Gap of migration concept

Gap of Education upon returnee and capital accumulation

Most of Ethiopian migrant workers acadmic profile is maximum grade 10 and above. Before
migration theye take is some training and awareness by ministry of women and social affairs
about detstination work condition. however after retunee they are not get this opportuniets in
the home land in similar fields what they experienced in detination countries.. this condition
results ther returnee migrants to engage in small business area like sellin coffee and teaon the
way / road this need interview of migrant and from ministry. This similar situation occure in
migrants returning from Europe to Senegal and Cape Verde, respectively, were hindered from
successful self-employment or skilled wage work upon return due to under-qualified work
positions abroad and inabilities to acquire financial capital as Åkesson (2015) studies. Dingeman
(2018) and Ruben et al. (2018), also notes due lack of ties and networks the migrant face to get
work upon returnee. Similarly, Croitoru finds those returning to Romania with a high
accumulation of economic capital and those with longer migration durations had a higher
propensity to become entrepreneurs Croitoru (2020 propensity to become entrepreneurs
Croitoru (2020) and play great role for effective reintegration
self employment
- Senegal self-employment frequently becomes a ‘last resort’ strategy upon return (Kveder &
Flahaux, 2013
In Romania there are great expectations about their transformational force as entrepreneurs
upon return (Ambrosini et al., 2015; Croitoru, 2020

Important UN and ILO migration-related conventions that impact directly on labour migration
have not yet been ratified by Ethiopia. These include the
1. UN International Convention on the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their
Families, and
2. ILO Conventions 97 of 1949 (Migration for Employment Convention) and
3. 143 of 1975 (Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention). However, it has
been indicated that Ethiopia’s ratification of the International Convention on the Rights of
All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families is under waY
4. Ethiopia has also not ratified the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’
Rights on the Establishment of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. •
5. In addition, Ethiopia has not accepted the individual complaints procedures under any of
the UN or African Union treaties listed above; it is therefore not possible for individuals to
lodge complaints with the relevant UN or African Union supervisory bodies in the event of
alleged non-compliance by Ethiopia with its obligations under any of these treaties. But
Ethiopia has accepted the inquiry procedure under one of the UN treaties listed above, i.e.
the Inquiry procedure under the Convention against Torture (in 1994).
6. In addition, a national action plan and national referral mechanisms for victims of human
trafficking are being developed, in collaboration with IOM and MoLSA.
7. A new comprehensive law on human trafficking (Proclamation 909 of 2015), developed in
close collaboration with IOM, Ministry of Justice and MoLSA, has been officially endorsed
(see the discussion later in this module). • In addition, a national action plan and national
referral mechanisms for victims of human trafficking are being developed, in collaboration
with IOM and MoLSA. • Currently, under the auspices of the National Anti-Trafficking Task
Force and the regional counterpart Task Forces and on the basis of annual plans developed
by the National AntiTrafficking Council, endorsed by the regions, Ethiopia has put in place
several measures to address human trafficking: ‚ These include the promotion of local
employment opportunities and access to vocational training. ‚ Another key intervention
involves a dialogue at community level, informed by a manual developed by the IOM. ▫ The
community conversation manual has been translated into three widely spoken languages in
the country. ▫ This manual, the Community Conversation Manual, focuses on irregular
migration, human trafficking and smuggling in response to the challenges of irregular
migration. It was developed in close consultation with major stakeholders including the
MoLSA, the Ministry of Women and Children Affairs, UNICEF and other intergovernmental
organizations and local partners.
The expected problem
1. The welfare of migrant workers is in particular affected by labour and social security
laws, and laws in relation to human trafficking and smuggling
2. The need for a properly regulated and streamlined labour migration framework has to
take into account the impact of the apparently widespread prevalence of human
trafficking and smuggling affecting Ethiopian migrant workers – and the corresponding
need to ensure that this area (i.e. human trafficking and smuggling) is also properly
addressed.
3. Civil rights, in particular – ‚ Freedom of slavery, forced labour, degrading or inhuman
treatment; ‚ Freedom of arbitrary arrest and detention; ‚ Freedom of movement and
the right to leave; and ‚ Effective protection from violence, threats and intimidation,
xenophobia and discrimination. • Employment and other economic and social rights, in
particular – ‚ Access to employment (Right to work) ‚ Employment rights ‚ Other
economic and social rights of particular importance – including access to medical care,
access to unemployment benefits, access to housing, access to education, and the right
to family life/family reunion.
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
Fair recruitment practices and zero recruitment fees and related costs The Government
of Ethiopia should continue to put in place and monitor measures implementing its new
legislation thus ensuring fair recruitment practices and eliminating worker-paid
recruitment fees and related costs of recruitment fee. Government should adopt
measures which will effectively protect migrant workers from exploitation and abuse by
corrupt labour recruiters and fraudulent and abusive employment agencies. The
Government of Ethiopia has to work actively and regularly on monitoring and following
up the recruitment process and recruitment related costs to prevent abuse and
exploitation of migrant workers. MoLSA has to develop a strategy that ensures proper
 monitoring of the recruitment practices including licensing of recruitment agencies,
their inspection, and proper enforcement and follow-through

1. Ethiopian domestic workers in Lebanon ‘dumped onto the street’

Ethiopian domestic workers in Lebanon ‘dumped onto the street’ The COVID-19 crisis and Lebanon’s
bankruptcy are affecting everyone in Lebanon, including refugees and migrants. There have been various
reports of thousands of Ethiopian workers who were ‘dumped onto the street by once wealthy Lebanese
families who can no longer afford servants’. Dozens of Ethiopian workers gathered outside their embassy
waiting for support. Some are seeking repatriation, but the inflated ticket price and requirement to pay for
mandatory quarantine costs is holding people back. Most domestic workers have an average salary of
around $150 a month, while a return to Ethiopia would require at least a one year salary, provided that
they indeed received the salary and can access their accounts. Civil society Quarterly Mixed Migration
Update Q2 2020: Middle East MMC Middle East 5 is trying to find shelter for the stranded women and
support them with their basic needs. It is also urging the authorities to do more to protect the migrant
domestic workers. In 2008, the Ethiopian government imposed a work travel ban because of the treatment
and reported weekly deaths of its workers in Lebanon. However, the ban has never been enforced and
since 2020 there are an estimated 150,000 Ethiopian workers in Lebanon. Ethiopians make up two-thirds
of all migrant workers in Lebanon

National Employment Policy and Strategy of Ethiopia November 2009 Addis Aba

Strategies for protecting the rights of Migrant Workers To enhance employment opportunities through
protecting the rights of migrant workers, the following activities are important:  Provision of
information and awareness creation about the country of destination: lack of information and
awareness among migrant workers, especially illegal migrants, about destinations, working conditions,
and benefits might be misleading in most instances, leading to uninformed decisions on the part of
migrants. Mostly, such migrants end up in precarious situations. Hence, provision of appropriate labor
market service and awareness creation among migrant workers before they leave the country in a
coordinated and structured manner is extremely essential;  Regulating private employment service
provision: Private employment service providers involved in labor trafficking need to be legally
registered and recognized for the job. In any event of misconduct, they need to be held accountable for
their actions;  Establishment of Centers for Labor Market Information: The MOLSA and BOLSAs need to
establish service centers for migrant workers that shall provide essential labor market information about
the country of destination. 2.3.5.4 Addressing Rural-Urban Migration Rural-urban migration constitutes
a major form of internal labor migration in Ethiopia. The push factors for rural-urban migration include
pressure on land (land fragmentation), environmental degradation, and poverty which aggravate
temporary and permanent migration to urban areas in search of employment and other income
generation www.abyssinialaw.com 43 opportunities. The profile of rural-urban migrants is characterized
mostly by uneducated and low skilled individuals at their prime age for employment. Such migrants are
mostly destined to informal employment activities in the urban areas and add to the problem of
underemployment, competition for employment, and working poor, without institutional protection and
recognition. Indeed, if supported with policies and institutional services, internal migration can
contribute to growth and poverty reduction, by allowing more efficient resource allocation both
geographically and across sectors, by promoting structural transformation and enhancing synergies in
the economy. Given the importance of the push factors for rural-urban migration and the emphasis
attached to employment creation in urban areas(as articulated in the country’s Five Year Development
Plan-PASDEP), through promoting the growth of small towns , a coherent strategy needs to be devised
to accommodate the issue of rural-urban migration in Ethiopia. 2.3.5.4.1 Strategies to Address Rural-
Urban Migration Strategies for addressing the problem of rural-urban migration should be broader
aimed at addressing both the push and pull factors. These may include:  Promoting agricultural
diversification and rural transformation: Promoting rural development delivers useful results in terms of
reducing the push factors that force migrants to flow to urban areas. Pressure on land (land
fragmentation), fragile agroecology, low productivity, poor infrastructure and communication, lack or
absence of basic services such as education and health and saving and credit all compound to threaten
rural livelihoods and force youth farmers to migrate to urban areas in search of opportunities. Thus,
further strengthening and promoting the on-going rural nonfarm activities and diversification on
smallholder farms in the country will contribute significantly towards reducing rural-urban migration. 
Rural demographic transition: Although fertility rate is generally high in Ethiopia, it is higher in rural than
urban areas in relative terms. Continuing trend of high fertility and population growth in the country will
contribute to and exacerbate the existing problem of high population density in rural areas and the
pressure on land (land fragmentation) which is believed to be the major factor aggravating rural-urban
migration. It is, therefore, necessary to reduce rural fertility and ensure demographic transition through
improved family planning services and promoting women education.  Promoting non-farm
employment and income generation and strengthening ruralurban linkages: The search for employment
and income generation opportunities has been one of the most important push factors resulting in the
influx of rural-urban www.abyssinialaw.com 44 migration in Ethiopia. This problem could be partly
addressed through promoting non-farm employment through the expansion of micro and small
enterprises linked to agricultural activities. Overall agricultural and rural development, development of
small urban centers as growth poles, and strengthening rural-urban linkages contribute to non-farm
employment and income generation opportunities.  Information, service, and institutional protection
for migrants: More often, ruralurban migration is spontaneous and has not been amenable to support
with information and other institutional services about job opportunities, terms of employment, and
benefits and wages. Thus, providing institutional information and other services support to migrants
through BoLSA is expected to contribute positively

Retunee

ኢትዮጵያውያን ሀገር ወደ ቀድሞ ከፍታዋ ተመልሳ ማየት ነው ህልማቸው፡፡ ከማድረግና ከማግኘት በላይ ነው ኢትዮጵያና
ህዝቧ፤ ህዝቧና አትዮጵያ የተጋመዱበት ገመድ ስሪቱ፡፡
የዜጎች ህመም ህመሟ፤ የሷ ህመም ለዜጎቿ ስቃይ የሚሆንባት ኢትዮጵያ የአቅሟን ሳትሰስት ታደርጋለች፡፡ ያላትን ሳትቆጥብ፣
የቻለችውን ሳትገድብ የምታደርግ ኢትዮጵያ ትላንትም፣ ዛሬም በሰው ሀገር በችግር ውስጥ ላሉ ወገኖቿ ስትል ትታመማለች
በቻለችው ሁሉ ትደርሳለች፡፡ ኢትዮጵያና ህዝቧ የተጋመዱበት ገመድ የማይፈታ፣ የማይበጠስ ነው፡፡ ችላ ችላ የማትል ሀገር፤
ችሎ እርቆ የማይለያት ህዝብ ያላት፤ አይደለም ለዜጋዋ ለእንግዳ የሚትረፈረፍ ፍቅርን የምትቸር ሀገር ናት ኢትዮጵያ፡፡
ኢትዮጵያ ሁሌም ከዜጎቿ ድምጽ አትርቅም እናት ይህን ለማድረግ ሆኖላት አያውቅም፡፡ በሳውዲ አረቢያ በችግር ውስጥ ያሉ
ዜጎቿ ድምጽ ከሀገር በላይ ከፍ ብሎ የሚሰማው አይገኝም፡፡ ስስት ሳይሆን አቅም ሩጫዋን ቢገድብም ለልጆቿ ሳትደርስ
ኢትዮጵያ መቼም ቢሆን አትቀርም፡፡
በሳውዲ አረቢያ በችግር ውስጥ ያሉ ዜጎቻችንን ለመመለስ የዜጎቿን ድምጽ ከማዳመጥ የማትዘናጋው ኢትዮጵያ ዛሬ
ደርሳለች፡፡
ዜጎቿን ልትቀበል ተሰናድታለች፡፡ በአካል የራቋት ልጆቿን ሁሌም በናፍቆት የምትጣራው ሲመጡ በፍቅር የምትቀበለው
ኢትዮጵያ ዛሬም በሳውዲ አረቢያ በችግር ውስጥ የሚገኙ ዜጎቿን ለመሰብሰብ አቅሟን አሰባስባ ተነስታለች፡፡ በችግር ውስጥ
ያሉ ዜጎችን ለማምጣት፣ አምጥታም ለማቀፍ እናት ሀገር የፍቅሯን፣ የዜጋ ክብሯን ታደርጋለች፡፡
የሰው ዘር መገኛ የሆነችው ኢትዮጵያ አይደለም ለዜጎቿ ለሰው ዘር በሙሉ ጀርባዋን አትሰጥም፣ አይደለም ህዝቧን የሰው ዘርን
ማቀፍና መቀበል ለሷ ግብሯ ነው፡፡ ዜጋዋም እንደዛው… ኢትዮጵያዊ በሀገሩ ተስፋ ቆርጦ አያውቅም የኢትዮጵያ ብቃይ
ነውና ከሀገሩ ፍቅርን ወርሷል፡፡ አይደለም ያለውን ተፈጥሮን አጋርቶ አብሮ መኖርን ተፈጥሮ በሰጣት ሀብት ከኢትዮጵያ
ተምሯል፡፡
በሳውዲ አረቢያ በችግር ውስጥ የሚገኙ ዜጎችን ወደ ሀገር በማምጣት የስነልቦና ድጋፍ አገልግሎት በመስጠትና ሌሎች
አስፈላጊ ድጋፎችን በማድረግ ወደ ቀያቸው ለመመለስ የተለያዩ ዝግጅቶች ተጠናቀዋል፡፡ በዚህ ረገድ መንግስት መንግታዊ
ተቋማት ድርሻቸውን ወስደው ኃላፊነታቸውን መወጣት ጀምረዋል፡፡
የማቆያ ጣቢያዎችን በማዘጋጀት ከፌደራል እስከ ክልል ዜጎች ተገቢው አቀባበል ተደርጎላቸው ከቤተሰቦቻቸው ጋር እንዲገናኙ
አስፈላጊው ዝግጅት ተጠናቋል፡፡
በዚሁም መሰረት ከመጋቢት 21 ቀን 2014 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ ከሳውዲ አረቢያ ወደሀገራቸው የመሚመለሱ ዜጎችን ኢትዮጵያ እና
ኢትዮጵውያን በፍቅር መቀበል ይጀምራሉ፡፡ የኢትዮጵያ ህዝብ ከናፈቀው ቤተሰቡ ጋር ይገናኛል፡፡ በሳውዲ አረቢያ በችግር
ውስጥ ቆይቶ የመጣ ወገንን ያለፈውን ህመም የሚያስረሳ አቀባበል ማድረግ ከሁሉም ዜጋ ይጠበቃል፡፡ ሁሉም ዜጋ ተመላሽ
ወገኑን በፍቅር በመጎብኘት እና ከጎኑ በመቆም ኃላፊነቱን ሊወጣ ይገባል፡፡
ኢትዮጵያ ዜጎቿን ትሰበስባለች፤ እንግዳ ተቀባይ ህዝቧም ልጆቹን ያቅፋል!!!
Please follow and like u
Reference
(Gebeyehu, Achacoso and Messele, 2013:18 THE ETHIOPIAN MIGRATION CONTEXT