Design of 2.4 GHz and 5.

8 GHz Microstrip Antenna

on Wi-Fi Network
Lukman Medriavin Silalahi Setiyo Budiyanto Freddy Artadima Silaban
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Universitas Mercu Buana Universitas Mercu Buana Universitas Mercu Buana
Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia
lukman.medriavin@mercubuana.ac.id sbudiyanto@mercubuana.ac.id freddy.artadima@mercubuana.ac.id

Imelda Uli Vistalina Simanjuntak Putri Syahkina Hendriasari Heryanto

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Military Electrical
Universitas Mercu Buana Universitas Mercu Buana Engineering
Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Universitas Pertahanan
imelda.simanjuntak@mercubuana.ac.id psyahkina@gmail.com Jawa Barat, Indonesia
heryanto@idu.ac.id

Abstract—Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is one of the most
popular wireless communication standards in the market. This
technology is widely used both in offices, shopping centers,
campuses and other public places. To optimize the Wi-Fi
communication system antenna optimization is needed. The role
of the antenna is to transmit voice communication and data
communication. However, due to the influence of several
factors, the signals received by users often experience instability.
The design of the trident microstrip antenna aims to find the
microstrip antenna formula needed by Wi-Fi technology. So, the
research will design a trident microstrip antenna for Wi-Fi that
works at 2.40 GHz and 5.80 GHz frequencies. The software
needed to design this antenna is computer simulation technology
(CST). From the simulation results for the 2.4 GHz trident
microstrip antenna has a return loss value of -18,514 dB, a
VSWR value of 1.26 dB and a Gain value of 4.71 dB. As for the
simulation results of the 5.8 GHz microstrip antenna has a
return loss value of -40,437 dB, a VSWR value of 1.02 dB and a
Gain value of 4.19 dB. As for the measurement results of the 2.4
GHz trident microstrip antenna has a return loss value of -
24,767 dB, a VSWR value of 1,122 dB and a Gain value of 3.24
dB. As for the measurement results of the 5.8 GHz microstrip
antenna has a return loss value of -37,554 dB, a VSWR value of
1,027 dB and a Gain value of 3.57 dB. Where the overall results
of simulations and measurements can be said 5.8 GHz
microstrip antenna has good performance results for the
parameters needed.
Keywords—trident microstrip antenna, wi-fi, wireless
communication, optimization
I. INTRODUCTION
One widely used wireless technology is Wi-Fi technology
that uses the IEEE 802.11 standard. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
is one of the most popular wireless communication standards
in the market. This technology is widely used both in offices,
shopping centres, campuses and other public places. With the
price that is now affordable and saves funds for the cost of
cable withdrawals, besides this technology, is very practical
and efficient [1][2].
Antenna optimization in Wi-Fi communication systems
has a role in transmitting voice communication, as well as data
communication. However, due to the influence of several
factors, the signals received by users often experience
instability. In the last few years, research that discusses
microstrip antennas for wireless communication is increasing
among researchers because of their low profile, easy form and
low cost of fabrication for mass production [1, 2, 3].
Microstrip antenna is a metal conductor (patch) attached
to the ground plane which includes a dielectric material.
Microstrip antenna is very suitable for telecommunication
devices which now pay attention to the shape and size, easy to
make, easy to install, low cost. However, microstrip antennas
also have some disadvantages, including narrow bandwidth.
The situation can be overcome because various methods can
increase the antenna bandwidth [4-12].
According to Rahayu et al. [12], The increasing need for
fast data transfers in large numbers in Wi-Fi users encourages
the emergence of new technologies and standards. IEEE has
released the 802.11n standard, with changes from the previous
standard of higher data rates, wider bandwidth. MIMO
microstrip antenna for Wi-Fi that works at a frequency of 2.4
GHz. The systematic design includes the mechanism of
antenna design, antenna design simulation results, antenna
fabrication, measurement of antenna parameters and antenna
performance testing using software used by CST Studio Suites
2011. The measurement results of antenna parameters are
obtained according to the planned antenna characteristics, i.e.
Gain > 2 dB. VSWR < 2, Return Loss < -10 dB, Mutual
Coupling <-20 dB and unidirectional radiation pattern [12].
According to Sastrawinata et al. [1], Microstrip antenna is
one device that is able to support wireless communication
which is currently overgrowing. Not only the microstrip
antenna needed at this time must have reliability but also
needed to be able to work on dual frequencies in one device.
In this research, antenna design, simulation, and realization
are carried out by modifying the G-shaped monopole antenna,
which will produce dual frequencies to be applied to the
WLAN. According to IEEE 802.11, Wi-Fi frequencies work
at 2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz. The results of the design that have
been done show that the realized antenna works at the middle
frequency of 2.4 GHz and 5.5 Ghz which produces VSWR
1.451 for 2.4 GHz frequency and VSWR 1,243 for 5.5 GHz,
elliptical polarization, 3,578 dB gain for 2.4 GHz and 5.458
for 5.5 Ghz, pattern unidirectional radiation, return loss of -
14,785 dB for 2.4 GHz and -19,278 dB for 5.5 GHz and
effective bandwidth of 266.4 MHz for 2.4 GHz and 771.8 Mhz
for 5.5 GHz, and impedance of 39.98 ohms for 2.4 Ghz and
49.90 for 5.5 Ghz [1].
This patch serves to radiate electromagnetic waves into the
air. Patches and feed channels are usually located on the
substrate. Thick patches are made very thin [13].

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Fig 1. Single patch microstrip antenna structure
The structure is shown in Fig 1. is a general form of a
microstrip transmission line. The structure shown in the figure
consists of a dielectric substrate with thickness h and has
relative permittivity. The underside of the substrate is coated
in metal as a whole, which serves as the ground for this
structure. At the same time, the upper part forms strips with
width W. The thickness of the strips t is usually ignored. The
thickness of strip T, usually ignored. The thickness of the
substrate, relative permittivity, and strip width determines the
impedance of the microstrip wave [13, 14, 15].
Dielectric Substrates: Substrates made of dielectric
materials. Substrates typically have a height (h) between
0.0020 - 0.0050. It serves as a GEM media medium of
ration. The characteristics of the substrate greatly influence
the size of the antenna parameters [4].
Ground planes can be made of conductor material. The
size is as big as and along the substrate. The function of the
ground plane is as an antenna ground [4].
In this research, there are two types of microstrip antennas
with different frequencies that can be designed and analyzed
to meet the needs of Wi-Fi technology. The design of this
microstrip antenna uses the trident form and looks for the
microstrip antenna formula needed by Wi-Fi technology so
that the trident microstrip antenna for Wi-Fi works on the 2.40
GHz and 5.80 GHz frequencies that can be expected to be
applied to Wi-Fi network connections Fi The software needed
to design this antenna is computer simulation technology
(CST), this software is needed to make it easier to design the
desired antenna. The parameters to be observed from this
antenna design study are the value of VSWR, return loss,
bandwidth, gain, and the shape of the radiation pattern. This
research aims to get an antenna design that matches the
specified parameter specifications and can find out the
antenna frequency that is suitable for Wi-FI applications.
II. ANTENNA DESIGN AND SPECIFICATIONS
This chapter will discuss the methodology used in the
design and realization of trident microstrip antennas that work
at the frequencies of 2.442 GHz and 5.805 GHz to be able to
design an antenna,
Fig 2. shows the antenna design flowchart. The first step
is to determine the desired antenna characteristics, and the
type of PCB material (substrate) used. Then do the
calculations manually for the antenna patch dimensions, line
feed rationing channels at the desired working frequency.
After that, the antenna design simulation for the frequency of
2,442 Ghz and 5,805 GHz uses CST software. From the
simulation results, if the antenna parameters are not in
accordance with the specifications, it will be optimized again
until the antenna is working on the specified specifications.
Still, if the antenna parameter values are by the specifications,
the process will continue to fabricate the antenna.
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Fig 2. Flowchart design
Microstrip antenna fabrication in this research uses FR4-
Epoxy substrate material type. Where the results of the
fabrication of this microstrip antenna will be measured so that
the parameter values obtained from the antenna. The analysis
will be taken from the comparison between the simulation
results and the measurement results of the antenna that has
been fabricated.
Antenna design using CST Microwave Studio software.
The purpose of using this software is to see the output results
of the calculated antenna parameters so that when fabrication
the resulting output is by the desired parameters to create time,
cost, and energy efficiency during fabrication.
A. Return Loss
At this stage, the design results are simulated based on the
calculation of each antenna with different frequencies. Fig 3.
shows the S-parameter values for the antenna with a frequency
of 2,442 GHz. And Fig 4. shows the S-parameter values for
antennas with a frequency of 5,805 GHz.
B. VSWR
At this stage, the design results are simulated based on the
calculation of each antenna with different frequencies. Fig 5.
shows the VSWR value for an antenna with a frequency of
2,442 GHz. And Fig 6 shows the VSWR value for an antenna
with a frequency of 5.805 GHz.
C. Gain
At this stage, the design results are simulated based on the
calculation of each antenna with different frequencies. Fig 7.
shows the Gain for an antenna with a frequency of 2,442 GHz.
And Fig 8. shows the Gain for an antenna with a frequency of
5.805 GHz.
D. Radiation Pattern
At this stage, the design results are simulated based on the
calculation of each antenna with different frequencies. Fig 9.
shows the shape of the radiation pattern for the antenna with a
frequency of 2,442 GHz. And Fig 10 shows the shape for an
antenna with a frequency of 5,805 GHz.
Fig 3. The simulation results of the return loss antenna microstrip trident
2.442 GHz
Fig 4. The results of the S-parameter simulation of the microstrip trident
antenna are 5.805 GHz
Fig 5. The result of the S-parameter of the microstrip trident antenna 2.442
GHz
Fig 6. The result of the VSWR of the microstrip trident antenna 5.805 GHz
Fig 7. The result of the Gain of the microstrip trident antenna 2.442 GHz
Fig 8. The result of the Gain of the microstrip trident antenna 5.805 GHz
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Fig 9. The result of the Gain of the microstrip trident antenna 5.805 GHz
Fig 10. The result of the Gain of the microstrip trident antenna 5.805 GHz
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Antenna design and discussion of simulation results and
testing of the Trident Ring Rectangular Antenna (Slotted
rectangular) and Slotted rectangular in the ground plane are
explained as follows.
A. Design of 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz Trident Microstrip
Antennas
After testing the simulation on CST software, finally
obtained the size of the antenna with the best parameter
values. Then antenna fabrication and measurement test are
carried out. Tool measurement test is carried out to ensure that
the device that has been made can be used in accordance with
the desired parameters. From this measurement, the test will
be obtained data that can be taken to be analyzed, so it can
know the ability and usefulness of the tools that have been
made.
In making this Trident Microstrip antenna, FR-4 epoxy
PCB with a size of 1.6 mm is chosen because this material is
easy to get, lightweight, and also easy to be joined. The
fabrication results of the 2.4 GHz Trident Microstrip antenna
and the 5.8 GHz Microstrip antenna can be seen in Fig 11.
Fig 11. Microstrip antenna fabrication: trident microstrip antennas 2.4 GHz
and 5.8 GHz
B. Microstrip Antenna Testing
After the design, simulation and fabrication stages, the
realized trident microstrip antenna is ready for measurement.
Trident microstrip antenna testing was conducted at the LIPI
Laboratory Bandung. This is done to determine the
characteristics of the antenna that has been made and ensure
the success of the design process following the desired
specifications so that the antenna parameters that have been
made to be known can then be used as material for comparison
of the results of CST software simulation results with the
realization. After that, it is analyzed against the comparison of
simulation and testing results for each trident microstrip
antenna for 2.4 GHz frequency and trident microstrip antenna
for 5.8 GHz frequency. Fig 12. The output of the return loss measurement results is 2.4 GHz Trident
Microstrip Antenna
The first test uses the R3770 Network Analyzer which
works at frequencies of 300 KHz up to 20 GHz. In this
measurement, the trident microstrip antenna is connected to
the network analyzer using a 50 Ohm coaxial cable. This test
is to get the required parameters, such as return loss, VSWR,
and bandwidth. As for the second test in the anechoic chamber
is to measure antenna parameters such as radiation patterns
and Gain.
1) Return Loss Measurement
Return loss measurement is carried out to measure the
ratio of reflected waves to sent waves. Reflective waves occur
due to impedance between the load (antenna) and the
Fig 13. The output results of the measurement of return loss are 5.8 GHz
transmission line mismatched. Fig 12. shows the results of Microstrip Antenna
antenna return loss with a frequency range of 2,000 GHz to
2,730 GHz. And Fig 13. shows the results of antenna return
loss with a frequency range of 5,325 GHz to 6,352 GHz.
2) VSWR Measurement
The next antenna measurement is the VSWR
measurement. The tool used to measure VSWR is still the
same as using the tool used to measure return loss, the
Network Analyzer. VSWR measurement results from the
Network Analyzer can be seen in Fig 14. and Fig 15.
3) Bandwidth Measurement
Bandwidth is the width of the antenna's frequency band.
One way to determine bandwidth can be done by measuring
the width of the frequency range with a limit of -10 dB on the
return loss graph. Fig 16. shows the antenna bandwidth with a
frequency range of 2,000 GHz to 2,730 GHz. And Fig 17.
shows the test results to get the antenna bandwidth. Fig 14. The output of VSWR measurement results is 2.4 GHz Trident
Microstrip Antenna
4) Radiation Pattern
Fig 18. shows the results of the antenna bandwidth with a
frequency range of 5,325 GHz to 6,352 GHz. Radiation
Pattern Measurements The radiation pattern can be measured
by measuring the signal level of the reference antenna with the
trident microstrip antenna. This measurement uses a horn
antenna (transmitter), a trident microstrip antenna (receiver),
a signal generator, a spectrum analyzer and a tripod. To
measure the radiation pattern, the horn antenna is connected
to a signal generator set with a frequency of 1.57 GHz as a
transmitting antenna and the trident microstrip antenna is
connected to the spectrum analyzer. Furthermore, the shape of
the radiation pattern is obtained from measuring the antenna
signal level by rotating the antenna every 10. The signal level
results obtained from each rotation angle of the 2.4 GHz Fig 15. The Output Result of Measurement of VSWR Trident Microstrip
trident microstrip antenna can be seen in Fig 18. The signal Antenna 5.8 GHz
level results obtained from each rotation angle of the 5.8 GHz
trident microstrip antenna can be seen in Fig 19.

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Fig 16. The output of bandwidth measurement results of 2.4 GHz trident
microstrip antenna
Fig 17. The output results of the measurement of return loss are 5.8 GHz
Microstrip Antenna
Fig 18. Omnidirectional radiation pattern trident microstrip 2.4 GHz antenna
Fig 19. Omnidirectional radiation pattern trident microstrip 5.8 GHz antenna
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Fig 19. shows that the trident microstrip antenna has a
unidirectional radiation pattern, which radiates in one
direction. While the antenna HPBW obtained from the left
HPBW with 3400 and the right HPBW of 300, the antenna
HPBW of 500.
C. Comparison of Simulation Results and Testing of 2.4
GHz and 5.8 GHz Trident Microstrip Antennas
After the antenna parameter measurement results are
obtained, the results are then compared with the results of the
CST simulation. The simulation results better than the
measurement results and vice versa or the same measurement
and simulation results. After getting the results of the
comparison, the testers can also compare the antenna with
what frequency has better performance so that it can be used
for further research by directly applying the antenna. Table I
shows the comparison of antenna parameter values such as
return loss, VSWR, bandwidth and Gain resulting from the
measurement results.
TABLE I. COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENT RESULTS
Antena Mikrostrip Antena Mikrostrip
Parameter
Trident 2.4 GHz Trident 5.8 GHz
Return loss -24.767 dB -37.554 dB
VSWR 1.122 1.027
Bandwidth -24.767 -37.554
Gain 4.2 dB 3.57 dB
Table I shows the overall comparison of the 2.4 GHz
trident microstrip antenna and the 5.8 GHz trident microstrip
antenna at the time of measurement at LIPI Bandung. After
obtaining a comparison of simulation results and
measurement results for the two antennas. The test also
compares the antenna performance results seen in table X.
Table II shows the overall comparison results of the 2.4
GHz trident microstrip antenna and the 5.8 GHz microstrip
antenna both from the simulation results and the measurement
results. The working frequency is appropriate, namely 2.442
GHz and 5.805 GHz. For the results of the return loss
parameter values of each antenna has a significant difference.
From the simulation results for the 5.8 GHz, trident microstrip
antenna has a better value of -40,437 dB. Then in the
measurement results also the 5.8 GHz trident microstrip
antenna has a better value of -37,554 dB. For other parameters,
VSWR results from the 5.8 GHz trident microstrip antenna in
the simulation have a value of 1.02 while the measurement
results have a value of 1.027. Then finally the gain parameter
values in the simulation section of the 5.8 GHz trident
microstrip antenna have a value of 4.19 dB, while the results
of measurements at LIPI Bandung for the 2.4 GHz trident
microstrip antenna have a value of 4.2 dB and for the 5.8 GHz
trident microstrip the value is 3.57 dB. So that for the
measurement results, the Gain value for the 5.8 GHz
microstrip antenna is better, because the characteristic gain
values range from 2-4 dB. For the results obtained from
simulations and measurements, testers have gotten answers
for antennas with a frequency that can be used for further
research to be applied. However, for both antennas can be
used in the application of Wi-Fi networks.
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