor appearance: Different brain
tumors can appear in imaging examinations, making it
challenging for algorithms to identify all different
forms of tumors correctly. Additionally, some tumor
types may be more difficult to recognize than others.
x Limited generalizability: Deep learning algorithms
may not perform as well on different datasets or
populations because they are frequently trained on
specific datasets. This can be particularly troublesome
in clinical settings when the patient population differs..
x Limited availability of expertise: Specialized expertise
is needed to design and evaluate machine learning and
deep learning algorithms. Experts having the
appropriate training and expertise to create and use
these algorithms in clinical settings might not always
be readily available.
4) Optimizing machine and deep learning approaches
for actual clinical settings requires addressing problems with
model interpretability and transparency and data variability
and generalizability issues. Data augmentation, transfer
learning, ensemble models, explainable AI, cooperation, and
standardization can be used to improve the accuracy,
robustness, and adoption of these systems in clinical practice.
5) The use of machine learning and deep learning to
identify brain tumors raises important ethical and legal
challenges that must be addressed to ensure that these
technologies are handled responsibly and ethically. The
following is a list of some of the most crucial moral and
judicial considerations:
x Data privacy and informed permission: Concerns
about data privacy and informed consent are
highlighted when using patient data to develop and
assess machine learning and deep learning models.
Before patient data can be used for research, patients
must be informed about how it will be used and must
give their express consent. In addition, safeguards
must be put in place to ensure the security and privacy
of patient data.
VI. CONCLUSION
Deep learning and machine learning techniques have made
significant strides in brain tumor study in recent years.
Numerous applications of these methods have been made,
including genomic analysis, therapeutic decision-making, and
image analysis. The ability of machine and deep learning
approaches to analyze enormous amounts of data and find
patterns that human analysis might overlook is one of their key
advantages. For instance, deep learning algorithms can
analyze MRI and CT scans to accurately identify brain tumors.
Additionally, predictive models have been created using
machine and deep learning techniques to assist clinicians in
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x Fairness and bias: Machine and deep learning models
may only be fair if the training data represent the
patient group. This may lead to uneven diagnoses and
treatments for various patient groups. To solve fairness
and bias issues, it may be essential to use diverse
datasets for model testing and training and to develop
methods for identifying and reducing bias in these
models.
x Interpretability and transparency: As previously said,
machine and deep learning models can exhibit opacity
and are challenging to comprehend, which raises
concerns regarding trust and responsibility. It is
essential to develop ways for explaining model outputs
independent of the underlying model and techniques
for visualizing these models' decisions.
x Regulatory compliance: Using machine and deep
learning for brain tumor identification may be subject
to regulatory compliance criteria, such as those about
medical devices or clinical trials. Making sure that the
creation and use of these technologies abide by all
relevant rules and regulations is essential..
B. Future Directions :
1. Explainability and Interpretability: Deep learning
algorithms face several significant issues, including the
necessity for interpretability, making comprehending
how the model generates predictions challenging. Future
research might make these models easier to grasp and
interpret, giving medical practitioners more confidence in
their forecasts and understanding.
2. Multimodal Integration: MRI scans are simply one type
of medical imaging technology for categorizing and
identifying brain tumors. Future research may emphasize
combining data from several imaging modalities, like
MRI, PET, and CT scans, to increase the precision and
dependability of these models.
3. Transfer Learning: Transfer learning is a technique that
allows a pre-trained model to be easily adjusted to a new
dataset. The development of transfer learning techniques
that enable models trained on one dataset to be applied to
different datasets with little extra training may be
prioritized in the future for the classification and
detection of brain tumors.
4. Clinical Integration: The best results from machine
learning and deep learning models come from their
incorporation into clinical workflows and use as a
decision-support tool. Future research may emphasize
creating models to incorporate into current clinical
procedures and systems, enabling more effective and
efficient patient care.
choosing the best course of therapy. These models make use
of patient data to forecast therapy results and assist in selecting
the most efficient treatment strategies. In recent years,
research on brain tumors has significantly advanced thanks to
deep learning and machine learning advances. These
techniques have been used in various applications, such as
image analysis, therapeutic decision-making, and genetic
analysis. One of the primary benefits of machine and deep
learning technologies is their capacity to evaluate massive
volumes of data and identify patterns that human research
could miss. Deep learning systems, for instance, can
determine MRI and CT data to diagnose brain cancers
precisely. Additionally, to help clinicians select the
 2023 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Sustainable Engineering Solutions (CISES)
appropriate course of therapy, prediction models have been
developed utilizing machine and deep learning approaches.
These models use patient data to predict therapy outcomes and
help choose the most effective treatment options.
Additionally, deep learning and machine learning approaches
have been used to analyze genomic data and find genetic
abnormalities that may be related to the development of brain
tumors. This information enables personalized treatment plans
to target the discovered genetic abnormalities directly. If
machine and deep learning techniques are employed in brain
tumor investigations, how brain tumors are detected and
treated may change. As these tactics advance, we should
expect more advancements in research on brain tumors and
better patient outcomes.
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