Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
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ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 387–395

7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2022

7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2022

Optimization of water filter station locations on polluted rivers of Optimization of water filter station locations on polluted rivers
of Jakarta

Jakarta

Marcellino Vicasoa , Kevin Leonardo Kwantia , Arlexy Variana , Ivan Sebastian Edberta ,
Marcellino Vicasoa , Kevin Leonardo Kwantia , Arlexy Variana , Ivan Sebastian Edberta ,
Fabian Surya Pramudyab, Alfi Y. Zakiyyahb, Herolistra Baskoroputrob *
Fabian Surya Pramudyab, Alfi Y. Zakiyyahb, Herolistra Baskoroputrob *
a Computer Science Department, School of Computer Science Bina Nusantara University,
Anggrek
a Computer Campus
Science Jl. Kebon
Department, Jerukof
School Raya No. 27Science
Computer Jakarta Bina
11530, Indonesia
Nusantara University,
b
Mathematics
Anggrek Department, SchoolJeruk
Campus Jl. Kebon of Computer
Raya No.Science Bina11530,
27 Jakarta Nusantara University,
Indonesia
b
Anggrek Department,
Mathematics Campus Jl. Kebon
SchoolJeruk Raya No.Science
of Computer 27 Jakarta
Bina11530, Indonesia
Nusantara University,
Anggrek Campus Jl. Kebon Jeruk Raya No. 27 Jakarta 11530, Indonesia

Abstract
Abstract
Flooding has always been one of the challenging problems Jakarta faces for decades, damaging not only the infrastructure but also
the economic
Flooding aspectsbeen
has always of the
onecity.
of Almost every year,
the challenging significant
problems losses
Jakarta arefor
faces recorded
decades, in both parts, not
damaging including
only theforinfrastructure
the residentsbut whoalso
depending
the economic on aspects
it. One ofofthetherepressive
city. Almost steps
everyforyear,
floodsignificant
preventionlosses
is theare
placement
recordedofinwaste
both filtering stations for
parts, including on the residents
rivers in multiple
who
locations. According
depending on it. Onetoofthe theMinistry
repressiveof Environment
steps for flood and Forestry representative
prevention is the placementforofJakarta, there are
waste filtering currently
stations on 28
thewaste
rivers filtering
in multiple
stations installed
locations. According within Jakarta's
to the Ministry661.5 km2 region and Forestry
of Environment 13 rivers.representative
Continuously challenged
for Jakarta, withtheretheareincreasing
currently amount
28 wasteoffiltering
waste,
flood
stationsprevention
installedefforts
within must include
Jakarta's installing
661.5 moreand
km2 region filtering stations.
13 rivers. Therefore,challenged
Continuously studying the optimal
with future station
the increasing amountlocation to
of waste,
minimize
Flood prevention
the floodingefforts
hazard
musteffectively
include installing
becomes morevital.
filtering
This paper
stations.
usedTherefore,
the Hot Spot
studying
Spatial
theAnalysis
optimal future
method station
to estimate
location several
to
optimal areas
minimize that fit the
the flooding criteria
hazard of previously
effectively becomes built vital.
filtering stations.
This We obtained
paper used the local
the Hot Spot hotspot
Spatial statistics
Analysis methodfor toeach parameter
estimate several
from theareas
optimal Getis-Ord
that fitlocal
the statistics
criteria ofequation.
previouslyInbuilt
addition, many
filtering necessary
stations. layers are
We obtained thealso
localutilized,
hotspotsuch as volume
statistics for each of waste
parameterfilter from
population
the Getis-Ord density,
local statistics
and flood-affected
equation.areas
In addition,
datasets many to roughly
necessaryapproximate
layers arethe
alsoreal-world
used, such condition.
as volume Thisofstudy
wasteaimsfiltertopoints,
providepopulation
points, recommendations density, that
and can determineareas
flood-affected the optimal
datasets wastefiltering points and provide
to roughly approximate a better condition.
the real-world solution forThisJakarta
studyfrom aimsthe to
problemrecommendations
provide of the harmful amount of waste
that can in thethe
determine river that could
optimal induce flooding
wastefiltering points hazards.
and provideThearesult
bettershows
solutionthat
forthe wastefrom
Jakarta filtering
the
stations
of in the amount
the harmful 13 majorofrivers
wasteininJakarta
the riverare stillcould
that not effective. This research
induce flooding hazards.helps
Theto showshows
result the optimal
that the locations suitableconstructs
waste filtering for problem
new waste
stations filters.
in the 13 major rivers in Jakarta are still not effective. This research helps to show the optimal locations suitable for © 2022
The Authors.
waste filters. Published by ELSEVIER BV This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license constructing new
© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier BV
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
© 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER BV This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd /4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and and
Computational
Peer-review underIntelligence 2022 of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science Computational
responsibility
Intelligence 2022
Keywords: Waste Filtering
and Computational Station;2022
Intelligence Location Optimization Model; Hotspot Analysis; Flood Prevention System
Keywords: Waste Filtering Station; Location Optimization Model; Hotspot Analysis; Flood Prevention System

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address:author.
* Corresponding h.baskoroputro@binus.ac.id
E-mail address: h.baskoroputro@binus.ac.id

1877-0509 © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER BV

This is an open
1877-0509 access
© 2022 The article under
Authors. the CCby
Published BY-NC-ND
ELSEVIERlicense
BV (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under
This is an open responsibility
access of the
article under thescientific committee
CC BY-NC-ND of the
license 7th International Conference on Computer Science
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0) and
Computational
Peer-review Intelligence
under 2022 of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and
responsibility
Computational Intelligence 2022
1877-0509 © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier BV
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational
Intelligence 2022
10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.150
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388 Marcellino Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 387–395
382 Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

1.Introduction

Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia located on Java Island and crossed by thirteen rivers.[1] As the capital city,
Jakarta continues to face many problems every year. Flooding has always been one of the most challenging problems
to be solved, especially during rainy seasons. According to Ginting,[2] flooding has become one of Indonesia's national issues due to the frequency
of floods in Jakarta, where flooding has become an annual schedule for every rainfall event.
One of the leading causes of flooding is the amount of waste polluting Jakarta's rivers. The waste eventually creates
an overflow of water on the surfaces of the rivers, which reduces the ability of the rivers to accommodate the excessive
rainwaters during rainy seasons, resulting in flooding.
Flood is one of the disasters people fear most because flood comes with a high-water discharge, inundated with a high level for a long time.[3]
Floods also carry waste material that interferes with people's activities. In addition, floods affect pristine water quality in a particular area. The
water quality in rivers can be measured using Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), the amount of oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose
organic matter in water over five days.[2] Lower BOD content indicates that the organic pollution content in the river islow3. Chemical
OxygenDemand (COD) is used to measure the water quality in rivers. The amount of oxygen needed to oxidize organic materials

chemically.[4] One of the studies conducted by Rachmawati et al.[5] on the Krukut river shows that the water quality in the Krukut river is terrible,
with BOD levels ranging from 2.63-9.72 mg/L, which no longer meets the water quality
standards of class I and class II. Furthermore, the water in the Krukut river does not meet the criteria for drinking as raw drinking water, and the
level of COD ranges from more than 25 mg/L, which does not meet the standard quality.
One of the solutions to overcome the waste problem in Jakarta rivers is the placement of river waste filtering stations.
In Jakarta, there are already 28 (twenty-eight) river waste filtering stations placed over all 13 rivers that cross Jakarta.
However, the placement and operation of the river waste filtering station are not as effective and optimal enough as it
is currently, as shown by the research conducted on the Krukut river by Rachmawati et al.[5] Therefore, to increase
the effectiveness of the river waste filtering station as a solution to the flooding problems of Jakarta. Consequently, it is necessary to place more
river waste filtering stations at optimal locations where the river waste filtering station can optimally filter as much waste as possible from the rivers.

One of the techniques used to find the optimal locations for river waste filtering stations is Hotspot spatial analysis.
Hot spot analysis is a spatial analysis and mapping technique interested in identifying the clustering of spatial
phenomena such as points in a map that refer to locations of events or objects.[6] In this study, the researcher recommends determining the
optimal waste filtering points and providing a better solution for Jakarta. Therefore, this study will use hotspot analysis to cluster points in the map
that can be stated as optimal waste filtering points.

2. Data

The water quality of the rivers of Jakarta is still poor. The appropriate distribution of waste filtering on the river is
one of the answers to this problem. We analyze several datasets such as river flow, volume of average waste filtered,
flooding, population density, and waste filtering station locations.

Fig. 1 Jakarta Area

Fig. 1 shows the regional distribution area in Jakarta. DKI Jakarta Province area has 664.50 square kilometers[7]
and an ocean area of 6,977.5 km2 and recorded ±110 islands scattered in the Thousand Islands.[8] Administratively,
DKI Jakarta Province is divided into five municipalities and one administrative district, namely Central Jakarta with
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a land area of 47.90 km2 ; North Jakarta with a land area of 154.01 km2, West Jakarta with a land area of 126.15 km2 ;
South Jakarta with a land area of 145.73 km2 ; East Jakarta with a land area of 187.73 km2 and Thousand Islands
Administrative Regency.[9]

Table 1. Dataset

Dataset Description

River in Jakarta Map of river structure in Jakarta

River Waste Filter The river waste filter location on

Jakarta

population density population density map in Jakarta

the average volume of filtered waste the average volume of waste in

Jakarta, this data is monthly data

Table 1 is the dataset needed to continue analyzing the optimal point of the river waste filter. In this study, the
researcher used data obtained from Jakarta Open Data to collect the location of waste filters on rivers in 202010, Jakarta
flooding data in 2020,[11] Jakarta river-based map,[12] and Jakarta population density from Central Indonesia Bureau of
Statistics (BPS).[13] River data in Jakarta to determine the position and the location of waters in Jakarta. This river data is
necessary because this analysis depends on the site of the river. From the dataset, there are 28 waste filtering in Jakarta's
rivers. This dataset helps researcher quickly determines the waste filters with an optimal point.

3. Methodology

In this paper, the researchers used Getis-Ord local statistical equation to cluster the high and low value. The first step
is to calculate the hotspot and use a spatial statistical model for flood location and population density inside the Jakarta
Province boundary. Then, the researchers obtained the local hotspot statistics for each parameter from the Getis-Ord local
statistics equation[14]:

ÿ =1 ÿ ÿÿ
ÿ
= , =1 ,
(1)
2
=1 2, ÿ(ÿ =1 ) , ÿ

ÿÿ ÿ ÿ1

where is the attribute value for feature is the ,spatial

, weight between feature and number of , is equal to the total
features class. Equations (1), (2), and (3) are the Getis-Ord local statistical equation.

ÿ =1
= (2)

=1
= ÿÿ 2 ÿ ( ÿ)2 (3)

Getis-Ord ÿ

Statistic measures the intensity of clustering of high and low values (ie, counts points of optimal waste
filtering) based on its density and neighboring[15] weight in certain areas known as “Hot Spot” and “Cold Spot.”
Hot Spots are defined as areas in which the species have reciprocal effects on each other's fitness. Cold Spots, in contrast,
are defined as regions in which the fitness of at most one of the two species depends on interactions with the second
species[16]. The Hot Spot will have a high value and be surrounded by other features with high values and
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384 al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

vice versa for the Cold Spot.

ÿ
The result of is the estimated value in the z-axis for each pixelor point, thus requiring no further calculation. The
ÿ

calculation returned a z-score for each feature in the dataset. The larger the z-scores represent statistically
significant hot spot cluster, and the smaller the z-scores represent statistically significant cold spot cluster. nevertheless,
both groups represent a high density of a feature value in certain areas.

4. Result and Discussion

Determining the location of the waste filter in the river is essential. Knowing the area is one way to deal with
flooding because floods are caused by overflowing river water flooded with waste. The focus of this research is to
analyze the existing waste filter in Jakarta and determine additional points for the location of the waste filter. Initial
research is to examine population density. The consideration is that the higher the population density, the greater the
volume of wasteproduced.

Fig. 2 Population Density

In Fig. 2., we can see the population density of the Jakarta region. The red area on the figure represents hot spots
that show a high population density. In contrast, the blue area on the figure represents cold spots, which offers a low
population density. From this figure, most areas with high population density are located near the center of the Jakarta
region. Meanwhile, most areas with low population density are located near the borders of the Jakarta region. Johar
Baru is one of the areas with the most significant population density in Jakarta. From Fig.2, the largest Hot Spot
percentage is with 99%, namely in Johar Baru and Semper Barat, followed by areas with 95 % Hot Spot, Penggilingan and West
Cengkareng. Also, areas with the largest Cold Spot percentage, 99%, are Rorotan and West Cilandak; followed by
areas with 95% Cold Spots Pekayon and Jagakarsa.

Fig. 3. Jakarta Flood Map

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Fig. 3 shows the distribution points of floods that hit Jakarta in January - July 2020, where the flood was quite severe. Areas severely affected
by floods are in West Jakarta, while regions relatively safe from flooding are in Central
Jakarta. Fig. 3 shows that the downstream area is not much affected by the flood, while the upstream area is quite a lot
affected by the flood.

Fig. 4. Jakarta Flood Hotspot Map

Fig. 4 shows the hot spots of flooding in Jakarta. The red area in the figure represents areas withmany flooding
incidents. The blue area in the figure represents cold spot areas in which said the area does not experience many flooding incidents. From Fig. 4,
it can be concluded that areas in North Jakarta, West Jakarta, EastJakarta, and South Jakarta are high-priority areas. These areas are constantly
experiencing flooding incidents as most the hot spots 95% and hot spots 99% areas were in these regions whereas, Central Jakarta rarely
experiences flooding incidents, thus creating no hot spot area in Central Jakarta.

Fig. 5 River Waste Filter Locations

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Fig. 6 Average waste filtered per month in each waste facility

Fig. 5 shows all locations of each waste filtering station and the river flowin Jakarta. There are 28 waste filters spread
acrossfive Jakarta regions. Central Jakarta contains three waste filters, North Jakarta has ten waste filters, West Jakarta
contains six waste filters, South Jakarta contains four waste filters, and EastJakarta contains five waste filters.
The average amount of waste filtered in Jakarta is 145m³ per month. This number can be found by calculating the
amount of waste filtered in each location in that year divided by 12. For example, Fig. 6 shows the top contributors
Among waste filters are TB Simatupang, located in South Jakarta with 20m³ worth of waste filtered per month, Hek
Keramat Jati located in East Jakarta with 12m³ costs of waste filtered per month, and Kali Cipanang-Tol Jagorawi located
in East Jakarta with 10m³ worth of waste filtered per month.

Fig. 7. Overlay flood with population density

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Fig. 8. The Analysis of waste filter locations based on the waste filter points, population density and flood-affected area.

Fig. 7. is the map data that has been overlaid with flood data in Jakarta and population density in Jakarta. Overlay
analysis is a process in geographic information systems (GIS) for acquiring new information by stacking or overlapping
information from two maps or two or more spatial data.
The result from analyzing the data is that the hotspot points show areas with dense populations and are affected
by flooding where the location is marked on the map with red color. For example, Fig. 7 shows the color points where
the area is blue (Cold Spot), indicating the region is still safe, and red / faded red (Hot Spot), telling the part is
vulnerable.
According to Fig. 8, based on overlay data on the volume of waste filter points, population density, and flood
affected areas, an analysis of the optimal waste filter location points can be carried out. The analysis takes into
consideration the effect of the river flood, population density, and filtered waste per month in each area. The study
results indicate that the optimal location for waste collection facilities is in South Jakarta. In fact, the South Jakarta
area is affected by flooding and the massive volume of filtered waste.

Fig. 9. Recommendation for Waste Filter Stations Locations

Fig. 9. is the map of the results from the analysis where the researcher determines some suitable areas for building
a new waste filter in the Jakarta River. Researchers have determined West Jakarta, South Jakarta, and East Jakarta
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from the map. The researchers chose the West Jakarta area because of the map overlay results in Fig. 8, where the red hotspot is prone to flooding,
close to Soekarno Hatta International Airport. On the other hand, the researcher chose the area around East Jakarta from the overlay map because
of the lack of waste filters in the East Jakarta area. Meanwhile, the area is prone to flooding and is densely populated.

The data shows that the South Jakarta River is the largest producer of waste, and if seen from the flood data, South Jakarta is also prone to
flooding. Therefore, according to Fig. 9, the researcher suggests for additional waste filter station. The first location is in the border area between
Jagakarsa (South Jakarta) and Pasar Rebo (East Jakarta). The second point location is the border area between Cengkareng and Kalideres (West
Jakarta). This area is near the airport.
Finally, the thirdpoint location is Cilincing (North Jakarta) and Cakung (EastJakarta). This is the area with a massive
volume of flooding.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, there are 28 river waste filters in Jakarta, 13 of them located in major rivers in Jakarta. However, the analysis shows that waste
filtering in the Jakarta area is still not effective enough. One of the reasons is that many locations accommodate large amounts of waste without a
waste filter nearby. Therefore, using the hotspot analysis
method in densely populated areas in Jakarta helps determine the flood-affected areas and the volume of waste filters per month in the river waste
filter in Jakarta. Furthermore, Hot Spot helps find the optimal location suitable for constructing a new waste filter in the river. This research shows
that the ideal areas for building new waste filters in rivers are West Jakarta, South Jakarta, and North Jakarta.

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the Research and Technology Transfer Office, Bina Nusantara University as part of the
Penelitian Internasional Binus: Optimasi Graf Neural Networks pada Data Sains project, with contract number No.
017/VR.RTT/III/2021 and contract date 22 Maret 2021. The data used in this research are publicly available through DKI Jakarta Provincial
Government repository of https://data.jakarta.go.id/. We are also grateful to ESRI – Indonesia for the support in this research internship program and
for providing essential GIS tools through their partnership with Geo-AI Research and Innovation Laboratory, School of Computer Science, Bina
Nusantara University.

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