Radio Objectives

Recommendations
Recommendationsfor
for Physical
PhysicalLayer
Layer

Unavailability Performance

Rec.G821 (CCITT)
G.821
Rec. 697 (CCIR)
based
(old / Rec. 557 (CCIR) Rec. 696 (CCIR)
future less Rec. 695 (CCIR) Rec. 634 (CCIR)
than Rec. 594 (CCIR)
2 Mbit/s) Rec. 556 (CCIR)

Rec. ITU-T G.826

Rec. ITU-T G.827 Rec. ITU-R F.1092 (Internat.)
G.826
based Rec. ITU-T G.827.1 (DRAFT) Rec. ITU-R F.1397 (Internat.)
(At / above Rec. ITU-R F.1492 Rec. ITU-R F.1189+1491 (National)
2 Mbit/s) Rec. ITU-R F.1493 Rec. ITU-T G.828
pr I-ETS 300 416 (ETSI) Rec. ITU-T G.829
EN 300129 (ETSI)
G.
G.821-based
821-basedCommonly
Commonlyused
usedPerformance
Performance//Availability
Availability Recommendations
Recommendations

Rec. ITU-T G.821 : Error Performance - International digital connection below primary rate
Rec. ITU-R F. 556: Hypothetical Reference Digital Path
Rec. ITU-R F. 557: Availability : Hypothetical Reference Circuit and HR Digital Path
Rec. ITU-R F. 594: BER at the output of a Hypothetical Reference Digital Path
Rec. ITU-R F. 634: Error Perf. Obj. Real links: High Grade Portion of International Connection
Rec. ITU-R F. 695: Availability - Real Digital Radio Relay Links - High Grade
Rec. ITU-R F. 696: Error Perf. / Avail. - Hyp. Reference Digital sections Medium Grade
Rec. ITU-R F. 697: Error Perf. / Availability - Local Grade portion
Relationship
Relationshipbetween
betweenG.821-based
G.821-basedRecommendations
Recommendations

G. 821

F.556

F.557

F.594

F.634 F.696 F.697 F.695

High Grade Medium grade Local grade
G.
G.826-based
826-basedCommonly
Commonlyused
usedPerformance
Performance//Availability
Availability Recommendations
Recommendations

Rec. ITU-T G.826 : Error Performance - International digital path at or above primary rate
Rec. ITU-T G.827 : Availability - path elements of international digital path at or above primary rate
Rec. ITU-T G.827.1 : Availability - international digital path End TO End (draft)
Rec. ITU-T G.828 : Error Performance - SDH international digital path
Rec. ITU-T G.829 : Performance events for SDH multiplex and Regenerator sections
Rec. ITU-R F. 1189: Error Perf. Digital Path in the national portion of Hyp. Ref. Path
Rec. ITU-R F. 1092: Error Perf. Digital Path in the international portion of Hyp. Ref. Path
Rec. ITU-R F. 1397: Error Perf. Real links in the international portion of Hyp. Ref. Path
Rec. ITU-R F. 1491: Error Perf. Real links in the national portion of Hyp. Ref. Path
Rec. ITU-R F. 1492: Availability Real links in the international portion
Rec. ITU-R F. 1493: Availability. Real links in the national portion
 Relationship
Relationshipbetween
betweenG.826-based
G.826-basedRecommendations
Recommendations

“Mother” Rec. G. 826 G. 827

Intermediate steps F.1092 F.1189

F.1394 F.1491 F.1492 F.1493

Real links international
international national national
 Error
ErrorPerformance
PerformanceObjectives
ObjectivesRecommendations
Recommendations
† Rec. G. 821 ITU-T and ITU-R Recc. 556 / 594 / 634 / 696 / 697
were developed between 1978 and 1982

† Final version of Rec. 594 was established in 1982 and in the mean time,
CCITT G. 821 reached its well known form
† Quality requirements were based on the 1980’s status of technology
† During 1993/94 ITU-T has changed G. 821 with respect to points :
• Measurements : possible ONLY up to 64 kbit/s
•Degraded Minutes : DELETED
† Rec. ITU-T G. 826 , ITU-R F1092, ITU-R F1189 , ITU-R F1397, ITU-R F1491,
have been developed between 1991 and 1998 and are now approved.

† Rec. ITU-T G. 828 , ITU-T G.829 have been developed after 1995 and
are now approved.
 Rec.
Rec.ITU-T
ITU-TG.
G.821
821

• Adopted in 1980.
• Operating time divided into Available and Unavailable time.
• Measures must be referred to 64 kbit/s in “Available time” only.
• Performances at higher Bit Rate can be used (Annex D).
• Three different objectives defined : for ES, SES, DM.
• Objectives referred to 27500 km Hypothetical Reference Connection (HRX).
• HRX divided into : High Grade, Medium Grade, Local Grade.
• Allocation of objectives for High, Medium and Local Grade is given.
• Media Dependent: Block Allowance for SES is given to Radio system.

Rec.
Rec.G.G.821
821hashasbeen
beenused
usedworldwide
worldwidefor
forevery
everybit
bitrates
rates
ititisisstill
stillused
usedsuch
suchaaway,
way,although
althoughimproperly.
improperly.
 Rec.
Rec.ITU-T
ITU-TG.
G.821
821Revision
Revision

• Finalized in 1995 for approval in 1996

• Measures must be performed in “Available time” only

• Two objectives are considered : ESR, SESR (DM is deleted)

• Annex D has been deleted

Applicability limited to bit rates BELOW the primary rate (2 Mbit/s Europe)
 Rec.
Rec.ITU-T
ITU-TG.826
G.826

• Adopted in 1993

• Validity for PDH and SDH PATHs, for bit rates ≥ primary rate (e.g.. 2 Mb/s)
• Operating time divided into Available and Unavailable time

• Measures must be accomplished at system bit_rate in “Available time” only

• Parameter definition is block based (not error based)
• Three different objectives defined : ESR, SESR, BBER
• Objectives referred to 27500 km Hypothetical Reference Path (HRP) ; 500 Km is the granularity
• HRP divided into International portion and National portion
• Geographical allocation : Intermediate and Terminating countries
• MEDIA INDEPENDENT : no additional block allowance is given to Radio
 Rec.
Rec.ITU-T
ITU-TG.826
G.826--Annexes
Annexes

• Annex A): Criteria for entry and exit for the Unavailable state
- The 10 seconds rule is still valid
- The path is available if either one or both directions are available

• Annex B): Deriving parameters for PDH Systems

- Anomalies and defects are defined
- Four categories of Monitoring capabilities are established
- The parameters are derived using anomalies and defects
• Annex C): Deriving parameters for SDH Systems
- Anomalies and defects are defined
- The parameters are derived using anomalies and defects
• Annex D): Deriving parameters for Cell based Systems
- Anomalies and defects are defined
- The parameters are derived using anomalies and defects
 Measurement
MeasurementMethods
MethodsininG.
G.821
821and
andG.
G.826
826
CCITT Rec. G. 821 : 64 kbit/s Performance events
are derived from
counting the
number of
errored BIT / sec
at 64 kbit/s
Errored bit

ITU-T Rec. G. 826 : System Bit-rate

Performance events
are derived from
counting the
number of
block 1 block 2 block 3 block n
errored BLOCK / sec
1 second at system bit-rate

Errored Block

BLOCK = Set of consecutive bits associated with the path

 What
Whatand
andwhere
whereEvents
Eventsand
andParameters
Parametersare
are

ES Errored Second • One second period with one or more Errored Bit ( ITU-T G.821 )
• One second period with one or more Errored Block ( ITU-T G.826\8 )
ESR Errored Second • Ratio between ES and total time ( formerly ITU-T G.826 only )
Ratio

SES Severely Errored • Second affected by B.E.R. > = 10-3 ( ITU-T G.821 )
Second • Second containing defects or >= 30 % Errored Blocks ( ITU-T G.826\8 )
SESR Severely Errored • Ratio between SES and total time ( formerly ITU-T G.826 only)
Second Ratio
EB Errored Block • One block with one or more Errored Bits( ITU-T G.826\8 )
Background Block • Total of EB excluding SES
BBE
Error
BBER Background Block • Ratio between BBE and total blocks excluding SES (ITU-T G.826\8 )
Error Ratio
Measurements must be taken only during available time
 New
Newand
andOld
OldPerformance
PerformanceParameters
Parameters

CCIR 634 CCITT G. 821 ITU-T G. 826 ITU-T G. 828

E.S. E.S. E.S.R. E.S.R.

S.E.S. S.E.S. S.E.S.R. S.E.S.R.

D.M. D.M.
(Now deleted) (Now deleted) S.E.P.I.

RBER BBER BBER

 Where
WhereRecommendations
Recommendationsare
aretotobe
beapplied
applied::examples
examples
G.821, G.826, F. 634,1397,1491-93

PEP PEP
G.821, G.826, F. 634,1397,1491-93

PEP PEP

G.821, G.826
F. 634,1397,1491-93

G.829,F. 634,1397,1491-93
PEP PEP

in case of multihop links , the Recommendations have not to be applied to each individual hop
 Rec.
Rec.ITU-R
ITU-RF.634
F.634(G.
(G.821
821Based)
Based)

• Parameters are derived for real links

• Residual BER parameter (RBER) is introduced

• 2500 km HRDP is assumed as reference length

• Linear law is used to scale from 2500 to 280 km

• No guidance is given for lengths less than 280 km

Normal
Normalpractice
practicefor
forreal
reallinks
linksisisto
toscale
scalelinearly
linearlyto
tothe
theactual
actuallength
length
 Rec.
Rec.ITU-R
ITU-RF.634
F.634
Objectives
Objectivesfor
foraaTypical
Typical50
50km
kmRadio
RadioLink
Link
Since
SinceLLisisless
lessthan
than280
280km,
km,280
280km kmshould
shouldbe beused;
used;ininpractice,
practice,this
thisapproach
approachisisused
usedonly
only
ininconjunction
conjunctionwith
withparticularly
particularlycritical
criticallinks
links(e.g.
(e.g.long
longoversea
overseaconnections).
connections).
InInour
ourcase,
case,wewewill
willuse
usethe
theactual
actuallength
length( (5050km),
km),according
accordingtotonormal
normalpractice.
practice.

• SES : 0.054% x (50 km / 2500) x 2.6 106 = 26 sec / month (=0.56 SES / month/ km)
Usually the most stringent objective. Foreseen with Hop calculations
• ES : 0.32% x (50 km / 2500) x 2.6 106 = 166 sec / month (=4.16 ES / month/ km)
Usually not a stringent objective. Not foreseen with Hop calculations
• DM : 0.4% x (50 km / 2500) x 43200 = 3.5 min / month (no more used)
Usually a stringent objective. Not foreseen with Hop calculations
• RBER : 5x10-9 x (50 km / 2500) =10-10 (= 2E-12 / month/ km)
Usually not a stringent objective. Not foreseen with Hop calculations
 ITU-R
ITU-RRec.
Rec.F.1397:
F.1397:design
designbased
basedon
onRec.
Rec.ITU-T
ITU-TG.826
G.826
Parameters for EPO aligned to Rec. ITU-T G.826 : Intermediate Countries

Parameter Bit rate Mbit / s Lmin≤ Llink ≤ 1000 km Llink > 1000 km EPO=B
EPO=Bj*j*(L(Llinklink/ /LLRR)+C
)+Cj j
B1 C1 B2 C2
ESR 1.5-5 2*10-3(1+BR) 0 2*10-3 8* 10-4 * BR
ESR >5-15 2.5*10-3 (1+BR) 0 2.5*10-3 10-3 * BR
ESR >15-55 3.75*10-3 (1+BR) 0 3.75*10-3 1.5* 10-3 * BR
ESR >55-160 8*10-3 (1+BR) 0 8*10-3 3.2* 10-3 * BR intermediate countriesJ
ESR >160-3500 FFS FFS FFS FFS J=1 for Lmin≤ Llink ≤ 1000 km
SESR 1.5-3500 10-4 (1+BR) 0 10-4 4* 10-5 * BR J=2 for Llink > 1000 km
BBER 1.5-3500 10-5 (1+BR) 0 10-5 4* 10-6 * BR

terminating countriesJ
Parameters for EPO aligned to Rec. ITU-T G.826 : Terminating Countries
J=3 for Lmin≤ Llink ≤ 500 km
J=4 for Llink > 500 km
Parameter Bit rate Mbit / s Lmin≤ Llink ≤ 500 km Llink > 500 km
B3 C3 B4 C4
ESR 1.5-5 2*10-3(1+BR) 0 2*10-3 4* 10-4 * BR LR= 2500 km
ESR >5-15 2.5*10-3 (1+BR) 0 2.5*10-3 5* 10-4 * BR 0≤ BR ≤ 1
ESR >15-55 3.75*10-3 (1+BR) 0 3.75*10-3 7.5* 10-4 * BR
ESR >55-160 8*10-3 (1+BR) 0 8*10-3 1.6* 10-3 * BR
ESR >160-3500 FFS FFS FFS FFS LLmin == 50
50km
km
min
SESR 1.5-3500 10-4 (1+BR) 0 10-4 2* 10-5 * BR
BBER 1.5-3500 10-5 (1+BR) 0 10-5 2* 10-6 * BR
 ITU-R
ITU-RRec.
Rec.F.1397:
F.1397:design
designbased
basedon
onRec.
Rec.ITU-T
ITU-TG.828
G.828
Parameters for EPO aligned to Rec. ITU-T G.828 : Intermediate Countries
Parameter Bit rate kbit / s Lmin≤ Llink ≤ 1000 km Llink > 1000 km
B1 C1 B2 C2 EPO=B
EPO=Bj*j*(L(Llinklink/ /LLRR)+C
)+Cj j
ESR 1664 5* 10-4(1+B R) 0 5* 10-4 2* 10-4 * BR
ESR 2240 5* 10-4(1+BR) 0 5* 10-4 2* 10-4 * BR
ESR 6848 5* 10-4(1+BR) 0 5* 10-4 2* 10-4 * BR
ESR 48960 10-3 (1+BR) 0 10-3 4* 10-4 * BR
ESR 150336 2* 10-3 (1+BR) 0 2* 10-3 8* 10-4 * BR intermediate countriesJ
SESR 1664-150336 10-4 (1+BR) 0 10-4 4* 10-5 *
BR J=1 for Lmin≤ Llink ≤ 1000 km
BBER 1664-48960 2.5* 10-5 (1+BR) 0 2.5* 10-5 10-6 * BR J=2 for Llink > 1000 km
BBER 150336 5* 10-6 (1+BR) 0 5* 10-6 2* 10-6 * BR

Parameters for EPO aligned to Rec. ITU-T G.828 : Terminating Countries terminating countriesJ
J=3 for Lmin≤ Llink ≤ 500 km
Parameter Bit rate kbit / s Lmin≤ Llink ≤ 1000 km Llink > 1000 km J=4 for Llink > 500 km
B1 C1 B2 C2
ESR 1664 5* 10-4(1+B R) 0 5* 10-4 10-4 * BR
ESR 2240 5* 10-4(1+BR) 0 5* 10-4 10-4 * BR LR= 2500 km
ESR 6848 5* 10-4(1+BR) 0 5* 10-4 10-4 * BR
ESR 48960 10-3 (1+BR) 0 10-3 2* 10-4 * BR
0≤ BR ≤ 1
ESR 150336 2* 10-3 (1+BR) 0 2* 10-3 4* 10-4 * BR
SESR 1664-150336 10-4 (1+BR) 0 10-4 2* 10-5 * BR LLmin == 50
50km
km
BBER 1664-48960 2.5* 10-5 (1+BR) 0 2.5* 10-5 5* 10-7 * BR min
BBER 150336 5* 10-6 (1+BR) 0 5* 10-6 10-6 * BR
 Rec.
Rec.ITU-R
ITU-RFF1397.
1397.--Objectives
Objectivesfor
foraaTypical
Typical50
50km
kmRadio
RadioLink
Link

• Assumptions: intermediate or terminating Country ; Capacity: STM-1;according to G.826

Br=1 ( Less stringent value value of the objective ) :
SESR : 10-4 * (1+1) * 50 / 2500 x 2.6 106 = 10.4 SES / month (0.208 SES / km / month)
ESR :8* 10-3 * (1+1) * 50 /2 500 x 2.6 106 = 832 ES / month (16.6 ES / km / month)
BBER : 10-5 * (1+1) * 50 / 2500 x 8000 * 2.6 106= 8320 EB / month (166 EB / km / month)

• Br=0 ( More stringent value value of the objective ) :

SESR : 10-4*(1+0)*50/2500 x 2.6 106 = 5.2 SES / month (0.104 SES / km / month)
ESR :8* 10-3 * (1+0) * 50 /2 500 x 2.6 106 = 416 ES / month (8.3 ES / km / month)
BBER : 10-5 * (1+0) * 50 / 2500 x 8000 * 2.6 106= 4160 EB / month (83 EB / km / month)
 ITU-R
ITU-Rrec.rec.F1491
F1491
objectives
objectivesfor
forReal
Reallinks
linksininthe
theNational
NationalPortion
PortionofofHRP
HRP
RateMbit / s 1.5 to 5 > 5 to 15 > 15 to 55 > 55 to 160 > 160 to 3500
ESR 0.04*A 0.05*A 0.075*A 0.16*A FFS Links according
SESR 0.02*A 0.02*A 0.02*A 0.02*A 0.02*A to Rec. G.826
BBER 2 * 10-4 *A 2 * 10-4 *A 2 * 10-4 *A 2 * 10-4 *A 10-4 *A

RateMbit / s 1664 (VC-11) 2240 (VC-12) 6848 (VC-2) 48960 (VC-3) 150336 (VC4)
ESR 0.01*A 0.01*A 0.01*A 0.02*A 0.04*A Links according
to Rec. G.828
SESR 0.02*A 0.02*A 0.02*A 0.02*A 0.02*A
BBER 5 * 10-5 *A 5 * 10-5 *A 5 * 10-5 *A 5 * 10-5 *A 10-4 *A

A=(A1+0.002)* Llink / 100 for 50≤Llink<100 km A= A1+2 *10-5 *Llink / 100 Llink≥ 100 km

Tables are shown for long haul;

Short haul and Access follows the same rules, but a constant value (B for Short haul and C for Access)
replaces A in the tables above; B and C are agreed to be between 7.5 % and 8.5% each.
The requirement for A1, B, C is A1+B+C ≤ 17.5 %

The objectives for short haul and access sections are length independent
 Rec.
Rec.ITU-R
ITU-RFF1491.
1491.--Objectives
Objectivesfor
foraaTypical
Typical50
50km
kmRadio
RadioLink
Link

• Assumptions: L = 50Km, Capacity STM-1;design according to G.826

Short haul or Access (B or C are assumed equal to 0.075):

SESR : 0.002*0.075 x 2.6 106 = 390 SES / month

ESR :0.16*0.075 x 2.6 106 = 3120 ES / month
BBER : 2*10-4 * 0.075* 2.6 106= 31200 EB / month

• Long haul (A1 is assumed equal to 0.01):

SESR : 0.002 * (0.01+0.002) *50 / 100 x 2.6 106 = 31.2 SES / month (0.624 SES / km / month)
ESR : 0.16 *(0.01+0.002) *50 / 100 x 2.6 106 = 2496 ES / month (50 ES / km / month)
BBER : 2 * 10-4 *(0.01+0.002) *50 / 100 x 8000 * 2.6 106= 24960 EB / month (500 EB / km / month)
 Rec.
Rec.ITU-T
ITU-TG.828
G.828

• It will be the reference for Performance for the future

it should substitute G. 826 for SDH since the first 2000’ s
• Started on a general request (from ATM, as example) of having more stringent
end-to-end objectives for supporting new services
• Validity for SDH only
• G.826 approach (blocks ecc)
• Base length is 100 km (instead of 500)

• New optional parameter SEPI has been defined

• End - to end objectives have been revised
(ESR and BBER are 4 times more stringent then G.826
SESR is the same)
 G.
G.828
828End-to-end
End-to-endError
ErrorPerformance
PerformanceObjectives
Objectives
((Reference
Referencelength
length== 27500
27500km
km))

Rate Kbit/s 1664 2240 6848 48960 150336 601344 2405376

Bits/block 2000 2000 20000 80000 8000 4*8000 16*8000

ESR 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04

SESR 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0,002 0,002

BBER 5*10-5 5*10-5 5*10-5 5*10-5 1*10-4 1*10-4 1*10-4

SEPI 1-4 (*) 1-4 (*) 1-4 (*) 1-4 (*) 1-4 (*) 1-4 (*) 1-4 (*)

(*) provisional
 What
Whatand
andwhere
whereEvents
Eventsand
andParameters are- -SEP
Parametersare SEPand
andSEPI
SEPI
ITUT
ITUTRec.
Rec.G.828
G.828only
only- -optional
optional

SEP Severely Errored • Period of time composed by 3 to 9 consecutive SES, followed by

Period • at least one second which is not a SES
SEPI Severely Errored • Number of SEP in the measuring period
Period Intensity

SEP is a subset of SES - no more SES are allowed for SEP

> 10 sec. 10 sec. no ES

10 sec.
SEP ES
Unavailability detected Availability detected SES

Unavailable period Available period

Measurements must be taken only during available time

 Unavailability
Unavailabilityand
andAvailability
AvailabilityConcept
Concept
OPERATING TIME
Unavailable Time Available Time

• Unavailability is entered at the first of 10 consecutive SES

• Availability begins at the first of 10 consecutive seconds not SES following unavailability

> 10 sec. 10 sec. no ES

10 sec.
ES
Unavailability detected Availability detected SES

Unavailable period Available period

• Performance assessment of a system has to be stated when the system itself

is considered “Available”

• The limit of 10 seconds introduces practically a division among

the phenomena responsible of the degradations
 Availability
AvailabilityRecommendations
Recommendations

† Rec. ITU-R Recc. 557 / 695 were developed between 1978 and 1982

†Only the unavailability time was considered

† Requirements were based on the 1980’s status of technology

† Recently ITU-T has developed G. 827, where also the number of unavailability
events has to be taken into account, in addition to unavailability time

† Rec. ITU-R ITU-R F1492 , ITU-R F1493 have been developed between 1991
and 1998 and are now approved.
 Recc.
Recc.ITU-R
ITU-RF.557
F.557and
and F.695
F.695--Availability
AvailabilityObjectives
Objectives

Rec. ITU-R F.557

• 99.7% of Availability is recommended
• The objective is given for 2500 km length
• The evaluation time is 1 year
• A scaling rule is not given

Rec. ITU-R F.695

• Linear scaling down to 280 km has been adopted
• The evaluation time is 1 year

• The rule has been practically used for actual lengths (at least to 50 km)
 Unavailability
Unavailability--Practical
Practicalapportionment
apportionment

Unavailability comes usually from three different causes

• Slow propagation impairments (obstructions, ducts etc...)
• Unavailability due to rain (= Ur)
• Unavailability due to equipment failures ( Uf = MTTR )
MTBF + MTTR
For well engineered path ("free space" conditions) and normal
propagation the first point is usually negligible
Usually the following apportionment of the overall objective is adopted

Frequency Bands Ur Uf
-- total
7/8 - 11 GHz
: 1/3 2/3
11 -: 15 Ghz 2/3 1/3
> 18 Ghz total --
Rec.
Rec.ITU-T
ITU-TG.827
G.827--Availability
AvailabilityParameters
Parametersand
andObjectives
Objectives

• Applicable to PATHS with bit rates at or above the primary rate

• Three types of Path Elements defined :
ICPCE (Inter Country Path Core Element)
IPCE (International Path Core Element)
NPE (National Path Element)
IB IB IB
Terminating Transit Terminating
country country country
PEP TIC FS FS FS FS TIC PEP
CP CP

NPE IPCE ICPCE IPCE ICPCE IPCE NPE

National Portion International Portion National Portion

Elements in a typical International Path

• 500 km based allocation is adopted

Rec.
Rec.ITU-T
ITU-TG.827
G.827--Availability
AvailabilityParameters
Parametersand
andObjectives
Objectives

• Two Parameters assessed :

• AR (Availability Ratio)
The proportion of time that a PE is in Available State
• Mo (Mean Time Between Digital Path Outages)
The average duration of any continuous interval of availability

• Two types of objectives :

• Mean Value : Average of all PE
• Worst Case : Minimum acceptable value for each PE

• Objectives are referred to NPE, IPCE, ICPCE

Rec.
Rec.ITU-T
ITU-TG.827
G.827--Availability
AvailabilityParameters
Parametersand
andObjectives
ObjectivesProblems
ProblemsStill
StillOpen
Open

• A general rule for Mean Value calculation is not given

• A length dependent rule for the objectives is recommended only at primary rate

• Value are given only for the primary rate

• No indication is given for capacities above the primary rate

• Formula have still to be improved

 Rec.
Rec.ITU-T
ITU-TG.827
G.827--Availability
AvailabilityRatio
RatioObjectives
Objectives

General formula: Arj=1-(bjn+ i*xjn)

Values to be multiplied by 10-4
L<2500 km 2500≤L<7500 km L ≥ 7500 km

Mean P E ty p e b j1
0
x j1
20
b j2
100
x j2
ffs
b j3
ffs
x j3
ffs
NPE
value IP C E 0 15 75 ffs ffs ffs
IC P C E 0 20 100 ffs ffs ffs

L<2500 km 2500≤L<7500 km L ≥ 7500 km

P E ty p e b j1 x j1 b j2 x j2 b j3 x j3
Worst NPE 52 47 287 ffs ffs ffs
case IP C E 40 35 215 ffs ffs ffs
IC P C E 52 47 287 ffs ffs ffs
 B.E.R
B.E.RVs
VsEB
EBfor
forseveral
severalsystems
systems

% EB Capacity 140 Mbit/s 8000 Blocks / sec.

110000
9900
G a u s s ia n
8800 G a u s s ia n
16Q A M n o F E C
70 16Q A M n o F E C
70 16 Q A M
60 16 Q A M
60 16 B C M
50 16 B C M
50 64 Q A M
40 64 Q A M
40 128 T C M
30 128 T C M
30
20
1200
100
1 ,0
0 0 E -0 2 1 ,0 0 E -0 3 1 ,0 0 E -0 4 1 ,0 0 E -0 5 1 ,0 0 E -0 6 1 ,0 0 E -0 7B.E.R
1 ,0 0 E -0 2 1 ,0 0 E -0 3 1 ,0 0 E -0 4 X 1 ,0 0 E -0 5 1 ,0 0 E -0 6 1 ,0 0 E -0 7