Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC-2023)

IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23V66-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-0009-3

A Novel Sensor based Water Quality Monitoring

System using Internet of Things (IoT)
2023 4th International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC) | 979-8-3503-0009-3/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICESC57686.2023.10193597

S.Saravanan Navya Guntuku Ch Akshaya

Department of EEE UG EEE student UG EEE student
B V Raju Institute of Technology B V Raju Institute of Technology B V Raju Institute of Technology
Telangana, India Telangana, India Telangana, India
saravananklu@gmail.com 19211a0240@bvrit.ac.in 19211a0227@bvrit.ac.in

Bhanu Prakash D. Gireesh Kumar P. Chinna Dastagiri Goud

UG EEE student Department of EEE Department of EEE
B V Raju Institute of Technology B V Raju Institute of Technology B V Raju Institute of Technology
Telangana, India Telangana, India Telangana, India
19211a0213@bvrit.ac.in gireeshkumar.d@bvrit.ac.in chinnadastagirigoud.p@bvrit.ac.in

Abstract - As drinking water becomes more and more
contaminated and polluted; it poses one of the greatest risks today.
The diseases that could be transmitted by the contaminated water
to humans and animals have an effect on the ecosystem's life cycle.
Early detection of water contamination enables proper action to
be taken and harmful situations to be avoided. To guarantee the
provision of pure water, real-time monitoring of the water's quality
is required. The need for intelligent solutions for monitoring water
contamination is growing as sensors, connectivity, and Internet of
Things (IoT) technology develop. This research study deals with
an in-depth examination of current advancements in the field of
intelligent water pollution monitoring systems. An IoT-based
smart water quality monitoring system that continuously monitors
the quality parameters is recommended by the research as being
both affordable and efficient. The built-in model is tested using
water samples, and the parameters are transferred to the cloud
server to be processed further.
Keywords - Arduino Uno, Potential of hydrogen (pH) sensor,
Turbidity sensor, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Module
I. INTRODUCTION
Water has an effect on all living things that is
indescribable. Water management is becoming more of a
concern as the world's population is growing quickly,
particularly in the sectors of industry, agriculture, and other
industries. Most people worldwide lack access to drinkable
water. Many people experience numerous fatal ailments every
year as a result of water contamination. According to research,
the only reason is drinking contaminated water is the primary
cause of the 5 million deaths every year. According to research
conducted by the World Health Organisation (WHO),
providing children with access to potable water can avoid over
1.4 million child deaths [1]. The main goal of this research is
to integrate an intelligent system for monitoring water quality
into the IoT (Internet of Things) platform, which would make
it easier to track various physical characteristics of potable
water without having to rely on labour-intensive manual
processes. In addition, the IoT is a network of cooperation
among numerous objects with the capability of transmitting
deportation data [2, 3]. Many studies have been done recently
to create intelligent systems that can recognise and track water
parameters. For real-time monitoring of water quality and
distribution, an in-pipe monitoring system based on sensor
nodes is recommended [4]. Their suggested architecture
focused on the pipeline electrochemical system's lightweight,
low-cost implementation, and optical sensors are used in this
architecture. This system allows for an approach to water
purchasers, water distributers, and water supremacies and is
suitable for huge amount categorizations. For the purpose of
monitoring water quality, authors in [5] have created a
framework with broker-less architecture for publisher and
subscriber. They examined the temperature, pH, and dissolved
oxygen measurements made from water samples and
discovered an inversely proportional link between them. An
IoT-based remote sensing system is presented for collecting,
monitoring, and evaluating water quality in remote locations
for Fizi [6]. A smart IoT-based technology for real-time water
quality monitoring is described in article [7]. In [8], a method
for monitoring the turbidity, pH, temperature, and water level
in industrial water systems was invented. The objective of this
research is to create an IoT-based smart water quality
monitoring (SWQM) system. Temperature, pH, conductivity,
and turbidity of various water samples are four physical
parameters that are monitored using four separate sensors
connected to an Arduino Uno. The rapid forest binary
classifier is used to assess the extracted sensor data.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
An entirely new paradigm for monitoring water quality
has been made possible by the development of Internet of
Things (IoT) technology. IoT-based smart water quality
monitoring systems provide numerous benefits, including
real-time monitoring, data transmission, and data analysis. In
order to overcome the difficulties and restrictions of
conventional water quality monitoring systems, recent
research has concentrated on creating and enhancing IoT-
based smart water quality monitoring systems [1]. The
numerous IoT-based water quality monitoring systems are
covered in this review study, together with their architectures,
parts, and communication protocols, as well as their benefits
and drawbacks. [2] The most recent developments in smart
water quality monitoring systems—including their sensors,
data collecting and processing methods, and applications in
many fields—are outlined in this review paper. [3] This
review paper gives a general overview of several smart water
quality monitoring systems, including their parts, methods for
gathering and analysing data, and uses in environmental,

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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC-2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23V66-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-0009-3
industrial, and agricultural monitoring. [4] The numerous
IoT-based water quality monitoring systems are surveyed in
this review paper, together with their sensor technologies,
communication protocols, and applications in smart cities
and agriculture. [5] In-depth information about IoT-based
water quality monitoring systems, including their
architectures, sensor technologies, data collecting and
analysis techniques, and applications in a range of industries,
including agricultural, environmental monitoring, and public
health, is provided in this review paper. [6] The current state
of wireless sensor network and IoT-based water quality
monitoring systems, including their topologies, sensor
technologies, data analysis methods, and applications in
various areas, is outlined in this review paper. [7] An
overview of wireless sensor network-based smart water
quality monitoring systems is given in this review paper,
together with information on the sensor technologies,
communication protocols, data processing methods, and
applications in environmental monitoring, aquaculture, and
public health. These papers examine the most recent
advancements in IoT-based smart water quality monitoring
systems [8-15], including their sensor technologies,
communication protocols, data acquisition and analysis
methods, and applications in various industries and
monitoring domains like agriculture and industry. Overall,
the research points to the significant potential for IoT-based
smart water quality monitoring systems to enhance water
management procedures and safeguard both human health
and the environment. The requirement for trustworthy
sensors, standardized communication protocols, and efficient
data management systems are just a few of the obstacles that
still need to be overcome. Future studies can concentrate on
resolving these issues and enhancing the development and
use of IoT-based smart water quality monitoring systems. By
enabling real-time, thorough, and continuous monitoring, an
IoT-based smart water quality monitoring system can address
the drawbacks of conventional techniques. Researchers hope
to improve water quality management through rapid variation
detection, early warning systems, and the capacity to conduct
prompt corrective actions by combining IoT technology, such
as sensors, data analytics, and communication networks. For
the benefit of ecosystems and human populations, this
research aims to ensure safe and sustainable water supplies,
enhance environmental monitoring, and enable effective
water treatment procedures.
III. PROPOSED METHOD
The sensors that measure various water quality
parameters like pH and turbidity are the first part of the IoT-
based smart water quality monitoring system. These sensors
are integrated into the water system at several points, such as
a reservoir, treatment facility, or distribution system, and they
continuously gather data. The data is then processed and
analyzed by a microcontroller or processor, such as an
Arduino, after being collected. The microcontroller is in
charge of digitizing analogue sensor data and sending it to the
cloud-based platform for additional analysis. The system
transmits the data to the cloud via communication
components like Wi-Fi. The data is stored on the cloud-based
platform, which also enables real-time analysis and
visualization. It enables water managers to keep an eye on the
factors governing the quality of the water and quickly spot
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any changes. The cloud-based platform can be combined with
artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to give
predictive analysis and enable proactive management of
water quality. Finally, when the water quality parameters
deviate from the acceptable range, the platform can deliver
real-time alerts and notifications. This guarantees that the
necessary steps may be done to maintain the safety of
drinking water
RPS LCD
A
R
D
PH U
Sensor I Wi-Fi
N
O
U
N Server
Turbidity
O
Sensor
Fig. 1. Block diagram for IoT based Smart Water Quality Monitoring
System
IV. PROTEUS DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION
An electronic design automation (EDA) software tool is
called Proteus Design Suite. It is created by the UK-based
company Lab centre Electronics Ltd. Proteus is largely used
for creating and modelling printed circuit boards (PCBs) and
electronic circuits. A complete range of PCB design and
layout tools are included in Proteus PCB Design. It comes
with a schematic capture tool that may be used to create
circuit schematics. A potent autoroute that can automatically
route traces on the PCB is also included in the software.
Proteus PCB Design also comes with a 3D viewer that can be
used to see the finished PCB design. The Proteus Design
Suite has components for schematic capture, simulation, and
PCB layout. Lab Centre Electronics Ltd, which has offices in
North America and a number of international sales channels,
developed it in Yorkshire, England. The Windows operating
system is used to run the applications. By applying a hex file
or a debug file to the microcontroller portion on the
schematic, Proteus's microcontroller simulation functions.
The connected analogue and digital electronics are then co-
simulated with it. This makes it possible for it to be used in a
variety of project prototype scenarios, including those
involving motor control, temperature management, and user
interface design.
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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC-2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23V66-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-0009-3
Fig. 2. Simulation design on IoT based smart water quality monitoring
system
V. PROPOSED MOEL DESIGN
In order to detect factors like pH and turbidity sensors are
used in an IoT-based smart water quality monitoring system.
These parameters are then wirelessly transferred to a
microcontroller like Arduino. A smartphone app or a web-
based dashboard can be used to analyse and keep track of
sensor data in real-time after it has been processed by the
microcontroller and transmitted via the internet to a cloud-
based platform or a local server. Users can receive alerts if
any water quality indicator is outside of the allowed range,
enabling quick action to reduce any dangers to the
environment or to human health.
. of H+ ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions
Fig. 3. Hardware model on IoT based smart water quality monitoring
system
A. Minimum and Maximum range of turbidity:
A liquid's turbidity can be used to gauge its clarity. It
describes the quantity of liquid-borne suspended particles,
such as silt. Depending on the exact application, the turbidity
range can change, but the following basic recommendations
should help:
• Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) are a measure of
turbidity, and a value of 0 NTU implies that a liquid is
completely clear and has no suspended particles.
• Depending on the application, turbidity ranges at their
maximum can change. Government guidelines may
restrict the maximum turbidity level in specific
circumstances, such as with drinking water. For instance,
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the
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United States establishes a maximum permissible
turbidity level of 0.3 NTU for drinking water. The
maximum turbidity level might be higher in other
circumstances, like wastewater treatment.
The range of turbidity will, in general, be determined by
the particular application and the required degree of clarity
for the liquid being measured. Water clarity is measured by
turbidity, which also shows how many suspended particles
are present in the water. The quality of the water can be
significantly impacted by the wide variations in water
turbidity. Low, moderate, and high turbidity are the three
basic categories. Water that is drinkable and has a turbidity
level of less than 1 NTU is referred to as being in the low
turbidity range. A moderate amount of suspended particles
are present in water that has a moderate turbidity, which
ranges from 1 to 50 NTU. The term "high turbidity" refers to
water that has a turbidity level greater than 50 NTU, which
can mean that the water is dangerous to consume since it is
highly contaminated with particles.
B. Minimum and Maximum range of pH:
The pH of a solution can be used to identify how acidic or
alkaline it is. It is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10)
of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution. The pH
scale ranges from 0 to 14, where a pH of 7 is regarded as
neutral, pH values below 7 as acidic, and pH values over 7 as
alkaline (basic).
At a pH of 7, which is regarded as neutral, the concentration
(OH-) in the solution. Because there are more H+ ions than
OH- ions present, a solution is acidic if the pH is lower than
7. An alkaline (basic) solution with a pH value higher than 7
is one that has more OH- ions than H+ ions.
Each whole pH value below 7 is ten times more acidic than
the next higher value, and each whole pH value above 7 is ten
times more alkaline than the next lower value since pH is
calculated on a logarithmic scale. For example, a solution
with a pH of 4 is ten times more acidic than one with a pH of
5, and one hundred times more acidic than one with a pH of
6.
C. Range:
0-2: Extremely acidic (battery acid and hydrochloric acid)
2-4: Strongly acidic (lemon juice and vinegar)
4-6: Moderately acidic (tomato juice and acid rain)
6-7: Slightly acidic (pure water and milk)
7: Neutral (pure water and distilled water)
7-8: Slightly alkaline (sea water and saliva)
8-10: Moderately alkaline (baking soda and seawater)
10-12: Strongly alkaline (bleach and oven cleaner)
12-14: Extremely alkaline (drain cleaner and caustic soda)
D. Arduino Uno:
A microcontroller board called the Arduino Uno is based
on the ATmega328P. It has a 16 MHz quartz crystal, 6
analogue inputs, 14 digital input/output pins, a USB port, a
power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. The board is
used for electronic project prototyping and construction and
is made to be simple to use. The Arduino software, a free,
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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC-2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23V66-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-0009-3
open-source, cross-platform development environment that is
simple to use and doesn't require any specialized
programming experience, can be used to Programme the
Arduino Uno. An IoT-based system for monitoring water
quality uses Arduino for sensor interface, data processing,
communication, and control. It enables the seamless
integration of sensors, makes it easier to monitor and analyse
data in real-time, and empowers decision-making to
guarantee the safety and purity of the water.
E. Turbidity sensor:
By measuring the amount of light scattered or absorbed
by suspended particles in a liquid, turbidity sensors may
determine how cloudy or hazy a liquid is. A significant
indicator of the amount of particles in the water, such as silt,
algae, and bacteria, turbidity measures the quality of the
water. The sensor operates by projecting a laser beam into the
liquid and measuring how much of it is reflected or absorbed
by the suspended particles.
F. PH sensor
A pH sensor is a tool used to gauge a liquid's acidity or
alkalinity. It measures the pH level by counting the number
of hydrogen ions (H+) present in the liquid. A liquid's pH
level is a crucial determinant of its quality and can be
employed in a variety of processes, such as water treatment,
agriculture, the manufacturing of food and beverages, and
environmental monitoring.
G. Wi-Fi module:
A Wi-Fi module is a piece of hardware that connects a
device without an integrated Wi-Fi chip to a wireless
network. It enables devices to join Wi-Fi networks and use
wireless internet access.
A microcontroller, a Wi-Fi radio, and an antenna make up
a Wi-Fi module. While the Wi-Fi radio and antenna handle
data transmission and reception over the wireless network,
the microcontroller controls connection between the device
and the Wi-Fi network.
The fundamental justification for using these sensors is
that using pH and turbidity sensors in water quality
monitoring makes it feasible to identify potential
contaminants, notice deviations from desirable values, and
take the necessary steps to maintain or improve water quality.
These sensors offer useful information to water treatment
facilities, environmental monitoring organizations, and
people who want to guarantee the safety and suitability of
water for diverse uses.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IoT-based smart water quality monitoring systems are
an essential tool for maintaining access to clean and safe
drinking water, to sum up. They continuously monitor the
variables affecting the quality of the water, enabling quick
response when called for and lowering the risk of
waterborne illnesses. These technologies represent a
significant step towards securing equal and sustainable
access to safe water for all by utilizing the capabilities of
IoT and cloud computing.
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The display, interpretation, and analysis of the data
gathered in an IoT-based smart water quality monitoring
system are necessary for reaching relevant conclusions.
The monitoring system's findings are shown in the results
area, along with real-time data from various sensors
including pH and turbidity. It emphasizes the patterns,
trends, and changes in the water quality measures, giving a
thorough comprehension of the circumstances at hand. The
results are further explored in the discussion section, which
also compares them to known benchmarks, regulatory
requirements, and guidelines for water quality. It considers
environmental conditions, human activities, or system
restrictions when examining the likely reasons of any
reported anomalies or deviations. The debate also covers
the implications of the results in relation to public health,
environmental sustainability, and water resource
management. Depending on the difficulties found, it might
make suggestions for prospective water treatment,
pollution prevention, or remediation methods. The findings
and discussion serve as the foundation for making well-
informed decisions, creating policies, and creating efficient
interventions to protect the security and quality of water
resources.
A. Survey on different water samples:
The pH and turbidity levels of various types of water
samples, including bottled drinking water, sparkling water,
home water filters, tap water, swimming pool water,
saltwater, distilled water, facial mineral water, makeup-
removing water, rainwater, boiled tap water, river water, and
water mixed with baking soda, can vary. Indicators of water
quality and suitability for many uses, including drinking,
skincare, cooking, cleaning, and other applications, these
factors are crucial. To ensure the safe and ideal use of water
in many contexts, proper treatment and water quality
monitoring are essential. A study was done to evaluate the
pH and turbidity levels of water samples from various
sources. Tap water, well water, river water, and bottled
water were all included in the tests. The survey's findings
showed that tap water samples often had pH readings
between 6.5 to 8.5, which is thought to be the ideal range for
human consumption. However, several tests of tap water
revealed pH shifts, which could be signs of changes in water
quality. pH levels in well water samples varied, with some
samples falling within the permitted range and others
exhibiting abnormalities.
Increased or decreased pH levels in well water may be a
sign of minerals or other impurities that could degrade the
quality of the water. In contrast, river water samples showed
higher turbidity values than tap water and well water
samples. Higher turbidity values indicate more suspended
particles or contaminants in the water, which may need to
be properly treated before consumption. Turbidity is a
measure of water clarity.
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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC-2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23V66-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-0009-3

Table 1. pH and turbidity levels of various types of water samples prediction are validated by the fast forest binary classifier's
improved scrutinising performance. By offering precise
Sample pH Turbidity Remarks performance in detecting the water quality based on physical
Bottled 6.9- 1 NTU Although it can vary by brand
factors, the SWQM system has demonstrated its significance.
drinking 7.5 and source, bottled drinking
water water typically has low In the not-too-distant future, this system might be used as a
turbidity and a pH level that is real-time water monitoring solution thanks to an advance in
safe and acceptable for IoT technology that can now identify chemical properties of
consumption. water. Numerous factors must be taken into consideration
when choosing a water quality monitoring system. In the
Sparklin 4.9- 1.2 NTU Carbonated water with little
beginning, it permits continuous and in-the-moment
g water 5.5 turbidity as a result of
processing and filtration.
evaluation of water quality parameters, ensuring the security,
Rain 6.5 <1 NTU The local environment and compliance, and suitability of water for a variety of uses,
water pollutants or contaminants in including drinking, industrial activities, or environmental
the atmosphere, can affect the monitoring. The pH, turbidity, conductivity, and temperature
turbidity and pH of rainwater. are just a few examples of the parameters that sensors for a
Rainwater is regarded as safe well-designed water quality monitoring system may
for drinking, it should be measure. Such a system's algorithm includes operations
properly filtered before including the gathering of sensor data, preprocessing,
consumption because it may parameter computation, threshold assessment, alarm
contain impurities like
generating, data visualisation, and storage. These algorithms
sediment, bacteria, or other
contaminants. provide reliable sensor reading interpretation, threshold
Tap 7.5 1 NTU Although the quality of tap comparison, and warning or notification production in the
water water can vary depending on event of deviations. Additionally, trend analysis, historical
where you live, it is usually tracking, and well-informed decision-making for preserving
regulated to ensure safe or enhancing water quality are made possible by data
drinking water with acceptable visualization and storage.
levels of turbidity and pH
Swimmi 7.2- 0.5 – 2 Swimming pool water can have
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