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An Ameliorated Methodology for Water Supply and Management Using Binary

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DOI: 10.1109/ICCCNT56998.2023.10308120

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 IEEE - 56998

An Ameliorated Methodology for Water Supply and

Management Using Binary Trees
Arunakumari B N Vishal R Setty Villuri Vivek
2023 14th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) | 979-8-3503-3509-5/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICCCNT56998.2023.10308120

Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering
BMS Institute of Technology and BMS Institute of Technology and BMS Institute of Technology and
Management Management Management
Karnataka – 560064 India Karnataka -– 560064 India Bangalore, India
arunakumaribn@bmsit.in c61@bmsit.in c60@bmsit.in

Sujan Ramesh Sowmyashree P Kshama S B

Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering Dept. of Information Science and
BMS Institute of Technology and BMS Institute of Technology and Engineering
Management Management BMS Institute of Technology and
Bangalore, India Bangalore, India Management
c37@bmsit.in a72@bmsit.in Bengaluru, India
kshamasb@bmsit.in

Abstract— Water supply system is an infrastructure for
collection, storage, transmission, and distribution of water to
homes, factories, irrigation of agricultural fields, etc. Water
holds an important factor in growth of the city. Earlier, lakes
and rivers are the major source of water supply to the cities and
villages. The rivers followed their own path throughout the city
and provided water to some specific areas. Due to this the new
areas which were being developed would not have direct
connection to the new areas, the people would have to look for
other alternatives or use the water available from the
underground water beds, by building wells. Water connection
to different regions is setup in an organized manner. Even
though everything is organized, but there are certain drawbacks
such as improper detection in the leakage of pipe lines and
failure in the proper use of technology to setup and organize.
In this paper, an attempt has been made to rectify these
problems by applying the concept of binary search tree. Also,
we have discussed about how pipelines can be setup
underground in a smooth manner and using IOT devices to
detect leakages or breakages in the pipelines, so that the water
is not wasted.
Keywords— Water Supply, Branches, Trees, Binary Search Tree,
IOT.
I. INTRODUCTION
Water connection and supply in India is viewed as a
community-based driving system, which aims to provide and
enhance the supply of water to localities of villages, small
towns, and large cities. This system is spread across a large
part of the country and is highly efficient in improving the
water supply to various states of the country. This water
connection and supply system works on the data structure type
i.e., binary search tree. A Binary search tree is a special type
of binary tree in which the left child of the junction has a value
less than that of the junction’s value and the right child of the
junction has a value greater than that of the junction’s value.
This property is called the BST property using which different
tree operations such as searching, insertion and deletion
operations can be efficiently executed. This binary search tree
can be technologically used in designing the idea of
establishing pipeline connections to different houses, villages,
towns, cities, and states of the country. Search operation can
be used to detect any malfunctioning in the pipelines, IOT
devices are used to detect. The motive behind this scenario is
that there is water connection and supply to different parts of
the country which is established physically based on the
technological, chemical, and environmental aspects [1][2]. On
bringing our focus to the technological aspects we can prepare
a planner or a draft on how these connections should run using
the binary search tree data structure mechanism and IOT
devices, but it should not only be restricted to the area of
searching of the fixing of pipelines underground but in some
extreme cases such as breakage or leakage of pipelines there
will be a disruption in the supply of water to that particular
region so this has to be notified to the concerned authorities
and they will have to notify the same to the localities where
the water supply is prevented.
In order to notify this, we make use of binary search tree
concept and IOT devices. Designing a different route for this
pipeline as a draft and give this to the civil engineer to install
it accordingly. This helps in notifying the people of the
locality beforehand and designing a different route for the
pipeline using binary search tree concept to make the
arrangement of pipelines in a much-organized manner.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
A paper titled "Optimizing water distribution system
operations using binary search trees" is one example of
employing BSTs in water management [3]. The study
suggested a technique for BST-based water pump scheduling
in a distribution network, which led to increased system
effectiveness and lower energy costs.
The safety of the urban water supply depends on the secondary
water supply, which is the last part of the urban water supply
system and is directly tied to how much water consumers use.
But water kept in secondary water supply facilities is more
likely to lose its disinfectants (chlorine residual), which can
encourage the growth of germs and worsen water quality. As
a result, it's critical to find solutions to secondary water supply
issues and improve system administration. The intelligent
management model based on information technology has
developed into a significant trend in the context of the Internet
of Things [4]. This is Shanghai's implementation of the
intelligent management concept for secondary water supply.
[5] study investigates the application of artificial intelligence
methods, such as neural networks and evolutionary
algorithms, to enhance the layout and performance of water
distribution systems.

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In order to promote integrated water resource management
and increase the dependability of the water supply, [6] study
suggests a system dynamics model.
In order to improve system effectiveness and water supply
dependability, [7] this research provides a particle swarm
optimization technique to optimise water supply network
design and operation.
The use of genetic algorithms to optimise water distribution
system operations was published in 2007. In order to
maximise system performance, lower energy consumption,
and increase system efficiency,[8] this research investigates
the application of genetic algorithms in water
distribution systems.
Based on the GIS-based Water Supply Operation System
project, the Xi'an Water Supply Company completed the
architecture and data structure of the pipe network subsystem
before studying the relevant algorithms. The project examined
the operation of the pipe line network. Drawbacks of current
system are
Complexity: Programming and computer science knowledge
are need to implement binary search trees. Water utilities that
do not have the required technical resources may find this to
be a difficulty [3].
Restricted in scope: The best application of binary search trees
in a water distribution system is to streamline particular
operations or procedures. These might not, however, be the
most effective means of tackling more significant problems or
enhancing overall operating efficiency.
Data restrictions: For successful operation, binary search trees
require correct and current data. The optimization outcomes
might be faulty if the data is unreliable or wrong [4].
Maintenance: As with any software or tool, binary search trees
require ongoing maintenance and updates to remain effective.
This can be a challenge for water utilities that may have
limited resources and competing priorities.
Cost: Implementing binary search trees can require significant
investments in hardware, software, and personnel. This can be
a barrier for smaller water utilities or those operating
on tight budgets. While integrated water resource
management (IWRM) can help increase the dependability of
the water supply, there are some potential drawbacks to
consider:
Complexity: IWRM requires collaboration and coordination
among multiple stakeholders, including government agencies,
water utilities, and local communities. This can be a complex
process, especially in regions where there are competing
interests and limited resources.
Political barriers: IWRM often requires policy changes and
regulatory reforms, which can be difficult to implement due to
political barriers or resistance from stakeholders who may be
impacted by these changes [5].
Resource limitations: IWRM can require significant
investments in infrastructure, data collection and
management, and stakeholder engagement. This can be a
challenge for regions with limited resources or competing
priorities.
Uncertainty: IWRM often involves making decisions based on
uncertain or incomplete information. This can be a challenge
when planning for long-term water supply dependability, as
water availability and demand can be impacted by factors such
as climate change and population growth.
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Social equity: IWRM must address social equity
considerations, including access to clean water and the needs
of marginalized communities. Failure to address these
considerations can result in unequal access to water resources
and perpetuate existing social inequalities [6].
While the use of genetic algorithms to optimize water
distribution system operations has shown promise, there are
some potential drawbacks to consider:
Complexity: Genetic algorithms are a complex optimization
method that require expertise in mathematics and computer
science to implement. This can be a challenge for water
utilities that may not have the necessary technical resources.
Data limitations: Genetic algorithms rely on accurate and up-
to-date data to operate effectively. If the data is incomplete or
inaccurate, the optimization results may be flawed.
Resource limitations: Implementing genetic algorithms can
require significant investments in hardware, software, and
personnel. This can be a barrier for smaller water utilities or
those operating on tight budgets.
Limited scope: Genetic algorithms are most effective when
used to optimize specific tasks or processes within a water
distribution system. However, they may not be the best tool
for addressing larger-scale issues or making broader
operational improvements.
Maintenance: As with any software or tool, genetic algorithms
require ongoing maintenance and updates to remain effective.
This can be a challenge for water utilities that may have
limited resources and competing priorities.
It's also worth noting that the publication of the use of genetic
algorithms to optimize water distribution system operations in
2007 means that the technology is over a decade old and may
not incorporate more recent developments in
optimization methods.
While GIS-based Water Supply Operation System projects [7]
will provide numerous benefits, there are potential drawbacks
viz..
Complexity: GIS-based systems can be complex to develop
and implement, requiring technical expertise in GIS software,
data management, and water supply operations.
Data limitations: The accuracy and completeness of the data
used in a GIS-based system are critical to its effectiveness. If
the data is incomplete or inaccurate, the system's outputs may
be flawed.
Resource limitations: Implementing a GIS-based system can
require significant investments in hardware, software, and
personnel. This can be a barrier for smaller water utilities or
those operating on tight budgets.
Maintenance: As with any software or tool, a GIS-based
system requires ongoing maintenance and updates to remain
effective. This can be a challenge for water utilities that may
have limited resources and competing priorities.
User adoption: The effectiveness of a GIS-based system
depends on user adoption and engagement. If users are not
adequately trained or do not see the value of the system, they
may not use it effectively, which can limit its impact.
Regarding the completion of the architecture and data
structure of the pipe network subsystem by Xi'an Water
Supply Company, it is difficult to determine any specific
drawbacks without more information about the project and its
implementation. However, some potential issues to consider
include the accuracy and completeness of the data used to
 IEEE - 56998

develop the subsystem and the effectiveness of the subsystem
in addressing the water supply company's operational needs.
Existing methodologies focuses primarily on the use of binary
search trees for organizing and managing water supply
pipelines. However, it does not address other important
aspects of water supply and management, such as water
treatment processes, water quality monitoring, demand
forecasting, or infrastructure maintenance. Moreover, no
researchers made an effort in developing Water Supply and
Management Using Binary Trees with IOT devices. Due to
lack of IoT device authors fail to collect information on the
intended area, such as the location of the centre where water
tanks will be built. In this paper we attempt to develop water
supply management using binary search tree with IOT
devices. Here, device will collect information on the intended
area, such as the location of the centre where water tanks will
be built. Our proposed system uses tree data structure, binary
search algorithm and IOT devices to detect leakages in the
pipeline.
transported to different parts of the city (i.e., Sub1, Sub2,
Sub3, Sub4 or even Sub5, Sub6 as the city grows).
Considering Sub1, the supply lines can be branched into
Sub1Sub1, Sub1Sub2, Sub1Sub3, Sub1Sub4, Sub1Sub5,
Sub1Sub6 and so on.
Even for Sub2, Sub3, Sub4, Sub5, Sub6, the supply lines can
be branched further.
Considering Sub1Sub1, the supply lines can be branched into
Sub1Sub1 Sub1, Sub1 Sub1Sub2, Sub1 Sub1Sub3, Sub1
Sub1Sub4, Sub1 Sub1Sub5, Sub1 Sub1Sub6 and so on.
Considering the Bangalore city as an example. The city
receives water supply from Kaveri River flowing from
Mysore and local lakes also provide water supply to the entire
city. The water from river Kaveri is considered as main and
then the water supply branches as Sub1, Sub2, Sub3, Sub4 for
North, South, East, West. In the Northern region, the Sub1
further branches to form Sub1Sub1 and Sub1Sub2.

III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

Consider a scenario, in towns, when the river water flows
through the city or a town. The place nearest to the river
becomes the main. Then, the river flows branching Sub1,
Sub2. The Sub1 further branches to form Sub1Sub1,
Sub1Sub2. The Sub1Sub1, further branches to form
Sub1Sub1Sub1, Sub1Sub1Sub2. The Sub1Sub2, further
branches to form Sub1Sub2Sub1, Sub1Sub2Sub2.
The Sub2 further branches to form Sub2Sub1, Sub2Sub2. The
Sub2Sub1, further branches to form Sub2Sub1Sub1,
Sub2Sub1Sub2. The Sub2Sub2, further branches to form
Sub2Sub2Sub1, Sub2Sub2Sub2. This scenario is discussed in
the figure 1.

Figure 2: City Layout

Figure 1: Village layout

We know that the river water flows through the city and
provides water supply to the certain parts of the city. Thus,
those parts of the city receive ample amount of water supply.
Due to this, the population density over those areas is higher.
To reduce the concentration of water flow through only few
places of the city, the municipal corporation of the city must
store the free-flowing water from the rivers or the lakes in
dams and control the water flow.
The stored water from the dam must be transported to the main
overhead tank of the city. Then, the water would be
Figure 3: Example of a City (Bangalore)
The Sub1Sub1, then branches to form Sub1Sub1Sub1 and
Sub1Sub1Sub2. The Sub1Sub2, then branches to form
Sub1Sub2Sub1 and Sub1Sub2Sub2.
By this process, the whole city can be divided into sub
branches called as ‘Sub’. The Sub branch of sub branch would

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constitute the whole city. By this process, water would reach

to nook and corner of the city, the new and far-away location
from the main would not be left alone.
Along with this functionality of binary trees, Binary Search
Tree (BST) can be used to notify the Sub branch of the city
which would not receive water supply.
Considering the above example, if the flow of water is
distorted at Sub1, then the Whole sub-branch of Sub1 would
be affected.
If the water supply is distorted at Sub1Sub1, then
Sub1Sub1Sub1,Sub1Sub1Sub2,Sub1Sub1Sub1Sub1,Sub1Su
b1Sub1Sub2,Sub1Sub1Sub2Sub1, Sub1Sub1Sub2ub2 would
not receive water supply and thus, the residential and
commercial places would be notified about the distortion in
the water supply.
This way of identification and notifying can be practiced in
Sub2, Sub3, Sub4, Sub5, Sub6 and its other branches.

A. Algorithm to detect water connections

Figure 4: Flowchart for the proposed system
Step 1: Input the number of root pipes required.
Step 2: If root pipe is equal to Null or not connected it returns
the root pipe saying the pipe is not connected.
Step 3: Else if, check if the pipe required is connected, the pipe
is the data and location is the address component, returns root
pipe.
Step 4: Else if, check if pipe is a branching of the root pipe,
root pipe is the data and branched pipe is the address, returns
search function.
Step 5: Else it returns search function. Thus, it finds the
pipeline.
Step 6: The next condition requests us to enter the order in Figure 5: Output 1
which pipes are connected in matrix form with 1 for pipe
connected and 0 for not connected from the survey records.
Step 7: Using bfs(breadth first search) function we get to know
the tributaries of the main pipeline.
Step 8: Using dfs(depth first search) function we get to know
if the tributaries of the root pipe are connected to the main
pipe.
Step 9: Thus, these functions give the details of the pipeline
connections depending on the condition asked.
Pseudocode to detect water connections is discussed as
follows Figure 6: Output 2

START
If root pipe is connected-> THEN choose from the choice of
DFS and BFS
Enter the arrangement of pipes in matrix form from the survey
records
DFS> Enter the pipe connection in matrix form Figure 7: Output 3
The pipes, it is connected are from -to- pipes.
BFS->The pipes are connected if connected else the pipes are
not connected.
ELSE, the root pipe is not connected
END
The output of the proposed system as shown in Figure 5-8

Figure 8: Output 4

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A. Detection techniques
The IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that
collect, transmit, and respond to data collected from the
environment using embedded systems such as processors,
sensors, and communication hardware [9][10][11][12]. IoT
devices share collected sensor data by connecting to IoT
gateways or other edge devices. There the data is either sent
to the cloud for analysis or analysed locally. These devices
may communicate with other related devices and respond to
information received from each other. Devices do most of the
work without human intervention, but humans can interact
with them. For example, setup, instructions,
access to data, etc.
IoT devices are linked to machines and digital mechanics.
Things on the Internet of Things can be people with heart
monitor implants, farm animals with biochip transponders,
cars with built-in sensors that warn drivers when tire pressure
is too low, or any other natural or human thing. There is a
possibility. An object that can be assigned an Internet Protocol
(IP) address and that can send data over a network.
IoT devices are the nonstandard computing devices that
connect wirelessly source to a network and have the ability to
transmit data, such as the many devices on the internet of
things (IoT). IoT device can be communicate usable senor
data to users and other intended parties.
IoT functions in day-to-day life usage are like consumer
connected devices include smart TVs, smart speakers, toys,
wearables and small appliances.
In case smart home, devices are designed to sense and respond
to a person’s presence.
We used IoT devices in our article. Because this type devices
are used to monitor an assembly line or manufacturing
process. In case if any problem occurs, the system might be
able to a notification to service technician to inform them what
is wrong and what parts they should be fixed.
The IoT devices which we are using in our project have the
ability to detect the leakages in the pipelines running or
branching to different parts of the country enabling a smoot
flow of water. Apart from detecting the leakages it also
notifies about the functioning of pipelines and thus the water
flow. The intensity of water flow, water holding capacity,
detection of any cracks and many such issues thus improving
the management and structure of waterflow.
The use of IoT devices in a better manner gives us an upper
hand over other methods as it is about making use of the
available technology and its resources. The concept of binary
search tree provides an organised pathway for waterflow
through pipelines whether it is branching into different nodes
or smaller pipelines. One disadvantage might be that this
method and installation proves to be costly worth some
thousands of crores and huge amount of labour which makes
this method much complicated and strenuous as compared to
others.
B. Defenses Techniques
Comparison of proposed method with existing methods is
discussed in the following table 1.
Table 1: Difference between proposed method and the existing
method
Proposed Method Existing Method
We have used binary search tree
Binary search tree and IOT devices
and IOT devices to solve this
are not used.
problem.
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We collect information on the They do not collect information on
intended area, such as the location the intended area, such as the
of the center where water tanks location of the center where water
will be built. tanks will be built.
We use algorithm and IOT devices
They do not use algorithm and IOT
devices to detect the problem and
to detect the problem and solve it.
solve it.
We used both technology and data They used only technology not the
structure data structure
IV CONCLUSION
Current approaches for organising and monitoring water
supply pipelines, mostly use binary search trees. However, it
does not cover other crucial components of water management
and supply, such as such as water treatment processes, water
quality monitoring, demand forecasting, or infrastructure
maintenance
This article employs the Binary Search Tree to find any
problems in the pipelines. We have picked a few examples of
situations where water is not delivering to every location and
used binary search trees to fix these issues. We can connect
water supply to a whole city or town. When a pipe fails, water
will leak from the household connection and immediately spill
onto the ground. This is a problem with water connection and
supply that can be promptly found and remedied.
In this regard, it is important to pay attention to and address
any leaks coming from a household or other connection as
soon as possible. There are benefits and drawbacks to this
approach, but what our suggestion gives to society is
something novel and resource-efficient.
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