CYBERCRIME
1. Crimes against the machine (integrity related
WHAT MAKES CYBERCRIME ATTRACTIVE?
 Lower Cost
 Force Multiplier
 Low Risk of Detection
 Lack of Laws
A computer is a machine that is made up of various
parts or components which help it in carrying out
instructions which are in the form of arithmetic
commands or different algorithms for it to process.
A computer is any machine that can be programmed
to carry out a set of algorithms and arithmetic
instructions.
A computer is a digital electronic machine that can be
programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or
logical operations automatically. Modern computers
can perform generic sets of operations known as
programs. These programs enable computers to
perform a wide range of tasks.
What is computer network?
Computer network refers to interconnected computing
devices that can exchange data and share resources
with each other. These networked devices use a
system of rules, called communications protocols, to
transmit information over physical or wireless
technologies.
Cybercrime does not require physical proximity
between victim and perpetrator for the consummation
of an offense.
 A perpetrator needs a computer linked to the
Internet.
 One-to-one victimization is not typical of
cybercrime because, unlike real-world crime, it
can be automated.
 This crime can be instituted or filed before the
RTC court.
Three generic types of cybercrime
cybercrime) – e.g. Hacking, DDOS
2. Crimes using the machine (Computer assisted
cybercrime) – e.g. Fraud, Deception
3. Crimes in the machine (Content-related
cybercrime) – e.g. Obscenity/Violent or Abusive
Speech/ Grooming, Information
Leakage/Espionage
THREE CONTEMPORARY EXAMPLES OF
GLOBALIZED CYBERCRIME BY CRIME TYPE
Zeus Trojan is a form of crimeware/ malware
Stills key information
Scareware – a crime using the machine
malicious software that defrauds victims by scaring
them into paying for fake anti-virus packages that
purport to fix their computer
Wikileaks – a crime in the machine
a global non-profit organization that publishes secret
and classified material from anonymous sources on
its website in order to ‘expose oppressive regimes’
SEC. 4. Cybercrime Offenses.
(1) Illegal Access. – The access to the whole or any
part of a computer system without right.
Illegal Interception. – The interception made by
technical means without right of any non-public
transmission of computer data to, from, or within a
computer system including electromagnetic emissions
from a computer system carrying such computer data.
(3) Data Interference. — The intentional or reckless
alteration, damaging, deletion or deterioration of
computer data, electronic document, or electronic
data message, without right, including the introduction
or transmission of viruses.
(4) System Interference. — The intentional alteration
or reckless hindering or interference with the
functioning of a computer or computer network by
inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting,
deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data
or program, electronic document, or electronic data
message, without right or authority, including the
introduction or transmission of viruses.
) Cyber-squatting. – The acquisition of a domain
name over the internet in bad faith to profit, mislead,
destroy reputation, and deprive others from
registering the same, if such a domain name is:
(i) Similar, identical, or confusingly similar to
an existing trademark registered with the appropriate
government agency at the time of the domain name
registration:
(ii) Identical or in any way similar with the
name of a person other than the registrant, in case of
a personal name; and
 (iii) Acquired without right or with intellectual
property interests in it.
omputer-related Identity Theft. – The intentional
acquisition, use, misuse, transfer, possession,
alteration or deletion of identifying information
belonging to another, whether natural or juridical,
without right:
Cybersex. — The willful engagement, maintenance,
control, or operation, directly or indirectly, of any
lascivious exhibition of sexual organs or sexual
activity, with the aid of a computer system, for favor
or consideration.
Unsolicited Commercial Communications. — The
transmission of commercial electronic communication
with the use of computer system which seek to
advertise, sell, or offer for sale products and services
Libel. — The unlawful or prohibited acts of libel as
defined in Article 355 of the Revised Penal Code, as
amended, committed through a computer system or
any other similar means which may be devised in the
future.
CYBERTRESPASS
Crossing boundaries into other people’s property
and/or causing damage (e.g., hacking, defacement,
viruses)
 Keep the Computer System Up-to-Date
 Protect your personal information
 Install or update your Antivirus Software
 Keep your firewall turned on
 Read the fine print on website privacy policies
 Review financial statement regularly
 Secure configuration of the system
 If it seems too good to be true, it is not true
 Choose a strong password and protect it
 Turn off your computer
CHALLENGES
 Anonymity
 Attribution
 Trace back can be time consuming
 The lack of harmonized national cybercrime laws,
international standardization of evidentiary
requirements (both in terms of admissibility in a
court of law, and in terms of international state
responsibility), mutual legal assistance on
cybercrime matters, and timely collection,
preservation, and sharing of digital evidence
between countries
 Technical Challenges
 Existing limited abilities of law enforcement
agencies to conduct these investigations

CYBERDECEPTIONS AND THEFTS

Stealing money, property (e.g., credit card fraud,
intellectual property violations, aka “piracy”)

CYBER PORNOGRAPHY
Breaching laws on obscenity and decency

CYBERVIOLENCE
Doing psychological harm to or inciting physical harm
against others, thereby breaching laws relating to the
protection of the person (e.g., hate speech, stalking;
pp. 3–7)

Types of Cyber Criminals

 Individuals and small criminal groups
 Insiders
 Organized Criminal Organization
 State and State Affiliated Agents
 Hacktivist
 Cyber terrorist
 Script Kiddies

THE TOOLS OF THE CYBER CRIMINALS

While there is a technical aspect of hacking (such as
creating malware or breaking into networks),
psychology also plays a role in this illegal activity.
Social engineering, where hackers use psychology to
trick unsuspecting victims into complying with their
requests, plays a vital role in many cybersecurity
attacks.

Preventive Measures Against Cybercrimes