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1
8. Quantization of charge
When a physical quantity can
have only discrete values rather
than any value, the quantity is
said to be quantised. The
smallest charge that can exist in Scan the QR Code in each
nature is the charge of an chapter’s theory section to
electron.
view micro concept videos
related to the chapter, on
SCAN CODE the Vedantu app.
Electrostatics
Exercise - 2:
2
Solve all types of
1. The rate constant for a first
order reaction is 4.606 ×
10–3s–1. The time required to
reduce 2.0g of the reactant to
0.2g is:
exercise questions (JEE 2020)
based on the latest JEE
pattern. (a) 500s (b) 1000s
(c) 100s (d) 200s
Answer Key
3
CHAPTER-1: ELECTROSTATICS
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Exercise-1: Basic Objective preparation content,
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6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THERMAL PHYSICS
Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 08
Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 53
THERMAL PHYSICS
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THERMAL PHYSICS
Chapter 14
THERMAL PHYSICS 9
THERMAL PHYSICS
1. TEMPERATURE AND HEAT The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two
thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with
1.1 Introduction to Temperature and Heat a third one, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each
Temperature : Temperature is a relative measure of hotness other.
or coldness of a body.
There are also various ways to state the zeroth law of
SI Unit : Kelvin (K) thermodynamics. However, in simple terms, it can be said,
Commonly Used Unit : °C or °F 'System that are in thermal equilibrium exist at the same
Conversion : t(k) = t°C + 273.15 temperature'.
Heat : Heat is a form of energy flow (i) between two bodies Zeroth law of thermodynamics takes into account that
or (ii) between a body and its surroundings by virtue of temperature is something worth measuring because it predicts
temperature difference between them. whether the heat will transfer between objects or not. This is
SI Unit : Joule (J) true regardless of how the objects interact. Even if two objects
are not in physical contact, heat still can flow between them,
Commonly Used Unit : Calorie (Cal)
by means of radiation mod of heat transfer. Whereas, zeroth
Conversion : 1cal = 4.186 J law of thermodynamics states that, if system are in thermal
Note: equilibrium, no heat flow will takes place
Heat always flows from a higher temperature system to a Thermal Equilibrium
lower temperature system. Temperature is a property that distinguishes thermodynamics
1.2 Zeroth law of thermodynamics from other sciences. This property can distinguish between
Zeroth law of thermodynamics is one of the four laws of hot and cold. When two or more bodies at different
thermodynamics. The credit for formulating the law goes to temperatures are brought into contact then after some time
Ralph H. Fowler. Interestingly, the zeroth law of they attain a common temperature and they are said to exist
thermodynamics was actually developed much later than the in thermal equilibrium.
original three laws. However, there was some confusion Systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium if there is no
regarding the nomenclature, whether it should be named the heat transfer, even if they are in a position to transfer heat,
fourth law of some other name. The complication arose based on other factors. For example, if we put food in the
because the new law gave a much clearer definition of the refrigerator overnight then that food is in thermal equilibrium
temperature and basically replaced what the other three laws with the air of that refrigerator. Heat no longer flows from
had to state. Fowler finally came up with the name to end this food to the air or from the air to the food, this state is known
conflict. as thermal equilibrium.
The zeroth law of Thermodynamics frames an idea of 1.3 Temperature Scales
temperature as an indicator of thermal equilibrium.
Measurement of Temperature
When a body 'A' is in thermal equilibrium with another body
Principle : Observation of Thermometric property with the
'b', and also separately in thermal equilibrium with a body 'C',
change in temperature and comparing it with certain reference
then body 'B' and 'C' will also be in thermal equilibrium with
situations.
each other. This statement defines the zeroth law of
thermodynamics. The law is based on temperature Reference situation is generally ice point or steam point.
measurement.
Celcius and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales
Fig. 14.1
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 10
Gas B
Ice
273.15 K 0°C 32°F
Point
Absolute
0K –273.15°C –459.67°F
zero
Kelvin Scale Celcius Scale Fahrenheit Scale
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 11
At the atomic level, thermal expansion may be understood by as shown in figure, the average position of an atom will not
considering how the potential energy of the atoms varies be at the minimum point.
with distance. The equilibrium position of an atom will be at When the temperature is raised the amplitude of the vibrations
the minimum of the potential energy well if the well is increases and the average position is located at a greater
symmetric. At a given temperature, each atom vibrates about interatomic separation. This increased separation is manifested
its equilibrium position and its average position remains at as expansion of the material.
the minimum point. If the shape of the well is not symmetrical,
2.1 Linear, Areal and Volumetric Expansion
x
KT constant (K)
x
Linear Expansion Coefficient of Linear expansion (a) :
L
L a T Increase in length per unit length per
L
degree rise in temp.
A
b T
A Increase in area per unit area per degree
rise in temp.
V
g T
V Increase in volume per unit volume per
degree rise in temp.
V
Fig. 14.6
Coefficient of volume expansion of Cu as a function of temperature.
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 12
For ideal gases g is inversely proportional to temperature at From the figure it is observed that,
constant pressure CB = CA+AB
nRT Real expansion = Apparent expansion + expansion of the
V
P container
V T So, Vr = Va + Vc
V T Unlike solids, liquids have no fixed length or surface area but
1 always take up the shape of the containing vessel. When a
g liquid is heated in a container, heat flows through the container
T
to the liquid; which means that the container expands first,
2.2 Relation between Real Expansion and Apparent
Expansion due to which the level of the liquid falls. When the liquid gets
heated, it expands more, beyond its unique level. We cannot
If the liquid is heated directly without using any container
monitor the intermediate state. We can only observe the initial
then the expansion that you observe is termed as a real
and final levels. This observed expansion of the liquid is
expansion of the liquid. The expansion of the liquid apparently
known as the apparent expansion of the liquid.
observed without considering the expansion of the container
is called the apparent expansion of the liquid. If we consider The real expansion of liquid = Apparent expansion of liquid
the expansion of the container also and measure the total + Volume expansion of the container.
expansion in the volume of the liquid, then the expansion is Therefore, in the case of liquids, we are concerned only with
termed as the absolute expansion of the liquid. volume changes when they are heated. The real (or absolute)
Explanation: A glass bulb with a long graduated stem is filled expansivity of a liquid is the fraction of its volume by which
with liquid up to the mark A. Now keeping an eye on the it expands per kelvin rise in temperature.
liquid column the bulb is heated and it is observed that the 2.3 Anomalous Expansion of Water
upper level of the liquid comes down from position A to
As an exception, water contracts on heating from 0°C to 4°C
position B. After that, it moves up from the graduated line B
and hence its density increases from 0°C to 4°C. Thus is called
crossing the mark A and reaches to mark C.
as anamolous expansion
The reason is that when the heat is applied the volume of the
1 gm/cc
bulb increases at first. Due to this cause liquid comes down
Density
to B from A. Later on as soon as the liquid gets heated its
volume starts to increase and reaches from B to C. It happens
so as the expansion of liquid is more than the expansion of
solid.
Apparently it appears to us that the liquid was at mark A and
4°C 4°C
finally reaches to mark C. Therefore, CA is the apparent (a) (b)
expansion. CB is the real expansion and AB indicates the Fig. 14.8 Fig. 14.9
expansion of the container.
Note:
In general
3
g 3a b
2
Proof : Imagine a cube of length, l that expands equally in
all directions, when its temperature increases by small T;
We have
l = alT
Also
3 3 3 2 2 2 3
V = (l l) – l = l + 3l l + 3ll + l – l
2
= 3l l ...(1)
Fig. 14.7
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 13
2 3
In Equation (1) we ignore 3ll & l as l is very small as
compared to l.
So
3V V
V l = 3VaT [Using l2 ] ...(2)
l l
V
3aT
V
Fig. 14.11
g = 3a
For example, when the temperatures of a brass rod and a steel
Similarly we can prove for area expansion coefficient
rod of equal length are raised by the same amount from some
In case, thermal expansion is prevented inside the rod common initial value, the brass rod expands more than the
by fixing its ends rigidly, then the rod acquires a compressive steel rod because brass has a greater average coefficient of
strain due to external fones at the ends corresponding stress expansion than steel. Such type of bimetallic strip is found in
set up in the rod is called thermal stress. practical devices such as thermostats to break or make
we know electrical contact.
V
aT compressive strain
V
YL
Also Thermal stress
L
T YaT
Where Y = young madulus of elasticity ...(3)
Practical applications in railway tracks, metal tyres of
cart wheels, bridges and so many other applications.
Fig. 14.12
If a solid object has a hole in it, what happens to the size
of the hole, when the temperature of the object increases. Variation of Density with Temperature
A common misconception is that if the object expands, ariation of density with temperature
the hole will shrink because material expands into the Most substances expand when they are heated, i.e. volume of
hole. But the truth is that if the object expands, the hole a given mass of a substance increases on heating, so the density
will expand too, because every linear dimension of an
object changes in the same way when the temperature 1
should decrease as as . Let us see how the density
changes. V
m
V
1
or (for a given mass)
V
Fig. 14.10 V V V 1
2.4 Applications of Thermal Expansion p V V t V gT 1 gT
Expansion of a Bimetallic Strip
Each substance has its own characteristic average coefficient
of expansion. 1 gT
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 14
This expression can also be written as Weight of the solid = Upthrust on solid from liquid
V g V T 1 1
S S S 1 g l
VS 1 g L T 1 g S
1 g S T
or F F f 1 g l
1 g L T or f 1 gS
Now, if g S g L , F F
Now, if g l g S , f f or immersed fraction will increase.
or Wapp and vice-versa.
Waoo
If g l g S , f f or immersed fraction will remain unchanged
and if g S g L , F F
or Wapp
Wapp and if, g l g S , then f f or immersed fraction will
decrease.
Effect of Temperature on Immersed Fraction of a Solid
Effect of temperature on the time period of a pendulum
in Floating condition
The time period of a simple pendulum is given by
When a solid, whose density is less than the density of liquid
is floating in it, then l
T 2
g
or T l
As the temperature is increased, length of the pendulum and
hence, time period gets increased or a pendulum clock
becomes slow and it loses the time.
Fig. 14.13
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 15
T l l l F YAaT
T l l Expansion of Liquids
Here, we l = l a in place of l aT so as to avoid the For heating a liquid it has to be ut in some container. When
confusion with change in time period. Thus, the liquid is heated, the container will also expand. We define
coefficient of apparent expansion of a liquid as the apparent
T l l a increase in volume per unit origional volume per °C rise in
1 a
12
T l temperature. It is represented by g a . Thus,
1
or T T – T Ta
2
3. CALORIMETRY
Time lost in time t (by a pendulum clock whose actual time
period is T and the changed time period at some higher When two systems at different temperatures are connected
temperature is T ) is together then heat flows from higher temperature to lower
temperature till the time their temperatures do not become
T same.
t t
T Principle of calorimetry states that, neglecting heat loss to
At some higher temperature a scale will expand and scale surroundings, heat lost by a body at higher temperature is
reading will be lesser than true value. equal heat gained by a body at lower temperature.
However, at lower temperature scale reading will be more heat gained = heat lost
or true value will be less. Whenever heat is given to any body, either its temperature
When a rod whose ends are rigidly fixed such as to prevent changes or its state changes.
from expansion or contraction undergoes a change in 3.1 Change in Temperature
temperature, thermal stresses are developed in the rod.
This is because, if the temperature is increased, the rod When the temp changes on heating,
has a tendency to expand with since it is fixed at two Then
ends it is not allowed to expand. So, the rod exerts a force
Heat supplied change in temp (T)
on supports to expand.
amount of substance (m/n)
nature of substance (s/C)
H = msT
m = Mass of body
s = specific heat capacity per kg
T = Change in temp
Fig. 14.14 or H = nCT
n = Number of moles
l
Thermal strain aT C = Specific/Molar heat Capacity per mole
l
T = Change in temp
So thermal stress g (thermal strain) YaT Specific Heat Capacity : Amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of unit mass of the substance through one
or force on supports F = A (stress) YAaT degree.
Here, Y = Young’s modulus of elasticity of the rod.
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 16
Units In case any material is not at its B.P or M.P, then on heating
the temperature will change till the time a particular state
SI J/KgK SH O L = 1 cal/g°C
2
change temperature reaches.
Common cal/g°C SH O ice = 0.5 cal/g°C For Example : If water is initially at –50°C at 1 Atm pressure
2
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 17
HEAT TRANSFER
Water equivalent of a container
Normally, a liquid is heated in a container. So, some heat is
wasted in heating the container also. Suppose water
equivalent of a container is 10 g, then it implies that heat 1. HEAT TRANSFER
required to increase the temperature of this container is equal
to heat required to increase the temperature of 10 g of water. 1.1 Introduction to heat transfer
3.5 Calorimeter Heat transfer is the process of the movemnet of energy dut to
Calorimeter, device for measuring the heat developed during a temperature difference. The calculations we are interested
a mechanical, electrical, or chemical reaction, and for in include determining the final temperatures of materials and
calculating the heat capacity of materials. how long it takes for these materials to reach these
A calorimeter consists of an insulated container, water, a temperatures.
thermometer, a stirring rod, and an object that will either
1.2 Modes of Heat Transfer
absorb or emit heat. To do a Calorimetry experiment, an object
with a certain mass and temperature is placed in the water There are three modes of heat transfer.
and the change in the temperature measured .
Conduction
A calorimeter is a device that is in use for measuring the
warmth of chemical reactions or physical changes also as heat Convection
capacity. The most common types of calorimeters are
Radiation
differential scanning calorimeters, titration calorimeters,
isothermal micro calorimeters, and accelerated rate
calorimeters.
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 18
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 19
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 20
dense as it gets colder. As a result, close to freezing, colder George D. Ashton states, "As a lake cools from above 4° C,
water floats to the top and the warmer water sinks to the the surface water loses heat, becomes more dense and sinks.
bottom. The density of water as a function of temperature This process continues until all the water in the lake is at 4°
can be seen in the plot on the right. Eventually, the coldest C, when the density of water is at its maximum. With further
water, which has floated to the top of the lake in wintry cooling (and without mechanical mixing) a stable, lighter layer
conditions, freezes to form a layer of ice. Right when the of water forms at the surface. As this layer cools to its freezing
water freezes to ice, the ice becomes significantly less dense point, ice begins to form on the surface of the lake."
than the water and continues to float on the lake's surface.
In deep lakes, water pressure may also play a role. The
gravitational weight of all the water higher up in the lake
presses down on the water deep in the lake. The pressure
allows the water near the bottom of the lake to get cold without
expanding and rising. Because of the pressure, the water at
the bottom of deep lakes can become cold without freezing
to ice.
2.5 Convection
The process in which heat is transferred from one point to
another by the actual movement of the heated material particles
from a place at higher temperature to another place of lower
temperature is called as thermal convection.
If the medium is forced to move with the help of a fan or
a pump, it is called as forced convection.
Fig. 14.22 If the material moves because of the differences in density
of the medium, the process is called natural or free
Ice is less dense than water because of the way it forms a
convection.
hexagonal crystalline structure. Each water molecule consists
of two hydrogen atoms bonded to the bottom of an oxygen Examples of forced convection
atom. When ice forms, the hydrogen atoms of one water Circulatory system, cooling system of an automobile heat
molecule form weak hydrogen bonds with the top of the connector
oxygen atoms of two other water molecules.
Examples of natural convection
Lining up the water molecules in this pattern takes up more
space than having them jumbled randomly together (as is the Trade winds, Sea Breeze/Land Breeze, Monsoons,
case in liquid water). And because the same mass of molecules Burning of Tea.
takes up more space when frozen, ice is less dense than liquid
water. For this same reason, water below 4° Celsius becomes
increasingly less dense as it gets colder. Close to freezing 3. RADIATION
temperatures, the molecules in the liquid water begin to line
up into the space-filling hexagonal structure. It is a process of transmission of heat in which heat travels
directly from one place to another without the agency of any
intervening medium.
This radiation of heat energy occurs in the form of EM
waves.
These radiators are emitted by virtue of its temperature,
like the radiation by a red hot iron or light from a filament
lamp.
Every body radiates energy as well as absorbs energy from
surroundings.
Fig. 14.23
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 21
The proportion of energy absorbed depends upon the colour 3.2 Ideal Black Body
of the body.
A body that absorbs all the radiation incident upon it and has
3.1 Basic Fundamental Terms in Radiation an emissivity equal to 1 is called a perfectly black body. A
black body is also an ideal radiator. It implies that if a black
Radiant Energy
body and an identical another body are kept at the same
All bodies radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves temperature, then the black body will radiate maximum power
by virtue of their temperature. This energy is called the radiant 4
as is obvious from equation P = eA also. Because
energy. e = 1 for a perfectly black body while for any other body
Absorptive Power ‘a’ e <1.
“It is defined as the ratio of the radiant energy absorbed by it Materials like black velvet or lamp black come close to being
in a given time to the total radiant energy incident on it in the ideal black bodiies, but the best practical realization of an
same interval of time.” ideal black body is a small hole leading into a cavity, as this
absorbs 98% of the radiation incident on them.
energy absorbed
a
energy incident
As a perfectly black body absorbs all radiations incident on
it, the absorptive power of a perfectly black body is maximum
and unity.
e
d e d Then, constant E
0 a for any surface
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 22
dQ
Rate of loss of heat RH = = σ A(T 4 – T04 )
dt
It is also equal to emitted power or radiation emitted per
second
Rate of fall in temperature (Rate of cooling)
dθ σA 4 dQ dθ
dt = m s J dt
4
RF = dt = ms J (T – T0 )
Fig. 14.26
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 23
Fig. 14.27
For small temp diff, the rate of cooling, due to conduction,
convection & radiation combined is proportional to
difference in temperature.
Approximation : If a body cools from Ta to Tb in t times
in medium where surrounding temp is T0, then
Ta Tb T Tb
K a T0
t 2
1
m
Fig. 14.28 T
Set Up : A double walled vessel (v) containng water in Here, m is the wavelength corresponding to the
between two walls.
maximum spectral emissive power e . The second effect
A copper calorimeter (C) containing hot water placed inside is that the total amount of energy the black body emits per
the double walled vessel. Two thermometers through the lids
unit area per unit time T increases with fourth
4
are used to note the temperature T2 of H2O in calorimeter and
T1 of water in between the double walls respectively. power of absolute temperature T. This is also known as the
emissive power. We know
Experiment : The temperature of hot water in the calorimeter
after equal intervals of time is measured. e e d Area under e – graph T 4
0
Result : A graph is plotted between log (T2 – T1) and time (t).
A 2 2 A1 16A1
2
or Area T 4
The nature of the graph is observed to be a straight line as it
should be from Newton’s law of cooling.
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 24
Fig. 14.30
Fig. 14.31
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 25
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1 (d) The atmosphere serves purpose of a blanket over the
Burns from steam are usually more serious than those earth and it does not allow earth’s heat to be radiated
during night.
from boiling water. Why ?
(e) This is due to the fact that steam contains more heat in
Sol. For water, the latent heat of fusion and vaporisation are, the form of latent heat (540 calories/ gram) than water.
Lf = 3.33 × 105 J kg–1 and LV = 22.6 × 105 J respectively. It
means 3.33 × 105 J of heat are needed to melt 1 kg of ice at Example - 3
0°C and 22.6 × 105 J of heat are needed to convert 1 kg of Two slabs of thickness l1 and l2 and conductivities K1
water to steam at 100°C. So, steam at 100°C carries 540 cal/gm and K2 are in the thermal constant with each other as
more heat than water at 100°C. This is why burns from steam shown in the figure alongside. The temperature of their
are usually more serious than those from boiling water. outer surfaces are T 1 and T 2 respectively (T 1 > T 2).
Example - 2 Determine the temperature at their interface and the rate
of heat transfer through the slabs in the steady state
Explain why :
condition. Also find the equivalent conductivity of the
(a) a body with large reflectivity is a poor emitter.
system.
(b) a brass tumbler feels colder than a wooden tray in
l1 l2
winter.
(c) On optical pyrometry (for measuring high
temperatures) caliberated for an ideal black body
radiation, gives too low a value for the temperature
of a red hot iron piece in the open, but gives a correct
value for the temperature when the same piece is in
the furnace.
Sol. If T be the temperature at the interface, then the rate at
(d) the earth without its atmosphere would be which heat is transferred through slab ‘2’ is given by :
inhospitably cold.
d1 K1 A T1 T
(e) a heating system based on circulation of steam are ...(i)
more efficient in warming a building than those based dt l1
on circulation of hot water.
d 2 K 2 A T T2
and ...(ii)
Sol. (a) The body with large reflectivity would be poor absorber dt l2
of radiations. Poor absorbers are poor radiators of In steady state,
radiation. Hence, body with large reflectivity is a poor
emitter. K1 A T1 T K 2 A T T2
(b) Brass is a good conductor of heat. When we touch l1 l2
brass tumbler with our fingers, our body heat is quickly
K1T1l2 K 2 l1T2
conducted to the brass tumbler and hence temperature T ...(iii)
K1l2 K 2 l1
of the finger tips is reduced. Thus, the brass-tumbler
feels colder. Putting the value of (iii) in equations (i) or (ii), we get
On the other hand, wood is a bad conductor, hence d A T1 T2
our body heat is not conducted to the wooden tray. [ l1 = l2]
dt l1 l
(c) The temperature of red hot iron in the oven is given by 2
K1 K 2
E 1 = T 4. When iron is taken out in the open
temperature (T 0), its radiation energy is given by,
ES = (T4 – T04). Thus, the pyrometer measures low
l +l2 2K 1 K 2
K K K
or K 1
rod is ‘d’.
L T = 5.243 m
2
For their same rate of heat condition, we have
So, L T = L T [1 + 1 (T2 – T1)]
K1 A1 T1 T2 K 2 A 2 T1 T2
2 1
Thus, the lengths of the two rods should be in the inverse 1.797 105 273.16
=
ratio of their coefficients of linear expansion. 1.250 105
= 392.69 K
THERMAL PHYSICS 27
Example - 9
For the thermometer B,
A brass boiler has a base area of 0.15 m2 and thickness 1.0 cm.
p tr = 0.200 × 105 Pa, Ttr = 273.16 K
It boils water at the rate of 6.0 kg/min when placed on a
P = 0.287 × 105 Pa, T = ? gas stove. Estimate the temperature of the part of the
flame in contact with the boiler. Thermal conductivity of
Ttr 0.287 105 brass = 109 Js–1 m–1 °C–1. (Heat of vaporization of water
Ttr = p. 273.16
p tr 0.200 105 = 2256 × 103 J kg–1)
(b) The discrepancy between the two readings is due to Thickness, x = 1 cm = 1 × 10–2 m
the fact that the gases are not perfectly ideal gases. To K = 109 Js–1 m–1 °C–1
reduce the discrepancy, the readings should be taken L = 2256 × 103 J kg–1
at low pressures so that the gases could show perfect T = (T – 100)
behaviour. Here, T = temperature of the part of the flame in contact
with boiler.
Example - 8 Rate of boiling of water = 6 kg min–1. Rate at which heat is
being supplied to water is :
What is the temperature of the steel-copper junction in
the steady state of the system. Length of the steel rod mL 6 2256 103
= 15.0 cm; length of the copper rod = 10.0 cm, temperature t t 60
of the furnace = 300°C, temperature of the other end
= 2.2556 × 105 Js–1
= 0°C. The area of cross-section of the steel rod is twice
that of the copper rod. [Theorem conductivity of steel L
Also, = KA
= 50.2 Js –1 m–1 K–1; and of copper = 385 Js–1 m–1 K–1] t x
Steel
109 0.15 T 100
=
Furnace Ice 1 102
(300°) 0°C
= 1635 (T – 100)
Insulating
Copper
material
Equating the above two values of
t
Sol. Heat loss is reduced by placing insulating material around
the rods. In the steady state, the rate of heat flowing across 1635 (T – 100) = 2.256 × 105
a cross-section of the rod is the same at every point along
2.256 105
the length of the combined steel-copper rod. Let T be the T – 100 = 138
1635
temperature of the steel-copper junction in the steady state.
T = 138 + 100 = 238°C
K1 A1 300 T K2 A2 T 0
Then,
L1 L2
Example - 10
Where 1 and 2 refer to the steel and copper rods A clock which keeps correct time at 25°C has a pendulum
respectively. For A1 = 2A2, L1 = 15 cm, made of brass. How many seconds will it gain per day
L2 = 10 cm, when the temperature falls to the freezing point?
K1 = 50.2, K2 = 385, we have (brass = 18.7 × 10–6/°C)
65 T 55 T
0 0
= 1 467.5 106
1/ 2
65 T0 kA T1 T2 t
ln 55 T 5K ...(ii) or m
0
Lx
Example - 14 Example - 17
If the total surface area of human body is 1.2 m2 and the
The temperature of body is increased from 27°C to 127°C.
temperature is 30°C, then the net rate of radiation from the
The radiation emitted by it increases by a factor of :
body if surrounding temperature is 20°C would be [Take
(a) 256/81 (b) 15/9
emissivity of human body = 1]
(c) 4/5 (d) 12/27
(a) 574 W (b) 72 W
Ans. (a)
(c) 800 W (d) 60 W
Sol. E eAT 4
Ans. (b)
E eA T 4 Ts4
4
E 2 T2 Sol.
E1 T1
E 1 5.67 108 1.2 3034 2934
4
E 2 400
E = 72 W
E1 300
Example - 18
256 A solid sphere cools at the rate of 2.8°C/min, when its
E2 E1
81 temperature is 127°C. The rate at which another solid sphere
of same material of twice the radius will lose its temperature
Example - 15
at 327°C is given by [Take the surrounding temperature at
A sphere has a surface area of 1.0 m2 and a temperature of 27°C]
400 K and the power radiated from it is 150 W. Assuming
(a) 6.8 °C/min (b) 5.6 °C/min
the sphere is a black body radiator, the power in kilowatt
radiated when the area expands to 2.0m2 and the temperature (c) 9.72 °C/min (d) 8.4 °C/min
changes to 800 K is : Ans. (c)
(a) 6.2 (b) 9.6
(c) 4.8 (d) 16
THERMAL PHYSICS 30
4 3
Heat lost by first sphere r s 2.8 ...(i)
3
4 3
r s 2.8 4r 400 300
2 4 4
3
2.8
rs 400 300 ...(iii)
4 4
3
For second phase
2 dT
600 300 ...(iv)
4 4
rs
3 dt
Divided equation (iv) by equation (iii)
600 300
4 4
dT 2
9.72 C/ min
dt 2.8 400 4 300 4
THERMAL PHYSICS 31
13. Two metal rods A and B are having their initial length in 19. Steel wire of length L at 40°C is suspended from the ceiling
the ratio 2 : 3 and the co-efficients of linear expansion in and then a mass m is hung from its free end. The wire is
the ratio 3 : 4. When they are heated through the same cooled down from 40°C to 30°C to regain its original length
temperature difference, the ratio of their linear expansion L. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion of steel is
is 10–5/°C. Young’s modulus of steel is 1011N/m2 and radius
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 1 : 2 of the wire is 1 mm. Assume that length (L) >> diameter
9d) of the wire. Then the value of ‘m’ (in kg to nearest,
(c) 2 : 3 (d) 4 : 3
integer).
14. A bi-metallic strip is made of two strips A and B having
co-efficients of linear expansion A and B. If A <B, 20. Two rods of different materials having coefficients of
then on heating the strip will thermal expansion 1 , 2 and Young’s moduli Y1, Y2
(a) bend with A on outer side respectively are fixed separately between two rigid walls.
(b) bend with B on outer side The rods are heated such that they undergo the same
increase in temperature. There is no bending of the rods.
(c) not bend at all
If 1 : 2 = 2 : 3; then thermal stress developed in both
(d) None of these
15. Two rods of different materials having coefficients of Y1
rods would be equal, if Y is
thermal expansion 1 and 2 and Young’s moduli Y1 and 2
SA
if found to be 28°C. The ratio of specific heats S is
B
(a) SA > SB ; LA < LB (b) SA > SB ; LA > LB
(c) SA < SB ; LA < LB (d) SA < SB ; LA > LB
cal
30. If mass-energy equivalence is taken into account, when water 35. A 50 gm lead bullet (specific heat 0.020 gC ) is initially
is cooled to form ice, the mass of water should
at 30°. It is fired vertically upwards with a speed of 84 m/
(a) increase
s. On returning to the starting level, it strikes a slab of ice
(b) remain unchanged
kept at 0°C. (A × 100) mg of ice is melted due to this. Find
(c) decrease the value of ‘A’.
(d) first increase then decrease
(Take:- Lice = 80 cal/gm and 1 cal = 4.2 J)
THERMAL PHYSICS 34
36. A liquid at 30°C is poured very slowly into an open 43. Two metal rods A and B of equal lengths and equal cross
Calorimeter that is at temperature of 110°C. The boiling sectional areas are joined end-to-end. The co-efficients of
temperature of the liquid is 80°C. It is found that the first thermal conductivity of A and B are in the ratio 2 : 3. When
5 gm of the liquid completely evaporated. After pouring the free end of A is maintained at 100°C and the free end
another 80 gm of the liquid the equilibrium temperature is of B is maintained at 0°C, the temperature of the junction
found to be 50 °C. The ratio of the Latent heat of the liquid is
to its specific heat will be ____ °C. (Neglect the heat (a) 30°C (b) 40°C
exchange with surrounding)
(c) 50°C (d) 60°C
37. How much heat is required to convert 8.0 g of ice at –
44. In steady state
15°C to steam at 100°C? (Given, Cice = 0.53 cal/g–°C, Lf
= 80 cal/g and Lv = 539 cal/g, and cwater = 1 cal/g–°C) (a) temperature does not change with time
Give the answer in kcal correct to one decimal place. (b) all parts of the body are at same temperature
38. The temperature of equal masses of three different liquids (c) there is no flow of heat
A, B and C are 12°C, 19°C and 28°C respectively. the (d) all of the above
temperature when A and B are mixed is 16° C and when B 45. Two metallic plates of equal thicknesses and thermal
and C are mixed it is 23°C. What should be the temperature conductivities K1 and K2 are put together face to face and
when A and C are mixed (in °C, correct to two decimal a common plate is constructed, figure. The equivalent
places)? thermal conductivity will be:
39. An ice cube of mass 0.1 kg at 0°C is placed in an isolated
k1 k2
container which is at 227°C. The specific heat s of the
container varies with temperature T according to the l l
empirical relation s = A + BT, where A = 100 cal/kg-K and
K1 K 2 2K1 K 2
B = 2 × 10–2 cal/kg-K2. If the final temperature of the (a) K K (b) K K
container is 27°C, determine the mass of the container (in 1 2 1 2
A k2
255
Teq , then fill the value of x.
x
k1 k 2 2k1k 2
Latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/gram, latent heat of (a) k k (b) k k
1 2 1 2
vaporization of water = 540 cal/gram, specific heat of water
= 1 cal/gm K
k1 k 2
specific heat capacity of ice specific heat of steam = (c) (d) k1 k 2
2
0.5 cal/gram-K.
47. The ends of a copper rod of length 1m and area of cross
Heat Transfer 2
section 1 cm are maintained at 0°C and 100°C. At the
Heat Transfer, Conduction and Convection centre, power is supplied at a constant rate of 25 J/s. The
42. Dimension of co-efficient of thermal conductivity are temperature gradient on higher temperature side of the rod
(a) [L0M1T–3K–1] (b) [L1M1T–3K–1] in steady state (in °C/m) will be
(c) [L1M1T–3K] (d) [L1M–1T–2K–1] (K = 400 J/m-K-s)
THERMAL PHYSICS 35
48. Three rods made of same material and having same cross 51. The temperature of the two outer surface (end surfaces
- section have been joind as shown in the figure. Each rod shown) of a composite slab, consisting of two materials
is of same length. The left end is kept at 0°C and both the having coefficients of thermal conductivity K and 2K,
right ends are kept at 90°C. The temperature of the junction thickness ‘x’ and ‘4x’ are T2 and T1(T2 > T1). The rate of
of the three rods (in degree Celsius) will be heat transfer through the slab in steady state is
A T2 – T1 K 1
, where ‘f’ is equal to
x f
(all quantities measured in S.I unit)
k x k 0 sec x . If the end A is maintained at
6L
temperature T0 , the rod carries a thermal current I0 (from
Radiation
I0 L
B to A) in steady state and k AT 3 ; find the 53. A sphere, a cube and a thin circular plate, all of same
0 1 material and same mass, are initially heated to same high
temperature of the end B of the rod. Let’s say this temperature. Choose the correct statement.
temperature is kT0, find integer value k. (a) The plate will cool fastest and cube the slowest.
(b) The sphere will cool fastest and cube the slowest.
(c) The plate will cool fastest and sphere the slowest.
(d) The cube will cool fastest and plate the slowest.
54. Velocity of heat radiation v as related to the velocity of
light c is
(a) v > c (b) v = c
(c) v < c (d) no definite relation
THERMAL PHYSICS 36
55. Heat is transferred most rapidly by the process of 59. A body cools from 50°C to 46°C in 5 minutes and to 40°C
(a) Conduction (b) Convection in the next 10 minutes. The surrounding temperature is :
(c) Radiation (d) Combustion (a) 30°C (b) 28°C
56. Two circular discs A and B with equal radii are blackened. (c) 36°C (d) 32°C
They are heated to same temperature and then cooled under
60. Newton’s law of cooling is used in laboratory for
identical conditions. What inference do you draw from
determining:
their cooling curves as shown in figure?
(a) Specific heat of gases (b) Specific heat of liquids
B (c) Latent heat of gases (d) Latent heat of liquids
61. If the rate of change of temperature is 0.2°C/ min and
R A excess temperature of a body over surrounding is 20°C,
the constant of proportionality is
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.01
( – 0) (c) 1 (d) 0.001
(a) A and B have same specific heats 62. Newton’s law of cooling is applicable for
(b) specific heat of A is less (a) Any excess of temperature over the surrounding
(c) specific heat of B is less (b) Small excess of temperature over the surrounding
(d) nothing can be said (c) Large excess of temperature over the surrounding
57. The temperature of coffee in a cup with time is most likely (d) Very large excess of temperature over the surrounding
given by the curve in figure.
63. Newton’s law of cooling leads us to the following
expression,
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 16 : 1
(c) (d) (c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 9
65. Which of the following is more close to a black body ?
Time Time
(b) Black board paint (b) Green leaves
58. A block of steel heated to 100°C is left in a room to cool.
Which of the curves shown in the figure represents the (c) Black holes (d) Red roses
decrease of temperature with time? 66. Infrared radiations are detected by
(a) spectrometer (b) pyrometer
D
C (c) nanometer (d) photometer
Temperature
B
A
Time
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
THERMAL PHYSICS 37
67. A liquid in a beaker has temperature (t) at time t and 0 is 71. A piece of metal is heated to temperature and then
temperature of surroundings, then according to Newton’s allowed to cool in a room which is at temperature 0. The
law of cooling, the correct graph between loge ( – 0) and graph between the temperature T of the metal and time t
will be closed to :
t is :
T
T
(a) (b)
O t O t
T T
(c) (d)
O t O t
75. A body cools in 7 minutes from 60°C. What will be its 78. A glass of boiling water at 100°C cools down to 90°C in
temperature (in °C) after the next 7 minutes? The 10 minutes when placed in surrounding temperature of
temperature of surroundings in 10°C. 30°C. It will cool down to 80°C in an additional time
76. A solid cube of side a, density d and specific heat ‘s’ is at nx – n x –1
t 10
temperature 400 K. It is placed in an ambient temperature n x 1 – nx minutes. Assume Newton’s law of
of 200 K.
–3 3 3 cooling to hold. Find x
Take: a = 0.9 m, d = 4.8 ×10 kg/m , s = 2.0 × 10 J/kg K.
79. A body cools in 7 minutes from 60°C to 40°C. What will
Stefan’s constant 6 10 –8 W K 4 m 2 . Consider the be its temperature in °C after next 7 minutes? The tem-
cube to be a black body. If the time for the temperature of perature of surrounding is 10°C.
the cube to drop by 5 K is 1000x second, find x in nearest 80. The emissive power of a black body at T = 300 K is 460
integer. W/m2. Consider a body B of area A = 100 cm2 , coefficient
77. Two planets X and Y revolving around the sun is circular of reflectivity r = 0.3 and coefficient of transmission t =
orbits, have temperature of their surfaces as T1 and T2. If 0.5. Its temperature is 300 K. Then the power radiated by
their distance from the sun are in the ratio of 1 : 4, then B is ____ W.
find T1 : T2. Assume the planets to be in the steady state,
and the sun and the planets to be black-bodies. Neglect
the energy exchange between the two planets.
THERMAL PHYSICS 39
U 1U
u T 4 and pressure P = . If the shell now
V 3 V
undergoes an adiabatic expansion the relation between T
and R is : (2015)
8. A simple pendulum made of a bob of mass m and a metallic 12. A body takes 10 minutes to cool from 600 C to 500 C. The
wire of negligible mass has time period 2 s at T = 0°C. If temperature of surroundings is constant at 250 C. Then,
the temperature of the wire is increased and the the temperature of the body after next 10 minutes will be
corresponding change in its time period is plotted against approximately : (2018)
its temperature, the resulting graph is a line of slope S. If
(a) 470 C (b) 410 C
the coefficient of linear expansion of metal is α then the
value of S is (2016) (c) 450 C (d) 430 C
13. When the temperature of a metal wire is increased from 0ºC
to 10ºC, its length increases by 0.02%. The percentage
(a) (b)
2 change in its mass density will be closest to :
(2020)
1
(c) 2 (d) (a) 0.06 (b) 0.008
(c) 2.3 (d) 0.8
9. The temperature of an open room of volume 30 m 3
14. The temperature at the junction of two insulating sheets,
increases from 17°C to 27°C due to the sunshine. The having thermal resistances R1 and R 2 as well as top and
atmospheric pressure in the room remains 1× 10 Pa. If ni
5
bottom temperatures 1 and 2 (as shown in figure) is given
and nf are the number of molecules in the room before and by: (2021)
after heating, then nf – ni will be : (2017)
9. A sphere of aluminium of 0.06 kg placed for sufficient time 14. A copper block of mass 2.5 kg is heated in a furnace to a
in a vessel containing boiling water, so that the sphere is at temperature of 500 °C and then placed on a large ice block.
100°C. It is then immediately transfered a vessel containing What is the maximum amount of ice that can melt ? (Specific
0.25 kg of water at 20°C. The temperature of water rises and heat of copper = 0.39 J g–1 K–1; heat of fusion of water = 335 J
attains a steady state at 24°C. Calculate the specific heat g–1).
capacity of aluminium. (neglect heat loss to vessel and (a) 2.6 kg (b) 10 kg
surroundings)
(c) 3.8 kg (d) 1.5 kg
(a) 870 J kg–1 k–1 (b) 1024 J kg–1 k–1
15. A block of ice of mass M = 10 kg is moved back and forth
(c) 921 J kg–1 k–1 (d) 708 J kg–1 k–1 over the flat horizontal surface of a large block of ice. Both
10. A metal block is made from a mixture of 2.4 kg of aluminium blocks are at 0°C and the force that produces the back–and
1.6 kg of brass and 0.8 kg of copper. The amount of heat –forth motion acts only horizontally. The coefficient of
required to raise the temperature of this block from 20°C to friction between the two surfaces is 0.060. If m = 15.2 g of
80°C is (specific heats of aluminium, brass and copper are water is produced, the total distance travelled by the upper
0.216,0.0917 and 0.0931 cal/kg°C respectively): block relative to the lower is : (Lice = 3.34 × 105 J/kg)
(a) 96.2 cal (b) 44.4 cal (a) 432 m (b) 863 m
(c) 86.2 cal (d) 62.8 cal (c) 368 m (d) 216 m
11. Suppose the specific heat capacity of a substance is varying Multiple Choice Questions
with temperature according to, s = A + BT2 where A and B 16. Two identical beakers are filled with water to the same level
are positive constants and T is temperature in °C. If at 4°C. If one say A is heated while the other B is cooled,
temperature of m kg of this substance has to raise from T°C then:
to 2T°C, then the amount of energy supplied to the substance
is (a) water level in A will rise
(b) water level in B will rise
7BT 3 5BT 3 (c) water level in A will fall
(a) m AT J (b) m AT J
3 3
(d) water level in B will fall
(c) m [AT + 2BT3] J (b) None of these 17. An aluminium sphere of 20 cm diameter is heated from 0°C
12. A mass of a material exists in its solid form at its melting to 100°C. Its volume changes by (given that coefficient of
temperature 10°C. The following processes then occur to linear expansion for aluminium Al = 23 × 10–6/°C)
the material. (a) 28.9 cc (b) 2.89 cc
Process I : An amount of thermal energy Q is added to the (c) 9.28 cc (d) 49.8 cc
material and 3/4 of the material melts.
Assertion & Reason
Process II : An identical additional amount of thermal energy
Q is added to the material and the material is now a liquid at (A) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–II is a
50°C. correct explanation for Statement–I.
What is the ratio of the latent heat of fusion to the specific (B) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–2 is
heat of the liquid for this material ? NOT a correct explanation for Statement–I.
(c) 40°C (d) None of these (D) Statement–I is False, Statement–II is True.
13. When 0.15 kg of ice of 0°C mixed with 0.30 kg of water at 18. Statement -1 : A drop of cool water accidentally falls on an
50°C in a container, the resulting temperature is 6.7°C. incandescent lamp which is continuously glowing from long
Calculate the heat of fusion of ice. time, then the bulb breaks.
19. Statement - 1 : The expanded length l of a rod of original 23. A wall has two layers A and B, each made of different
length l0 is not correctly given by (assuming to be constant material. Both the layers have the same thickness. The
with T) l = l0 (1 + T), thermal conductivity for A is twice that of B and, under steady
if T is large. condition, the temperature difference across the wall is 36°C.
Statement - 2: It is given by l = l0 eT, which cannot be The temperature difference across the layer A is:
treated as being approximately equal to l = l0 (1 + T) for (a) 6°C (b) 12°C
large values of T.
(c) 24°C (d) 18°C
(a) A (b) B
24. Three rods of same dimensions have thermal conductivities
(c) C (d) D
3k, 2k and k. They are arranged as shown, with their ends at
20. Statement - 1 : The coefficient of volume expansion has 100°C, 50°C and 0°C. The temperature of their junction is :
dimension K–1.
Statement - 2 : The coefficient of volume expansion is
defined as the change in volume per unit volume per unit
change in temperature.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
Heat transfer
Assertion & Reason
(A) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–II is a 200
(a) 75°C (b) C
correct explanation for Statement–I. 3
(B) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–2 is
NOT a correct explanation for Statement–I. 100
(c) 40°C (d) C
3
(C) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is False.
(D) Statement–I is False, Statement–II is True. 25. Equal temperature differences exist between the ends of two
metallic rods 1 and 2 of equal lengths. Their thermal
21. Statement - 1 : In natural convection, the fluid motion is
conductivities are Kl and K2 and area of cross-section are
caused by density difference produced by temperature
Al and A2, respectively. The condition of equal rates of heat
gradient.
transfer is :
Statement - 2 : In forced convection, the fluid is forced to
flow along the solid surface by means of fans or pumps. (a) K1A2 =K2A1 (b) K1A1 = K2A2
(a) A (b) B (b) K1A12 = K2A22 (d) K12A2 = K22A1
(c) C (d) D 26. Two rods of copper and brass (KC > KB ) of same length
22. One end of a thermally insulated rod is kept at a temperature and area of cross-section are joined as shown. End A is kept
T1 and the other at T2. The rod is composed of two sections at 100°C and end B at 0°C. The temperature at the junction:
of lengths l1 and l2 and thermal conductivities K1 and K2
respectively. The temperature at the interface of the two A Copper Brass B
sections is
(a) will be more than 50°C
l1 l2
T1 T2 (b) will be less than 50°C
(c) will be 50°C
(d) may be more or less than 50°C depending upon the size
of rods
K1 K2
(a) (K2l2T1 + K1l1T2)/(K1l1 + K2l2)
(b) (K2l1T1 + K1l2T2)/(K2l1 + K1l2)
(c) (K1l2T1 + K2l1T2)/(K1l2 + K2l1)
(d) (K1l1T1 + K2l2T2)/(K1l1 + K2l2)
THERMAL PHYSICS 44
27. A long metallic bar is carrying heat from one of its ends to 30. The length of the two rods made up of the same metal and
the other end under steady–state. The variation of having the same area of cross-section are 0.6 m 0.8 m and
temperature along the length x of the bar from its hot end respectively. The temperature between the ends of first rod
is best described by which of the following figure ? (2009) is 90°C and 60°C and that for the other rod is 150°C and
110°C. For which rod the rate of conduction will be greater
(a) first (b) second
(c) same for both (d) none of these
31. A ring consisting of two parts ADB and ACB of same
conductivity K carries an amount of heat H. The ADB part
is now replaced with another metal keeping the temperatures
T1 and T2 constant. The heat carried increases to 2 H. What
should be the conductivity of the new ADB part ? Given
ACB
3:
ADB
A T2 T1 K
through the slab, in a steady state is x
f, with
f equals to
x 4x
7
(a) K (b) 2 K
3
T2 K 2K T1
5
(c) K (d) 3 K
2
Use the following passage, solve Q. 33 to Q. 36 36. A cylindrical rod of length 50 cm and cross–sectional area 1
PASSAGE –1 cm2 is fitted between a large ice chamber at 0°C and an
evacuated chamber maintained at 27°C as shown in figure.
The rate of flow of heat depends on the nature of material,
Only small portions of the rod are inside the chambers and
cross-sectional area and temperature gradient. If a material
the rest is thermally insulated from the surrounding. The
of conductivity k has set up a temperature gradient in x
cross–section going into the evacuated chamber is blackened
direction, then rate of heat flow at cross-section having area
so that it completely absorbs any radiations falling on it.
dQ dT The temperature of the blackened end is 17°C when steady
A is kA
dt dx state is reached. Stefan constant = 6 × 10–8 W/m2–K4. Find
the thermal conductivity of the material of the rod.
Between any two points of conductor, if temperature difference
is T and rate of heat flow is H, then the resistance or
17°C
T
opposition offered by the material to flow is defined as = .
H 0°C 27°C
Now consider two very thin concentric metallic shells A and 37. A hot body, obeying Newton’s law of cooling is cooling
B of radii R1 and R2 (R2 > R1) and temperature T1 and T2 down from its peak value 800C to an ambient temperature
(T1 > T2) respectively. The hollow space between them is of 300C. It takes 5 minutes in cooling down from 800C to
filled with sand of thermal conductivity k. 400C. How much time will it take to cool down from 620C
33. Thermal resistance offered by the sand is to 320C? (Given ln 2 = 0.693, ln 5 = 1.609)
(a) 3.75 minutes (b) 8.6 minutes
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) 4k R R (c) 6.5 minutes (d) 9.6 minutes
2k R1 R 2 1 2
38. If wavelength of maximum intensity of radiation emitted
by sun and moon are 0.5 × 10–6 m and 10–4 m respectively
1 1 1 1 the ratio of their temperature is :
(c) 4k (d) 2k
R1 R 2 R1 R 2 (a) 2000 (b) 1000
34. The rate of heat flow through the sand is (c) 100 (d) 200
39. In the figure, the distribution of energy density of the
R1R 2 R1R 2
(a) 4k T1 T2 (b) 2k T1 T2 radiation emitted by a black body at a given temperature is
R1 R 2 R1 R 2 shown. The possible temperature of the black body is :
T1 T2 1 1 T1 T2 1 1
(c) (d)
4k R1 R2 2k R
1 R 2
R 2 r R1
(a) T1 T2 r R R
2 1
R r R1
(b) T1 T1 T2 2
r R R
2 1 (a) 1500 K (b) 2000 K
(c) 2500 K (d) 3000 K
R 1 r R1 40. If a black body radiates 10 cal/s at 227°C, it will radiate at
(c) T1 T2 r R R
2 1
727°C :
(a) 10 cal/s (b) 80 cal/s
R r R2 (c) 160 cal/s (d) none of these
(d) T1 T1 T2 1
r R R
2 1
THERMAL PHYSICS 46
42. If a body cools down from 80°C to 60°C in 10 min when the
temperature of the surrounding is 30°C. Then, the Assertion & Reason
temperature of the body after next 10 min will be : (A) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–II is a
(a) 50°C (b) 48°C correct explanation for Statement–I.
(c) 30°C (d) none of these (B) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–2 is
NOT a correct explanation for Statement–I.
43. A liquid cools from 50°C to 45°C in 5 min and from 45°Cto
41.5°C in the next 5 min. The temperature of the surrounding (C) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is False.
is : (D) Statement–I is False, Statement–II is True.
(a) 27°C (b) 40.3°C 46. Statement - 1 : Two stars S1 and S2 radiate maximum energy
(c) 23.3°C (d) 33.3°C at 360 nm and 480 nm, respectively. Ratio of their absolute
temperature is 4 : 3.
Statement - 2 : According to Wien’s law T = b (constant).
Multiple Choice Questions
(a) A (b) B
44. Two identical objects A and B are at temperatures TA and
TB respectively. Both objects are placed in a room with (c) C (d) D
perfectly absorbing walls maintained at a temperature 47. A black body radiates power P and maximum energy is
T (TA > T > TB). The objects A and B attain the temperature radiated by it around a wavelength 0 . The temperature of
T eventually. Select the correct statements from the following the black body is now changed such that it radiates maximum
(a) A only emits radiations, while B only absorbs it until 3 0
energy around the wavelength . The power radiated by
both attain the temperature T. 4
(b) A loses more heat by radiation than it absorbs, while B it now is :
absorbs more radiation than it emits, until they attain the
256 27
temperature T (a) P (b) P
81 64
(c) Both A and B only absorb radiation, but do not emit it, until
they attain the temperature T. 64 81
(c) P (d) P
(d) Each object continues to emit and absorb radiation even 27 256
after attaining the temperature T. 48. The maximum energy in thermal radiations from a blackbody
occurs at wavelength 4000 Å. The effective temperature of
the source is :
(a) 7000 K (b) 80000 K
(c) 104 K (d) 106 K
THERMAL PHYSICS 47
Match the Column 50. A black coloured solid sphere of radius R and mass M is
49. A ball has surface temperature T initially at time t = 0, that inside a cavity with vacuum inside. The walls of the cavity
is less than surrounding constant temperature T0. On the are maintained at temperature T0. The initial temperature
vertical axis of the graph shown has either thermal energy of the sphere is 3T0. If the specific heat of the material of
radiated/absorbed per unit time or total energy radiated/ the sphere varies as T3 per unit mass with the temperature
absorbed till time t by the ball. Correctly match the curves T of the sphere, where is a constant, then the time taken
marked in the graph : for the sphere to cool down to temperature 2T0 will be ( is
Stefan Boltzmann constant)
M 3 M 16
(a) 2
n (b) n
2
4R 2 16R 3
M 3 M 16
(c) n
2 (d) 2
n
16R 2 4R 3
Column I Column II
7. A liquid at 30° C is poured very slowly into a open 11. An ideal black-body at room temperature is thrown into a
Calorimeter that is at temperature of 110°C. The boiling furnace. It is observed that (2002)
temperature of the liquid is 80°C. It is found that the first 5
(a) initially it is the darkest body and at later times the
gm of the liquid completely evaporates. After pouring brightest
another 80 gm of the liquid the equilibrium temperature is
found to be 50°C. The ratio of the Latent heat of the liquid (b) it is the darkest body at all times
to its specific heat will be _____ ºC. (Neglect the heat (c) it cannot be distinguished at all times
exchange with surrounding]
(d) initially it is the darkest body and at later times it cannot
(2019) be distinguished.
8. When the temperature of a metal wire is increased from 0ºC
12. The graph, shown in the adjacent diagram, represents the
to 10ºC, its length increases by 0.02%. The percentage
variation of temperature (T) of two bodies, x and y having
change in its mass density will be closest to :
same surface area, with time (t) due to the emission of
(2020) radiation. Find the correct relation between the emissivity
(a) 0.06 (b) 0.008 and absorptivity powers of the two bodies (2003)
(c) 2.3 (d) 0.8
Heat Transfer
9. The plots of intensity versus wavelength for three black
bodies at temperatures T1, T2 and T3 respectively are as
shown. Their temperature are such that (2000)
(a) 2 (b) 4
(a) T1 > T2 > T3 (b) T1> T3 > T2
(C) T2 > T3 > T1 (d) T3 > T2 > T1 1 1
(c) (d)
10. When a block of iron floats in mercury at 0ºC, fraction k1 of 2 4
its volume is submerged, while at the temperature 60ºC, a 14. Three discs, A, B and C having radii 2 m, 4 m and 6 m
fraction k2 is seen to be submerged. If the coefficient of respectively are coated with carbon black on their outer
volume expansion of iron is Fe and that of mercury is Hg, surfaces. The wavelengths corresponding to maximum
then the ratio k1/k2 can be expressed as (2001) intensity are 300 nm, 400 nm and 500 nm, respectively. The
power radiated by them are QA, QB and QC respectively
1 60 Fe 1 60 Fe (2004)
(a) (b)
1 60 Hg 1 60 Hg
(a) QA is maximum (b) QB is maximum
15. Variation of radiant energy emitted by sun, filament of 20. A metal rod AB of length 10x has its one end A in ice at 0°C
tungsten lamp and welding arc as a function of its and the other end B in water at 100°C. If a point P on the rod
wavelength is shown in figure. (2005) is maintained at 400°C, then it is found that equal amounts
of water and ice evaporate and melt per unit time. The latent
heat of evaporation of water is 540 calg–1 and latent heat of
melting of ice is 80 calg–1. If the point P is at a diatance of x
from the ice end A, find the value of . (Neglect any heat
loss to the surrounding). (2009)
21. Two spherical bodies A (radius 6 cm) and B (radius 18 cm)
are at temperatures T1 and T2, respectively. The maximum
intensity in the emission spectrum of A is at 500 nm and in
that of B is at 1500 nm. Considering them to be black bodies,
what will be the ratio of the rate of total energy radiated by
Which of the following option is the correct match?
A to that of B ? (2010)
(a) Sun-T3, tungsten filament-T1, welding arc-T2
22. A composite block is made of slabs A, B, C, D and E of
(b) Sun-T2, tungsten filament-T2, welding arc-T3 different thermal conductivities (given in terms of a
(c) Sun-T3, tungsten filament-T2, welding arc-T1 constant K) and sizes (given in terms of length L) as shown
(d) Sun-T1, tungsten filament-T2, welding arc-T3 in the figure. All slabs are of same width. Heat Q flows
16. In which of the following processes, convection does not only from left to right through the blocks. Then in steady
take place primarily? (2005) state (2011)
(a) sea and land breeze
(b) boiling of water
(c) heating air around a furnace
(d) warming of glass of bulb due to filament.
17. A spherical body of area A and emissivity e = 0.6 is kept
inside a perfectly black body. Energy radiated per second
by the body at temperature T is (2005)
(a) 0.4 AT T 4 (b) 0.8 ATT 4
(c) 0.6 AT T4 T4
(d) l.0 AT
18. Water of volume 2 litre in a container is heated with a coil of
1 kW at 27°C. The lid of the container is open and energy (a) heat flown through A and E slabs are same
dissipates at rate of 160 J/s. In how much time temperature
(b) heat flown through slab E is maximum
wil rise from 27°C to 77°C.
[Given specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ/kg] (2005) (c) temperature difference across slab E is smallest
(a) 7 min (b) 6 min 2 s (d) heat flown through C = heat flow through B + heat
(c) 8 min 20s (d) 14 min flown through D.
19. Initially a black body at absolute temperature T is kept inside 23. Three very large plates of same area are kept parallel and
a closed chamber at absolute temperature T0. Now the close to each other. They are considered as ideal black
chamber is slightly opened to allow sun rays to enter. It is surfaces and have very high thermal conductivity. The first
observed that temperatures T and T0 remains constant. and third plates are maintained at temperatures 2T and 3T
Which of the following statements is/are true? (2006) respectively. The temperature of the middle (i.e., second)
(a) The rate of emission of energy from the black body plate under steady state condition is : (2012)
remains the same
1 1
(b) The rate of emission of energy from the black body 65 4 97 4
increases (a) T (b) T
2 4
(c) The rate of absorption of energy by the black body
increases. 1
(d) The energy radiated by the black body equals the energy 97 4 1
(c) T (d) 97 4 T
absorbed by it. 2
THERMAL PHYSICS 51
24. Two rectangular blocks, having indentical dimensions, can 28. A water cooler of storage capacity 120 litres can cool water
be arranged either in configuration I or in configuration II at a constant rate of P watts. In a closed circulation system
as shown in the figure. One of the blocks has thermal (as shown schematically in the figure), the water from the
conductivity K and the other 2K. The temperature difference cooler is used to cool an external device that generates
between the ends along the x-axis is the same in both the constantly 3 kW of heat (thermal load). The temperature of
configurations. It takes 9s to transport a certain amount of water fed into the device cannot exceed 30°C and the entire
heat from the hot end to the cold end in the configuration I. stored 120 litres of water is initially cooled to 10°C. The
The time to transport the same amount of heat in the entire system is thermally insulated. The minimum value of
configuration II is : (2013) P (in watts) for which the device can be operated for 3
Configuration II hours is (2016)
Configuration I
2K
K 2K K
X
(a) 2.0 s (b) 3.0 s
(c) 4.5 s (d) 6.0 s
25. Heater of an electric kettle is made of a wire of length L and (Specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ kg–1 K–1 and the density of
diameter d. It takes 4 minutes to raise the temperature of 0.5 water is 1000 kg m–3)
kg water by 40 K. This heater is replaced by a new heater
(a) 1600 (b) 2067
having two wires of the same material, each of length L and
diameter 2d. The way these wires are connected is given in (c) 2533 (d) 3933
the options. How much time in minutes will it take to raise 29. A metal is heated in a furnace where a sensor is kept above
the temperature of the same amount of water by 40 K? the metal surface to read the power radiated (P) by the
(2014) metal. The sensor has a scale that displays log2 (P/P0), where
P0 is a constant. When the metal surface is at a temperature
(a) 4 if wires are in parallel (b) 2 if wires are in series
of 487°C, the sensor shows a value 1. Assume that the
(c) 1 if wires are in series (d) 0.5 if wires are in parallel emissivity of the metallic surface remains constant. What
26. Two spherical stars A and B emit black body radiation. The is the value displayed by the sensor when the temperature
radius of A is 400 times that of B and A emits 104 times the of the metal surface is raised to 2767°C?
(2016)
A
30. Two conducting cylinders of equal length but different radii
power emitted from B. The ratio of their
B are connected in series between two heat baths kept at
temperatures T1 = 300 K and T2 = 100 K, as shown in the
wavelengths A and B at which the peaks occur in their figure. The radius of the bigger cylinder is twice that of the
respective radiation curves is (2015) smaller one and the thermal conductivities of the materials
27. The ends Q and R of two thin wires, PQ and RS, are soldered of the smaller and the larger cylinders are K1 and K2
(joined) together. Initially each of the wires has a length of respectively. If the temperature at the junction of the two
1 m at 10°C. Now the end P is maintained at 10°C, while the cylinders is the steady state is 200 K, then K 1 /K 2
end S is heated and maintained at 400°C. The system is = _________.
thermally insulated form its surroundings. If the thermal (2018)
conductivity of wire PQ is twice that of the wire RS and the
coefficient of linear thermal expansion of PQ is 1.2 × 10–5 K–
1
, the change in length of the wire PQ is
(2016)
(a) 0.70 mm (b) 0.90 mm
(c) 1.56 mm (d) 2.34 mm
THERMAL PHYSICS 52
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
THERMAL PHYSICS
15
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES &
THERMODYNAMICS
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OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 54
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KINETIC THEORY OF GASES AND THERMODYNAMICS 55
( )
2 1 2 2 2 1 2
=
vx vx + vy + =
vz v where K is the average kinetic energy of translation per
3 3
gas molecule. At constant temperature. K is constant
2 and for a given mass of the gas. N is constant.
where v is the speed and v denotes the mean of the
squared speed. Thus Thus, PV = constant for given mass of gas at constant
temperature, which is also called Boyle’s Law.
1 2
P = nmv Charle’s Law:
3
2
2 1 M 1 2 We know that PV = NK
1 3
P= mnv = = ρv
3 3V 3
For a given mass of gas, N is constant.
M = Total mass of gas molecules 3
=
Since K k B T, K ∝ T and as such PV ∝ T.
V = Total volume of gas molecules 2
Relation Between Pressure and KE of Gas Molecules If P is constant, V ∝ T, which is the Charles’ Law.
Constant Volume Law:
1 2
From equation P= ρv
3 2
We know that PV = NK
3
2 1
⇒ P = Mv −2 For a given mass of gas, N is constant. Since
3V 2
3
=K k B T, K ∝ T
2 K.E 2
⇒P=
3 V Thus, PV ∝ T
2 If V is constant, P ∝ T, which the constant volume law.
⇒ P =E
3
Avogadro’s Law:
Pressure exerted by an ideal gas is numerically equal to Consider two gases 1 and 2. We can write
two third of mean kinetic energy
2 2
=P1V1 = N1 K1 , P2 V2 N2 K 2
3 3
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If their pressures, volumes and temperatures are the Real Gas Law
same, then By explicitly including the effects of molecular size and
=P1 P=2 , V1 V=
2 , K1 K2. intermolecular forces, the Dutch physicist Johannes van
der Waals modified the ideal gas law to explain the
Clearly, N1 = N2 Thus: behavior of real gases. The Vander Waal real gas
Equal volumes of all ideal gases existing under the same equation is given below.
conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal Real gas law equation,
number of molecules which is Avogadro’s Law or
n 2a
( V − nb ) =
hypothesis. +
P nRT
This law is named after the Italian physicist and chemist, V2
Amedeo Avogadro (1776 – 1856). Where a and b represent the empirical constant which is
PV unique for each gas.
Aliter:= =
As PV Nk B T, N
k BT n2
represents the concentration of gas.
If P, V and T are constants, N is also constant. V2
1.4 Ideal Gas Equation P represents pressure
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( )
2 1/ 2 1
1/ 2
=
Vrms = N ∫ V dNv
2
V
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dP or TV γ −1 = constant
Slope of P – V curve is at any point. γ
dV
or PT 1−γ = constant
PV = nRT Indicator Diagram
⇒ ( dP ) V + P ( dV ) =
0
dP P
⇒ =
−
dV V
∆U = 0 (Temperature remains constant)
v2
W= ∫ Pg dV
v2
Fig 15.13
dP
v2
nRT Slope of adiabatic curve =
= ∫v V dV [Using PV = nRT] dV
2
PV γ = const
V2
= nRT ln ⇒ PγV γ −1 ( dv ) + ( dP ) Vγ =0
V1
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P= γ
P= γ = nC∆T
Q
1V1 2 V2 constant
Q
1 P2 V2γ P1V1γ
⇒C= .... (1)
⇒ − n∆T
1 − γ V2γ −1 V1γ −1 Now this C depends upon external conditions for gases.
∆Q
P2 V2 − P1V1 nR ( T1 − T2 ) Here it is referred as ( 2)
=W = n∆T v
γ −1 γ −1
i.e. Molar heat capacity at constant volume Comparing
First Law of Thermodynamics equation 1 and 2
Q =∆U + W fR
We get C v = ... ( 3)
Substituting the values 2
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We can for the equate free expansion into 8.1 Thermal Efficiency
U f − U i =Q − W Thermal Efficiency of a heat engine is defined of the
Now, as know heat is exchange and no work is done ratio of net work done per cycle by the engine to the total
Q = 0 and W = 0 i.e., U f = U i
amount of heat absorbed per cycle by the working
substance from the source.
Further, as we see there is no change in the internal
W
energy, Hence, the temperature remains constant. It is denoted by η = ... (1)
Q1
7.9 Limitation of First Law of Thermodynamics Using equation 1 and 2 we get
• Q
The first law does not indicate the direction in which η = 1− 2 ... ( 2 )
the change can occur. Q1
• The first law gives no idea about the extent of Ideally engines should have efficiency = 1
change.
NOTE:
• The first law of thermodynamics gives no
The mechanism of conversion of heat into work vanes
information about the source of heat. i.e. whether it
for different heat engines.
is a hot or a cold body.
The system heated by an external furnace, as in a steam
8. HEAT ENGINE engine. Such engines are called as external combustion
engine.
The system in which heat is produced by burning the fuel
It is a device that converts heat energy into mechanical
inside the main body of the engine is called as Internal
energy.
Combustion Engine.
Key Elements:
• A source of heat at higher temperature 9. CARNOT CYCLE
• A working substance
Sadi Carnot devised on ideal cycle of operation for a heat
• A sink of heat at lower temperature.
engine called as Carnot cycle.
Working:
• The working substance goes through a cycle Engine used for realising this ideal cycle is called as
consisting of several processes. Carnot heat engine.
• In some processes it absorbs a total amount of heat The essential parts of an Ideal heat engine are shown in
Q1 from the source at temperature T1. figure.
Fig 15.17
• Source of heat: The source is maintained at a fixed
higher temperature T1, from which the working
substance draws heat. The source is supposed to
Fig 15.16 possess infinite thermal capacity and as such any
amount of heat can be drawn from it without
First Law of Thermodynamics changing its temperature.
⸪ Energy is always conserved • Sink of heat: The sink is maintained at a fixed lower
⇒ Q1 = W + Q 2 temperature T2, to which any amount of heat can be
rejected by the working substance.
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It has also infinite thermal capacity and as such its • Adiabatic Expansion: The cylinder is now
temperature remains constant at T2, even when any removed from source and is placed on the perfectly
amount of heat is rejected to it. insulating pad. The gas is allowed to expand further
• Working substance: A perfect gas acts as the from B (P2, V2) to C (P3, V3). Since the gas is
working substance. It is contained in a cylinder with thermally insulated from all sides, therefore the
non-conducting sides but having a perfectly R (T − T )
conducting-base. This cylinder is fitted with processes is adiabatic q 2 = 0 ∆U 2 = 2 1
γ −1
perfectly non-conducting and frictionless piston.
R ( T1 − T2 )
• Apart from these essential parts, there is a perfectly =W2 = Area BCNMB
insulating stand or pad on which the cylinder can γ −1
be placed. It would isolate the working substance • Isothermal Compression: The cylinder is now
completely from the surroundings. Hence, the gas removed from the insulating pad and is placed on the
can undergo adiabatic changes. sink at a temperature T2. The piston is moved slowly
The Carnot cycle consists of the following four so that the gas is compressed until is pressure is P4
stages: and volume is V4.
• Isothermal expansion ∆U 3 = 0
• Adiabatic expansion V
W3 =
−RT2 ln 4 =
−Area CDLNC
• Isothermal compression V3
• Adiabatic compression
V4
The cycle is carried out with the help of the Carnot q 3 = −RT2 ln
V3
engine as detailed below:
q3 = Heat absorbed in this process
W3 = Work done by gas
• Adiabatic Compression: The cylinder is again
placed on the insulating pad, such that the process
remains adiabatic. Here the gas is further
compressed to its initial P1 and V1.
R (T − T )
∆U 4 = 1 2
γ −1
−R ( T1 − T2 )
Fig 15.18 W4 = = −area DAKLD
γ −1
Consider one gram mole of an ideal gas enclosed in the
cylinder. Let V1, P1, T1 be the initial volume, pressure q4 = 0
and temperature of the gas. The initial state of the gas is W4 = work done by the gas
represented by the point A on P−V. diagram, We shall 9.1 Analysis of Carnot Cycle
assume that all the four processes are quasi-static and
dissipative, the two conditions for their reversibility. Total work done by the engine per cycle.
Steps = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4
• Isothermal Expansion: The cylinder is placed on = W1 + W3
the source and gas is allowed to expand by slow V2 V
outward motion of piston. Since base is perfectly =W RT1 ln − RT2 ln 4
V1 V3
conducting therefore the process is isothermal.
Now Q1 = Total heat absorbed = q1
∆U1 = V
0 = RT1 ln 2
V1
V2
= =
q1 W1 RT1 ln = Area ABMKA Q2 = Total heat released = −q3
V1
[q3 = Heat absorbed and not heat released]
q1 → Heat absorbed by gas
V
W1 → Work done by gas = RT2 ln 3
V4
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We can see that for heat engine Step - 3: Let engine I absorb Q1 heat from the source
W= Q1 − Q 2 deliver work W1 and release the balance Q1 − W1 to the
= Area under ABCDA sink in one cycle.
W Q
η= = 1− 2
Q1 Q1
Now steps 2 is adiabatic and step 4 is also adiabatic
⇒ T1V2γ −1 =
T2 V3γ −1
and T1V1γ −1 = T2 V4γ −1 Fig 15.19
Step - 4: Arrange R, such that it returns same heat Q, to
V2 V3
⇒ = ... ( 21) the source, taking Q2 from the sink and requiring work
V1 V4 W = Q1 – Q2 to be done on it.
From equation 19, 20 and 21 we get Step - 5: Suppose ηR < ηI (i.e.) If R were to act as an
Q1 T1
= engine it would give less work output than that of I (i.e.)
Q 2 T2 W < W1 for a given Q1 and Q1 – W > Q1 – W1
T Step - 6: In totality, the I-R system extracts heat (Q1 −
∴ n Carnot =
1− 2
T1 W) − (Q1 − W1) = W1 − W and delivers same amount of
work in one cycle, without any change in source or
• ηCarnot engine − depends only upon source
anywhere else. This is against second Law of
temperature and sink temperature. Thermodynamics. (Kelvin - Planck statement of second
• ηCarnot engine =
1 only when T2 = 0 K or T1 = ∞ which law of thermodynamics)
is impossible to attain. Hence the assertion η1 > ηR is wrong.
• If T2= T1 ⇒ η= 0 ⇒ Heat cannot be converted to Similar argument can be put up for the second statement
mechanical energy unless there is some difference of Carnot theorem, (i.e) Carnot efficiency is independent
between the temperature of source and sink. of working substance.
∴ We use ideal gas for calculating but the relation.
9.3 Carnot Theorem
Q1 T1
= will always hold true for any working
Statement: Carnot theorem states that all reversible Q 2 T2
engines working between same two temperatures have
substance used in a Carnot engine.
same efficiency irrespective of the nature of working
substance. The source and the sink works between the 9.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics
same temperature. The second law of thermodynamics states that the heat
• Working between two given temperatures, T1 of hot energy cannot transfer from a body at a lower
reservoir (the source) and T2 of cold reservoir (the temperature to a body at a higher temperature without the
sink), no engine can have efficiency more than that addition of energy.
of the Carnot engine. There are number of ways in which this law can be
• The efficiency of the Carnot engine is independent stated. Though all the statements are the same in their
of the nature of the working substance. contents, the following two are significant.
Engine used for realizing this ideal cycle is called as Kelvin Planck Statement: No process is possible whose
Carnot heat engine. sole result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir and
Proof: the complete conversion of the heat into work.
Step - 1: Imagine a reversible engine R and an Clausius Statement: No process is possible whose sole
irreversible engine-I working between the same source result is the transfer of heat from a colder object to a
(hot reservoir T1) and sink (cold reservoir T2). hotter object.
Step - 2: Couple two engines such that I acts like heat Significance: 100% efficiency in heat engines or infinite
engine and R acts like refrigerator. CoP in refrigerators is not possible.
SCAN CODE
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 70
Fig 15.20
SCAN CODE
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 71
Solved Examples
pV
Example - 1 Sol. (a) The dotted plot shows that is a constant
T
Estimate the fraction of molecular volume to the actual quantity = (µR).
volume occupied by oxygen gas at STP. Take the
diameter of an oxygen molecule to be 3 Å. This signifies the ideal gas behaviour.
=
where R
D 3 o
= A m 1.00 × 10−3 kg
=
2 2
3 Also, molecules mass,
=× 10−8 =
1.5 × 10−8 cm
2
M= 32 × 10−3 kg
=
and N 6.023 × 10 23
Mass of hydrogen
=
Molecular mass of hydrogen
1
(a) What does the dotted plot signify? =
(b) Which is true: T1 > T2 or T1 < T2? 32
(c) What is the value of pV/T where the curves meet Hence, mass of hydrogen
on the y-axis.
(d) If we obtained similar plots for 1.00 × 10−3 kg of =
1
× molecular mass
hydrogen, would we get the same value of pV/T 32
at the point where the curves meet on the y-axis? 1
If not, what mass of hydrogen yields the same = × 2 × 10−3 kg
32
value of pV/T (for low pressure high temperature
region of the plot)? (Molecular mass of = 6.25 × 10−5 kg
H2 = 2.02u, of O2 = 32.0 u, R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1).
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 72
Example - 3 Example - 4
An oxygen cylinder of volume 30 litres has an initial An air bubble of volume 1.0 cm3 rises from the
gauge pressure of 15atm and a temperature of 27°C. bottom of a lake 40 m deep at temperature of 12°C.
After some oxygen is withdrawn from the cylinder, To what volume does it grow when it reaches the
the gauge pressure drops to 11atm and its temperature surface, which is at a temperature of 35°C?
drops to 17°C. Estimate the mass of oxygen taken out Sol. Volume of the bubble inside,
of the cylinder.
V1 = 1 cm3 = 1× 10−6 m3
(R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1, molecular mass of O2 = 32u).
Sol. Under the initial conditions, Pressure on the bubble = Pressure of water +
atmospheric pressure,
V = 30 litre = 30 × 10−3m3
P = 15 atm = 15 × 1.01 × 105 Pa =ρgh + 1.01× 105
T = 27°C = 273 + 27 = 300 K = 1000 × 9.8 × 40 + 1.01× 105 = 4.93 × 105 Pa
Also, R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1 and molar mass, Temperature,
M = 32 × 10−3 kg. T1 = 12°C = 273 + 12 = 285 K
Using the relation,
Also, pressure outside the lake
pV = nRT
p 2 1.01× 105 Nm −2
=
pV
⇒n= Temperature,
RT
T = 35°C = 35 + 273 = 308 K
15 × 1.01× 105 × 30 × 10−3
= 18.23
8.31× 300 Volume, V2 = ?
m p1V1 p 2 V2 p1V1 T1
Now, n = Now, = or =
V2 ×
M T1 T2 T1 p 2
3 1 1
E = × 1.38 × 10−23 × 6000 =
1.24 × 10−19 J = =
2πnd 2 2πn ( 2r )
2
2
(iii). At
1
T = 10 million Kelvin =
( )
2
= 10 × 106 K. 1.414 × 3.14 × 5.06 × 1025 × 2 × 1× 10−10
3 = 1.1× 10−7 m
E = × 1.38 × 10−23 × 10 × 106
2
3RT
= 2.1× 10−16 J. Also, v rms =
M
Example - 6
3 × 8.31× 290
Estimate the mean free path and collision frequency of = = 5.08 × 102 ms −1
28 × 10−3
a nitrogen molecule in a cylinder containing nitrogen
Collision frequency,
at 2.0 atm and temperature 17°C. Take the radius of a
nitrogen molecule to be roughly 1.0 Å. Compare the v rms 5.08 × 102
= =
collision time with the time the molecule moves freely λ 1.1× 10−7
between two successive collisions (Molecular mass of Time between successive collisions
N2 = 28.0 u).
1 1
= = = 1.97 × 10−10 s
Sol. Here, p = 2 atm v rms 5.08 × 109
=
2 × 1.013 × 105 Pa Also, the collision time
d 2r
= 2.023 × 105 Pa = =
v rms v rms
T= 17°C
2 × 1× 10−10
= = 3.94 × 10−29 s.
=17 + 273 =290 K 5.08 × 109
o Example - 7
Radius, R = 10 A = 1× 10−10 m
Consider in ideal gas with following distribution of
Molecular, mass (m) speeds
=28u =28 × 1.66 × 10−27 RMS Speed (m/s) % of molecules
200 10
= 4.65 × 10−26 kg
400 20
−1 −1
Also, R = 8.31 J mole K
600 40
k B 1.38 × 10−23 J K −1
= 800 20
Now, for one mole of a gas, 1000 10
pV = RT (i) Calculate Vrms and hence T
(m = 3 × 0 × 10−26 kg)
RT (ii) If all the molecules with speed 1000 m/s escape
or V =
p from the system, calculate new Vrms and hence
T.
8.31× 290
= Sol. (i) By definition,
2.026 × 105
=
or V 1.189 × 10−2 m3 ∑n V i i
2
V 2
= i
∑n
rms
Number of molecules per unit volume, i
N
n= 10 ( 200 ) + 20 ( 400 ) + 40 ( 600 ) + 20 ( 800 ) + 10 (1000 )
2 2 2 2 2
V =
10 + 20 + 40 + 20 + 10
6.023 × 1023
⇒ n= = 5.06 × 1025 m −3 105 [ 4 + 32 + 144 + 128 + 100]
1.189 × 10−2 V=2
rms = 408 × 103
100
Now, mean free path, λ
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 74
Example - 12 Example - 14
Water of one kg mass at 373 K is converted into From what height must a block of ice be dropped in
steam at the same temperature and at atmospheric order that it may melt completely. It is assumed that
pressure. On boiling, 1 Litre. of water takes a volume the whole of energy is retained by ice.
of 1671 Litre. Calculate the change in internal energy (Latent heat of ice = 3.33 × 105 J/kg)
of the system, taking the heat of vaporisation to be
540 cal g −1 540. Sol. Let mass of ice block = m (kg)
Sol. Here, m = 1 kg = 103 g Height through which it is dropped = h (m)
Initial volume, V1 = 10 ml
3
PE of the block, W = mgh (J)
Final volume, =
V2 1671× 103 ml Since it is assumed that whole of this energy is
retained by ice and is converted into heat Q,
P = 1 atmosphere
Q = mgh ( J ) ... ( i )
= 1.013 × 106 dyne / cm 2
From first law of thermodynamics If this heat is to melt the ice, then
dU =dQ − dW =mL − P ( V2 − V1 ) J Q= ( mkg ) × ( 3.33 ×105 J / kg )
1.013 × 106 × 103 (1671 − 1)
=103 × 540 − = 3.33 × 105 m ( J ) ... ( ii )
4.2 × 107
dU = 540 × 103 − 40.16 × 103 From equation (i) and (ii),
T 300
∴ 0.40 ≤ 1 − 2 =1 −
T1 T1
300
or ≤ 1 − 0.40 =0.60
T1
300
∴ T1 ≥ =
500 K
0.6
Hence, minimum temperature of hot reservoir is
T1 = 500 K
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 76
12. A cubic vessel (with faces horizontal + vertical) 16. 1 mole of an ideal gas is contained in a cubical vessel,
contains an ideal gas at NTP. The vessel is being ABCDEFGH at 300 K, figure.
carried by a rocket which is moving at a speed of B C
500 m/s in vertical direction. The pressure of the gas
inside the vessel as observed by us on the ground: A D
(a) remains the same because 500 m/s is very much
smaller than vrms of the gas F G
(b) remains the same because motion of the vessel as a E
whole does not affect the relative motion of the gas H
molecules and the walls One face (EFGH) of the vessel is made up of a material
which totally absorbs any gas molecule incident on it.
+ ( 500 )
2 2
vrms
(c) will increase by a factor equal to 2
, At any given time:
vrms (a) the pressure on EFGH would be zero
where vrms was the original root mean square (b) the pressure on all the faces will be equal
velocity of the gas (c) the pressure on EFGH would be double the pressure
(d) will be different on the top wall and bottom wall of on ABCD
the vessel (d) the pressure on EFGH would be half that on ABCD
17. If C p and Cv denote the specific heats of nitrogen per
Energy of gas molecules
unit mass at constant pressure and constant volume
13. The increase in internal energy of a gas per unit mass
respectively, then
per unit rise in temperature is equal to ( Cv and C p are
R
specific heat capacities at constant volume and = R
(a) CP – CV 28 (b) CP – C
V =
28
pressure respectively)
R
(a) Cp (b) Cp + Cv (c) CP – C
V = (d) CP – CV = R
14
(c) Cp – Cv (d) Cv
18. Two monoatomic gases are at absolute temperature
14. Which of the following statements is correct for any 300K and 350K respectively. The ratio of average
thermodynamic system? kinetic energies of their molecules is
(a) The internal energy changes in all processes
3.5 3
(b) Internal energy and entropy are state functions (a) (b)
3 3.5
(c) The change in entropy can never be zero
(d) The work done in an adiabatic process is always (c) 6 : 7 (d) 36 : 49
zero 19. A sample of oxygen and a sample of hydrogen have
15. A system goes from A to B via two process I and II as the same mass, volume and pressure. The ratio of their
absolute temperature is
shown in figure. If ∆U1 and ∆U 2 are the changes in
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/16
internal energies in the processes I and II respectively, (c) 4 (d) 16
then
20. In the diagrams (i) to (iv) of variation of volume with 23. An air sample consists of 78% N2 and 22% oxygen.
changing pressure is shown. A gas is taken along the The values of Cv for N2 and O2 is 0.2 kcal/kg/K and
path ABCD. The change in internal energy of the gas 0.15 kcal/kg/K. Heat required to raise the temperature
will be of 1 kg of air through 1°C is
(a) 0.350 cal (b) 0.189 cal
(c) 0.350 kcal (d) 0.189 kcal
24. A thermally insulated vessel contains an ideal gas of
molecular mass M and ratio of specific heats γ . It is
moving with speed v and it is suddenly brought to rest
Assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings, its
temperature increases by
(γ − 1) γ Mv 2
(a) Mv 2 K (b) K
2γ R 2R
(γ − 1) (γ − 1)
(c) Mv 2 K (d) Mv 2 K
2R 2 ( γ + 1) R
25. The difference between two principal specific heats of
nitrogen is 300 J/kg.K and ratio of the two specific
heats is 1.4. Value of Cp (in J/kg.K ) is:
(a) Positive in all cases (i) to (iv) Introduction to Thermodynamics
(b) Positive in cases (i), (ii) and (iii) but zero in (iv) 26. The internal energy of an ideal gas depends on:
case (a) Pressure (b) Volume
(c) Negative in cases (i), (ii) and (iii) but zero in (iv) (c) Temperature (d) Size of the molecule
case 27. Which one of the following is not a thermodynamic
(d) Zero in all four cases co-ordinate?
21. Consider a process shown in the figure. During this (a) V (b) R
process the work done by the system (c) T (d) P
28. Which one of the following gases possesses the
largest internal energy
(a) 2moles of helium occupying 1m3 at 300 K
(b) 56kg of nitrogen at 107 Nm −2 and 300 K
(c) 8 grams of oxygen at 8atm and 300 K
(d) 6 × 1026 molecules of argon occupying 40 m3 at
(a) Continuously increases 900 K
(b) Continuously decreases 29. If the gases have initial temperature 300K and they are
(c) First increases, then decreases mixed in an adiabatic container having the same
(d) First decreases, then increases volume as the previous containers. Now the
22. Three perfect gases at absolute temperature T1, T2 and temperature of the mixture is T and pressure is P. Then
T3 are mixed. The masses of molecules are m1, m2 and
m3 and the number of molecules are n1, n2 and n3
respectively.
Assuming no loss of energy, the final temperature of
the mixture is (a) P > PA , T > 300 K (b) P > PB , T =
300 K
n1T1 + n2T2 + n3T3 nT +n T +n T
1 1
2
2 2
2
3 3
2
(c) P < PA , T =
300 K (d) P > PA , T < 300 K
(a) (b)
n1 + n2 + n3 n1T1 + n2T2 + n3T3
n12T12 + n22T22 + n32T32 (T1 + T2 + T3 )
(c) (d)
n1T1 + n2T2 + n3T3 3
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 79
30. The molar heat capacity in a process of a diatomic gas 34. A and B are two adiabatic curves for two different
Q gases. Then A and B correspond to
if it does a work of when a heat of Q is supplied to
4
it is
2 5
(a) R (b) R
5 2
10 6
(c) R (d) R
3 7
First Law of Thermodynamics
31. A gas is compressed at a constant pressure of 50 N/m2
(a) Ar and He respectively (b) He and H2 respectively
from a volume of 10 m3 to a volume of 4 m3. Energy of
(c) O2 and H2 respectively (d) H2 and He respectively
100 J is then added to the gas by heating. Its internal
energy is: 35. In a given process for an ideal gas,
(a) increased by 400 J (b) increased by 200 J dW = 0 and dQ < 0. Then for the gas,
(c) increased by 100 J (d) decreased by 200 J (a) temperature will decrease
32. The slopes of the isothermal and adiabatic curves are (b) volume will increase
related as: (c) pressure will remain constant
(a) isothermal curve slope = adiabatic curve slope (d) temperature will increase
(b) isothermal curve slope = γ × adiabatic curve slope 36. Starting with the same initial conditions, an ideal gas
expands from volume V1 to V2 in three different ways.
(c) adiabatic curve slope = γ × isothermal curve slope
(d) adiabatic curve slope = (1/2) × isothermal curve The work done by the gas is W1 if process is
slope isothermal, W2 if isobaric and W3 if adiabatic. Then,
33. Consider P-V diagram for an ideal gas shown in figure (a) W2 > W1 > W3 (b) W2 > W3 > W1
P
(c) W1 > W2 > W3 (d) W1 = W2 = W3
1 37. At 27°C, a gas is compressed suddenly such that its
constant
P= pressure becomes (1/8)th of its original pressure. Final
V
temperature will be (γ = 5/3):
2
(a) 420 K (b) 300 K
V (c) –142°C (d) 327°C
Out of the following diagrams, which represents the T- 38. In an adiabatic change, the pressure P and temperature
P diagram?
T T of a diatomic gas are related by the relation P ∝ TC,
T
2
where c is equal to:
2 (a) 5/3 (b) 2/5
(i) (ii) (c) 3/5 (d) 7/2
1 1 39. The P-V diagram shows seven curved paths (connected
P P by vertical paths) that can be followed by a gas. Which
T T two of them should be parts of a closed cycle if the net
work done by the gas is to be at its maximum value
2 1 1 2
P a
(iii) (iv)
b
c
P P d
(a) (iv) (b) (ii) e
(c) (iii) (d) (i) f
g
V
(a) ac (b) cg
(c) af (d) cd
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 80
40. Consider two containers A and B containing identical 45. In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work
gases at the same pressure, volume, and temperature. done by the gas in one cycle is
The gas in container A is compressed to half of its
original volume isothermally while the gas in container
B is compressed to half of its original value
adiabatically. The ratio of final pressure of gas in B to
that of gas in A is:
γ −1
1
(a) 2γ–1 (b)
2
γ −1 2
1 1
(c) (d)
1− γ γ −1 (a) 28PV (b) 14PV
1 1 1 1
41. In the following indicator diagram, the net amount of
(c) 18PV
1 1 (d) 9PV
1 1
work done by the gas will be
46. Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a
P
cyclic process shown in figure is
1 2
V
(a) Positive (b) Negative
(c) Zero (d) Infinity
42. One mole of an ideal gas requires 207 J heat to raise
(a) 107 π J (b) 104 π J
the temperature by 10K, when heated at constant
pressure. If the same gas is heated at constant volume (c) 102 π J (d) 10−3 π J
to raise the temperature by 10K, then heat required (in 47. In a cyclic process, work done by the system is
joules) is (R = 8.3 J/mol.K) (a) zero
Cyclic and Non-cyclic Processes (b) Equal to heat given to the system
(c) More than the heat given to system
43. An ideal gas undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as
(d) Independent of heat given to the system
shown in given P-V diagram
48. In a cyclic process, the internal energy of the gas
P
(a) Increases (b) Decreases
D C
2P0 (c) Remains constant (d) Becomes zero
49. A thermodynamic system is taken through the cycle
P0 B
A PQRSP process. The net work done (in joules) on the
V system is
V0 3V0
The amount of work done by the gas is:
(a) 6P0V0 (b) –2P0V0
(c) +2P0V0 (d) +4P0V0
44. Work done by the gas in the process shown in figure is
4
3
2
1
1 2
(a) (b)
3 3
1 1
(c) (d)
2 4
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 82
74. The coefficient of performance for a refrigerator 78. The freezer in a refrigerator is located at the top section
should be: so that
(a) Greater than 1 (b) smaller than 1 (a) The entire chamber of the refrigerator is cooled
(c) Equal to 1 (d) None of these quickly due to convection
(b) The motor is not heated
75. A refrigerator is
(c) The heat gained from the environment is high
(a) Heat engine
(d) The heat gained from the environment is low
(b) An electric motor
79. The inside and outside temperature of a refrigerator are
(c) Heat engine working in backward direction
273 K and 303 K respectively. Assuming that
(d) Air cooler refrigerator cycle is reversible, for every joule of work
76. An ideal refrigerator has a freezer at a temperature of done the heat delivered to the surrounding will be
−13°C. The coefficient of performance of the engine (a) 10 J (b) 20 J
is 5. The temperature of the air (to which heat is (c) 30 J (d) 50 J
rejected) will be:
80. A refrigerator works between 4°C and 30°C . It is
(a) 325°C (b) 325K required to remove 600 cal of heat every second in
(c) 39°C (d) 320°C order to keep the temperature of the refrigerated space
77. The coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator constant. The power required is (take, 1 cal = 4.2J)
working between 30°C and 0°C is (a) 23.65W (b) 236.5W
(a) 10 (b) 1 (c) 2365W (d) 2.365W
(c) 9 (d) 0
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 84
3 P0V0 9 P0V0
(a) (b)
2nR 2nR
9 P0V0 9 P0V0
(c) (d)
nR 4nR
2. An ideal gas undergoes a quasi-static, reversible 6. C p and Cv are specific heats at constant pressure and
process in which its molar heat capacity C remains constant volume respectively. It is observed that
constant. If during this process the relation of pressure C p − Cv =a for hydrogen gas, C p − Cv = b for
P and volume V is given by PVn = constant, then n is
nitrogen gas. The correct relation between a and b is:
given by (Here C p and CV are molar specific heat at
[2017]
constant pressure and constant volume, respectively): 1
[2016] (a) a = b (b) a = b
14
C − CP C −C (c) a = 14 b (d) a = 28 b
(a) n = (b) n = P
C − CV C − CV 7. N moles of a diatomic gas in a cylinder are at a
C − CV C temperature T. Heat is supplied to the cylinder such
(c) n = (d) n = P
C − CP CV that the temperature remains constant but n moles of
the diatomic gas get converted into monoatomic gas.
3. The ratio of work done by an ideal monoatomic gas to
What is the change in the total kinetic energy of the
the heat supplied to it in an isobaric process is:
gas? [2017]
[2016]
1
3 2 (a) nRT (b) 0
(a) (b) 2
5 5
3 5
3 2 (c) nRT (d) nRT
(c) (d) 2 2
2 5
8. An engine operates by taking n moles of an ideal gas
4. A Carnot freezer takes heat from water at 0ºC inside it
through the cycle ABCDA shown in figure. The
and rejects it to the room at a temperature of 27ºC. The
thermal efficiency of the engine is:
latent heat of ice is 336 × 103J kg-1. If 5 kg of water at
(Take Cv =1.5 R, where R is gas constant) [2017]
0ºC is converted into ice at 0ºC by the freezer, then the
energy consumed by the freezer is close to: [2016]
5 6
(a) 1.67 × 10 J (b) 1.68 × 10 J
(c) 1.51 × 105J (d) 1.71 × 107J
9. An ideal gas has molecules with 5 degrees of freedom. 13. Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in series.
The ratio of specific heats at constant pressure (Cp) and Engine A receives heat from a reservoir at 600 K and
at constant volume (Cv) is: [2017] rejects heat to a reservoir at temperature T. Engine B
7 receives heat rejected by engine A and in turn rejects it
(a) 6 (b)
2 to a reservoir at 100 K. If the efficiencies of the two
5 7 engines A and B are represented by η A and η B
(c) (d)
2 5 ηB
respectively, then what is the value of ? [2018]
10. For the P-V diagram given for an ideal gas, out of the ηA
following which one correctly represents the T-P
diagram? [2017]
12 7
(a) (b)
7 12
12 5
(c) (d)
5 12
14. The value closest to the thermal velocity of a Helium
atom at room temperature (300K) in ms-1 is:
[kB = 1.4 × 10-23 J/K; mHe = 7 ×10-27 kg] [2016]
(a) 1.3 × 10 4
(b) 1.3 × 10 3
17. Following figure shows two processes A and B for a 21. A thermally isolated cylindrical closed vessel of height
gas. If ∆QA and ∆QB are the amounts of heat absorbed 8 m is kept vertically. It is divided into two equal parts
by a diathermic (perfect thermal conductor)
by the system in two cases, ∆U A and ∆U B are changes
frictionless partition of mass 8.3 kg. Thus, the partition
in internal energies, respectively, then: [2019] is held initially at a distance of 4 m from the top, as
shown in the schematic figure below. Each of the two
parts of the vessel contains 0.1 mole of an ideal gas at
temperature 300 K. The partition is now released and
moves without any gas leaking from one part of the
vessel to the other. When equilibrium is reached, the
distance of the partition from the top (in m) will be
(a) ∆Q A < ∆Q B , ∆U A < ∆U B _______ (take the acceleration due to gravity
(b) ∆Q A > ∆Q B , ∆U A > ∆U B =10 ms-2 and the universal gas constant). [2020]
(c) ∆Q A > ∆Q B , ∆U A = ∆U B
(d) ∆Q A =
∆Q B , ∆U A =
∆U B
18. Under an adiabatic process, the volume of an ideal gas
gets doubled. Consequently, the mean collision time
between the gas molecules changes from τ 1 to τ 2 .
Cp τ2
If = γ for this gas, then a good estimate for is 22. A spherical bubble inside water has radius R. Take the
CV τ1
pressure inside the bubble and the water pressure to be
given by [2020] P0. The bubble now gets compressed radially in an
γ +1
1 1 2 adiabatic manner so that its radius becomes (R – a). For
(a) (b)
2 2 a << R the magnitude of the work done in the process
γ is given by (4π p0 Ra 2 ) X , where X is a constant and.
1
(c) (d) 2
2 γ = Cp / Cv = 41/ 30 . The value of X is [2020]
19. A gas mixture consists of 3 moles of oxygen and 23. If one mole of the polyatomic gas is having two
5 moles of argon at temperature T. Assuming the gases vibrational modes and β is the ratio of molar specific
to be ideal and the oxygen bond to be rigid, the total
C
internal energy (in units of RT) of the mixture is: heats for polyatomic gas β = p , then the value of
[2020] Cv
25. Given below are two statements: 31. The root mean square speed of molecules of a given
Statement I: In a diatomic molecule, the rotational mass of a gas at 27° C and 1 atmosphere pressure is
energy at a given temperature obeys Maxwell's 200 ms-1. The root mean square speed of molecules of
distribution. the gas at 127° C and 2 atmosphere pressure is
Statement II: In a diatomic molecule, the rotational x
energy at a given temperature equals the translational ms-1. The value of x will be [2021]
3
kinetic energy for each molecule.
32. A monatomic gas of mass 4.0 u is kept in an insulated
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct
container. Container is moving with velocity 30 m/s. If
answer from the options given below: [2021]
container is suddenly stopped then change in
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
x
(b) Statement I is false but Statement II is true. temperature of the gas (R= gas constant) is .
3R
(c) Both Statement I and Statement II are false.
(d) Statement I is true but Statement II is false. Value of x is ……… [2021]
26. The internal energy (U), pressure (P) and volume (V) 33. Match List-I with List-II
of an ideal gas are related as U = 3PV + 4. The gas is List-I List-II
[2021] A Isothermal (i) Pressure constant
(a) Diatomic only B Isochoric (ii) Temperature constant
(b) Polyatomic only C Adiabatic (iii) Volume constant
(c) Either monoatomic or diatomic D Isobaric (iv) Heat content is constant
(d) Monoatomic only Choose the correct answer from the options given
27. Calculate the value of mean free path (λ) for oxygen below [2021]
molecules at temperature 27°C and pressure 1.01 × 105 (a) A – (iii), B – (ii), C – (i), D – (iv)
Pa. Assume the molecular diameter 0.3 nm and the gas (b) A – (ii), B – (iv), C – (iii), D – (i)
is ideal. (k = 1.38 × 10-23 JK-1) [2021] (c) A – (i), B – (iii), C – (ii), D – (iv)
(a) 86 nm (b) 102 nm (d) A – (ii), B – (iii), C – (iv), D – (i)
(c) 32 nm (d) 58 nm 34. n moles of a perfect gas undergoes a cyclic process
28. A polyatomic ideal gas has 24 vibrational modes. What ABCA (see figure) consisting of the following
is the value of γ ? [2021] processes.
(a) 1.03 (b) 1.30 A → B: Isothermal expansion at temperature T so that
(c) 1.37 (d) 10.3 the volume is doubled from V1 to V2 = 2V1 and
pressure changes from P1 to P2.
29. Two ideal polyatomic gases at temperatures T1 and T2
B → C: Isobaric compression at pressure P2 to initial
are mixed so that there is no loss of energy. If F1 and volume V1.
F2 , m1 and m2 , n1 and n2 be the degrees of freedom, C → A: Isochoric change leading to change of pressure
masses, number of molecules of the first and second from P2 to P1.
gas respectively, the temperature of mixture of these Total work done in the complete cycle ABCA is:
two gases is: [2021] [2021]
nT +n T n FT + n F T
(a) 1 1 2 2 (b) 1 1 1 2 2 2
n1 + n2 n1 F1 + n2 F2
n1 F1T1 + n2 F2T2 n1 F1T1 + n2 F2T2
(c) (d)
F1 + F2 n1 + n2
30. What will be the average value of energy along one
degree of freedom for an ideal gas in thermal
equilibrium at a temperature T? ( k B is Boltzmann
1
constant) [2021] (a) 0 (b) nRT ln 2 −
2 2
(a) k BT (b) k BT
3 1
(c) nRT ln 2 (d) nRT ln 2 +
1 3 2
(c) k BT (d) k BT
2 2
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 88
35. If one mole of an ideal gas at (P1, V1) is allowed to 39. A Carnot’s engine working between 400 K and 800 K
expand reversibly and isothermally (A to B) its has a work output of 1200 J per cycle. The amount of
pressure is reduced to one-half of the original pressure heat energy supplied to the engine from the source in
(see figure). This is followed by a constant volume each cycle is: [2021]
cooling till its pressure is reduced to one-fourth of the (a) 3200 J (b) 1800 J
initial value (B → C). Then it is restored to Initial state (c) 1600 J (d) 2400 J
by a reversible adiabatic compression (C to A). The net 40. Which one is the correct option for the two different
work done by the gas is equal to [2021] thermodynamic processes? [2021]
1 RT
(a) RT ln 2 − (b) −
2 ( γ − 1) 2 ( γ − 1)
(c) RT ln 2 (d) 0
7 5 (a) (c) and (a) (b) (c) and (d)
36. =
A diatomic gas, having CP = R and CV R, is
2 2 (c) (a) only (d) (b) and (c)
heated at constant pressure. The ratio dU : dQ : dW : 41. The P-V diagram of a diatomic ideal gas system going
[2021] under cyclic process is shown in figure. The work done
(a) 5 : 7 : 2 (b) 3 : 5 : 2 during an adiabatic process CD is (use γ = 1.4) :
(c) 5 : 7 : 3 (d) 3 : 7 : 2 [2021]
37. Thermodynamic process is shown below on a P-V
diagram for one mole of an ideal gas. If V2 = 2V1 then
T
the ratio of temperature 2 is: [2021]
T1
43. For an adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas, the 47. A container is divided into two chambers by a
fractional change in its pressure is equal to (where γ partition. The volume of first chamber is 4.5 litre and
is the ratio of specific heats): [2021] second chamber is 5.5 litre. The first chamber contain
1 dV V 3.0 moles of gas at pressure 2.0 atm and second
(a) − (b) − γ chamber contain 4.0 moles of gas at pressure 3.0 atm.
γ V dV
After the partition is removed and the mixture attains
dV dV
(c) − γ (d) equilibrium, then, the common equilibrium pressure
V V existing in the mixture is x × 10−1 arm.
44. An ideal gas in a cylinder is separated by a piston in Value of x is ……… [2021]
such a way that the entropy of one part is S1 and that 48. The volume V of a given mass of monoatomic gas
of the other part is S2. Given that S1 > S2. If the piston changes with temperature T according to the relation
is removed then the total entropy of the system will be: 2
12. A monoatomic ideal gas, initially at temperature T1, is 17. The temperature of a hypothetical gas increases to 2
enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston. times when compressed adiabatically to half the
The gas is allowed to expand adiabatically to a volume. Its equation can be written as
temperature. T2 by releasing the piston suddenly. If L1 (a) PV3/2 = constant (b) PV5/2 = constant
and L2 are the lengths of the gas column before and 7/3
(c) PV = constant (d) PV4/3 = constant
after expansion respectively, then T1/T2 is given by 18. When an ideal gas (γ = 5/3) is heated under constant
2/3
L L pressure, then what percentage of given heat energy
(a) 1 (b) 1
L2 L2 will be utilised in doing external work
2/3
(a) 40 % (b) 30 %
L L (c) 60 % (d) 20 %
(c) 2 (d) 2
L1 L1 19. The shown P–V diagram represents the
13. A mono atomic gas is supplied the heat Q very slowly thermodynamic cycle of an engine, operating with an
keeping the pressure constant. The work done by the ideal monoatomic gas. The amount of heat, extracted
gas will be from the source in a single cycle is:
2 3
(a) Q (b) Q
3 5
2 1
(c) Q (d) Q
5 5
14. An ideal gas expands isothermally from a volume V1
to V2 and then compressed to original volume V1
adiabatically. Initial pressure is P1 and final pressure is
P3. The total work done is W. Then
(a) P3 > P1, W > 0 (b) P3 < P1, W < 0 13
(a) P0V0 (b) PV 0 0
(c) P3 > P1, W < 0 (d) P3 = P1, W = 0 2
15. A cylindrical tube of uniform cross-sectional area A is
11
fitted with two air tight frictionless pistons. The pistons (c) PV 0 0 (d) 4P0V0
2
are connected to each other by a metallic wire. Initially
the pressure of the gas is P0 and temperature is T0, 20. Two samples A and B of a gas initially at the same
pressure and temperature are compressed from volume
atmospheric pressure is also P0. Now the temperature
V to V/2 (A isothermally and adiabatically). The final
of the gas is increased to 2T0, the tension in the wire pressure of A is
will be (a) Greater than the final pressure of B
(b) Equal to the final pressure of B
Wire (c) Less than the final pressure of B
(d) Twice the final pressure of B
21. A thermodynamic system is taken through the cycle
(a) 2 P0A (b) P0A PQRSP process. The net work done by the system is
P0 A
(c) (d) 4 P0A
2
16. The molar heat capacity in a process of a diatomic gas
Q
if it does a work of when a heat of Q is supplied to
4
it is
2 5
(a) R (b) R
5 2
(a) 20 J (b) – 20 J
10 6 (c) 400 J (d) – 374 J
(c) R (d) R
3 7
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 92
22. Two rigid boxes containing different ideal gases are 25. An ideal gas is taken through the cycle A → B → C →
placed on a table. Box A contains one mole of nitrogen A, as shown in the figure. If the net heat supplied to the
at temperature T0, while Box B contains one mole of gas in the cycle is 5 J, the work done by the gas in the
helium at temperature (7/3) T0. The boxes are then put process C → A is
into thermal contact with each other and heat flows
between them until the gases reach a common final
temperature. (Ignore the heat capacity of boxes). Then,
the final temperature of the gases, Tf, in terms of T0 is
5 3
(a) T f = T0 (b) T f = T0
2 7
7 3 (a) – 5 J (b) – 10 J
(c) T f = T0 (d) T f = T0
3 2 (c) – 15 J (d) – 20 J
23. An ideal gas of mass m in a state A goes to another state 26. In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work
B via three different processes as shown in figure. If done by the gas in one cycle is
Q1, Q2 and Q3 denote the heat absorbed by the gas
along the three paths, then
P A
3
2
1
B
V (a) 28 P1V1 (b) 14 P1V
(a) Q1 < Q2 < Q3 (b) Q1 < Q2 = Q3 (c) 18 P1V (d) 9 P1V1
(c) Q1 = Q2 > Q3 (d) Q1 > Q2 > Q3 27. Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a
cyclic process shown in figure is
24. A thermodynamic process is shown in the figure. The
pressures and volumes corresponding to some points
in the figure are:
PA = 3 × 104 Pa, PB = 8 × 104 Pa
and VA = 2 × 10–3m3, VD = 5 × 10–3 m3
In process AB, 600 J of heat is added to the system and
in process BC, 200 J of heat is added to the system.
The change in internal energy of the system in process (a) 107 π J (b) 104 π J
AC would be (c) 102 π J (d) 10-3 π J
28. One mole of diatomic ideal gas undergoes a cyclic 32. Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in
process ABC as shown in figure. The process BC is succession. The first one, A receives heat from a source
adiabatic. The temperatures at A, B and C are 400 K, at T = 800 K and rejects to sink at T2. The second
800 K and 600 K respectively. Choose the correct engine B receives heat rejected by the first engine and
statement: rejects to another sink at T3 = 300 K. If the work
outputs of two engines are equal, then the value of T2
is
(a) 100 K (b) 300 K
(c) 550 K (d) 700 K
33. A reversible engine converts one-sixth of the heat input
into work. When the temperature of the sink is reduced
by 62°C, the efficiency of the engine is doubled. The
(a) The change in internal energy in the process CA is temperatures of the source and sink are
700 R. (a) 80°C, 37°C (b) 95°C, 28°C
(b) The changes in internal energy in the process AB is (c) 90°C, 37°C (d) 99°C, 37°C
–350 R. 34. An ideal monoatomic gas is confined in a cylinder by
(c) The change in internal energy in the process BC is a spring-loaded piston of cross section 8.0 × 10–3m2.
–500 R. Initially the gas is at 300 K and occupies a volume of
(d) The change in internal energy in whole cyclic 2.4× 10–3 m3 and the spring is in its relaxed state as
process is 250 R. shown in figure. The gas is heated by a small heater
29. A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process until the piston moves out slowly by 0.1 m. The force
ABCDA as shown in figure. The work done by the constant of the spring is 8000 N/m and the atmospheric
system is pressure is 1.0 × 105 N/m2. The cylinder and the piston
P
C B are thermally insulated. The piston and the spring are
3P0
massless and there is no friction between the piston and
2P0 O the cylinder. The final temperature of the gas will be:
(Neglect the heat loss through the lead wires of the
P0 heater. The heat capacity of the heater coil is also
A D
negligible)
V
V0 2V0
36. A Carnot engine absorbs 1000 J of heat energy from a 42. Four curves A, B, C and D are drawn in the adjoining
reservoir at 127oC and rejects 600 J of heat energy figure for a given amount of gas. The curves which
during each cycle. The efficiency of engine and represent adiabatic and isothermal changes are
temperature of sink will be:
(a) 50% and – 20oC (b) 40% and – 33oC
o
(c) 70% and – 10 C (d) 20% and – 43oC
37. Equal masses of three liquids A, B and C have
temperatures 10°C, 25°C and 40°C respectively. If A
and B are mixed, the mixture has a temperature of
15°C. If B and C are mixed, the mixture has a (a) C and D respectively (b) D and C respectively
temperature of 30°C. If A and C are mixed, the mixture (c) A and B respectively (d) B and A respectively
will have a temperature of:
Objective Questions II
(a) 16°C (b) 20°C
[One or more than one correct option]
(c) 25°C (d) 29°C
38. The temperatures of equal masses of three different 43. During an experiment, an ideal gas is found to obey a
liquids A, B and C are 12°C, 19°C and 28°C P2
condition = constant [ ρ = density of the gas]. The
respectively. The temperature when A and B are ρ
mixed is 16°C, and when B and C are mixed, it is gas is initially at temperature T, pressure P and density
23°C. What will be the temperature when A and C are ρ . The gas expands such that density changes to ρ /2
mixed ?
(a) 15.6 °C (b) 23.2 °C (a) The pressure of the gas changes to 2P
(c) 20.3 °C (d) 25.8 °C (b) The temperature of the gas changes to 2T
39. An ideal gas at 27°C is compressed adiabatically to (c) The graph of the above process on the P-T diagram
8 is parabola
of its original volume. The rise in temperature is
27 (d) The graph of the above process on the P-T diagram
5 is hyperbola
γ =
3 44. Pick the correct statement (s)
(a) 475° C (b) 402° C (a) The rms translational speed for all ideal-gas
(c) 275° C (d) 375° C molecules at the same temperature is not the same
40. A mass of diatomic gas (γ = 1.4) at a pressure of but it depends on the mass
2 atmospheres is compressed adiabatically so that its (b) Each particle in gas has average translational
temperature rises from 27°C to 927°C. The pressure of 1 2 3
the gas in the final state is: kinetic energy and the equation mvrms = kT
2 2
(a) 256 atm (b) 8 atm establishes the relationship between the average
(c) 28 atm (d) 68.7 atm translational kinetic energy per particle and
41. In the following P-V diagram two adiabatics cut two temperature of an ideal gas. It can be concluded that
isothermals at temperatures T1 and T2 (fig.). The value single particle has a temperature.
V (c) Temperature of an ideal gas is doubled from 100°C
of a will be
Vd to 200°C. The average kinetic energy of each
particle is also doubled.
(d) It is possible for both the pressure and volume of a
monoatomic ideal gas to change simultaneously
without causing the internal energy of the gas to
change.
Vb Vc
(a) (b)
Vc Vb
Vd
(c) V (d) VbVc
a
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 95
45. For the P–V diagram shown, for path 1 → 2 → 3, 100 48. A monoatomic ideal gas having an initial volume of
J of heat is given to the system and 40 J of work is done 0.1 m3 and a pressure of 106 N/m2 absorbs 6 × 104 J of
by the system. For path 1 → 4 → 3, the work done by heat. For this situation mark out the correct
system is 10 J. Then statement(s).
(a) The change in internal energy if process is isobaric
is 3.6 × 104 J.
(b) The change in internal energy if process is isobaric
is 6 × 104 J.
(c) The change in internal energy if process is isochoric
is 6 × 104 J.
(d) The change in internal energy if process is
(a) U3 – U1 = 60 J isothermal is 6 × 104 J.
49. In the figure shown, a horizontal cylindrical tube
(b) For 3 → 1 the heat is rejected and equal to 85 J
connected to the vertical wall of a chamber of volume
(c) For 1 → 4 the work done by system is 10 J
V, contains V0 volume of air at atmospheric pressure
(d) For 1 → 4 the heat given to system is 20 J
46. In a certain process, final volume of the gas is equal to P0 and temperature T0 by means of a movable piston
its initial volume. Then for this process A and a valve B. In the beginning valve is closed and
(a) work done by the gas may be equal to zero the chamber is evacuated. The valve gets opened and
(b) work done by the gas is zero air starts leaking into the chamber very slowly. The
(c) change in internal energy of the gas may be equal volume V >> V0 . Take the molar heat capacity of air at
to zero
(d) ratio of final to initial pressure is equal to ratio of 5
constant volume equals R, where R is universal gas
final to initial temperature 2
constant. When air occupies the total volume of the
47. 1 mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is confined in a
chamber, (All walls and piston are made up of
cylinder fitted with a piston as shown in the figure.
insulating material):
Take mass of the piston as 0.5 kg, spring constant,
k = 100 N/m, atmospheric pressure p0 = 105 N/m2, and
the cross–section area of piston, A = 50 cm2. If energy
of 50 J has been supplied to the system, then piston
moves up by 5 cm [Take g = 10 m/s2]. Initially the
spring is in its natural position. Mark out the correct
statement(s).
50. A monoatomic gas undergoes a cyclic process as 55. Determine efficiency of Carnot cycle if in adiabatic
shown in the figure. The ideal gas follows the equation expansion volume 3 times of initial value and (Given;
T = bV2 for the process B → C. During the cycle; the 1
ratio of maximum to minimum pressure is 2 and heat
= γ 1.5,= 0.58 )
3
supplied to the gas in B → C is QB → C = 120 J.
56. For a refrigerator, heat absorbed from source is 800 J
Assuming usual meanings for the symbols, pick
and heat supplied to sink is 600 J then find coefficient
correct option(s)
of performance is:
57. A Carnot engine works between 27ºC and 127ºC. Heat
supplied by the source is 500 J. Then heat ejected (in
joules) to the sink is:
58. In an isobaric process, the work done by a di-atomic
gas is 10J, the heat given (in joules) to the gas will be:
59. A sample of 0.1 g of water at 1000C and normal
pressure (1.0 × 105 Nm -2 ) requires 54 cal of heat
TA
(a) PA = PC (b) =2 energy to convert to steam at 1000C. If the volume of
TB the steam produced is 168 cc, the change in internal
TC energy (in joules) of the sample, is: (Given; 1cal = 4.2
(c) =2 (d) QC → A → B = –130J
TB joules)
51. The internal energy U of an ideal gas depends on 60. One mole of diatomic ideal gas undergoes a cyclic
pressure P and Volume V of the gas according to process ABC as shown in figure. The process BC is
equation U = 3PV, which of the following conclusion adiabatic. The temperatures at A, B and C are 400 K,
can you make regarding the gas? 800K and 600 K respectively. The magnitude of
(a) The gas is not a monatomic gas change in internal energy in the process BC is nR
(b) The gas can be a diatomic gas joules Where R is gas constant. Find the value of n.
(c) The gas can be a triatomic gas
(d) Molar specific heat of the gas in an isobaric
process is 4R
Numerical Value Type Questions
52. Two cylinders A and B fitted with pistons contain
equal amounts of an ideal diatomic gas at 300 K. The
piston of A is free to move, while that of B held fixed.
The same amount of heat is given to the gas in each Assertion & Reason
cylinder. Determine the greatest integral value of the For the following question choose the correct answer
ratio of change in temperature of B to the change in from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) defined as follows.
temperature of A. (A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is also true;
53. On mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken through Statement-II is a correct explanation of Statement- I.
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is also true;
a thermodynamic process shown in the p–V diagram.
Statement-II is not a correct explanation of
The heat supplied to the system in this process is Statement-I.
k × (π + 10) p0V0 . Determine the value of k. (C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
61. Statement-1: The internal energy of a given sample of
an ideal gas depends only its temperature according to
kinetic theory of gases.
Statement-2: The ideal gas molecules do not exert
inter-molecular forces.
54. If sink and source temperature of a refrigerator are 7ºC (a) A (b) B
and 847ºC respectively. Then efficiency of the (c) C (d) D
refrigerator is:
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 97
62. Statement-1: Internal energy change is zero if the Match the Columns
temperature is constant, irrespective of the process 68.Match the quantities given in column-I with column-II
being cyclic or non-cyclic.
Statement-2: dU = n CvdT for all process and is Column-I Column-II
(A) Adiabatic bulk modulus (p) – P/V
independent of path.
(B) Slope of P-V graph in (q) 2/(γ–1)
(a) A (b) B
isothermal process
(c) C (d) D
(C) Degree of freedom (r) γP
63. Statement-1: A quasi-static process is so called
because it is a sudden and large change of the system. (D) The ratio of molar heat (s) γ
Statement-2: An adiabatic process is not quasi-static capacity at constant γ −1
because it is a sudden and large change of the system. pressure to universal gas
(a) A (b) B constant R
(c) C (d) D 69. Thermodynamic processes are indicated in the
following diagram.
64. Statement-1: When an ideal gas is taken from a given
thermodynamics state A to another given
thermodynamic state B by any polytropic process, the
change in the internal energy of the system will be the
same in all processes.
Statement-2: Internal energy of the gas depends only
upon its absolute temperature.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D Match the following:
65. Statement-1: Work done by a gas in isothermal Column-I Column -II
expansion is more than the work done by the gas in the
P Process I a. Adiabatic
same expansion adiabatically.
Statement-2: Temperature remains constant in Q Process II b. Isobaric
isothermal expansion but not in adiabatic expansion. R. Process III c. Isochoric
(a) A (b) B S. Process IV d. Isothermal
(c) C (d) D 70. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken along two
66. Statement-1: In an isothermal process whole of the cyclic processes E → F → G → E and E → F →
heat energy supplied to the body is converted into H → E as shown in the P–V diagram. The process
internal energy. involved are purely isochoric, isobaric, isothermal or
Statement-2: According to the first law of adiabatic
thermodynamics ∆Q = ∆U + P∆V
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
67. Statement-1: In an adiabatic process, change in
internal energy of a gas is equal to work done on or by
the gas in the process.
Statement-2: Temperature of gas remains constant in Match the paths in List I with the magnitudes of the
a adiabatic process. work done in List II and select the correct answer using
the codes given below the lists.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D List I List II
P. G → E 1. 160 PV
0 0 ln 2
Q. G → H 2. 36PV
0 0
R. F → H 3. 24PV
0 0
S. F → G 4. 31PV
0 0
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 98
Paragraph Type Questions 72. Identify the gas filled in the container A and B
(c) (d)
(a) - 5 J (b) - 10 J
(c) - 15 J (d) - 20 J 6. An ideal gas expands isothermally from a volume V1
to V2 and then compressed to original volume V1
adiabatically. Initial pressure is P1 and final pressure is
P3. The total work done is W. Then (2004)
(a) P3 > P1, W > 0 (b) P3 < P1, W < 0
(c) P3 > P1, W < 0 (d) P3 = P1, W = 0
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 100
7. Statement-1: The total translational kinetic energy of 10. The buoyancy force acting on the gas bubble is
all the molecules of a given mass of an ideal gas is 1.5 (Assume R is the universal gas constant) (2008)
times the product of its pressure and its volume.
( p0 + ρ gH ) 2/5
Statement-2: The molecules of a gas collide with each (a) ρ nRg T0
( p0 + ρ gy ) 2/5
other and the velocities of the molecules change due to
the collision. (2007) ρ nRgT0
(b)
(a) Statements-1 and 2 are true and statement-2 is a ( p0 + ρ gH ) [ p0 + ρ g ( H − y )]3/5
2/5
13. One mole of an ideal gas in initial state A undergoes a 19. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken along two
cyclic process ABCA, as shown in the figure. Its cyclic processes E → F → G → E and E → F → H →
pressure at A is p0. E as shown in the p–V diagram.
Choose the correct option(s) from the following The process involved are purely isochoric, isobaric,
(2010) isothermal or adiabatic.
Use the following passage, solve Q. 20 to Q. 21 23. An ideal monoatomic gas is confined in a horizontal
cylinder by a spring loaded piston (as shown in the
In the figure a container is shown to have a movable (without
figure). Initially the gas is at temperature T1, pressure
friction) piston on top. The container and the piston are all
P1 and volume V1 and the spring is in its relaxed state.
made of perfectly insulating material allowing no heat
The gas is then heated very slowly to temperature T2,
transfer between outside and inside the container. The
pressure P2 and volume V2. During this process the
container is divided into two compartments by a rigid
piston moves out by a distance x. Ignoring the friction
partition made of a thermally conducting material that allows
between the piston and the cylinder, the correct
slow transfer of heat. The lower compartment of the container
statement(s) is (are) (2015)
is filled with 2 moles of an ideal monoatomic gas at 700 K
and the upper compartment is filled with 2 moles of an ideal
diatomic gas at 400 K. The heat capacities per mole of an ideal
3 5
monoatomic gas are CV = R , CP = R , and those for an
2 2
5 7 (a) If V2 = 2V1 and T2 = 3T1, then the energy stored in
ideal diatomic gas are CV = R , CP = R .
2 2 1
the spring is P1V1
4
(b) If V2 = 2V1 and T2 = 3T1, then the energy in internal
energy is 3P1V1
(c) If V2 = 3V1 and T2 = 4T1, then the work done by the
7
gas is P1V1
3
20. Consider the partition to be rigidly fixed so that it does
(d) If V2 = 3V1 and T2 = 4T1, then the heat supplied to
not move. When equilibrium is achieved, the final
temperature of the gases will be (2014) 17
the gas is P1V1
(a) 550 K (b) 525 K 6
(c) 513 K (d) 490 K 24. Heat given to process is positive, match the following
21. Now consider the partition to be free to move without option of column I with the corresponding option of
friction so that the pressure of gases in both column II. (2015)
compartments is the same. Then total work done by the
gases till the time they achieve equilibrium will be
(2014)
(a) 250 R (b) 200 R
(c) 100 R (d) –100 R
22. A thermodynamic system is taken from an initial state
i with internal energy Ui=100 J to the final state f along
two different paths iaf and ibf, as schematically shown
in the figure. The work done by the system along the
paths af, ib and bf are Waf =200 J, Wib=50J and Column-I Column-II
Wbf=100 J respectively. The heat supplied to the (a) JK (p) ∆ W > 0
system along the path iaf, ib and bf are Qiaf, Qib and Qbf (b) KL (q) ∆ Q < 0
respectively. If the internal energy of the system in the (c) LM (r) ∆W<0
state b is Ub=200 J and Qiaf= 500 J, the ratio Qbf/Qib is (d) MJ (s) ∆Q>0
(2014)
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 103
25. Column-I contains a list of processes involving 26. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken through a
expansion of an ideal gas. Match this with Column-II cycle ABCDA as shown in the p–V diagram.
describing the thermodynamic charge during this Column- II gives the characteristics involved in the
process. Indicate your answer by darkening the cycle. Match them with each of the processes given in
appropriate bubbles of the 4 × 4 matrix given in the Column-I. (2015)
ORS. (2015)
Column-I Column-II
(a) An insulated container (p) The
two chambers separated temperature
by a valve. Chamber I of the gas
contains an ideal gas and decreases
the Chamber II has
Column-I Column-II
vacuum. The valve is
(a) Process A → B (p) Internal energy decreases
opened.
(b) Process B → C (q) Internal energy increases
(c) Process C → D (r) Heat is lost
(d) Process D → A (s) Heat is gained
(b) An ideal monoatomic gas (q) The (t) Work is done on the gas
expands to twice its temperature 27. A gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a movable
original gas increases or of the gas frictionless piston. Its initial thermodynamic state at
volume such that its increases pressure Pi = 105 Pa and volume Vi = 10-3 m3 changes
pressure remains to a final state at Pf = (1/32) × 105 Pa and Vf = 8 × 10-3
1 m3 in an adiabatic quasi-static process, such that P3V5
constants. p ∝ ,
V2 = constant. Consider another thermodynamic process
where V is the volume of that brings the system from the same initial state to the
the gas same final state in two steps: an isobaric expansion at
(c) An ideal monoatomic gas (r) The gas Pi followed by an isochoric (isovolumetric) process at
expands to twice its loses heat volume Vf. The amount of heat supplied to the system
original volume such that in the two-step process is approximately (2016)
1 (a) 112 J (b) 294 J
its pressure p ∝ , (c) 588 J (d) 813 J
V 4/3
28. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes an
where V is its volume.
adiabatic expansion in which its volume becomes eight
(d) An ideal monoatomic gas (s) The gas
times its initial value. If the initial temperature of the
expands such that its gains heat
gas is 100 K and the universal gas constant R = 8.0 J
pressure p and volume V
mol-1 K-1, the decrease in its internal energy, in Joule,
follows the behaviour
is (2018)
shown in the graph.
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 104
29. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas goes through a 31. In a thermodynamic process on an ideal monoatomic
thermodynamic cycle, as shown in the volume versus gas, the infinitesimal heat absorbed by the gas is given
temperature (V-T) diagram. The correct statement(s) by TdX, where T is temperature of the system and dX
is/are: [R is the gas constant] (2019) is the infinitesimal change in a thermodynamic
quantity X of the system. For a mole of monatomic
3 T V
=
ideal gas X Rn + Rn . Here, R is gas
2 TA VA
constant, V is volume of gas. TA and VA are constants.
The List-I below gives some quantities involved in a
process and List-II gives some possible values of these
quantities. (2019)
List-I List-II
(I) Work done by the system (P) 1
RT0 n2
in process 1 → 2 → 3 3
(a) Work done in thisthermodynamic cycle (II) Change in internal (Q) 1
1 energy in process RT
(1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 1) is | W |= RT0 3
2 1→ 2→ 3
(b) The ratio of heat transfer during possesses (III) Heat absorbed by the (R) RT0
Q 5 system in process
1 → 2 and 2 → 3 is 1→ 2 = 1→ 2→ 3
Q2→3 3
(IV) Heat absorbed by the (S) 4
(c) The above thermodynamic cycle exhibits only RT0
isochoric and adiabatic processes. system in process 1 → 2 3
(d) The ratio of heat transfer during processes (T) 1
RT0 ( 3| n 2 )
Q 1 3
1 → 2 and 3 → 4 is 1→ 2 =
Q3→ 4 2 (U) 5
RT0
30. A mixture of ideal gas containing 5 moles of 6
monatomic gas and 1 mole of rigid diatomic gas is If the procession one mole of monatomic ideal gas is
initially at pressure P0, volume V0 and temperature T0. as shown in the TV-diagram with P0V0 = RT0, the
If the gas mixture is adiabatically compressed to a correct match is,
volume V0/4, then the correct statement(s)/are,
32. Consider a gas of triatomic molecules. The molecules 35. A thermally insulating cylinder has a thermally
are assumed to be triangular and made of massless insulating and friction less movable partition in the
rigid rods whose vertices are occupied by atoms. The middle, as shown in the figure below. On each side of
internal energy of a mole of the gas at temperature T the partition, there is one mole of an ideal gas, with
is: (2020) specific heat at constant volume, CV = 2 R. Here, R is
the gas constant. Initially, each side has a volume V0
and temperature T0 . The left side has an electric
heater, which is turned on at very low power to
3 transfer heat Q to the gas on the left side. As a result,
(a) RT (b) 3 RT the partition moves slowly towards the right reducing
2
5 9 the right-side volume to V0 / 2. Consequently, the gas
(c) RT (d) RT
2 2 temperatures on the left and the right sides become TL
33. An ideal gas undergoes a four-step cycle as shown in
and TR , respectively. Ignore the changes in the
the P − V diagram below. During this cycle, heat is
absorbed by the gas in (2021) temperatures of the cylinder, heater and the partition.
(2021)
TR
The value of is
T0
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 3
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 106
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Answer Key
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EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2:
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CHAPTER - 15 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
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