2023 International Conference on Applied Intelligence and Sustainable Computing (ICAISC)

An Automated Irrigation System for Agriculture

Using IoT
1st K R Swetha 2nd Akash K.R 3rd Beerendra Prasad N.M
2023 International Conference on Applied Intelligence and Sustainable Computing (ICAISC) | 979-8-3503-2379-5/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICAISC58445.2023.10200195

Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science

BGS Institute of Technology, BGS Institute of Technology, BGS Institute of Technology,
Mandya, India Mandya, India Mandya, India
swethagowdha@gmail.com akashgowda8150@gmail.com beerendraprasad2001@gmail.com

4th Manoj M.R 5th Prajwal B.N 6th Thejaswini H.B

Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science
BGS Institute of Technology, BGS Institute of Technology, BGS Institute of Technology,
Mandya, India Mandya, India Mandya, India
manojmanu50781@gmail.com prajju2133@gmail.com thejaswinihb9@gmail.com

Abstract—Smart irrigation is a cutting-edge method of water
management that makes use of cutting-edge technology to
enhance irrigation procedures. To choose the ideal quantity and
time of water application for crops or lawns, this system
combines sensors, weather information, and computer
algorithms. Smart irrigation systems help to preserve water
resources, cut down on water waste, and boost crop yields by
only giving plants the water they require. Additionally, smart
irrigation has a number of benefits over conventional irrigation
techniques, including simplicity in installation, enhanced
control and monitoring, and increased effectiveness. An
overview of the idea of smart irrigation and its potential
advantages for the agriculture and landscaping industries is
given in this abstract
Keywords— Smart Irrigation, Computer Algorithms, Internet
of Things, Sensors.
I. INTRODUCTION
Globally, smart irrigation is gaining popularity as a
solution to the problems caused by population expansion,
climate change, and water constraint. Water is a limited
resource, and as the world's population continues to rise, there
is an unprecedented rise in the demand for water. Farmers and
gardeners are under pressure to figure out ways to use water
more effectively while still growing healthy plants and
crops[1].
In the past, irrigation systems were either manual or
predicated on a set timetable, with water being applied
according to the plants' projected water needs. This strategy
frequently results in over-irrigation, which wastes water and
can also cause soil erosion, nutrient leaching, and pest issues.
Conversely, inadequate watering can stress plants and impair
their ability to grow and produce. However, smart irrigation
systems offer a solution to these issues. Smart irrigation
systems may customize watering schedules to meet particular
plant demands using real-time data and analytics, ensuring
that the proper amount and timing of water is provided [2]. To
gather information on the environment and plant growth, these
systems make use of a variety of sensors, including soil
moisture sensors, weather sensors, and plant sensors.
Advanced algorithms are then used to process this data in
order to calculate the ideal water need for each plant.
The potential of smart irrigation to conserve water is one
of its most significant advantages. while also promoting water
resource conservation, which is crucial as water shortage
provided by smart irrigation. Smart irrigation can boost crop
yields, enhance plant quality, and lessen the need for
pesticides and fertilizers by maximizing plant growth. As
water is administered strategically, it can also aid in reducing
soil erosion and nutrient leaching. Smart irrigation systems
can also be managed remotely, Farmers and gardeners can
save time and work by monitoring and modifying watering
plans from their cell phones or laptops [3].
Smart irrigation system adoption comes with some
difficulties despite its many advantages. The initial cost of
installation, which can be more than with standard irrigation
systems, is one of the main difficulties. However, long-term
water bill reductions and increased agricultural yields can
easily make up for these expenses. Another obstacle for some
farmers and gardeners may be the requirement for technical
know-how and training to install and maintain smart irrigation
systems.
In conclusion, smart irrigation is a cutting-edge and
environmentally friendly method of irrigation that is
becoming more and more well-liked all over the world. Smart
irrigation systems can aid in water conservation, boost crop
yields, and enhance plant quality while also leveraging
cutting-edge technology and data analytics. Smart irrigation is
a viable method for tackling the problems caused by water
scarcity and climate change, notwithstanding several
obstacles to its adoption.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review includes some of the works which are
published previous with IEEE guidelines. Some of these
works are mentioned below:
A. A review of precision irrigation technologies and their
applications in crop production.
This study presents an overview of agricultural production
applications for precision irrigation systems. The writers go
over a number of methods, including drip irrigation, micro-
irrigation, and fertigation, and their advantages, such as higher
agricultural output and water saving. The research also
addresses the drawbacks of precision irrigation methods, such
as their expense and upkeep needs. The introduction of the
study defines. popular precision irrigation technique known as
drip irrigation to supply water straight to the plant's root zone.
In contrast, to drip irrigation, micro-irrigation distributes
water more often and at a lower flow rate. Through the
irrigation system, fertilization includes the simultaneous
supply of water and fertilizers. The advantages of precision

979-8-3503-2379-5/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: PUNJAB UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on September 15,2023 at 05:02:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
irrigation methods are also discussed in the study. Water
conservation is a key advantage. Farmers may send water
precisely to a plant's root zone with precision irrigation,
reducing runoff and evaporation. Compared to conventional
irrigation techniques, this strategy can cut water use by up to
50%. By ensuring that plants receive the right quantity of water
and nutrients, precision irrigation may also increase agricultural
output and quality. This strategy enhances crop quality and
uniformity while increasing crop output by up to 40%.
B. A review of smart irrigation systems and their
integration with precision agriculture
The paper "A Review of Smart Irrigation Systems and
Their Integration with Precision Agriculture" by Yang et al.
(2020) provides an in-depth review of smart irrigation systems
and their integration with precision agriculture. The authors
explore the potential benefits of smart irrigation systems, as
well as the challenges and opportunities associated with their
implementation. The paper starts with an introduction to
precision agriculture and the role of irrigation in crop
production. The authors then define smart irrigation systems
as those that use real-time data to optimize irrigation
management, including soil moisture sensors, weather
forecasting, and data analytics. The authors emphasize the
potential benefits of smart irrigation systems, including
improved water efficiency, crop yield, and environmental
sustainability. The paper then discusses the challenges and
opportunities associated with smart irrigation systems,
including the need for data privacy and security, the cost of
sensors and equipment, and the importance of user education
and engagement. The authors also explore the potential for
smart irrigation systems to be integrated with other precision
agriculture technologies, such as variable rate fertilization and
crop monitoring. The paper provides several case studies that
demonstrate the benefits of smart irrigation systems in
different contexts, such as a study of a smart irrigation system
in a tomato greenhouse in Italy and a study of a smart
irrigation system in a citrus orchard in Spain. These case
studies illustrate how smart irrigation systems can be used to
optimize water management and improve crop yield. Another
point in the paper's favor is its focus on the significance of user
education and involvement. The authors emphasise the need
of training farmers and other stakeholders in the use of smart
irrigation systems, as well as their participation in the design
and implementation of these systems. This is an essential topic
since the success of smart irrigation systems is dependent on
farmers' desire to embrace and use them.
C. A review of automated irrigation systems and their
potential for water conservation
The authors commence by addressing the significance of
proficient water management in agriculture, given that water
scarcity and the struggle for resources persist as critical
obstacles in numerous regions. Subsequently, the authors
present an outline of various forms of automated irrigation
systems, such as soil moisture sensors, automated valves, and
controllers. These systems have the potential to enhance
irrigation techniques and reduce water consumption,
culminating in superior water conservation outcomes.
According to the authors, automated irrigation systems
operate by monitoring and regulating water application based
on real- time data, such as weather conditions, soil moisture
levels, and plant water needs. This approach guarantees that
crops receive the ideal amount of water while avoiding the
perils of over- or under-irrigation.
Authorized licensed use limited to: PUNJAB UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on September 15,2023 at 05:02:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
The paper also explores the benefits of automated
irrigation systems, including diminished water consumption,
amplified crop yields, and enhanced resource efficiency. The
authors cite several studies that demonstrate how automated
irrigation systems can aid water conservation efforts,
particularly in regions with limited water availability. For
instance, a study conducted in Israel indicated that automated
irrigation systems reduced water usage by 20-30% in contrast
to traditional irrigation practices. Nonetheless, the authors
concede that there are challenges associated with
implementing automated irrigation systems. These challenges
include high initial costs, upkeep requirements, and the
necessity for technical expertise. The authors suggest that
financial incentives and training programs may help promote
the adoption of automated irrigation systems, while also
ensuring that farmers possess the necessary knowledge and
skills to operate them effectively.
The paper also delves into the potential for automated
irrigation systems to mesh with other technologies, such as
remote sensing and data analytics, to further optimize water
management practices. The authors contend that incorporating
these technologies can facilitate real-time monitoring of water
resources, thereby enabling farmers to make informed
decisions concerning irrigation practices.
III. EXISTING SYSTEM
An existing system is a collection of procedures,
processes, technology, and resources that have previously
been developed and are being used to complete certain tasks
or objectives. This system might be anything from a software
application to an industrial production process, a
communication network, or a government policy. Existing
systems are critical to the operation of any organization or
community because they provide a framework for efficiently
and successfully obtaining desired results.
A. NODEMCU ESP8266
The NodeMCU open-source firmware and development
kit is based on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi chip. It offers a simple
framework for creating IoT apps and projects. NodeMCU is a
fantastic alternative for individuals who wish to construct IoT
applications without spending a lot of time and money on
hardware and software development.
Fig. 1. NODE MCU
NodeMCU also supports various interfaces and protocols,
including I2C, SPI, and UART, making it highly versatile and
adaptable to different applications. It can communicate with
other devices and sensors, making it suitable for use in home
automation, smart farming, environmental monitoring, and
many other IoT applications Fig. 1. NodeMCU is an ideal
choice for developers who to create their IoT projects quickly
and easily. Its low power consumption, built-in Wi-Fi, and
support for various interfaces and protocols make it highly
versatile and adaptable to different applications. With its user-
friendly Lua scripting language, even beginners want can
develop IoT projects with minimal effort.
B. Moisture Sensor
A moisture sensor is a type of sensor that detects and
measures moisture levels in soil, air, or other substances. It is
widely used in agriculture, gardening, and environmental
monitoring. A moisture sensor measures the electrical
conductivity or resistance of the material with which it comes
into contact.
Fig. 3. Relay Model

The 5V relay module is frequently employed in home

automation tasks like lighting or fan control. It may be utilised
to operate motors or other high current devices in robotics and
industrial applications. The module is simple to use and may
be managed by low voltage circuits or microcontrollers.
One of the key benefits of employing a 5V relay module
Fig. 3 is that it adds an extra level of safety to circuits with
high voltage and high current. It lessens the risk of harm by
separating the control circuit from the high voltage circuit. It
helps to avoid damage to the control circuit and guarantees
that the user is not exposed to the high voltage circuit by
separating the control circuit from it.
Additionally, it makes it simple to operate high voltage
and high current devices using low voltage signals, which
makes designing electrical circuits easier.

Fig. 2. Moisture Sensor D. Mini Water Pump

A 5V micro water pump is a small, low-power water pump
Two probes are put into the soil and the electrical intended for use in a range of DIY projects such as aquariums,
resistance between them is measured in soil moisture sensors fountains, and other water-based applications. The pump is
Fig. 2. Because moist soil has more electrical conductivity usually driven by a 5V DC power source, such as a USBport,
than dry soil, it provides a lower resistance measurement. The making it simple to power with a variety of devices, such as
resistance reading may be used to determine the moisture level laptops and portable battery packs.
in the soil. Air humidity sensors monitor the humidity level in
the air using a capacitive or resistive element. When the
humidity in the air rises, so does the sensor element. absorbs
moisture, creating a change in its electrical characteristics.
The sensor transforms the change into an electrical signal,
which can subsequently be monitored and utilised to calculate
the humidity level.
C. 5V Relay Model.
A 5V relay module is a type of electronic switch that uses
a low voltage signal to operate high voltage and high current
circuits. It is intended to be simple to use and may be
integrated into a variety of electrical applications. The module
is made up of a relay (an electromagnetic switch) and a control
circuit that is used to activate the relay. The 5V relay module
takes its name from the voltage needed to activate the relay. Fig. 4. Water pump(5V)
When 5V is given to the control circuit, the relay is activated,
enabling current to flow via the high voltage and high current A pump is generally made up of a motor and an impeller
circuit. The relay serves as a link between the control and high that work together to transport water through the pump. The
voltage circuits, guaranteeing that the to ensure that the impeller is a revolving disc with vanes that propel water
control circuit is separated from the high voltage circuit, the forward as it rotates Fig. 4. The motor drives the impeller, and
relay the resulting water flow may be varied by adjusting the
voltage provided to the pump. The 5V little water pump's
small size makes it the perfect option for smaller applications

Authorized licensed use limited to: PUNJAB UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on September 15,2023 at 05:02:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
with constrained space. It is also simple to set up and operate,
often simply requiring access to a power source and water
source. It is crucial to keep in mind that the pump might not
have sufficient power for larger applications, like commercial
fountains or water features.
E. Connecting Wires
Anyone who is interested in electronics or DIY projects
has to be able to connect wires. To make an uninterrupted
electrical channel, connecting two or more wires together is
necessary. A loose or improperly connected wire might result
in a short circuit or other electrical problems; thus, the quality
of the connection is essential.
Fig. 5. Wires
It is necessary to remove the insulation from the wire ends
before connecting them to reveal the metal conductor beneath.
Wire strippers or a sharp knife can be used for this, just be
careful not to cut the conductor. After the ends have been
removed, tightly twist them together to form a secure
connection. Soldering, crimping Fig. 5, employing wire nuts
or connectors, and soldering are only a few ways to join wires
together. A temporary and reliable connection is made via
soldering, which entails melting a small quantity of solder
onto the twisted wires. By compressing a metal sleeve or
connector onto the wires with a specialized tool, crimping
makes a strong and dependable connection. Plastic caps called
wire nuts or connectors twist onto the ends of the wires to hold
them together.
F. 6V Battery
A 6V battery is a type of battery that produces six volts of
electricity. These batteries are widely utilised in a variety of
applications, including toys, electronic devices, and
automobiles. Battery provides small amount of power
according to the requirements and also capacity. Here they
used 6V batteries are often composed of numerous cells
connected in series, with each cell generating a 1.5 volt output.
These cells might be rechargeable or primary. Primary lead-
acid, nickel- cadmium, and nickel-metal hydride batteries are
the three most popular types of 6V batteries. While nickel-
cadmium and Nickel-metal hydride batteries are frequently
utilised in portable electronic devices, lead-acid batteries are
frequently used in automobile and backup power applications.
A 6V battery's capacity is determined by its size and kind.
Generally speaking, larger batteries have higher capacity and
can deliver more power for longer periods of time. The
capacity is often expressed in ampere-hours (Ah), which
represents the maximum amount of current the battery can
deliver over a given time.
Authorized licensed use limited to: PUNJAB UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on September 15,2023 at 05:02:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IV. PROPOSE SYSTEM
An Automated Irrigation System for Agriculture using IoT
is agreat idea for improving the efficiency and effectiveness
of irrigation in agriculture. Here are some components and
features that can be included in the system:
A. Soil Moisture Sensors
The system should include sensors that measure the
moisture content of the soil. These sensors can be placed at
various locations throughout the farm to provide accurate and
timely data about the moisture levels.
Fig. 6. Tensiometer
A soil mineral detector, also known as a soil mineral
analyzer or soil mineral spectrometer, is a device that
measures the mineral content of soil Fig. 6. These detectors
work by using various techniques, such as electromagnetic
radiation or X-ray fluorescence, to identify and quantify the
elements and minerals present in the soil. The device typically
consists of a handheld probe or sensor that is inserted into the
soil, which then sends out a signal to detect the various
minerals present. The device can detect a range of minerals,
including but not limited to nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus,
calcium, and magnesium. The readings from the detector can
be used to determine the nutrient levels in the soil, which is
crucial information for agricultural purposes. Soil mineral
detectors are commonly used in agriculture and environmental
studies to evaluate the nutrient levels in soil and to identify
potential deficiencies or excesses in nutrients. By knowing the
mineral content of the soil, farmers and other agricultural
professionals can adjust their fertilization practices to improve
crop yields and reduce waste. The information provided by a
soil mineral detector can also be used to evaluate soil health
and identify potential environmental risks, such as soil
contamination or erosion.
B. Rain sensor
Fig. 7. Raindrop Sensor
 Raindrop Sensor water automatically adjusting irrigation
schedules based on rainfall. The sensor detects rainfall and
sends a signal to the irrigation controller to pause or delay
watering, preventing overwatering and reducing water waste.
The rain sensor typically consists of a small cup-like device
with a moisture-sensitive switch inside. When it rains, the cup
fills with water, and the switch is activated, sending a signal
to the Irrigation controller.
The controller then pauses irrigation for a set period of
time, allowing the rainwater to soak into the soil and reducing
the need for additional watering. Rain sensors are an essential
component of smart irrigation systems, as they help conserve
water and reduce water waste. By using a rain sensor, smart
irrigation systems can optimize irrigation schedules based on
real-time weather conditions, reducing water usage and
improving plant health Fig. 7.
In addition to conserving water, rain sensors can also
reduce labor costs associated with manually adjusting
irrigation schedules based on weather conditions. By
automating this process, farmers and landscapers can save
time and money while still maintaining healthy plants
C. Gas Detect Sensors
A gas detector sensor in smart irrigation systems is used to
monitor the levels of various gases, such as carbon dioxide
and methane, in the soil or surrounding environment. These
gases can affect the growth and health of plants and canalso
indicate potential safety hazards, such as gas leaks or
underground fires. The gas detector sensor works by detecting
the presence and concentration of specific gases in the
environment. It typically consists of a sensor element, which
can be made of various materials depending on the gas being
detected, and an electronic circuit that analyzes the sensor's
output. In a smart irrigation system, the gas detector sensor can
be used to monitor the levels of gases in the soil and adjust the
irrigation schedule accordingly. For example, if the sensor
detects high levels of carbon dioxide, it can trigger the
irrigation system to water the plants more frequently to
increase oxygen levels in the soil.
Additionally, the gas detector sensor can alert the system
to potential safety hazards, such as gas leaks or underground
fires.If the sensor detects a dangerous level of a gas, it can
trigger analarm or shut down the irrigation system to prevent
further damage or harm Fig. 8.
Authorized licensed use limited to: PUNJAB UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on September 15,2023 at 05:02:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Fig. 8. MOS Sensor
D. Android App
A mobile app can be developed to provide farmers with
real-time information about the irrigation system. This can
include data about soil moisture levels, weather conditions,
and the status of the irrigation system. The app can also be
used to make adjustments to the irrigation schedule and
duration [4].
E. ESP32 MCU
Due to its numerous capabilities and reasonable pricing,
the ESP32 is a potent microcontroller module that has recently
gained a lot of popularity. The Espressif Systems ESP32
system-on-chip (SoC), which has a dual-core processor, Wi-
Fi, Bluetooth, and a variety of peripheral ports, is the
foundation of this compact module. In this post, we'll examine
the ESP32's numerous features and capabilities as well as the
range of applications it can be utilized [5].
Two Tensilica Xtensa LX6 CPU cores, each clocked at up
to 240 MHz, provide the foundation of the ESP32 module.
Developers can balance their processing needs and power
consumption by programming these cores separately or in
tandem. The ESP32 also has an ultra-low-power co-processor,
which enables the module to function in deep sleep. Bluetooth
functionalities [6]. The module is perfect for a variety of
wireless applications because it supports both the 5 GHz Wi-
Fi 802.11 a/n/ac standard and the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n
standard. The ESP32 can connect with a range of Bluetooth-
enabled devices, including smartphones, tablets, and wearable
technology, thanks to its compatibility for Bluetooth 4.2 and
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).
SPI, I2C, UART, CAN, and SDIO are just a few of the
several peripheral interfaces that are included with the ESP32.
As a result, connecting the module to other sensors, actuators,
and gadgets is simple. The module also has an analog-to-
digital converter (ADC) with up to 12 bits of resolution, which
enables it to measure a variety of analogue signals [6].
Circuit Design. System architecture.

Fig. 11. Circuit design

This system contains a node mcu which is heart of the

whole application each sensor is connected to the controller,
Fig. 9. Circuit design. Each controller connects with the node mcu individually each
sensors collect the data and send it to the node mcu node mcu
The soil moisture sensor module used in this article has will decide to turn on pump according to reading of the sensors
two output pins (analogue and digital). A lm393 comparator and gives command to relay, relay is the controller of the
is used to compare the output from the moisture sensor probe pump which allow pump to supply water in required amount.
to a reference value. Turning the module's potentiometer will
alter the reference value. When the soil is damp, the digital pin Display which is connected with the node mcu will display
output is active low. Here, we're using the module's analogue every reading and activity performed by the system. And
output by coupling it to one of Node Mcu's analogue pins. The entire data will be shown in android app Fig. 11.
wet detection value can be set or changed within the program
while using the analogue output Fig. 9. V. RESULTS
The model is intended for controlling and monitoring the
A float switch and a 1K Ohm resistor are connected to one
environment. The node mcu serves as a microcontroller that
of Node Mcu's analogue pins as indicated in the circuit
links the various sensors to a central processing unit, which
diagram. utilized to draw the queue up. Node Mcu's analogue
then issues instructions to the pump to respond appropriately
pins can be utilized as digital inputs as well. By examining the
the sensor.
output of the float switch, the condition of the tank is
determined. In order to determine the amount of water in the
tank, Node Mcu measures the voltage that has fallen across
the pull-up resistor. To display the moisture status and tank
status, respectively, two LEDs are attached to Node Mcu's
second and third pins. Additionally, the base of a BC547
transistor, which in turn powers the 12 V DC motor, is
connected to the fourth pin.

Fig. 12. Complete Model.

Fig. 10. Module Serial Connection with PC

GPIO0 & GPIO2: - General Purpose I/O Pins. These pins

decide what mode (boot or normal) the module starts up in. It
also decides whether the TX/RX pins are used for
Programming the module or for serial I/O purpose To program
the module using UART, Connect GPIO0 to ground and
GPIO2 to VCC or leave it open. To use UART for normal
Serial I/O leave both the pins open (neither VCC nor Ground).
Now let’s connect ESP8266 module to computer with RS232
standard serial port (using USB to Serial converter in case of
laptop) as shown in above Fig. 10.

Fig. 13. Working Model

Authorized licensed use limited to: PUNJAB UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on September 15,2023 at 05:02:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 The moisture sensor is probably used to gauge how moist A. App Interface.
the soil is. This is beneficial for farming and gardening, as
plants require a particular amount of moisture to develop
effectively Fig. 12. The central processing unit may instruct
the pump to water the plants appropriately using the moisture
sensor readings. The pump can be activated to deliver a
precise amount of water to replenish the soil's moisture level
if it is too dry. the pump can be operated to release a set
amount of water to restore the desired range of soil moisture
Fig. 13.

Fig. 16. User interface

Fig. 14. Working water pumping image.

The system's rain sensor is yet another crucial element. It

can be used to determine when it is raining, and the pump can
then be switched off using this information. This is crucial
since watering plants in the rain can result in overwatering,
which could harm the plants' ability to thrive Fig. 14.

Fig. 17. Connection Phase

Fig. 15. Power supply

Data on rainfall patterns can be gathered using the rain

sensor and utilized to forecast weather patterns. The presence
of gases in the environment can be determined using the gas
detector sensor Fig. 15. This can be helpful in environments
like homes or workplaces where there is a possibility of gas
leakage [7].
A warning signal can be sent by the central processing unit
to the user if the gas detection sensor detects the presence of
gas. Fig. 18. Connection

A group of communication protocols called TCP/IP

(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) are used for
data transmission through networks, including the internet.
Fig. 16 & Fig. 17 The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of
physically connected objects that are equipped with sensors,
software, and other technologies enabling data exchange [8].

Authorized licensed use limited to: PUNJAB UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on September 15,2023 at 05:02:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Here is a general explanation of how controlling IoT The gadget can access the internet either directly or over a
devices using a TCP/IP-based app functions Fig. 18. local network like Ethernet or Wi-Fi [9].
Configuration of the device: Each IoT device has a specific IP
address and is set up to communicate via TCP/IP protocols. B. Test Cases

TABLE I. TEST CASES

Test Case Id COMPONENTS INPUT CONDITIONS OUTPUT
1 Power Supply Click Connect If Pass System Will Turn On
2 System Connect System Using Wi-Fi If Pass Display Will Turn On And System Starts.
3 Moisture Sensor Automated Moisture<=0 Pump Turn On
4 Gas Sensor Automated Gas Level<3000 No Alerts
5 Rain Sensor Automated If Rain Detected Send Alerts Through App And Turns Of System
6 Pump Automated Moisture<=0 Turn On
7 Pump Manual A Turn On
8 Pump Manual B Turn Off

and Control (ICAC3), Chennai, India, 2021, pp. 169-174, Doi:

VI. LIMITATIONS 10.1109/ICAC3- 53622.2021.9509987.

• In this project we have used Wi-Fi module which

enables connectivity and remote control, it means that
the project functionality heavily relies on the stable
internet connection.
• This system cannot detect diseases in crops or plants
hence we need machine learning algorithms to develop
improved irrigation system.
VII. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE AND ENHANCEMENT
The model offers the potential for a number of feature
upgrades to enhance both its usability and functionality. The
installation of an alarm system that notifies the user when any
ofthe sensors detect abnormal circumstances could be one
improvement. For instance, the system may send a message to
detection sensor detects a dangerous gas level. Another feature
might be the ability to modify the water output of the pump in
accordance with the readings from the moisture sensor. By
doing this, the plants would be given the ideal amount of water
for growth.
The mobile application may also offer historical
information and analysis on the amount of moisture, rainfall,
and gas levels identified over time. The user's ability to make
knowledgeable judgements about their crops or garden could
result in a higher yield and healthier plants. Finally, the app
might provide customization choices including watering
schedules, plant species selection, and sensor sensitivity
adjustments. Overall, these improvements would increase the
system's use, convenience, and effectiveness.
REFERENCES
[1] R. P. Eeramalla, K. Nagendramma, and S. S. Dara, "Smart Irrigation
System using IoT with Moisture Sensor," 2021 3rd International
Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP),
Chennai, India, 2021, pp. 719- 723, doi:
10.1109/ICCSP51611.2021.9460734.
[2] A. Shrivastava and R. Shukla, "Smart Irrigation System using IoT and
Machine Learning with Moisture Sensor," 2021 8th International
Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development
(INDIACom), New Delhi, India, 2021, pp. 773-
777, Doi: 10.1109/INDIACom52032.2021.9409549.
[3] S. K. Sahu, S. K. Lenka and A. Panda, "Smart Irrigation System using
Wireless Sensor Network with Moisture Sensor," 2021 7th
International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated
Networks (SPIN), Noida, India, 2021, pp. 673-677, Doi:
10.1109/SPIN51464.2021.9409545.
[4] D. R. Surya, K. Prabha, and R. S. Haripriya, "Smart Irrigation System
using IoT and Fuzzy Logic with Moisture Sensor," 2021 11th
International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication

Authorized licensed use limited to: PUNJAB UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on September 15,2023 at 05:02:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[5] Development of a low-cost temperature monitoring system based on
the ESP32 module" by A. B. de Almeida et al. (2021) [6]. Design and
implementation of a smart home automation system using ESP32" by
A. N. A. Aziz et al. (2021).
[6] Evaluation of ESP8266 and ESP32 Microcontrollers for IoT
Applications," by S. S. Pawar et al., published in 2021.
[7] Comparative Study of ESP32 and ESP8266 for Internet of Things
Applications," by R. A. Khan et al., published in 2021.
[8] J. Anandhakumar and S. Ilango, "Smart Irrigation System Using IoT,"
in 2023 International Conference on Innovative Trends in Computer
Science and Information Technology (ITCSIT), 2023.
[9] S. Usha and K. Arumugam, "Smart Irrigation System for Precision
Agriculture using IoT," in International Conference on Computational
Intelligence and Data Science (ICCIDS), 2022

Authorized licensed use limited to: PUNJAB UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on September 15,2023 at 05:02:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.