Biomolecules

Fructose

Sweetest carbohydrate/sugar.

Abundant in honey and sweet fruits so also known as Fruit Sugar.

It rotates PPL in anti-clockwise/Left direction. So it is laevorotatory

and also known as ‘Laevulose’.
 Biomolecules

Fructose

Light
Source Polarizing
filter

Angle of optical
rotation

Fructose

laevorotatory
 Biomolecules

Galactose

Most abundant in brain and nervous tissues so called as ‘brain sugar’.

It rarely occurs in free form.

It mostly occurs as a component of some compounds.

e.g. Hemicellulose

Lactose

Pectin

Glycolipid
 Biomolecules

Mannose

It rarely occurs in free form.

It is present as a component of some compounds.

e.g. Hemicellulose- Wood

Carbohydrates-
Oligosaccharides
 Biomolecules

Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides are those carbohydrates which on hydrolysis yield 2

to 10 monosaccharide units .

In oligosaccharides, monosaccharides are linked together by glycosidic

bonds.

Glycosidic bond formation occurs as the result of dehydration synthesis

reaction between aldehydic or ketonic group of one monosaccharide
and -OH group of another monosaccharide.

Glycosidic linkage is formed between ring structures of

monosaccharides.
 Biomolecules
6 6
Glycosidic bond CH2OH CH2OH
formation H C5 O H H C5 O H
H 1 H 1
C4
OH H
C + C4
OH H
C
HO C3 2
C OH HO C3 2
C OH
H OH H OH

Glucose Glucose

Maltose
 Biomolecules

Disaccharides

Oligosaccharides composed of two monosaccharide units are called

as disaccharides.

All disaccharides are sugars.

e.g. Maltose

Lactose

Trehalose

Sucrose
Examples of Disaccharides

Maltose

Maltose is commonly called “Malt sugar”.

It is an intermediate compound formed during starch digestion.

Maltose is abundantly found in germinating starchy seeds.

Maltose
Glucose Glucose

O
 Biomolecules

Maltose

6 6
CH2OH CH2OH

H 5 H H 5 H
H H
4 1 4 1
OH H OH H
3 2 O
HO 3 2
OH

H OH H OH

α-Glucose α-Glucose

Maltose
Examples of Disaccharides

Lactose

Galacto
Lactose is Commonly called “Milk Sugar”. Lactose
O

se
It is least sweet sugar.

Present only in mammals milk.

Examples of Disaccharides

Lactose

Lactose is Commonly called “Milk Sugar”.

It is least sweet sugar.

Present only in mammals milk.

Lactose
Glucose
Trehalose
Galactose O

Present in haemolymph of insects

 Biomolecules

Sucrose

Sucrose is also called “Cane Sugar or Table Sugar or Common Sugar

or Commercial Sugar”.
Sugar

In plants transport of sugars/carbohydrates through phloem mainly

occurs in the form of Sucrose.

Sucrose
Fructose

Glucose O
Biomolecules

Sugar
 Biomolecules

Summary Table Of Disaccharides

Type of
Monosaccharide glycosidic
S.No. Disaccharide Nature
units bond
𝜶 – D – Glucose + 𝜶
1 Maltose a1→4 Reducing
– D – Glucose

𝜷 – D – Galactose +
2 Lactose b1→4 Reducing
𝜷 – D – Glucose
𝜶 – D – Glucose + 𝜷
3 Sucrose 12 Non-reducing
– D – Fructose

𝜶 – D – Glucose + 𝜶
4 Trehalose 11 Non-reducing
– D – Glucose
The Concept Of Reducing And Non-reducing Sugars

Reduction of cupric ion

Cu2+ + e- Cu+
Present in gets precipitated
Benedict’s and as Cuprous oxide
Fehling’s solution (Red in colour)
(Blue in colour)

1 All monosaccharides are reducing in nature.

2 Some disaccharides/oligosaccharides are reducing in nature while

others are non-reducing in nature.

3 All polysaccharides are non-reducing in nature.

Carbohydrates-
Polysaccharides
 Biomolecules

Polysacccharides / Glycans

Polysaccharides are composed of large number of monosaccharide

units.

Polysaccharides are insoluble in water and do not taste sweet.

All polysaccharides are non-reducing but in a polysaccharide chain, the

right end is called reducing end and the left end is called non-reducing
end.
 Biomolecules

Left end Right end

Glucose unit Glucose unit Glucose unit Glucose unit Glucose unit
 Biomolecules

According to function, they are

classified as nutritive and structural

Polysaccharides

Nutritive Structural

Present as stored food Used in structure formation

e.g. Starch & Glycogen e.g. Cellulose & Chitin
 Biomolecules

According to function, they are

classified as nutritive and structural

Structural

Homopolysaccharides Heteropolysaccharides
o Cellulolse o Hyaluronic acid
o Starch o Chondroitin
o Glycogen o Heparin
o Chitin o Pectins
o Inulin o Hemicellulose
o Dextrin
 Biomolecules

Homopolysaccharides

Cellulose

Unbranched, linear polymer of β – D- Glucose units (6000 - 10,000) with

β – 1’- 4” glycosidic linkage.

It is main component of plant cell wall.

Cellulose constitutes 50% of wood, and 90% of cotton.

Most abundant organic compound of the plant kingdom.

It is also used to form Rayon fibre (Artificial silk).

Paper made form plant pulp is cellulose.

 Biomolecules

Homopolysaccharides
Cellulose

Cells Walls

Cells

Cellulose
chains

Glucose
molecules

Plant
 Biomolecules

Starch

Main stored food in plants.

It is polymer of α – D- Glucose units.

Starch gives blue colour with iodine solution.

Starch present in potato contains :-

20% amylose 80% amylopectin

 Biomolecules

Starch Consists Of Two Type Of Chains

Amylose Amylopectin
(Unbranched chain) (Branched chain)
Made up of less number Made up of more number of α – D-
of a-D Glucose units Glucose units
Branching occurs at approximately every
α 1’-4” linkage 24-30 α – D- Glucose units

α 1’-4” & α 1’-6” linkage

1’-4” 1’-4” 1’-4”

At branching points
1’-4” 1’-4” α 1’-6” linkage
1’-6”