2022 IEEE North Karnataka Subsection Flagship International Conference (NKCon)
A Framework for Driver Drowsiness Detection
using Non-Learning Methods
Dhrithi V G
Department of CSE
Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India
dhriti280@gmail.com santoshbothgi12@gmail.com
Md Azaroddin
Department of CSE
Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology
2022 IEEE North Karnataka Subsection Flagship International Conference (NKCon) | 978-1-6654-5342-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/NKCON56289.2022.10126876
Bengaluru, India
mdazroddin16@gmail.com
Abstract— Driver drowsiness and fatigue are one of the
major reasons for road accidents that occur globally.
Implementing a system with an alarm to remind sleepy drivers
to pay attention to the road and assist them in maintaining
their focus will help prevent car accidents. Using Python, dlib,
and OpenCV, a real-time framework is built that uses a
computerized camera to monitor and process the driver's eye
and yawning measurements. This prototype for a driver
drowsiness detection system is proposed in this paper to reduce
fatalities and to generally contribute to increasing the
transportation safety on the road. When the driver's eyes and
yawns are observed together for a specific amount of time, the
suggested system detects whether the driver is drowsy and
issues a caution alert.
Keywords—driver drowsiness, face detection, yawn detection,
OpenCV, Python, fleet management, image processing.
I. INTRODUCTION
Drowsiness is a process when one level of consciousness
is diminished as a result of sleep deprivation or exhaustion,
and it may cause the driver to drift off peacefully. Drowsy
driving causes the driver to lose control of the vehicle; as a
result, the vehicle may suddenly veer off the road, collide
with an object, or flip over. Sixty percent of drivers, or
around 160 million people, have driven a car while feeling
sleepy, which is responsible for nearly twenty one percent of
fatal accidents. Sixty percent of adult drivers admitted to
dozing off behind the wheel in the previous year. Utilizing
new technology to create and construct systems that are
reliable is crucial in this situation..
II. RELATED WORKS
In previously developed driver drowsiness detection
systems, we observe that numerous methods have been
identified, primarily methods of using physiological
measurements such as EEG, heart rate and ECG. Although
proven to be useful in detecting driver drowsiness, it
involves connecting various connections to the body which
may serve as a hindrance while driving. Several alternative
perspectives have been proposed and they are discussed in
this section.
A hardware-based system for sleepiness detection in
drivers was developed by M.A. Assari et al. [1] using facial
expressions. The hardware that has been used is based on
978-1-6654-5342-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
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Santosh Botagi Gurukiran K M
Department of CSE Department of CSE
Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
gurukiranmoger@gmail.com
Vani Vasudevan
Department of CSE
Bengaluru, India
vani.v@nmit.ac.in
infrared light. Benefits of employing infrared light include
ease of use, independence from environmental illumination
conditions, and the ability to determine the state of the face
from changes in its constituent parts. [1].
A. A. Rahman et al.[2][3] profiles and forecasts motorist
behaviour on one of the busiest routes in Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia, using collected data. The research gave a wonderful
initiative for the country's prospective researchers and made
a tested dataset available for new self-driving car prototypes
that may initially learn about varied traffic patterns. The
algorithms performed on the dataset and the results indicate
that numeric datasets are easier for a model to learn than
nominal datasets, with Bayesian Algorithms being the best in
this situation due to their statistical execution. Multi-Layer
Perceptron, the most popular machine learning algorithm, is
a superior strategy for the acquired dataset in the long run, as
determined by the research. However, this research was
confined to determining whether the driver was aggressive or
not.
An affordable, real-time driver sleepiness monitoring
system based on visual behaviour and machine learning is
suggested by A. Kumar et al. [4]. By taking frames from a
streaming video frame that is obtained from a webcam, the
system measures and takes into account visual behavioral
aspects including eye aspect ratio, mouth aspect ratio, and
nose length ratio. [4] Then using the data, they have used
classifiers such as Naives-Bayes, FLDA and SVM. However,
using streaming devices and complicated algorithms would
lead to increased costs and computational performance, with
the additional drawback of reduced accuracy, is identified as
a drawback in the proposed paper.
Ameen Aliu Bamidele et al. [5] have developed a system
that makes use of image processing techniques to detect the
driver drowsiness level by calculating the eye aspect ratio,
mouth aspect ratio parameters that are required for capturing
the drowsiness levels.[5] The data that is gathered on the eye
aspect ratio makes the base for detecting the driver's
drowsiness levels and an acoustic alert is issued when the
driver is found to be sleepy. This system, however, does not
inculcate the angle of parameterizing head tilt movements.
A sleepiness detection framework based on shape
predictor algorithm is introduced by Roopalakshmi et al. [6];
it detects the eyes and counts the rate at which they blink
before tiredness is determined in real time. Through image
processing methods, which provide a non-invasive method to
detect drowsiness without any irritation and disturbance, the
suggested system obtains information about the eye status.
[7] In the future, the framework for detecting additional
details about the driver's tiredness could be used to
implement the detection of the driver yawning.
Jun-Juh Yan et al. [7] developed a visual processing, a
real-time, grayscale simulation system can find sleepy
drivers. Based on tests and results and the fatigue model, the
system can support monitoring the drivers' physical
condition and alert them if they are becoming fatigued, even
though they may not be aware of it. [7] The use of gray-scale
photographs, which eliminates the need to determine skin
colour, is the main distinction between commercially
available solutions and the system suggested in this study.
Although the proposed system includes additional
computation stages, it may need using more memory than
anticipated, which could negatively affect how quickly it
runs.
Bharadwaj, P. et al. [8] created and implemented a
system to detect tiredness; they utilized a camera to take
photos of the driver's face and track the driver's eyes to
determine whether or not the driver was drowsy. This
system, however, solely used an eye tracking method.
In order to identify driver drowsiness, Chatterjee, I. et al.
[9] created a system that uses a smartphone to track the
driver's eyes and body movements; The system sends a
warning if the driver's eyes are closed by using the facial
landmark for eyes state detection.
Huynh, X. et al. [10] have suggested a method to detect
sleepiness based on ML approaches; they employed 3D
CNN to extract features. Researchers used semi-supervised
learning to improve system performance and classified
drowsiness using gradient boosting.
Chellappa, A. et al suggestions [11] to use a camera
linked to a Raspberry Pi3 was made. The eye-tracking
feature of that camera allows it to take a picture of the
driver's face and analyze it to identify signs of driver
weariness. When drowsiness is identified in this system, the
alert will warn the driver.
The real-time system was created by Lashkov, I. et al.
[12] and is based on facial features such the driver's mouth,
head, and eye movements. A smartphone was used to record
video of the driver's face, and OpenCV and Dlib were used
to extract the characteristics and determine whether or not
the driver was feeling sleepy.
L.D.S Cueva et al. [13] discusses the creation of a
method to instantly identify tiredness in a motorist and send
alerts to prevent potential accidents. The approaches for
drowsiness detection by computer vision are examined, with
a particular emphasis on the utilization of facial reference
points. The main causes of accidents are speeding,
exhaustion, drowsiness, distraction, and being too fatigued to
pay attention. Advanced driver assistance systems, or ADAS,
can minimize these serious human errors.
M. Hedi Baccour et al. [14] use logistic regression
models to examine the possibility for the eye closure and
head rotation signals provided by a driver camera to identify
the driver's level of tiredness.
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O. Rigane et al. [15] outlines an innovative method for an
intelligent driver drowsiness detection system that uses the
driver's visual behavior. Using a fuzzy logic controller, the
estimation of the driver's vigilance is successfully made by
combining facial and eye symptoms. Results of experiments
C (p1 - p4) = Euclidean distance (eye [0], eye [3])
utilizing MATLAB's fuzzy-logic simulation.
A. A. Hayawi et al [16] centered on the development and
application of a driver assistance system that incorporates
monitoring and alarming of the driver using invasive
acquisition techniques, or Electrooculography (EOG)
signals. The Arduino board's embedded system with an
ATmega2560 microcontroller has been utilized to create the
EOG signal acquisition circuit.
M. K. Hussein et al [17] suggests that a reliable driver
detection system be created to warn the motorist. This study
reviews the research on numerous methods for detecting
driver drowsiness, including but not limited to physical
methods that look for traits including head movement, eye
blinking rate, yawning, and eye state (closed or opened). The
degree of driver drowsiness is also assessed using a
physiologically based method that looks for (EEG), (ECG),
(PPG), Heart Rate Variability, (EOG), and (EMG) signals. A
vehicle-based method of measuring driver drowsiness uses
the standard deviation of lane position and steering wheel
movement (SWM) to monitor and regulate the vehicle
(SDLP).
The experiments mentioned above were successful in
detecting driver drowsiness, but they used single models or
systems that were attached to the body and may injure the
owner of the device. By re-using certain functionalities and
applying them to our system will prove to give better results
that are speedy and accurate.
III. PROPOSED METHOD
The detection methods are categorized as subjective and
objective detection, objective detection since it continuously
tracks the driver's physiological state and driving-behavior
traits. Additionally, contact and non-contact objective
detection are separated into two categories [8]. Because
systems that do not require Computer Vision technology or
expensive cameras enable the use of the device in more cars,
non-contact is more affordable and practical than the contact
technique [9]. We make use of dlib library that is a pre-
trained model which consists of facial datasets, that are
further used for identification of other facial structures in the
detected face region. As it is observed in Fig. 1, areas of the
eyes, mouth and head are monitored for predicting
drowsiness.
2

Fig. 1. Flowchart for detecting driver drowsiness.
A. Face Landmark Localization
For face landmark localization which is implemented
through image processing by using OpenCV. For face[18]
and eye detection, Haar-Cascade Classifier algorithm is
applied.[10] Detection happens inside a detection window.
Face alignment, head pose estimation, face switching, blink
detection, and yawn detection have all been done effectively
using facial landmarks. In our proposed method, we make
use of facial recognition in a frame, by primarily identifying
the facial landmarks. The 68 (x, y) coordinates are used to
map the facial structures on the face, and we use the dlib
library to estimate their locations. It is possible to see the co-
ordinate indexes. in Fig. 2. This is tested using appropriate
data as mentioned in Section IV, Table I.
Fig. 2. Facial landmark recognition.[19]
As observed in Fig. 2 and Table II, detecting facial
landmarks is therefore a two-step process.
Step 1 – Localize the face in the image
Step 2 – Recognize the facial features on the face.
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B. Eye detection
Six (x, y)-coordinates are used to symbolise an eye,
beginning at the left corner (as if you were staring at the
subject) and moving clockwise [10]. The dlib facial
landmark predictor was trained on the 68-point iBUG 300-
W dataset, which contains these
annotations.
Fig. 3. Calculating eye aspect ratio.[21]
Based on Fig. 3, the crucial idea that there is a correlation
between the width and height of these coordinates needs to
be summarized. With the help of the same, we create an
equation that depicts the connection between these co-
ordinates, i.e., Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) can be measured as,
(1)
W.r.t eq. (1), The vertical eye landmarks (x, y) co-
ordinates are calculated as mentioned above.
The horizontal eye landmarks (x,y) co-ordinates are
calculated as mentioned above.
After establishing the EAR, which is done for a single
eye, we calculate the EAR for the other eye and the total
EAR can be computed as the average of the two. To produce
an acoustic alert and report the driver’s drowsiness, we set a
threshold for the number of frames and the aspect ratio.
Here, we optimally assign the number of frames that are to
be monitored to be as 48, which is roughly 3-4 seconds. If
the eyes appear to be closed for more than the specified
threshold, an acoustic alert is fired. [11] Below are the
threshold ranges that are set up for monitoring EAR. These
threshold ranges are calculated by counting the minimum
number of frames passed and calculating the time for each
frame. Similarly, the aspect ratio threshold is set by
comparing it with previously related works. The test case for
verifying this functionality is mentioned in Section IV, Table
III.
EYE_AR_THRESH = 0.27
EYE_AR_CONSEC_FRAMES = 48
Vertical landmarks
A (p2 - p6) = Euclidean distance (eye [1], eye [5])
B (p3 - p5) = Euclidean distance (eye [2], eye [4])
3
C. Yawn detection
To determine the yawning parameter the aspect ratio of
the mouth (MAR) is computed.
Fig. 4. Calculating mouth aspect ratio.[19]
As we can observe in Fig. 4, by using the Euclidean
distance between the horizontal and vertical landmarks that
are detected we can arrive at the formula for Mouth Aspect
Ratio.
(2)
From eq. (2) and Fig (4), It is plain to see that the mouth's
aspect ratio is virtually zero when it is closed, as it is in the
first 80 frames. The mouth aspect ratio marginally increases
when the mouth is slightly open [13].
however, the mouth is wide open, most likely for
MOUTH_AR_THRESH = 0.2
MOUTH_AR_CONSECUTIVE_FRAMES =15
yawning, in form frame 80, when the mouth aspect ratio is
noticeably high [23]. After determining the MAR, we set
threshold values for deriving the acoustic alert. The test case
for verifying this functionality is mentioned in Section IV,
Table IV.
D. Head Tilt Detection
The position and orientation of an item in relation to a
camera are referred to as its pose in computer vision. You
can alter the stance by shifting the object's position in
relation to the camera or the camera's position in relation to
the item. The Perspective-n-Point problem, or PNP, is a
common abbreviation for the pose estimation problem
discussed in this lesson [14]. The objective of this challenge
is to determine the pose of an item given a calibrated camera,
n 3D point locations on the object, and matching 2D
projections in the image. which can be picturized in Fig. 5
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Fig. 5. Comparison of 3D points to 2D points on the face. [22]
There are only two types of motions a 3D
rigid object can make in relation to a camera.
1. Translation: Translation is the process of
moving the camera from its present 3D
location (x, y, z) to a new 3D location (x',
y', z'). As you can see, translation has
three different directions you can go in: X,
Y, or Z. A vector with the values (x'-x, y'-
y, and z'-z) is used to express translation.
2. Rotation: The camera can also be rotated
around the and axes. Therefore, a rotation
also has three degrees of freedom.
Rotation can be represented in a variety of
ways. Euler angles (roll, pitch, and yaw), a
rotation matrix, or a rotation's axis and
angle can all be used to express it.
Therefore, collecting six numbers—three
for translation and three for rotation—is
necessary to estimate the pose of a 3D
object.
The threshold criteria for determining the
head position are set, as below,
The test case for verifying this functionality is mentioned
in Section IV, Table V.
HEAD_COUNTER_FRAMES = 30
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Different methods for identifying driver somnolence have
been discovered as a result of the literature review, and
various forms of data are used as input for their algorithm. In
the initial step of our suggested process, we employ a camera
for face streaming. The video consists of a sequence of
frames, which primarily detects the status of the face which
can be visualized in Fig. 6.
4
 eye aspect ratio for examining the eyelids has
been down for a long time, and we would then
notice the yawn, after which a drowsiness alert is
fired, which is visualized in Fig.9.

Fig. 6. Driver is not drowsy, mouth closed, eyes open.

Then, the system can detect the head tilting position of

the user’s input face. The system can detect if the face is
tilted to the right, which is visualized in Fig. 7.

Fig. 9. Driver is drowsy, mouth closed, eyes open.

Python, dlib, and OpenCV were used to build the

system's functionality and efficiency. An alarm
will sound to notify the driver if they are too tired.
which is tested with input parameters in Table VII
and can be depicted in Fig 10.

Fig. 7. User input’s face is tilted towards the right.

Similarly, the system can detect if the user’s input

face is tilted to the left, which is visualized in Fig.
8.

Fig. 10. Driver is drowsy, mouth closed, eyes open.

Fig. 8. User input’s face is tilted towards the left. After issuing the alarm sound, we will also send
an email and text message to the registered user
The face will be located in the video in a way that
via their mobile phones, which can be depicted in
won't interfere with lightning-related accuracy in
Fig. 11 and Fig. 12.
facial detection. According to Fig. 6, if the face is
recognised, the facial landmark detection task is
carried out and extracts the region of the eyes and
mouth, passing the test case listed in Table VI.
When the eye is found, it would discover that the

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 Facial landmark recognition
Test
case Expected Actual
no. Input Result
output output

image

TABLE III. TESTING FUNCTIONALITIES OF THE SYSTEM - EXTRACTING

EYE FEATURES

Fig. 11. Alerting the user via SMS. Extracting eye features
Test
case Expected Actual
no. Input Result
output output

Input Both the

Left and
image and eyes were
3 right eye Successful
facial extracted
extracted
landmarks successfully

TABLE IV. TESTING FUNCTIONALITIES OF THE SYSTEM - EXTRACTING

MOUTH FEATURES

Extracting mouth features

Test
case Expected Actual
no. Input Result
output output

Mouth
Input points
Mouth
image and extracted
4 points Successful
facial successfully
extracted
landmarks from the
Fig. 12. Alerting the user via e-mail. input image

The test cases are used to verify the functionalities TABLE V. TESTING FUNCTIONALITIES OF THE SYSTEM – EXTRACTING
HEAD TILT FEATURES
of the same.
Extracting head tilt features
TABLE I. TESTING FUNCTIONALITIES OF THE SYSTEM – VIDEO
Test
CAPTURE
case Expected Actual
no. Input Result
Video Capture output output
Test
case Input Plot
Expected Actual Head
no. Input Result image and head
output output 5 pose Successful
facial pose
plotted
landmarks extracted
Video
Video output
Web feed displayed TABLE VI. TESTING FUNCTIONALITIES OF THE SYSTEM – OUTPUT
DISPLAY OF MAR, EAR AND HEAD POSE
1 camera from from Successful
index select selected Output display of MAR, EAR and head
camera camera pose
input Test
case no. Expected Actual
TABLE II. TESTING FUNCTIONALITIES OF THE SYSTEM – FACIAL
Input Result
output output
LANDMARK RECOGNITION
Plotted Facial
Facial landmark recognition MAR, facial features
Test EAR features plotted
case Expected Actual 6 and on the on the Successful
no. Input Result head user’s input
output output
pose input user’s
Input Display face face
image to facial Image with
be features all the face
2 processed and features Successful
and facial plotting plotted and
landmarks on to the highlighted
dataset input

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 TABLE VII. TESTING FUNCTIONALITIES OF THE SYSTEM – AUDIO ALERT [5] Ameen Aliu Bamidele, Kamilia Kamardin, Nur Syazarin Natasha
FIRING Abd Aziz, Suriani Mohd Sam, Irfanuddin Shafi Ahmed, Azizul
Azizan, Nurul Aini Bani and Hazilah Mad Kaidi, “Non-intrusive
Audio alert firing Driver Drowsiness Detection based on Face and Eye Tracking”
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and
Test case Applications(IJACSA), 10(7), 2019.
no. Expected Actual
Input Result [6] Roopalakshmi, R., "Driver Drowsiness Detection System Based on
output output
Visual Features." 2018 Second International Conference on
(ICICCT). Inventive Communication and Computational
Audio
Audio Technologies IEEE, 2018.
output
MAR, output [7] Jun-Juh Yan, Hang-Hong Kuo, Ying-Fan Lin, Teh-Lu Liao, “Real-
when
7 EAR heard on Successful Time Driver Drowsiness Detection System Based on PERCLOS and
values
values values Grayscale Image Processing”, 2016 International Symposium on
exceed
exceeded Computer, Consumer and Control (IS3C), pp. 365-389.
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