Bandpass Filter Design using the Square Loop

Resonator on 3 GHz Frequency for Radar
Applications
2020 IEEE International Conference on Communication, Networks and Satellite (Comnetsat) | 978-0-7381-2517-6/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/Comnetsat50391.2020.9328928

Lukman Medriavin Silalahi Setiyo Budiyanto Imelda Uli Vistalina Simanjuntak

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Universitas Mercu Buana Universitas Mercu Buana Universitas Mercu Buana
Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia
lukman.medriavin@mercubuana.ac.id sbudiyanto@mercubuana.ac.id imelda.simanjuntak@mercubuana.ac.id

Freddy Artadima Silaban Nofal Gusti Sulissetyo Agus Dendi Rochendi

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Oceanographic physics
Universitas Mercu Buana Universitas Mercu Buana Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia
Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia
freddy.artadima @mercubuana.ac.id

Abstract— In recent times, there have been a lot of
researches that carry out the development of microstrips as a
medium for designing antennas and filters. One form of
microstrip development in this research is a filter in radar
applications. Designing and realizing a bandpass filter that
works at a frequency of 3.0 GHz with the square loop resonator
method and analyzing the performance of a bandpass filter that
has been designed to have good characteristic values and
according to the desired specifications are the objectives of this
research. The novelty of research from the square loop
resonator method is the resulting eleptic response, narrow
bandwidth and small dimensions. Thus, the square loop
resonator is the method proposed in this research. The result of
this research is to produce a filter response measurement on a
vector analyzer. The findings obtained are a bandwidth
widening of 30 MHz and a shift in the center frequency of 60
MHz from the original design of 3 GHz to 3.06 GHz. In the
simulation results via High Frequency Structure Simulator
(HFSS), the return loss (S11) value is -29.6 dB and the insertion
loss (S21) value is -0.8 dB, while based on the measurement
results, the return loss (S11) value is -22.3 dB and the insertion
loss value (S21) of -3.05 dB.
Keywords— Bandpass Filter, Square Open Loop Resonator,
Airport Surveillance, Radar, Microstrip, HFSS Simulator
I. INTRODUCTION
The development of wireless technology is currently
driven by the demands of high data rate requirements and the
flexibility of the movement of communication partners that
use it. Electromagnetic waves have different carrier frequency
values depending on the frequency slot given to them, then
these waves are mixed in the wireless channel (free air).
Transmitter and receiver devices that communicate with each
other must be able to select and select electromagnetic waves
at what frequency they exchange. Bandpass filter is a device
that performs the task of selecting the desired signal from the
unwanted based on its frequency. The desired signal is passed
by this device as well as possible (without loss), while the
unwanted signal is refused to pass this filter device. [1]
One of the devices that require this filter is Radar, the filter
plays an important role in improving the performance of radar
systems, in this study filter design will be conducted for the
ASR (Airport Surveillance radar) system, ASR is a radar
system used at airports to detect and display positions aircraft
in the terminal area. [9-11]
The design and realization of the band pass filter will use
the square loop resonator method which works at a frequency
of 3 GHz which is the working frequency of Maritime Radar
in Indonesia. It was also found that the 3 GHz frequency is
used for the type of radar in the Airport Surveillance Radar
(ASR) system, Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR), Secondary
Surveillance Radar (SSR). The software used in designing this
bandpass filter is Ansys Electromagnetic High Frequency
Structure Simulator (HFSS), this software is used to facilitate
the process of designing and simulating the desired bandpass
filter. The parameters to be observed from this design study
are the value of insertion loss, return loss, and bandwidth. The
results of this thesis are expected to be useful to gain a broader
and deeper insight into bandpass filter technology.
The purpose of this research is to be able to design and
realize a bandpass filter that works at 3.0 GHz frequency with
the square loop resonator method and to find out the
performance of the designed bandpass filter that has good
characteristic values and according to the desired
specifications.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The novelty of the research that is being favored is to
produce a bandpass filter that works at 3GHz frequency for
radar applications. The method used in this research is the
square loop resonator method, and the software tools used are
the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The
hypothesis that we want to prove is to design a bandpass filter
that matches the frequency. according to specifications and in
good performance. To support this, Table 1 shows most of the
papers reviewed about bandpass filters [2-6]. The focus of the
literature review is the design and realization of a band pass
filter that works at a frequency of 3.0 GHz with the square
loop resonator method, knowing the performance of the band
pass filter, the characteristic values that are tailored to the
needs, and the desired specifications.

TABLE I. LITERATURE REVIEW

No Author Research Title Problem Method Result

Ismail, N., Design of microstrip Simple new filter design for S- The results showed that BPF without
1 Gunawan, T. hairpin bandpass band radars in the 2.9 to 3.1 1. Hairpin Resonator casing obtained an insertion loss of -1,748
S., Praludi, T., filter for 2.9 GHz– GHz frequency range. The dB at 2,785 GHz and a return loss of -

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No Author Research Title Problem Method Result

& Hamidi, E. 3.1 GHz s-band center frequency of the filter is 2. Defected Ground 21,257 dB in the frequency range between
A. radar with defected designed at 3 GHz with a Structure (DGS) 2,785 to 2,932 GHz. Meanwhile, the BPF
ground structure. bandwidth of 200 MHz, with the casing shows better performance,
insertion loss is greater than -3 where an insertion loss of -1.643 dB is
dB and return loss is less than - obtained at 2.921 GHz and a return loss of
20 dB -19.529 in the frequency range between
2.820 and 3.021 GHz.
Design of 2.75 –
Faroqi, A., 2.85 Ghz Frequency 1. Square Open
Ramdhani, M. Microstrip Bandpass Loop Resonator The middle frequency shifted by 83 MHz
Designing BPF at Frequencies
2 A., Andika, D. Filter with Square 2. Simulation using to 2,717 GHz with a change in bandwidth
2.75 - 2.85 Ghz
D., & Open-loop CST Studio to 90 MHz
Soedarsono, S. Resonator in Radar
Method
Cascaded Square 1. Cascade Square
Loop Bandpass Loop Resonator
Andini, I., The middle frequency shifted by 100 Mhz
Filter With Designing BPF at Frequencies
3 Astuti, D. W., 2. Simulation using to 1.85 Ghz with a widening of the
Transmission Zeros 1.7 - 1.8 Ghz
& Muslim, M HFSS bandwidth of 50 Mhz.
For Long Term
Evolution
Microstrip BPF
Wibisono, E. Made of Square Square Loop The middle frequency can be said to be
Designing BPF at a frequency
4 M. A., & Loop Resonator for Resonator accurate at 9,0092 Ghz with a widening of
of 9 Ghz
Muniry, A X-Band Weather bandwidth of 5.2 Mhz
Radar
1. Open loop
triangular ring
Design of closed Designing a dual band
loop dual band bandpass using cascaded resonator coupled Frequency response of proposed filters
bandpass filter using conventional open loop in series with shows good rejection performance and
Gaurav, Y., &
5 two different size triangular ring resonator for transmission line low insertion loss making it applicable in
Chauhan, R. K.
cascaded open loop various applications in with loaded stub various microwave communication
triangular ring microwave communication at 2. Simulation using system.
resonator. 7.2 GHz and 13.8 GHz. Agilent ADS

III. METHODOLOGY TABLE III. BANDPASS FILTER SPECIFIATION

This chapter will discuss the methodology used in filter No Parameter Specification
design to the realization of a band pass filter to pass a signal
1 Frequency Center 3.0 GHz
at a frequency of 3.0 GHz which will be applied to radar
systems. Some important steps that must be taken in order to 2 Frequency 2.95 GHz – 3.05 GHz
obtain a filter that meets the desired specifications can be seen
3 Bandwidth 100 MHz
in the following description.
4 Insertion Loss ≤ -3dB
A. Determination of filter characteristics and PCB material
(Substrate) to be used. 5 Return Loss > -14 dB
In bandpass filter planning there are several important 6 Impedance 50 Ohm
specification parameters in calculations and simulations. This
parameter will be a reference in the calculation and simulation
of filter dimensions. The specification parameters can be seen
in table III.
The designed bandpass filter will be realized using Rogers
RO5880 PCB substrate with copper substrate. For the type of
PCB RO5880 material, has specifications as listed in table II.

TABLE II. RO5880 SUBSTRATE SPECIFICATIONS

No Parameter Specification
1 Dielectric Constant 2.20

2 Loss Tan 0.0004

Fig. 1. Square open loop bandpass filter
Thickness of Dielectric
3 1.57 mm
Material B. Perform resonator dimension calculations for the
desired working frequency and make filter design.
The method used in this research is a modified square open
loop resonator method and some simulations are performed to
get a bandpass filter that can work at a center frequency of 3.0

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GHz, and the design results of the bandpass filter design can ͵ͲͲ
be seen in Fig. 1. ߣ௚ ൌ
݂ሺ‫ݖܪܩ‬ሻඥߝ௥ǡ௘௙௙
1) Calculate the width of the material input-output ͵ͲͲ
ߣ௚ ൌ ൌ ͹ʹǡͺ͸Ͷͷʹ ൎ ͹͵݉݉
channel RO5880 ͵ඥͳǡͺͺ͵ͷ͵
Wide input channel output with material RO5880 From these calculations, the resonator length for ½ λg is
ܼ଴ ߝ௥ ൅ ͳ ଴ǡହ ߝ௥ െ ͳ Ͳǡͳͳ obtained:
‫ܣ‬ൌ ൤ ൨ ൅ ൤Ͳǡʹ͵ ൅ ൨ ͳ
͸Ͳ ʹ ߝ௥ ൅ ͳ ߝ௥
൬ ൈ ͹͵݉݉൰ ൌ ͵͸ǡͷ݉݉
ͷͲ ʹǡʹ ൅ ͳ ଴ǡହ ʹǡʹ െ ͳ Ͳǡͳͳ ʹ
ൌ ൤ ൨ ൅ ൤Ͳǡʹ͵ ൅ ൨ The calculation is for the form of a straight resonator
͸Ͳ ʹ ʹǡʹ ൅ ͳ ʹǡʹ
ൌ ሺͲǡͺ͵ ൈ ͳǡʹ͸Ͷͻͳሻ ൅ ሺͲǡ͵͹ͷ ൈ Ͳǡʹͺሻ because the lengths on all sides are the same. In this study the
ൌ ͳǡͳͷͶͺ͹ filter to be designed is in the form of a square open loop that
Then the value of A is substituted into the following has different side lengths between the outside, middle and
equation: inner sides, so to get the average value of the square open
ܹ ͺ݁ ஺ loop resonator size approach can be calculated at the middle
ൌ ଶ஺ part of the resonator with the formula as follows :
݄ ݁ െʹ ͳ
ͺ ൈ ʹǡ͹ͳͺʹͺଵǡଵହସ଼଻ ߣ௚ ൅ ݃ܽ‫݌‬
ൌ ൌ ͵ǡͳͶͷ͵ͺ ܽൌʹ ൅‫ݓ‬
ʹǡ͹ͳͺʹͺଶሺଵǡଵହସ଼଻ሻ െ ʹ Ͷ
So, Where a is the side length of the resonator, w the width of
W = 1,57 . 3,14538 the channel, and the gap of the tip distances of the two
resonators. For the gap and w values, there are no fixed rules
= 4,93824 ≈ 4,9
here. So for the resonator size approach in this thesis uses the
From the above calculation, the transmission channel
values:
width (W) obtained for the input and output resonator filter
͵͸ǡͷ ൅ ͳ
using RO5880 material is 4.9 mm. ܽൌ ൅ ʹ ൌ ͳͳǡ͵͹ͷ
2) Calculate the size of the resonator Ͷ
After calculating the size of the resonator is done, the next
In designing this filter we want the resonant frequency of step is to enter the measurement results into the software to
the resonator to be equal to the middle frequency (fo) of the
see whether the filter performance is good or not, if the
desired filter specifications.
measurement results are not optimal then optimization will
‫ ݑ‬ଶ
ͳ ‫ݑ‬ସ ൅ ቀ ቁ ͳ ‫ ݑ‬ଷ be done through simulation.
ܽ ൌͳ൅ ݈݊ ቎ ସ ͷʹ ቏൅ ݈݊ ቈͳ ൅ ൬ ൰ ቉
Ͷͻ ‫ ݑ‬൅ ͲǡͶ͵ʹ ͳͺǡ͹ ͳͺǡͳ 3) Location of rationing
In this filter design, for input and output ports are
͵ǡͳͶͷ͵ͺ ଶ designed by rationing using Tapped line coupling, to get a
ͳ ͵ǡͳͶͷ͵ͺସ ൅ ቀ ቁ graph that matches the desired specifications can be adjusted
ܽ ൌͳ൅ ݈݊ ൦ ͷʹ ൪
Ͷͻ ͵ǡͳͶͷ͵ͺସ ൅ ͲǡͶ͵ʹ by changing the distance t. Illustration of the designed
resonator can be seen in Fig. 2.
ͳ ͵ǡͳͶͷ͵ͺ ଷ
൅ ݈݊ ቈͳ ൅ ൬ ൰ ቉
ͳͺǡ͹ ͳͺǡͳ
ͳ ͳ
ܽ ൌͳ൅ Ž ͲǤͻͻͷ͸Ͷ ൅ Ž ͳǤͲͲͷʹͶ
Ͷͻ ͳͺǡ͹
ܽ ൌ ͳ െ ͺǡͺͻͶͶ ൈ ͳͲିହ ൅ ʹ͹ǡͻͶͷͳʹ ൈ ͳͲିହ
ܽ ൌ ͳǡͲͲͳͻ

ߝ௥ െ Ͳǡͻ ଴ǡ଴ହଷ
ܾ ൌ Ͳǡͷ͸Ͷ ൬ ൰
ߝ௥ ൅ ͵
ʹǡʹ െ Ͳǡͻ ଴ǡ଴ହଷ
ܾ ൌ Ͳǡͷ͸Ͷ ൬ ൰
ʹǡʹ ൅ ͵
ܾ ൌ ͲǡͷʹͶͲͶ
Then the values of a and b are substituted to obtain the
effective dielectric material permittivity value of the substrate Fig. 2. Illustration of resonator shape
material as follows:
ߝ௥ ൅ ͳ ߝ௥ െ ͳ ͳͲ ି௔Ǥ௕ C. Filter design simulation using the HFSS application.
ߝ௥ǡ௘௙௙ ൌ ൅ ൬ͳ ൅ ൰
ʹ ʹ ‫ݑ‬ The filter design in this research uses High Frequency
ି଴ǡହଶଵସଵଷ Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. Aims to see the output
ʹǡʹ ൅ ͳ ʹǡʹ െ ͳ ͳͲ
ߝ௥ǡ௘௙௙ ൌ ൅ ൬ͳ ൅ ൰ results of the filter parameters so that when the design is
ʹ ʹ ͵ǡͳͶͷ͵ͺ
ߝ௥ǡ௘௙௙ ൌ ͳǡͺͺ͵ͷ͵ realized the output produced is in accordance with the desired
parameters so as to save time, cost, and energy when the
In designing this filter we want the filter to work at the design is realized.
center frequency of 3 GHz, so that the wavelength of one
wave in a microstrip can be calculated using the following After all parameters (Table 4) have been found then a
equation: simulation is performed to find out the value of insertion loss,

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return loss, and bandwidth of the filter that will be created

before it will be fabricated.
Can be seen in the initial graph of frequency shifts, where
the filter works at 3.24 GHz frequency with S21 insertion loss
value of -65.5 dB while S11 return loss is still valued at 0 dB,
the value is certainly still far from expected, and therefore
Changes to parameters will be tried in order to get better
results. The graph simulation results can be seen in Fig. 4. And
the results of the initial design of a bandpass filter with 2
resonators can be seen in Fig. 3.

TABLE IV. INTITIAL FILTER PARAMETERS

t a w g W L s
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Fig. 5. Filter simulation graph
3 11,375 2 1 4,9 7,85 2,1

Fig. 6. Filter simulation graph

Fig. 3. Initial design of bandpass filter with 2 resonators

Fig. 7. Filter printout

From the simulation results it can be seen that the change

in distance t can affect the S21 response, the smaller the
distance t, the better the S21 response. changes in distance s
Fig. 4. Filter simulation graph affect the response of S21 and S11 significantly as well as the
bandwidth of the filter. changes in the length of side a affect
Get the desired working frequency, which is at a frequency the working frequency of the filter, the shorter the side of a,
of 3 GHz it is necessary to adjust the size of parameter a, then the higher the working frequency of the filter.
also try changing the parameter t. From this optimization
(Table V) it can be seen that the filter has good performance. D. Filter fabrication using RO5880 substrate.
Fig. 5. Shows that frequency at 3 GHz with S11 return loss After completing the Bandpass filter simulation / design,
value of -29.6 dB and S21 insertion loss of -0.8 dB. The filter fabrication is then carried out using the best design measure.
optimization simulation graph results can be seen in Fig. 6. Following the fabrication of Bandpass filter with 2 resonators
can be seen in Fig. 7.
TABLE V. FILTER OPTIMIZATION
E. Filter measurement using the Vector Network Analyzer.
t a w g W L s
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Tool measurement test is carried out to ensure that the
3 11,375 2 1 4,9 7,85 2,1
device that has been made can be used according to the desired
parameters. From this measurement test will be obtained data
- data that can be taken for analysis, so it can know the ability
of the tool that has been made. The measurement test results
obtained will be compared with the simulation results and then
analyzed. measurement of filter characteristics that have been
made, the parameters measured here are insertion loss and
return loss, measurement of insertion loss and return loss is
done using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA).
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IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION V. CONCLUSION

In this section, it is explained the results of research and at
the same time is given the comprehensive discussion.
A. Response measurement results
Fig. 8 shows the results of measurements that have been
made using VNA, the results of the S11 and S21 responses are
as follows:
B. Response measurement results
Table 6 shows that the fabrication results show good filter
characteristics despite changes in the value of the results of
simulations performed previously. Can be seen at Fig. 9. there
is a narrowing of bandwidth of 20 MHz. While the best
insertion loss results are -3.05 dB at 3.06 GHz frequency and
the best return loss value is -22.3 dB at 3.06 GHz frequency.
From the overall design, simulation, and realization that
have been carried out in making this filter, several conclusions
can be drawn, namely:
1. The filter can pass the radar frequencies that are on the
3GHz frequency
2. There is a change in the value of insertion loss and return
loss which can be influenced by several things including
the installation of connectors and soldering processes, as
well as the specifications of the substrate dielectric
constant which may not match the specifications in the
datasheet
3. From the measurement results there is a bandwidth shift
of 20 MHz and a center frequency shift of 60 MHz, this
can be caused by changes in the size of the resonator
during fabrication and etching.
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Range 2,95 GHz – .
5 – 3,08 – 3,10
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