GECOST 2022

Dynamic Operation of AC Micro-Grid Integrated

PV-BESS using 3-phase, 7-level CHBMLI
2022 International Conference on Green Energy, Computing and Sustainable Technology (GECOST) | 978-1-6654-8663-7/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/GECOST55694.2022.10010532

Rohit Kumar Pradyumn Chaturvedi

Student Member, IEEE Madhuri A. Chaudhari Senior Member, IEEE
Department of Electrical Engineering, Senior Member, IEEE Department of Electrical Engineering,
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Department of Electrical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology (VNIT) Nagpur, India Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, India
rkkumarr68@gmail.com Technology (VNIT) Nagpur, India pc220774@gmail.com
machaudhari@eee.vnit.ac.in

K. S. Raja Sekhar
Student Member, IEEE
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, India
rajasekhar.vnit@gmail.com

Abstract—The modern power system advances to an

inverter dominant system, due to the high penetration of
Renewable Energy Source (RES) based Distributed Generation
(DG). The effective operation of the AC micro-grid can be
achieved by employing an efficient Cascaded H-bridge
Multilevel Inverter (CHBMLI) integrated with RES across the
Point of Common Coupling (PCC). In this paper, the grid-
connected 3-phase, 7-level CHBMLI topology with Photo
Voltaic-Battery Energy Storage System (PV-BESS) is
presented. The bidirectional DC-DC Battery system is
connected to solar PV for maintain the constant DC input
voltage across CHBMLI bridges irrespective of irradiation ‘G’
(W/m2). To increase the utilization and the reliability of PV-
Battery power effectively at the load end, it is integrated with
the AC grid. In this proposed work, the performance analysis of
voltage-current controller for the bidirectional and DQ-control
technique under dynamic conditions of solar-PV, DG-MLI
power, and load demand are examined. The advantage of the
proposed PV-battery CHBMLI control is that whole capacity of
the PV-battery system is utilized by enhancing reactive power
support along with active power when solar insolation is low.
The mathematical modelling of the system is presented and
design of 3-kVA system is carried out. The simulations in
MATLAB/ Simulink environment verified the design of the
controller and effectiveness of the proposed system under
dynamic conditions.
Keywords—RES, CHBMLI, AC Micro-grid, Solar-PV, P&O
MPPT, PCC, DQ-control, SRF-PLL
I. INTRODUCTION
The significance of the electrical power system with a
Distributed Generation (DG) e.g. solar-PV, wind etc., has
increased due to load demand. Microgrids are the evolution of
the power systems that can be incorporated with the DG. The
term micro-grid itself is a sub-system of the power distribution
with sufficient energy sources to supply the local loads as
shown in Fig. 1. In general, a micro-grid is a small-scale grid
where the DES, industrial and domestic loads are integrated.
The purpose is to generate power require by RES, interfacing
the energy device with the grid as per increase in demand [1].
Multilevel Inverters (MLIs) are widely accepted in all
domestic and industrial applications, because MLI with
electric power grid can improve the sustainability and
reliability of the overall system.
Fig. 1. Block diagram of AC Micro-grid.
MLI can improve the voltage quality, low dv/dt stress
across switches, low THD, low switching loss for same power
level conventional inverter [2]. Due to these exclusive merits,
the MLI is used in various applications like HVDC
transmission systems, grid integrated Distributed Generation
(DG), solar-PV, fuel cells, battery system etc. It is also suitable
for medium voltage, high power distribution, BESS, and
industrial drives due to a high degree of modularity and high
voltage ride-through (HVRT) [3]. Some of the classical MLI
topologies are classified as Flying Capacitors MLI (FCMLI),
Neutral Point Clamped MLI (NPCMLI), and Cascaded H-
bridge MLI (CHBMLI) [4].
The Phase-locked Loop (PLL) implemented in the ‘dq’
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) is a popular structure for
the grid, simply called as SRF-PLL. Grid voltage phase ‘Va’
and frequency are estimated from the SRF-PLL output (θn).
The solar PV array supply maximum power according to the
availability of solar irradiation ‘G’ (W/m2). It is dynamic in
nature, therefore the MPP tracking algorithm has to be
working in real-time by updating the duty cycle constantly,
and thereby tracking ‘G’ for maintaining accuracy and speed
constant [5]. In this paper, the significance of DQ-control
operation for the grid-connected 3-phase, 7-level CHBMLI
along with controller for bidirectional PV-BESS under
different dynamic operations in G (W/m2) of solar-PV, DG
power (PDG, QDG), load demand (Pload, Qload) are analysed.
From the control technique, the maximum solar power is
injected across PCC along with the available reactive power
depending on the rating of the DG-MLI.

978-1-6654-8663-7/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 11

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. Downloaded on April 17,2024 at 04:00:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 II. GRID CONNECTED CHBMLI CONTROL = ∗
= +
= + −
(1)
A. Seven-level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
The CHBMLI is one of the effective and popular topology, The real and reactive power delivered at PCC from DG-
which requires less number of elements to get the same
= + = 3!"[ ]
MLI are given as
amount of output voltage and lesser voltage unbalancing ∗

= − =3 [ ∗
]
problem as compared to NPCMLI and FCMLI. The CHBMLI (2)
requires separate DC sources [6]. It can operate under
asymmetrical input voltage supply. Hence, it is suitable for In SRF, the instantaneous voltage phasor of the grid will
integrating RES like wind, solar-PV etc., and used for be coinciding with d-axis i.e., ωt = θn or Vq = 0. The Pinv
converting renewable DC voltage into AC voltage. The 3- and Qinv will be considered as PDG and QDG and hence (2)
phase, 7-level CHBMLI is depicted in Fig. 2. One H-bridge

%& = %& & %& = −

can rewritten as
gives the output of 3- levels i.e., +Vdc1, 0, -Vdc1. The H-bridges
are connected in series with each other to achieve more %& (3)

−1
number of levels. The phase voltage of one leg will give seven The dynamic equations in the dq-frame for the system are
2 H-
deduced in (4).
( = − − (+
level output voltage. For ‘m’ Level output,
)
*
' *
bridges are required. The phase-a voltage (Vta) of MLI is
( , = * − + (+
expressed as {Vta = VH1 + VH2 + VH3}. Here; Vdc is the input (4)
voltage to the CHBMLI or DC-link voltage i.e., {Vdc = Vdc1 + *
Vdc2 + Vdc3}. The output of 3-phase, 7-level CHBMLI is The Vta, Vtb, Vtc are the inverter terminal voltages which are
controlled by Level Shift Pulse Width Modulation (LSPWM) in dq-frame i.e., ‘Vtd’ and ‘Vtq’. ωn’ is the angular frequency,
technique. which is obtained from SRF-PLL ‘θn’, and ‘L’ is the total
inductance of LCL-filter.

Fig. 2. Three-phase, Seven-level Cascaded H-bridge MLI.

B. DQ Control
The controlled power is supplied from the grid-connected
Fig. 3. PV-BESS CHBMLI with DQ-control.
DG-MLI to PCC by generating a reference modulating signal
used for providing pulses to the MLI, which maintains desired
The amplitude of ‘Vtd’ and ‘Vtq’ for the LSPWM are given as
= =
performance at the PCC [7]. The PDG and QDG are the
-). -).
* *
reference values, which determine the amount of power & (5)
delivered by the DG-MLI to the grid. These values of PDG and
QDG depend on the capacity of the PV-BESS on the input side = / − (+ +
'
-).

= / + (+ +
of the CHBMLI. The grid-connected PV-BESS CHBMLI (6)
-).
along with DQ current control implementation is as shown in
Fig. 3. Depending on PDG and QDG, the MLI line current is
/ = 012 + 6 −
34)
%&
regulated by the DQ current control scheme through the
' 5
34,
/ = 012 + 6 −
CHBMLI at PCC. The transformation of the phase variables (7)
%&
(PCC voltage, DG current, etc.) from alternating (abc-frame)
to dc quantities (dq-frame) is implemented by Clark’s and 5
Park’s equations, which requires the reference instantaneous Here; ‘ud’ and ‘uq’ are the compensator parameters used
phase angle information [8]. The instantaneous phase angle of for linearization of the dynamic equations. The modulating
the voltage at PCC is obtained by using an SRF-PLL. The signals ‘md’ and ‘mq’ are transformed from dq-frame to abc-
active and reactive powers are controlled by the phase angle frame ‘VA_ref’, ‘VB_ref’, ‘VC_ref’ and after scaling them, the
and magnitude of reference modulating signals. After reference/ modulating signals for LSPWM. The LCL-filter is
converting the voltages and currents into the dq-frame, the connected between MLI and grid to reduce the harmonics. It
equations must be decoupled to control the active and has a better attenuation capacity of high-order harmonics and
reactive power individually [9]. The PCC voltages Va, Vb, better dynamic characteristics as compared with L and LC-
Vc, and MLI currents ia, ib, and ic which are into dq-frame filters [10]. The Per phase equivalent circuit parameters of
i.e., Vd, Vq and Id, Iq. The MLI apparent power (Sinv) in terms LCL filter Lg, Li, Cf and Rd are the grid side inductor, MLI side
of dq-components of voltage and current are given by, inductor, filter capacitor, and damping resistance respectively.

12
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. Downloaded on April 17,2024 at 04:00:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 III. SOLAR PV-BESS CONVERTER DESIGN The capacitor ripple voltage ΔVPV with 5% to 10%
allowable ripple i.e., ΔVPV = 0.1*VPV, IL= Load current at DC
A. DC-DC Boost Converter Design for Solar PV bus.
The maximum power generated by the solar PV is
extracted using Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm. The (iii) Design of Common DC link capacitor
PV-panel with boost converter is designed as depicted in Fig.
4 (a), which consists of an input capacitance ‘CPV’, boost The voltage across the dc-link capacitor (Cdc) is varying
inductance ‘Lboost’, and output capacitance ‘Cdc’. These are from minimum value to maximum value in 1/4th of a
selected in such a way that the converter operates in fundamental period (5 msec). The Magnitude of the dc-link
Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) [11]. ripple voltage and capacitor value can be calculated by
(i) Design of inductor considering the energy balance at the dc-link.
Z
∆T = J − = LZ − MN
U S∗[E
V WXY W XV K-
S∗[E
The duty ratio of boost converter ‘DBoost’ is estimated as (13)

7899:* = 01 − 6
-;<
= \XV ∗ = 1 − cos 2+G N =
U U
-). XV XV XV XV XV XV
(8) (14)

(899:* =
%=>>?@ -AB
K- = K- ∗ K- = XV
∆DE F?AB
Assuming the lossless system, &
=2∗0 6. Therefore, eqn. (13) can be rewritten as
(9)
K-
XV
XV
which is 10% to 20% of output current (IL) i.e., ∆ G = 0.2 ∗ 1 +
Here, LBoost is depending on the inductor ripple current ΔIL,
J − =J ∗ ∗ −
WXY W
G , ‘VPV’ is the solar PV voltage, ‘fspv’ is switching frequency 2 V WXY W V
2 WXY W

= +G
of boost converter.
K- (15)
(ii) Design of input capacitor of Boost Converter
J =
K;<
V -). ∗[E ∗∆-).
(16)
The output of PV panel current contains a large ripple
Here; V = `ab `4d is the average voltage across Cdc,
through LBoost, which leads to the significant voltage - c-
oscillation in PV panel. To reduce the voltage oscillation
across the PV and boost converter, a small value capacitor Cpv ΔVdc = (Vmax - Vmin) = 0.05*Vdc is the magnitude of output
is inserted across the PV panel output. The nonlinear ripple voltage with 5% to 10% of Vdc, Vac, Iac = Amplitude of
characteristic of PV must be ignored for calculation. Which is ac output voltage and current, ωL= line frequency (rad/sec).
derived by using the energy balance theory [12]. The boost with PV capacitor parameters from (8) to (16) are
LBoost = 1.49 mH, Cpv = 10 μF, and Cdc = 2165 μF.
B. Bi-directional DC-DC Converter for Battery
The Bidirectional dc-dc converters work as a regulator of
DC bus in both the direction by using a specific voltage-
current controller scheme as depicted in Fig. 4 (b). When
switch SW1 is ON, the converter is in buck mode and the
battery is charging, for boost mode, SW2 is ON and the battery
is discharging. The current through inductor for the buck-
boost is calculated as
= =
K=a@
G 8X* -=a@
(17)

(=
-=a@ -). e-=a@
F?_=a@ -). ∆DE
(18)

JU =
∆DE
g∗F?_=a@ ∆-).
(19)

The value of the inductor L limits the DC-link ripple

current ΔILm from 10% to 20% of is designed of IL i.e., ΔIL =
Fig. 4. PV panel with Boost converter (b) Bi-directional DC-DC 0.2*IL. Mostly low electrostatic capacitor (ESR) is used to
converter with controller. minimize the ripple in output voltage. The capacitor C2 is
given as
The dynamics of a capacitor are derived as
J =
K=a@ -). e-=a@
JK- = K- − =∆
-;< R ∗∆-
G G g∗F?_=a@ ∗-).
(20)
).
*
(10)
O?
OQR R
JK- ∆ = LP ∆G∗ MN = ∗0 6 (11)
%=>>?@∗-;< Here; PBat=VBat*IBatmax= Battery power ratting (kW), VBat =
K- K- K- S G=>>?@ Battery voltage (V) and fs_Bat = Switching frequency of

JK- =
%=>>?@-;<
bidirectional DC-DC converter.
S∗G=>>?@∗FQR ∗∆-;<
(12)
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The simulation is carried out in MATLAB/ Simulink
environment. Through this simulation study, the various cases

13
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. Downloaded on April 17,2024 at 04:00:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
of PV-BESS-based DQ-control technique are examined. The is injected to the grid. The DC load is supplied through
parameters of the grid-connected 3-phase, 7-level CHBMLI, discharging current of PV-BESS. In Case-IV (1.5 ≤ t ≤ 2 sec);
and LCL-filter are given in Table I. The Solar PV boost As ‘G’ increases from 700 to 900 W/m2, the PDG and QDG are
converter and battery with bidirectional DC-DC converter also increased to 2.5 kW, 1.67 kVAr. The 0.3 kW is injected
parameters are enlisted in Table II and Table III respectively. to the grid and 0.13 kVAr delivered to load by grid. In this
The PI-controller parameters of SRF-PLL, PQ-decoupling, case the total load demand supplied by solar-PV.
and bidirectional converter are given in Table IV. The TABLE III. BATTERY AND TABLE IV. PI-
dynamic performance of the controller for bidirectional and BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTER Controller Parameters of
DQ-control techniques along with variations in G (W/m2) of PARAMETERS Bidirectional Converter,
PV, DG active (PDG), reactive (QDG) power, and load demand SRF-PLL & PQ-Decoupling
Parameters Values Parameters
(Pload, Qload) are analyzed. The performance parameters
observed are given in Table V. Vbat 12*9=108 V Parameters Values
VBat_Full 125.7 V Kp_Battery voltage 0.5
(i) Grid connected PV-BESS with fixed Load Demand
Nominal Ah 50 Ah Ki_Battery voltage 10
The reactive power capability of MLI depends on its Discharging IBat 21.74 A Kp_Battery current 5
apparent power capacity and the active power generation
availability from RES [13]. PBat 2.35 kW Ki_Battery current 10

| WXY N |≤j WXY − WXY N

C1 10 µF Kp_PLL 10
(21)
C2 1000 µF Ki_PLL 50000
Where, Smax is the VA-rated capacity of MLI, and Pmax is the
maximum active power available from the PV-battery system. Lbuck 14 mH Kp_DQ_Decoupling 50

TABLE I. Grid TABLE II. Solar PV and Cdc 1000 µF Ki_DQ_Decoupling 25000
Connected CHBMLI & LCL- Boost Converter Parameters
Filter Parameters fS_Bat 5 KHz
Parameters Values
Parameters Values
VOC, Vmpv 36.5V, 29V
Vdc 390 V
ISC, Impv 7.84A,7.35A
Vl-l 400 V
Pmpv 213.15 W
f 50 Hz
Vpv 203 V
Cf 0.01 µF
Vdc 390 V
Li 3.7 mH
Nse, Np 7, 3
Lg 2.22 mH
Cpv 10 µF
Cdc 10 µF
Lboost 1.49 mH
Rd 4.5 Ω
Cdc 2165 µF
fcr 5 KHz
Rdc 100 Ω
Sbase 3 kVA
fSpv 5 KHz
Switches IGBT

The variation in PV voltage (Vpv), DC-link voltage (Vdc),

PV current (Ipv), % SOC of battery, battery current (IBat), and
battery voltage (VBat) are due to variation in G (W/m2) as
shown in Fig. 5. The dynamic response for the DQ-control of
the DG-MLI due to variations in G (PDG) and QDG is
considered under the constant load demand. The connected
load at PCC is 2.2 kW and 1.8 kVAr. For this condition
simulation results as shown in Fig. 6.
In Case-I (0 ≤ t ≤ 0.5 sec); Since G = 0 W/m2, the MLI is
delivering the active and reactive power i.e., PDG = 0 kW and
QDG = 3 kVAr to the PCC respectively. The Pgrid and Qgrid are
2.2 kW and -1.2 kVAr to fulfill the remaining A.C load
demand. The DC-link voltage is regulated by the battery and
bidirectional DC-DC converter. The DC load connected at DC
Fig. 5. Dynamic response of (a) G, Vpv and DC-link voltage (Vdc_ref &
link, which is supplied by the battery with 45% of initial SOC.
Vdc_actual) (b) Ipv (c) % SOC (d) IBat (e) VBat.
When % SOC is more than threshold (20 to 30% of initial
SOC i.e., 36%) then the battery is maintaining ‘Vdc’. But when In Case-V (2 ≤ t ≤ 2.5 sec); As ‘G’ increases from 900 to
PV is not available and % SOC is below threshold, then the 1000 W/m2, PDG =3 kW, QDG= 0 kVAr the remaining power
entire load demand is fulfilled by the grid. In Case-II (0.5 ≤ t from DG-MLI i.e., 0.8 kW will deliver to grid and grid will
≤ 1 sec); As ‘G’ increases from 0 to 400 W/m2, the PDG, and supply (Qload – QDG) i.e., 1.8 kVAr to load. By observations of
QDG are increased to 1.8 kW and 2.4 kVAr. In this case all cases; it is concluded that the maximum available active
remaining load demand is supplied by the grid and 0.6 kVAr power of PV-BESS is utilized. Whenever the solar insolation

14
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. Downloaded on April 17,2024 at 04:00:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
is low, the MLI will provide reactive power support depending current variations are shown. At G =1000W/m2, the PV source
on its maximum rating. The observations for all cases, due to is acting like a current source and feeding 10 A to battery and
variations in parameters G, PDG, QDG, Pload, and Qload are given 14 A to dc load and grid. When solar insolation is low, the
in Table V. battery is working like voltage source and maintaining 390 V
constant and supporting the grid, DC load and load across
TABLE V. OBSERVATION FROM DQ-CONTROL W.R.T VARIATION IN PCC.
INPUT PARAMETERS
(i) Fixed Pload = 2.2 kW, Qload =1.8 kVAr
|klmnop q | ≤ rstlmnop − utlmnop q
Ca Time G PDG QDG Pgrid Qgrid
ses (Sec) (W/m2) (kW) (kV (kW (kV
Ar) ) Ar)
I 0≤t≤ 0 0 3 2.2 -1.2
0.5
II 0.5 ≤ t 400 1.8 2.4 0.4 -0.6
≤1
III 1≤t≤ 700 2.1 2.1 0.1 -0.3
1.5
IV 1.5 ≤ t 900 2.5 1.67 -0.3 0.13
≤2
V 2≤t≤ 1000 3 0 -0.8 1.8
2.5
(ii) Fixed G = 800 W/m2, PDG = 2.3 kW and QDG =1.93 kVAr
Ca Time Pload Qload Pgrid Qgrid
ses (Sec) (kW) (kV (kW (kVAr)
Ar) )
I 0≤t≤ 1.5 1.3 -0.8 -0.63
1.25
II 1.25 ≤ t 2.7 2.3 0.4 0.37
≤ 2.5

Fig. 7. Dynamic response of (a) Vta, Ia (b) Va, Ia (c) Va & Iga.

(ii) Grid connected PV-BESS with fixed G, PDG and QDG

The G (W/m2), PV voltage (Vpv), DC-link voltage (Vdc),

PV current (Ipv), % SOC of battery, battery current (IBat), and
battery voltage (VBat) are plotted in Fig. 8. During t = 0 to 2.5
sec, it is observed that the battery is charged from solar-PV
with 45% of initial SOC at G = 800 W/m2. The total power
demand by AC and DC load is supplied by solar-PV. The
DG-MLI system supplies active power to the variable load
and battery, whereas the remaining power is fed to the grid.
The dynamic response of PDG, QDG, Pgrid, Qgrid, Pload, and Qload
are as shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 6. Dynamic response of (a) PDG, PDG_actual, QDG and QDG_actual (b) Pgrid,
Qgrid, Pload and Qload

The simulation results for all cases are studied. The phase
difference between PCC phase voltage (Va) and current (ia)
with variation in the reference PDG and QDG is shown in Fig.
7. The dynamic response of PCC phase voltage (Va), grid
current (iga), and MLI phase voltage (Vta), current (ia) are
plotted for DQ-control. The MLI is delivering the PDG = 0 and
QDG = 3 kVAr to the PCC during 0 to 0.5 sec, then the ia lag
by 900 from Va. Similarly, due to variations in parameters PDG
and QDG, the phase difference between (Vta & ia), (Va & ia), and
(Va & iga) are plotted and observed for all cases. Under
dynamic conditions, the grid-connected MLI response is
represented by plotting the MLI line voltage and grid line
current which is depending on the PDG and QDG, the line

15
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. Downloaded on April 17,2024 at 04:00:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Fig. 8. Simulation results of (a) G, Vpv, Ipv and DC-link voltage (Vdc_ref,
Vdc_actual) (b) % SOC (c) IBat (d) VBat.

Fig. 10. Dynamic response of (a) Vta, & Ia (b) Va, & Ia (c) Va, & Iga.

It is observed that the power transformation between DG-

Fig. 9. Dynamic response of PDG, PDG_actual, QDG, QDG_actual, Pgrid, Qgrid, Pload
and Qload.
MLI, load, and grid is smooth and controlled. The observation
is given in Table V. The dynamic response of MLI phase
voltage (Vta), current (ia) and PCC phase voltage (Va), grid
current (iga) are plotted in Fig. 10 for DQ-control. The phase
difference between PCC phase voltage (Va) and current (ia)
with constant PDG and QDG is shown in Fig.10 (b). Due to
constant PDG = 2.3 kW and QDG =1.93 kVAr, the ia lag by 400
from Va or Vta. Similarly, due to variations in parameters PDG
and QDG, the phase difference between (Vta & ia), (Va & ia), and
(Va & iga) are plotted and observed for all cases. It is observed
that the Phase, MLI and grid current magnitude are varying by
varying PDG, QDG, Pload, and Qload. Here, linear load is
considered. Hence, the power factor correction case is not
included in literature, but when solar-PV is connected at
maximum ‘G’ condition, only active power fed to grid so that,
the phase voltage and current are in-phase as shown in Fig. 7
during 2 to 2.5 sec.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper the dynamic operation and control of the grid-
connected PV-BESS with a bidirectional DC-DC battery
system using a 3-phase, 7-level CHBMLI is observed. The
performance analysis of the DQ-controller under different
conditions is verified by controlling the real and reactive
power flow between the AC grid and PV-battery CHBMLI
system. Depending on the available solar power, the capacity
of the PV-battery system is utilized to deliver active and
reactive power across PCC. It has been seen that with the DQ-
control, this CHBMLI is capable of satisfying the variable
load demand. The controller is tested for PV-based DG
operation in grid-connected mode, where the response of
variation in the actual values with change in reference values
of active and reactive power of DG-MLI, and load are
instantaneous with less computation i.e., fast dynamic
response.
REFERENCES

16
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. Downloaded on April 17,2024 at 04:00:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[1] Hossain, Md Alamgir and Pota, Hemanshu Roy and Issa, Walid and
Hossain, Md Jahangir, “Overview of AC Microgrid Controls with
Inverter-Interfaced Generations,” Energies, vol.10, no.9, 2017.
[2] N. C. Khaire, M. A. Chaudhari and R. Kumar, “Fault-Tolerant
Operation of 3-Phase 7-Level CHBMLI with Modified Neutral Point
Shift Method,” 2022 Second International Conference on Power,
Control and Computing Technologies (ICPC2T), 2022, pp. 1-6.
[3] Saketi SK, Chaturvedi P, Dharmendra Yadeo, Atkar D (2021) “A
Reliable and Efficient Modified T-type Fault Tolerant Five Level
Inverter Configuration” International Transactions on Electrical
Energy Systems, John Wiley & Sons.10:2050-7038.
[4] M. Malinowski, K. Gopakumar, J. Rodriguez, and M. A. Pérez, “A
Survey on Cascaded Multilevel Inverters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 2197–2206, Jul. 2010.
[5] R. Kumar and B. Singh, “Grid Interactive Solar PV-Based Water
Pumping Using BLDC Motor Drive,” in IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 5153-5165, Sept.-Oct. 2019,
doi: 10.1109/TIA.2019.2928286.
[6] Bin Wu (2006) High-Power Converters and ac Drives. A
john wiley & son.
[7] K. S. Raja Sekhar and M. A. Chaudhari, “Reactive Power
Enhancement of a PLL less PV inverter for AC Micro-grids,” 2020
17
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. Downloaded on April 17,2024 at 04:00:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE First International Conference on Smart Technologies for
Power, Energy and Control (STPEC), 2020, pp. 1-6.
[8] Y. Gui, X. Wang and F. Blaabjerg, “Vector Current Control Derived
from Direct Power Control for Grid-Connected Inverters,” in IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, pp. 9224-9235, Sept.
2019.
[9] S. Ahmad, S. Mekhilef and H. Mokhlis, “DQ-axis Synchronous
Reference Frame based P-Q Control of Grid Connected AC
Microgrid,” IEEE International Conference on Computing, Power and
Communication Technologies (GUCON), 2020, pp. 842-847.
[10] M. Liserre, F. Blaabjerg and S. Hansen, “Design and control of an
LCL-filter-based three-phase active rectifier,” in IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1281-1291, Sept.-Oct. 2005.
[11] Feng Gao, Ding Li, P. C. Loh, Yi Tang and Peng Wang, “Indirect
dclink voltage control of two-stage single-phase PV inverter,” IEEE
Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, San Jose, CA, pp. 1166-
1172, 2009.
[12] N Mohan, TM Undeland, WP Robbins, Power electronics: converters,
applications, and design, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2003.
[13] K. Turitsyn, P. Sulc, S. Backhaus and M. Chertkov, “Options for
Control of Reactive Power by Distributed Photovoltaic Generators,” in
Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, pp. 1063-1073, June 2011.