2021 5th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computer Technologies and Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT) | 978-1-6654-3272-6/21/$31.

00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICEECCOT52851.2021.9708018

2021 5th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computer Technologies and Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT) 10-11,
December 2021

A Literature Review on Open End Windings

Induction Motor Drives
K Sudarshan Reddy Dr. S Baskar
Research Scholar Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and
Technology Technology
Avadi, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India Avadi, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
vtd572@veltech.edu.in drbaskar@veltech.edu.in

Abstract— The purpose of this study is to provide a literature
review on power suspension for Open-End Winding Induction
Machine Drives (OEWIMD) using two 2-level inverters. It also
displays how far OEWIM's Space Vector Modulation (SVM)
technique has progressed. In this arrangement, the Common-
Mode Voltage (CMV) problem, zero sequence current circulation
in motor phases, and overcharging of DC link capacitors have all
been thoroughly explored. In addition, strategies for controlling
the driving system, such as classical Direct Torque Control
(DTC), Optimum Status Detection & Mode Selection (OSD &
MS) in DTC, Predictive Torque Control (PTC), Modified
predictive torque and flux control, and Model Predictive Control,
where the weighting factor is estimated via an optimization
approach, were investigated.
No mechanical or electrical moderation is required for the
functioning of an open-end configuration, as most high-
powered motors are given all six terminals are reachable
outside the signal box[2] .
II. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION(PWM) STRATEGIES
There are many PWM methods for controlling completely
different electrical converter topologies [3]. The present PWM
techniques to supervise the Voltage Source Inverters (VSIs) is
split into three main categories, those are, Carrier-based PWM
techniques (SPWM), selective harmonics elimination
techniques, and Space Vector Modulation techniques (SVM).

Keywords—Open-End Winding Induction Machine Drives

(OEWIMD), Space Vector Modulation (SVM), Common Mode
Voltage (CMV), Direct Torque Control (DTC), Predictive Torque
Control (PTC)

I. INTRODUCTION
As shown in Figure 1, the general design of an Open-end
Winding Machine (OEWM) is to provide required power for
the machine through each terminal using completely distinct
inverters. [1] advised using two inverters to feed each end of
stator windings. The primary 3 terminals the area of the
winding unit connected to one electrical converter, and also the Fig. 2. Space vector diagram for (a) positive end inverter and (b) negative
second 3 terminals may be connected to a different electrical end inverter
converter (the left electrical converter could be a positive
terminal electrical converter, and also the right electrical
converter could be a negative terminal inverter). As a result,
the values provided by each inverter determine the phase
voltage. For various research operations, different types of
electrical converters are used. As indicated in Figure 1, any 3-
phase load is commonly linked to a pair of level three-phase
inverters.

Fig. 3. Space vector diagram of the dual 2 level scheme with all possible
SVs

The foremost common approach for controlling multilevel

inverters is SVM. This technique is a high-performance PWM
Fig. 1. Dual 2 level inverters feed an open end winding configuration technique that is widely used to work out the reference phase

978-1-6654-3272-6/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE 395

Authorized licensed use limited to: Technische Universitaet Graz. Downloaded on October 10,2022 at 07:11:38 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
voltages in three-phase converters [4]. Dual 2-level inverters
provide power supply to an OEWIMD. One of the 2-level
inverters are capable of achieving eight switch states
independently as shown in Figure 2, which ends in overall
sixty-four switch states as shown in Figure 3.
III. COMMON MODE VOLTAGE
In general CMV is defined as the potential difference
between the neutral point of the machine and the system
ground in a star-connected machine[5]. In OEWIM
configuration, the CMV is expressed as
(1)
(2)
(3)
CMV’s are associated with the negative facet consequence
of high-frequency PWM. CMV in OEWIM configuration will
eventually build circulating currents via inverters. This
downside doesn't arise once the DC sources are isolated [6], as
a result of the CM current doesn't have a circuit, however, once
the inverters are connected to one supply, the CMV ought to be
held under consideration to keep away from the common mode
currents. The following are the main causes of CMV in the
OEWM, as stated in [7] : different switching states, dead time
caused in the drive circuit, and a voltage drop in the switches
used in the circuit are the main culprits. There are several tiny
parasitic capacitances present in the middle of stator and rotor
winding; additionally the rotor and therefore, the body will
produce unwanted circulating currents along the machine. Such
current leakages have a tendency to bring harm to the shafts of
the machine and bearings and additionally generate the
problem of electromagnetic interference [8].
There are two vital ways to get rid of CMV. (i) Common
Mode Passive filter, (ii) Modulation strategies. In [9] common-
mode passive filter is put forward for bringing down the
currents flowing in motor bearings , shaft voltage and currents
through ground in an OEWIM furnished by a twin 2-level
electrical converter. the largest downside with including a
passive filter in to the circuit is its giant size, which doesn't add
large motor drive systems. Another way to cut back the CMV
is to restrict the selection of switching states such that it
generates a reduced CMV at the terminals of machine (i.e.,
Modulation Strategies) [10]. The switching state redundancies
provided by the OEWIM setup will be used to reduce/eliminate
the CMV.
IV. MULTI LEVEL INVERTER FED OEWIMD
Towards utilizing multilevel inverter (MLI) setups to
comprehend medium-voltage VSI's is the latest thing. There
are three most popular power circuit designs. firstly, Cascaded
H-Bridge (CHB) then flying capacitor (FC), and finally neutral
point Clamped (NPC). Comparing with the NPC architecture,
OEWIMD provided power by these MLI's has the following
advantages: plenty of common two-level VSI's for staggered
inversion, no neutral voltage changes or clipping diodes, and a
lot of area for vector mixes, that gives an assortment of options
available for selection of PWM plans, more modest quantity of
capacitors and straightforward management contrasted with
Authorized licensed use limited to: Technische Universitaet Graz. Downloaded on October 10,2022 at 07:11:38 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
FCMLI's, DC power supplies are less contrasted with the CHB
setup and the capability of in activity underneath faulty
conditions[11]. Whereas its potential to use a higher range of
levels by this means of power circuit setup, a four-level
inverted output appears to be partner best recommendation on
the grounds that the performance wouldn't be relative to the
switch assets on top of four levels. When dual VSIs are used
with equivalent DC-link voltage and a one to one proportion,
Voltages of two and three levels can be achieved. With two
VSI's and an uneven DC-link with two to one proportion
voltages, It's possible to get an output voltage of four-levels
[12]. Inside the work published in[13], a procedure for
obtaining inverter having four levels in its output with OEW
setup is addressed, that makes use of uneven DC–link voltages
inside the magnitude relation of two to one. [14]reveals a
“Discontinuous modulating signal-based PWM (DPWM)”
technique for asymmetrical twin inverter arrangements that
addresses the issue of excess DC-interface charging. In [15]
OEWIM drive principally dependent on inverter topology with
36 levels is introduced. A two-crossover six-level inverter is
provided on each side of OEWIM to complete the topology. By
utilizing 2-level inverters with H-Bridge in cascade connection
in each stage, the 6-level hybrid inverter is completed. OEWIM
can produce 36 levels of output in each phase with two
modules providing six levels of output.
V. OPEN END WINDING INDUCTION MACHINE DRIVES
(OEWIMD)
The OEWIM drive speed management will be done
utilizing field-oriented control (FOC) otherwise DTC.
OEWIMs are utilized in transport impetus, hybrid electrical
vehicles, and in environmentally friendly power interfacing
because of its fast response. ABB invented the DTC in the
early 1980s, which allows torque and flux to be regulated
independently. With the rotor and stator flux kept constant, the
angle between them can be controlled directly, allowing torque
to be controlled. The FOC issues will be addressed by the DTC
which is easier to implement and it is presented by Takahashi
and Nogouchi (1986) [16]. The old style DTC has a few
drawbacks, including variations in switching frequency
together with higher torque and flux ripples. [17]explains how
two-level inversion is used to enforce OEWIM DTC, as well as
the switching states involved in achieving a two-level setup.
There are some Potential complications at start-up [18].
Diverse control algorithms can resolve a lot of complications in
classical DTC [19] . Space vector modulated DTC is mostly
used for OEWIM and is implemented in [20], it is solely
enforced for three-level inversion. There is a need of reference
space voltage calculation in space vector modulated DTC
which involves computational power. Predictive Torque
Control (PTC) has been used to reduce a lot of flaws of
traditional DTC. The mixture of model predictive control and
DTC is the PTC. Model predictive control was first applied to
the petrochemical industry in the 1970s. Today's advancements
in high-speed digital signal processors enable the use of
discrete mathematical models to implement PTC algorithm
rules. In classical PTC The weighting factors are selected
through empirical observation this results to incorrect
weighting factors, thereby affects the performance of a system
by inducing uncertainties [21].
Dead-beat controllers and PI controllers were utilized for
implementation of PTC algorithmic program in early stages
396
[22]. Transient reaction gets better with dead-beat controllers
and PI controllers improve steady-state efficiency. To date,
within the field of PTC, an elaborated study has been dole out
on its improvisation and additionally on the torque
minimization, and ripples in flux. To scale back the frequency
of switching and additionally to dependably monitor the stator
flux space vector immediate flux control was introduced in
[23]. The mixture of hysteresis controllers were engineered
initially in the Model Predictive DTC (MPDTC) to lower the
average frequency of switching [24], PTC has been used in
lateral phases with different types of power converters and is
referred to as Finite-Control Set Predictive Torque Control
(FCS-PTC). The development of the cost function is employed
in PTC to pick a suitable voltage vector. Torque and flux
ripples significantly amplified whenever the given voltage
vector was applied over a sample interval. Torque and ripples
in the flux are usually efficiently eliminated when duty ratio
modification is used. The duty ratio control principle is to
move from one sample period to the next[25]. In the way to
scale back torque, and flux ripples an optimum switching
scheme is constructed, calculations were tedious to see
optimum switching point. To deal with problems with fixed
point optimal switching scheme issues[26], It is used to
optimize a cost function with a variable switching point.
[27].Cost-function improvement usually demands the selection
of appropriate weighting factors to eliminate torque and flux
errors. The cost function in classical PTC contains torque error
and error of flux. There's a tedious compilation of choice and
tuning of weighting variables because flux and torque are
completely different quantities. Appropriate weighting factors
are thus required to optimize the cost function. Distortions
present in the stator currents were contributed by improper
choice of weighting factor, an increased torque and flux ripple
develops ultimately. The control cycle is separated into two
intervals to seek out the optimum weighting element for higher
torque ripple reduction.The methods utilized to find the best
weighting factors and the method for dividing the control
period are rather complicated. In [28], an analogous algorithm
was presented. For the purpose of determining the best
weighting factors.To enhance the number of weighting factors
available, [29] uses multi-criterion decision-making methods.
With the use of this technique, the process complexity and
burden of the PTC algorithmic rule may increase. A unique
algorithmic rule was imposed with multi-objective
optimization in [30]to eliminate the weighting factors. The
ranking approach is the basis for this algorithmic rule.
VI. APPLICATIONS OF OEWIMD
The single-stage solution is implemented in [31]for the solar
photovoltaic (PV) pumping method utilizing double inverter
fed OEWIM drive. The voltage ratings of the capacitors and
semiconductor devices used throughout the system will be
decreased, and long PV module strings will be avoided. In[32],
a one-stage coordinated control algorithmic strategy employs
“Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), V/f control, and a
Sample Averaged Zero-Sequence Elimination (SAZE) PWM
technique”. A wind energy transformation framework
interconnected to the network utilizing a double inverter is
suggested in [33]. The rectified output from the wind generator
is sent into one of the inverters in the double inverter, while the
other is connected directly to a battery energy storage device
(BESS). This method eliminates the requirement for a second
Authorized licensed use limited to: Technische Universitaet Graz. Downloaded on October 10,2022 at 07:11:38 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
DC-DC converter, which reduces power shortages, costs, and
complexity. An updated modulation strategy is offered to make
undistorted current even in the presence of unevenly distributed
and dynamic space vectors. Similarly, the wind turbine
generator's battery charging/discharging cycle and MPPT can
be observed.[34] developed a load-commutated SCR-based
multilevel CSI driven OEWIMD with four quadrant operation.
Because of a large reduction in fifth and seventh harmonic
currents, multilevel CSI has enhanced the quality of motor
current. Due to the lack of a commutation circuit, the
multilevel CSI is load commutated, making the structure
simple and robust. The proposed has the ability to be thought
about for industrial applications.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this past research literatures reviewed on SVPWM
switching methods for dual two level VSI were presented
which can eliminate/suppress CMV. This survey article
presented studies on DTC, PTC, Modified PTC and Model
PTC for reducing the torque ripple, flux ripple and reduction of
switching losses of inverter. Different PTC algorithms were
surveyed through literatures for enhancing the weighting factor
selection without increasing the computational burden. Few
literatures on exploiting applications of OEWIM were
presented where there is a gap to be fulfilled.
REFERENCES
[1] H.Stemmler, P. Guggenbach, “Configurations of High-Power Voltage
Source Inverter Drives”, Proc. EPE Conf., pp. 7-14, (1993).
[2] A. Lega, Domenico Casadei and F. Negrini, “Multilevel Converters:
Dual Two-Level Inverter Scheme,”Ph.D. thesis.University of bologna
2007.
[3] J. Holtz, “Pulsewidth Modulation-A Survey.” 0-7803-0695-3/92 IEEE
1992
[4] B. Zhu, U. R. Prasannal, K. Raj ashekara and H. Kubo “Comparative
Study of PWM Strategies for Three Phase Open-end Winding Induction
Motor Drives” IEEE Industry Applications Society et al., The 2014
International Power Electronics Conference - ECCE ASIA - IPEC-
Hiroshima 2014 : Power Electronics for Peaceful World : May 18th-21st,
2014, International Conference Center Hiroshima.
[5] J. Adabi, F. M. Sc, and B. Eng, “Remediation Strategies of Shaft and
Common mode voltages in Adjustable Speed Drive Systems,” 2010.
[6] E. G. Shivakumar, K. Gopakumar, S. K. Sinha, A. Pittet, and V. T.
Ranganathan, “Space vector PWM control of dual inverter fed open-end
winding induction motor drive,” in Conference Proceedings - IEEE
Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC, 2001,
vol. 1, pp. 399–405. doi: 10.1109/apec.2001.911678.
[7] A. Somani, “An Investigation into Pulse-Width Modulated AC Electric
Drives with Open-End Winding Machines,” 2013.
[8] Ahmet M. Hava N. Onur Çetin Emre Ün “On the Contribution of
PWM Methods to the Common Mode (Leakage) Current in
Conventional Three-phase Two-level Inverters as Applied to AC Motor
Drives” IEEE Industry Applications Society. Annual Meeting
(43rd : 2008 : Edmonton, Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, and IEEE Industry Applications Society, 2008 IEEE Industry
Applications Conference Annual Meeting : Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,
5-9 October 2008.
[9] J.Kalaiselvi and S.Srinivas ” Passive Common mode filter for reducing
shaftvoltage, ground current, bearing current in dual twolevel inverter
fed open end winding induction motor”IEEE Industrial Electronics
Society, IEEE Industry Applications Society, IEEE Power Electronics
Society, and Universitatea Transilvania din Brașov, 2014 International
Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment
(OPTIM) : Cheile Gradistei Resort Moeciu de Sus Bran, Romania, 22
May-24 May 2014.
[10] S. Srinivas and J. Kalaiselvi, “Pulse width modulation schemes
enabling single DC power source driven dual two-level voltage source
inverter with single voltage source inverter switching,” IET Power
397
 Electronics, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1181–1191, 2014, doi: 10.1049/iet-
pel.2013.0283.
[11] V. T. Somasekhar, K. Gopakumar, E. G. Shivakumar, and A. Pittet, “A
multilevel voltage space phasor generation for an open-end winding
induction motor drive using a dual-inverter scheme with asymmetrical
d.c.-link voltages,” EPE Journal (European Power Electronics and
Drives Journal), vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 21–29, Jun. 2002, doi:
10.1080/09398368.2002.11463508.
[12] S. Lakhimsetty, N. Surulivel, and V. T. Somasekhar, “Improvised
SVPWM Strategies for an Enhanced Performance for a Four-Level
Open-End Winding Induction Motor Drive,” IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 2750–2759, Apr. 2017, doi:
10.1109/TIE.2016.2632059.
[13] B. Venugopal Reddy, V. T. Somasekhar, and Y. Kalyan, “Decoupled
space-vector PWM strategies for a four-level asymmetrical open-end
winding induction motor drive with waveform symmetries,” IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 5130–5141,
Nov. 2011, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2116759.
[14] M. H. V. Reddy, T. B. Reddy, B. R. Reddy, and M. S. Kalavathi,
“Discontinuous PWM Technique for the Asymmetrical Dual Inverter
Configuration to Eliminate the Overcharging of DC-Link Capacitor,”
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 156–166,
Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2017.2716858.
[15] G.L. Bajaj Institute of Technology & Management, Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Uttar Pradesh Section, and Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2019 2nd International
Conference on Power Energy, Environment and Intelligent Control
(PEEIC-2019) : 18-19 October 2019, Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, G.L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and
Management, Greater Noida, India.
[16] I. Takahashi and T. Noguchi, “Control Strategy of an Induction Motor,”
1986.
[17] A. Kumar, B. G. Fernandes’, and K. Chattejee, “DTC of Open-End
Winding Induction Motor Drive Using Space Vector Modulation With
Reduced Switching Frequency,” 2004.
[18] R. Abdelli, D. Rekioua, and T. Rekioua, “Performances improvements
and torque ripple minimization for VSI fed induction machine with
direct control torque,” ISA Transactions, vol. 50, no. 2. ISA -
Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, pp. 213–219, 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.isatra.2010.11.008.
[19] J.-K. Kang and S.-K. Sul, “New Direct Torque Control of Induction
Motor for Minimum Torque Ripple and Constant Switching Frequency.”
[20] H. Miranda, P. Cortés, J. I. Yuz, and J. Rodríguez, “Predictive torque
control of induction machines based on state-space models,” IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1916–1924,
2009, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2009.2014904.
[21] D. Zhou, J. Zhao, and Y. Liu, “Predictive torque control scheme for
three-phase four-switch inverter-fed induction motor drives with DC-
link voltages offset suppression,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 3309–3318, Jun. 2015, doi:
10.1109/TPEL.2014.2338395.
[22] P. Correa, M. Pacas, and J. Rodríguez, “Predictive torque control for
inverter-fed induction machines,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1073–1079, Apr. 2007, doi:
10.1109/TIE.2007.892628.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Technische Universitaet Graz. Downloaded on October 10,2022 at 07:11:38 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[23] V. Ambrožič, D. Nedeljković, and M. Nemec, “Predictive Torque
Control of Induction Machines using Immediate Flux Control.”
[24] G. Papafotiou, J. Kley, K. G. Papadopoulos, P. Bohren, and M. Morari,
“Model predictive direct torque control - Part II: implementation and
experimental evaluation,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1906–1915, 2009, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2008.2007032.
[25] S. A. Davari, D. A. Khaburi, and R. Kennel, “An improved FCS-MPC
algorithm for an induction motor with an imposed optimized weighting
factor,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 3, pp.
1540–1551, 2012, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2011.2162343.
[26] Y. Zhang and H. Yang, “Model predictive torque control of induction
motor drives with optimal duty cycle control,” IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 6593–6603, 2014, doi:
10.1109/TPEL.2014.2302838.
[27] P. Karamanakos, P. Stolze, R. M. Kennel, S. Manias, and H. du Toit
Mouton, “Variable Switching Point Predictive Torque Control of
Induction Machines,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in
Power Electronics, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 285–295, Jun. 2014, doi:
10.1109/JESTPE.2013.2296794.
[28] Y. Zhang and H. Yang, “Generalized two-vector-based model-predictive
torque control of induction motor drives,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 3818–3829, Jul. 2015, doi:
10.1109/TPEL.2014.2349508.
[29] V. P. Muddineni, A. Kumar Bonala, and S. R. Sandepudi,
“Enhanced Weighting Factor Selection for Predictive Torque Control of
Induction Motor Drive based on VIKOR Method IET Review Copy
Only IET Electric Power Applications.”
[30] C. A. Rojas, J. Rodriguez, F. Villarroel, J. R. Espinoza, C. A. Silva, and
M. Trincado, “Predictive torque and flux control without weighting
factors,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 2, pp.
681–690, 2013, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2206344.
[31] S. Jain, A. K. Thopukara, R. Karampuri, and V. T. Somasekhar, “A
single-stage photovoltaic system for a dual-inverter-fed open-end
winding induction motor drive for pumping applications,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 4809–4818, Sep.
2015, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2014.2365516.
[32] S. Jain, R. Karampuri, and V. T. Somasekhar, “An Integrated Control
Algorithm for a Single-Stage PV Pumping System Using an Open-End
Winding Induction Motor,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 956–965, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2015.2480765.
[33] S. D. Gamini Jayasinghe, D. Mahinda Vilathgamuwa, and U. K.
Madawala, “Direct integration of battery energy storage systems in
distributed power generation,” IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 677–685, Jun. 2011, doi:
10.1109/TEC.2011.2122262.
[34] Richu Sebastian C and Rajeevan P. P “Four quadrant operation of load
commutated SCRbased multilevel CSI fed open-end windingInduction
motor drive”Indian Institute of Technology (Chennai, IEEE Industry
Applications Society, IEEE Power & Energy Society, IEEE Power
Electronics Society, IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, and Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Proceedings of 2018 IEEE
International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy
Systems (PEDES) : 18-21 December 2018, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India 978-1-5386-9316-2/18
2018 IEEE
398