Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Electronics and Renewable Systems (ICEARS-2023).

IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23AV8-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-4664-0

Property Price Prediction, Litigation Detection and

Prevention using Machine Learning
2023 Second International Conference on Electronics and Renewable Systems (ICEARS) | 979-8-3503-4664-0/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICEARS56392.2023.10085347

Geetha D. Devenagavi Bukkapatnam Mohammed Aleem C Saiswaroopa

School of Computing and Information School of Computing and Information School of Computing and Information
Technology Technology Technology
REVA University REVA University REVA University
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
dgeetha@reva.edu.in mohammedaleem1404@gmail.com csaiswaroopasaiswaroopa@gmail.com

Jonnalagadda Karthik Niharika Chinnappannagari

School of Computing and Information School of Computing and Information
Technology Technology
REVA University REVA University
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
karthikjonnalagadda032@gmail.com niharika02072001@gmail.com

Abstract— The value of any property will gradually
increase day to day according to the demand, popularity,
and many other individual features. As per the report of the
Indian Ministry of Law & Justice, the number of property
fraudulent cases have been increasing gradually. Nearly 12-
13% of the civil cases are increasing every year. Now a days
many managers and real estate dealers are committing
frauds over the prices and the value of a particular property.
To avoid this problem, a computing model is designed which
computes the price of a particular property according to the
previous price ranges, etc. Barcodes of different colors are
used to classify the different types of ownerships of the
property for its survey numbers which are considered as the
unique ID number for a property assigned after its first
registration by authorized governance.
This model helps to predict estimated price of property
for a particular time being. This model helps us to avoid the
fraudulent people though the customer does not have any
direct contact with the property right now. The litigation
detection will be the major part of the model where system
will detect the ongoing litigation count over a property.
Keywords— Property price, Survey number, Barcode,
Property litigation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Enquiry about a property before purchasing it by a
transferee is the major aspect of the decision about its
purchase. A transferee should be aware of all the
information about the property like its dimensions and
fortunes. When it comes to the transferor, they can
manipulate the property documents and fake their
customer. Whereas some will pretend themselves as the
owners of the estates and tends to transfer it to the
customer who is not aware of the ownership and the
property fortunes. Past data of a property and its
documents, assigned to a unique identification of a citizen
which is stored by revenue department is used for this
model through central database . This computing model
which will compute the price of a particular property
according to the previous price ranges, etc. This model will
use some inbuilt statistical methods and function in python
libraries to build this model. In addition to the price
prediction, model also detect the litigations present if any,
which helps to decrease the number of civil cases in the
world. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2
provides the design flow and major concepts of the
problem and the built model, section 3 illustrates about the
workflow of the model, section 4 gives the final idea and
usage of the model and section 5 conclude the paper.
II. DESIGN FLOW
The design flow of this model will be done with respect to
the following objectives:
1.Create a database to store all the necessary information
and the documents of all the property.
2.Assign a barcode according to the survey number of the
property.
3.Manage the access to different officials and users.
4.Validation of information every month and report
should be updated.
To fulfill the first objective, creating a blue print
of a database, a schema which will help us to manage the
relationship among the entities. Duplicate data base is also
created to back up all the information which helps to
prevent the data loss as well as security. After creating the
database, a web application is created which will be the
most essential part of the model through which all the
users can access and experience the model. The access
will be managed only to the officials who undertakes all
the activities in the department of law and the revenue
department. All the document uploaded will be stored to
the least possible quality for printing in order to reduce the
storage usage as well as the fetching time.
The second objective links the assigning of
barcode to a survey number, which is said to be the unique
number given to a property. Different colors of barcodes
is assigned to different of ownership. For example, usual
citizen owned property will be assigned with black and
white barcode, the government owned property will be
assigned with green colored barcode, bank owned
property will be assigned with blue colored barcode, any
seized property under some cases will be assigned with
red color.
In the third objective access to the officials and
users is managed, so that law department can access only
certain part of the application which consists only the case
related issues and all the updates done by their
department, similarly revenue department is also assigned
only certain part of the application where they also can

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 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Electronics and Renewable Systems (ICEARS-2023).
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23AV8-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-4664-0

access only the part of application which consists only the in the courts[13]. To reduce these problems many
registration related information and the updates done by governments are implementing several schemes and
their respective department. When it comes to the processes. This model can be efficient among them
legislature department access, they can observe whole and easy to use as well. The ownership of the property
access combined of both revenue department as well as will be identified easily using the color of the barcode
the department of law. If any change is required to the assigned to its document. The current status of their
type of ownership, two level legislature permissions is civil cases will be identified easily if any. If any
required i.e., Sub level officer and the regional level pending cases present, then the property cannot be
officer. The change of ownership request will be sent sold to anyone and its transfer of ownership is
directly to the regional level officer, who will redirect the impossible. Only the legislature officer has the right to
same to the sub level officer to raise and enquire a query allow the registration process of pending case property
about the survey number. When it comes to end user as a special case if required upon the request of both
access (citizen level access), they can have access to the the transferer and the transferee.
properties they own and their related documents. They are The price of every property will change time to
supposed to login with the unique identification number time, in most of the cases it increases and in very least
provided by the country to track which all the properties number of cases it will decreases due to unfortunate
owned by them. The banks also have access to the reasons and dependencies [4]. Every individual need
application with limited terms of usage. Ultimately this to be aware of the cost of their property. Many people
database can also be accessed by some other departments will own a land at a different place and they will reside
like income tax department, police department, at other place or else in a different country. They
Commissionerate etc. for their respective back-end might not aware of the current estimate price of their
verifications. property [10][8]. If they want to sell it, many people
In the final objective, requests for validation of will approach brokers present at that local place. There
documents and case reports can be made and the is a chance that they can help the transferee to buy at
verification report and updating it shall take place every lower cost than the actual and get bribe in return.
month which can reduce the manipulation of records. Some leaders in the illiterate area can also occupy
them if the owner of the property is not actively taking
care of the property. Many cases of similar kind are
filing every day and increasing every year all over the
worlds, especially in the countries like India, Pakistan,
Afghanistan, Iran, African countries, and many
undeveloped countries.
IV. METHODOLOGY
A. Property price prediction
While calculating the assumed price of a property,
system will use statistical methods like Mean, Standard
Deviation (SD), Slope etc. The prices of surrounding
properties are considered using clustering method of
machine learning, which will help to predict the price of
actual property according to the property location. The
time complexity of this model is better than the previously
developed existing models. To calculate the assumed price
of the property, the history of property price of previous
sale along with that year of sale is needed. The calculation
of the price prediction will be followed as:
Mean is the average of the given numbers and is
calculated by dividing the sum of given numbers by the
total number of numbers. Mean = (Sum of all the
observations/Total number of observations).

∑𝑥
Mean, μ = 𝑛
.
Fig. 1. ER diagram of the model database. Where,
Σx = sum of all the observations recorded,
III. LITERATURE SURVEY n = number of observations recorded.
The main problem of land colonizing, document
manipulation and all other illegal activities takes place Standard Deviation is a measure which shows how
due to the lack of knowledge about their properties much variation (such as spread, dispersion, spread,) from
and their fortunes. Even false documents submission the mean exists. The standard deviation indicates a
to the transferee also been a large scale filed case type “typical” deviation from the mean. It is a popular measure

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 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Electronics and Renewable Systems (ICEARS-2023).
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23AV8-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-4664-0
of variability because it returns to the original units of
measure of the data set. Like the variance, if the data
points are close to the mean, there is a small variation
whereas the data points are highly spread out from the
mean, then it has a high variance. Standard deviation
calculates the extent to which the values differ from the
average. Standard Deviation, the most widely used
measure of dispersion, is based on all values. Therefore, a
change in even one value affects the value of standard
deviation. It is independent of origin but not of scale. It is
also useful in certain advanced statistical problems.
(𝑥𝑖−𝜇)2
Standard Deviation, σ = √
𝑁 crucial component of the model will be the web
Where,
μ = mean of the data,
xi = ith observation in the recording,
N = number of observations.
Slope describes the steepness of a line. The slope of
any line remains constant along the line. The slope can
also tell you information about the direction of the line on
the coordinate plane. Slope can be calculated either by
looking at the graph of a line or by using the coordinates of
any two points on a line.
Fig. 2. Slope of a line
𝑦 −𝑦
Slope, (x1, x2, y1, y2), m = 𝑥2−𝑥1 .
2 1
Where,
x1, y1 are coordinates of previous recording,
x2, y2 are the coordinates of the newest
recording.
Slope of a line is used to find the rate of change in the
data points/ coordinates, in this model use slope to find
out how the rate of change took place in the price of a
property using history of its sales and the year of sale.
After the calculating the slope of entries system will
calculate the standard deviation among the elements of that
array. Finally, the current price will be calculated using the
below formula
Current price = Price of previous sale + [(current year –
year of previous sale) x
SD].
The final price will be calculated by adding the values
of product of the year gap between last sale and present
year as well as the standard deviation recorded in the
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previous steps to the price of previous sale of the
property.
B. Litigation detection and prevention
In the litigation detection part of the model, the
governing authority are going to create a central database
which is maintained by the government. In order to
prevent data loss and ensure security, a replica database
that stores all the information is maintained. The most
application, which will be developed after the database,
and will allow all users to access and interact with the
model. Access will only be controlled for the employees
that handle all operations for the revenue and law
departments. To save on storage space and retrieval time,
all uploaded documents will be saved at the lowest quality
feasible for printing.
After creating the database, the registration authority
needs to issue the barcodes for the property documents
according to the ownership of the property. Various
barcode colors are assigned to different types of
ownerships exists. For instance, the typical citizen's
property will be assigned a black and white barcode, the
government's property will be assigned a green barcode,
the bank's property will be awarded a blue barcode, and
any property that has been taken in specific circumstances
will be assigned a red hue. When updating the records and
the issue of the barcodes is completed, the model
development will move on to the access control part of
the application.
Access to the officials and users is controlled so that
the law department can only access a specific part of the
application that only contains case-related issues and all
updates made by their department. In a similar manner,
the revenue department will be assigned a specific part of
the application and be able to access only the part of the
application that only contains registration-related
information and updates made by their respective
departments.
The revenue department as well as the department of
law can both be seen when it comes to the access to the
legislature's departments. If the type of ownership needs
to change, two levels of legislative approval the regional
level officer and the sublevel officer are needed.
The change of ownership request will be forwarded to
the sublevel official to raise and enquire a question
regarding the survey number after being sent straight to
the regional level officer. End users (citizen level access)
can have access to the properties they own and the
documents that are related to those properties. To track all
the properties they possess, they must log in using the
special identification number supplied by the nation. The
application is also accessible to banks under certain
conditions. In the end, other agencies like the income tax
department, police department, Commissionerate, etc. can
also use this database for their individual back-end
verifications.
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 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Electronics and Renewable Systems (ICEARS-2023).
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23AV8-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-4664-0
To achieve the successful implementation of all the
methods proposed, the time to time updating of records to
the central database is much necessary, where all the data
of the properties will need to be digitalized in the whole
country along with the registration history details as old as
available in the old records. The assigning of survey
numbers to the newly registered property to the database
will be updated along with the old documents of the same
and the parent documents of the property if the partitions
are done. The partition details also need to be in the
records of the database to prevent any property size
related litigations.
This model also helpful to identify the properties
owned by an individual and it is easy to track the income
source and the net worth of the individual.
Fig. 3. Flow chart of a property registration
process after implementing this model.
C. Barcodes
A barcode, consisting of bars and spaces, is a machine-
readable representation of numerals and characters. It is
widely used for billing purposes in all the shopping areas.
It consists of the product name, ID (if applicable), price
and other details if required. A 1-dimensional barcode is
very easy to read and it can store up to 85 characters,
whereas the 2-dimensional barcodes like QR codes can
store up to 7089 characters.
When the registration of a property completes, a
barcode sticker will be sticked to the original document of
registration which is of the colour according to the
ownership of the property. The information will be
updated time to time to the database about that particular
property and keep the user updating for every change. If
any change is made unaware of the user, then he/she can
report to the higher officials about this concern and clarify
their queries. If a property is divided as a process of
partition, the history of all the partitions also be recorded to
the database. Using QR codes also be a good option but,
the reading and accessing of 1-dimensional codes is easier
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than the 2-dimensional codes. And the persons with
minimal technical knowledge also learn the control of
current code reading system.
V. CHALLENGES/ISSUES FACED
 The unusual aspect in the society like pandemics,
natural disasters, etc., can make the model
inaccurate in the terms of price prediction.
 Time to time data updating from both the revenue
department as well as the law department.
 Access to the data which is not updated online (not
present in the authorized servers. For example, old
records of properties past digitalization).
 Implementing this model in remote area, which
does not have proper access to the internet.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper proposes a novel technique of registration
process to the properties with added security, where the
society can reduce the number of civil cases increasing
every day. It also provides access to the properties owned
by every individual and to the governing body. The model
and its working are explained very clearly along with the
kind of access that different bodies have. The proposed
model will help the government to identify the illegal
activities which takes place in several departments and
keep track of them very easily. This model also helps for
banking sector while processing the loan applications. The
future studies include the addition of few more features
according to the usage.
Finally, the litigation detection achieved using the
newly proposed registration process where the application
will not be processed if any pending cases exists on a
property.
Expected number of civil cases
for each 5 years
20000000
10000000
0
2015 2020 2025 2030
Litigations
Fig. 4. Calculation assumption about number
of civil cases after implementation of this
model.
The number of civil cases is assumed to
be decreased after implementing this novel
model of a property registration. There will be
possible decrement of 10% civil cases every
year, the number of civil cases will be decreased
as assumed if this model is implemented in the
year of 2025 as mentioned in fig.4. Addition to
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IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23AV8-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-4664-0

this the number of corruption cases also [14] Yiyun Chen, “Exploration of the regional correlation and network
structure characteristics of land prices”, Wuhan University, China,
decreases with added features to the application. 04 January 2023.
[15] Paul Waddell, Gudmundur F. Ulfarsson, “Dynamic Simulation of
Real Estate Development and Land Prices within an Integrated
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Land Use and Transportation Model System”, University of
Washington, Box 353055, Seattle, January 2003.
The authors are grateful to REVA University, School
of Computing and Information Technology, Bengaluru, for
providing the facility to carry out advanced research work
on the premises of the university.
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