KARBOHIDRAT

LANJUTAN ...

I Nyoman Suarsana

Laboratorium Biokimia
Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan

Karbohidrat

Definisi:
§Karbohidrat didefinisikan sebagai senyawa
organik dengan rumus umum (CH2O)n,
dan dinamai sebagai Hidrat- karbon

§Karbohidrat juga didefinisikan sebagai

polyhydroxy aldehyde atau polyhidroxy
keton dengan rumus umum (CH2O)n

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Fungsi

§Bentuk simpanan energi dalam tubuh

§Reseptor pengenal permukaan sel (sel, hormon,
virus, dll)
§Antigen permukaan sel (golongan darah)
§Lambung Manusia mengandung glikoprotein
(musin) lebih dari 60% karbohidrat.
§Komponen struktural berbagai organisme
– Dinding sel bakteri
– Eksoskleton pada insekta.
– Selulosa pada tanaman.
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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are
§A major source of energy
from our diet.
§Composed of the
elements C, H, and O.
§Also called saccharides,
which means “sugars.”
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjam in Cum m ings

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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
§Are produced by photosynthesis
in plants.
§Such as glucose are synthesized
in plants from CO2, H2O, and
energy from the sun.
§Are oxidized in living cells
(respiration) to produce CO2,
H2O, and energy.
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc
Publishing as Benjam in Cum m ings

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Types of Carbohydrates

The types of carbohydrates are

– Monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates.
– Disaccharides, which consist of two monosaccharides.
– Polysaccharides, which contain many ( more than 10)
monosaccharides.

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides consist of
§3 to 6 carbon atoms, typically (khas).
§A carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone).
§Several hydroxyl groups.

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Figure 7.2. Examples of an aldose (A) and a ketose (B) sugar.

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Page § 9

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 D-Glucose
D-glucose is
§Found in fruits, corn
syrup, and honey.
§An aldohexose with the
formula C6H12O6.
§Known as blood sugar
in the body.
§The monosaccharide in Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
polymers of starch,
cellulose, and glycogen.
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Blood Glucose Level

In the body,
§Glucose has a
normal blood level
of 70-90 mg/dL.
§A glucose
tolerance test
measures blood
glucose for several Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin
Cummings

hours after
ingesting glucose.
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 D-Fructose
D-fructose
CH2OH
§Is a ketohexose C O
C6H12O6. HO C H
§Is the sweetest H C OH
carbohydrate.
H C OH
§Is found in fruit juices CH2OH
and honey.
§Converts to glucose in D-Fructose
the body. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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D-Galactose

D-galactose is O
§An aldohexose C6H12O6. C H

§Not found free in nature. H C OH

HO C H
§Obtained from lactose, a
HO C H
disaccharide.
H C OH
§A similar structure to CH2OH
glucose except for the
D-Galactose
–OH on C4.

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Important Disaccharides

A disaccharide
§Consists of two monosaccharides.
Monosaccharides Disaccharide
Glucose + glucose Maltose + H2O
Glucose + galactose Lactose + H2O
Glucose + fructose Sucrose + H2O

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Maltose

Maltose is
§A disaccharide also known as malt sugar.
§Composed of two D-glucose molecules.
§Obtained from the hydrolysis of starch.
§Linked by an a-1,4-glycosidic bond formed from
the a −OH on C1 of the first glucose and −OH
on C4 of the second glucose.
§Used in cereals, candies, and brewing.
§Found in both the a- and β - forms.
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 Formation of Maltose

Page § 17 Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lactose
Lactose
§ Is a disaccharide of β-D-
galactose and α- or β-D-
glucose.
§ Contains a β -1,4-glycosidic
bond.
§ Is found in milk and milk
products.

§ Lactose intolerance: lack of

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lactase

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 Sucrose
Sucrose or table sugar
§Is obtained from sugar cane and sugar beets.
§Consists of α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose..
§Has an α,β-1,2-glycosidic bond.

α-D-glucose

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Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
β-D-fructose

Sweeteners
Sugars and artificial
TABLE 15.2
sweeteners
§Differ in sweetness.
§Are compared to
sucrose (table
sugar), which is
assigned a value of
100.
60 000

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Page § 21

Polysaccharides

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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 Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
CH2OH
§Are polymers of D-glucose. O
§Include amylose and
amylopectin, starches made of OH
OH OH
α-D-glucose.
§Include glycogen (animal OH
starch in muscle), which is α-D-glucose
made of α-D-glucose.
§Include cellulose (plants and
wood), which is made of β-D-
glucose.
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Structures of Amylose and Amylopectin

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Amylose
Amylose is
§A polymer of α-D-
glucose molecules.
§Linked by a-1,4
glycosidic bonds.
§A continuous
(unbranched) chain.

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Amylopectin
Amylopectin
§Is a polymer of α-D-
glucose molecules.
§Is a branched-chain
polysaccharide.
§Has α-1,4-glycosidic
bonds between the
glucose units.
§Has α-1,6 bonds to
branches.
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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 Glycogen

Glycogen
§Is the polysaccharide
that stores α-D-glucose
in muscle.
§Is similar to amylopectin,
but is more highly
branched.

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Glycogen Structure

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 Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin

§Cellulose
– Plant polysaccharide
– Serve as a structural not nutritional role
– Unbranched polymer of glucose, b-1,4 linkages
– Linear chains; forming fibers; high tensile strength
– Mammals lack cellulases and so cannot digest wood and
vegetable fibers
§Chitin
– Exoskeletons of insects
– Unbranched polymer of NAG, b-1,4 linkages
– Long straight chains; structural roles
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Cellulose
Cellulose
§Is a polysaccharide of
glucose units in
unbranched chains.
§Has β-1,4-glycosidic
bonds.
§Cannot be digested by
humans because
humans cannot break
down β-1,4-glycosidic
bonds. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Page § 30 Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Chitosan/Kitin

§Merupakan polimer N-asetil β-D glukosamin

§Terhubung dengan ikatan β1-4, sehingga memiliki
struktur yg mirip dengan selulosa kecuali pada
gugus OH atom C2 diganti dengan gugus amino
yang terasilasi
§Terdistribusiluas dibanyak organisme terutama
penyusun eksoskeleton beberap moluska dan
artropoda

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Gambar 1. Reaksi pada proses deasetilasi kitin (Fessenden, 1986)

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 KITIN DAN KITOSAN DAPAT DITERAPKAN DI BIDANG
INDUSTRI MAUPUN BIDANG KESEHATAN

1. Industri tekstil :
ü bahan serat tenun kain,
(cara membuat suspensi kitin dalam asam
format, kemudian ditambahkan triklor asam
asetat dan segera dibekukan pada suhu 20º C
selama 24 jam )
ü memperkuat warna kain

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2. Bidang kedokteran/kesehatan
ü Penurun kolesterol
ü pengabsorpsi lemak,
ü pengobatan luka,
ü bahan benang operasi,
ü pengisi tulang dan
ü gigi buatan
3. Industri pengolahan pangan
ü dapat mengikat air dan lemak
ü sebagai zat antibakteri dan
ü zat antijamur sehingga makanan tahan lama
tanpa pengawet kimia
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 4. Industri kosmetika.
ü pembuatan lotion dan shampo cair
5. Penanganan limbah : kitosan bersifat
polikationik
ü kitosan sebagai chelating agent yang dapat
menyerap logam beracun : merkuri, timah,
tembaga, cobalt
ü mengikat zat warna tekstil dalam air limbah

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D. Complex carbohydrates
§CHO’s can be attached by glycosidic bonds to
non-CHO structures e.g., purines & pyrimidines
(found in nucleic acids), aromatic rings (such as
those found in steroids & bilirubin), proteins (found
in glycoproteins & glycosaminoglycans), and lipids
(found in glycolipids)
§The aldose (C1) or ketose (C2) participates in the
glycosidic link, is called glycosyl residue. E.g., if
anomeric C of glucose participates in such a bond,
that sugar = glucosyl residue; thus the disacch
lactose is galactosyl-glucose
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 Bacterial Cell Walls
Figure 13.24(d) The
peptidoglycan of a
bacterial cell wall

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Bacterial Cell Walls Contain Peptidoglycans

NAG: N-acetylglucosamine
NAM: N-acetylmuramic acid

b 1 4 linkage
A number of layers;
Provide strength to the cell;
Keep shape of the cell;

Antibacterial agent act on

cell wall –peptidoglycan;
Pennicillin; Lysozyme

Structure of the cell wall of

Staphylococcus aureus
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 Plant Cell Walls - Lignin
Figure 13.25 Lignin

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TERIMAKASIH

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