Senior High School

General Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 3
Types of Bonding and their Properties
General Chemistry I- Grade 11
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Quarter 2 - Module 3: Types of Bonding and their Properties

First Edition, 2020

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 General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 3
Types of Bonding and their Properties

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ....................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module .............................................................................................................. .ii
Icons of this Module ................................................................................................................................... .ii

What I Know ..................................................................................................................................................iii

Module 3:
Types of Bonding and their Properties ........................................................ 1
What I Need to Know ................................................................................ 1
What Is It .................................................................................................. 2
What’s More : …. ...................................................................................... 4
What I Have Learned: ............................................................................... 4

Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Assessment: (Post-Test) ............................................................................................................. 5
Key to Answers ............................................................................................................................. 6
References .................................................................................................................................... 7
Module 3

What This Module is About

When you look at everything around you and what it is made of you, you will
understand that atoms seldom exist on their own just as humans cannot survive alone. More
often, the things around us are made up of different atoms that have been bonded together.
The bonding of atoms or molecules is one of the most essential processes in chemistry
because it permits all sorts of different molecules and combinations of atoms to form, which
then make up matters in the world we live in.
In this module, we examine the relationship between the electronic structure of atoms
and the type of chemical bonds they form. Moreover, the forces of attraction between atoms
will be introduced that lead to chemical bonding. This may result in the sharing or complete
transfer of electrons of electrons, causing the atoms to become isoelectronic with the noble or
inert gases, indicating that they have attained stability.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Apply the octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds

(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-76);

2. Write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the non-metallic elements of

the representative block (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-77);

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How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge.
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

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 What I Know

Pre-test: MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use separate answer sheet of paper.

1. The complete transfer of one or more electrons between atoms constitutes in forming
___________.
A. ionic bond C. coordinate covalent bond
B. covalent bond D. dative bond

2. A list of non-metals is given below. Which elements can exceed the octet rule?
S, C, Cl, O
A. O C. Cl
B. C D. S

3. Which of the following represents a non-polar covalent bond?

A. H-O C. C-C
B. C-N D. Li-F

4. What type of bond does NO2 forms?

A. ionic bond C. coordinate covalent bond
B. covalent bond D. dative bond

5. Atoms bond to other atoms to obtain a/an _______________ electron configuration.

A. alkali metal C. noble gas
B. halogen D. chalcogen

6. It is a measure of how equally the electrons in a bond are distributed between the
two atoms involved in a covalent bond.
A. polarity C. ionization energy
B. octet rule D. electron affinity

7. How many covalent bonds does carbon form?

A. It does not form covalent bonds. C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

8. Which of the following does not contain ionic bonds?

A. Sulfur dioxide C. Silver oxide
B. Sodium oxide D. Strontium oxide

9. Which of the following does not contain covalent bonds?

A. Carbon (graphite) C. HCl (g)
B. Carbon (diamond) D. NaCl (s)

10. Which of the following is not a property of substances with ionic bonding?
A. High melting point C. Conduct electricity when molten
B. Crystallinity D. Conduct electricity in the solid state

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 MODULE

3
Types of Bonding and their
Properties

What I Need to Know

Atoms usually interact with other atoms or group of atoms. They might be connected
by strong bonds and formed into molecules or crystals, or they might also form temporary,
weak bonds with other atoms. These bonds hold molecules together and are essential to the
chemistry of our bodies and to the existence of life itself. In this lesson, we examine the models
of chemical bonding and their properties, and how they influence the behavior of the
substances around us.

Source:https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=the+structure+of+flavonoid+isorhamnetin

Figure 1. Three-dimensional structure of the flavonoid isorhamnetin. It shows bonding of

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms to each other.

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 What Is It

Why do atoms bond at all? The answer is that atoms are trying to reach the most stable
or lowest-energy state that they can. Usually, atoms become more stable when their orbital of
the outermost energy level or valence shell is filled with electrons, satisfying the octet rule. If
atoms do not have this arrangement, they reach it by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons via
chemical bonds. In chemical bonding, only valence electrons, electrons located in valence
shell of the element, are involved.

Source:https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=stable+and+unstable+atoms
Figure 2. Electron Shells and Atom Stability

Types of Bonding

1. Ionic Bond
An ionic bond is formed when metals on the left side (Group 1(A) and Group 2(A) of
the periodic table and non-metals on the right side (except noble gases, group 8A) interact.
Once the electrons have been transferred to the non-metal, both the metal and the non-metal
become ions. The metal becomes positively charged and the nonmetal becomes negatively
charged. An ionic compound is formed when the two oppositely charged ions attract each
other. For instance, positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions
attract each other to make sodium chloride, or table salt.

Ionic compounds tend to have higher melting and boiling points. They are hard and
brittle and conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Some common ionic compounds are
magnesium bromide (MgBr2), magnesium oxide (MgO), and potassium bromide (KBr).

2
 Source:https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Common+elements+that+form+ionic+bonds

Figure 3. Common elements that form ionic bonds

2. Covalent Bond
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms reach stability by sharing electrons (rather
than fully gaining or losing them). Covalent bonds are more common than ionic bonds in the
molecules of living organisms. These bonds mostly occur between nonmetals or between two
of the same (or similar) elements. One, two, or three pairs of electrons may be shared between
atoms, resulting in single, double, or triple bonds, respectively. The more electrons that are
shared between two atoms, the shorter and stronger their bond will be.

Source:https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=structure+of+single%2C+double%2C+and+triple+bonds+of+common+covalent+c
ompounds
Figure 4. Structures of Some Common Covalent Compounds

Compounds formed through covalent bonding are brittle solid, have relatively low
melting and boiling points, and are poor conductor of heat and electricity. Several covalent
compounds have high vapor pressure, which makes them volatile and good as fuels. Propane,
methane and gasoline are all covalent compounds that readily undergo combustion, producing
energy as a bi-product.

3
 What’s More
Activity 1: The Name is Bond… Chemical Bond

Directions: Fill out the table below with correct answers. The first one is done for you.

Type of Good conductor of High Boiling High Melting

Compound Point? Point?
Bond heat or electricity?
NaCl ionic Yes Yes Yes
CH4
HCl
N2
O2
H2O
KBr
MgCl2
PCl3
CO
CaF2

What Have I Learned

Activity 2: What type of bond do you form?

Directions: Imagine yourself and the people around you as atoms. Just like atoms, you need
to form bonds to be more stable. Your attitude, talents and potentials, love and care, advises
and compliments, and the things you treasure should serve the function of electrons. Based
on your understanding on the concept of ionic and covalent bonds, what type of bond do you
want to form with other people? What do you want to do with your electrons? Support your
answer. Your answer should not be less than 7 sentences and not more than 10 sentences.

SUMMARY
• Atoms form bonds because they are trying to reach the most stable or lowest-energy
state that they can. In chemical bonding, only valence electrons, electrons located in
valence shell of the element, are involved.

• An ionic bond is formed when metals on the left side (Group 1(A) and Group 2(A) of
the periodic table and nonmetals on the right side (except noble gases, group 8A)
interact.

• Covalent bonds are formed when atoms reach stability by sharing electrons (rather
than fully gaining or losing them).

• These bonds mostly occur between nonmetals or between two of the same (or similar)
elements. One, two, or three pairs of electrons may be shared between atoms,
resulting in single, double, or triple bonds, respectively. The more electrons that are
shared between two atoms, the shorter and stronger their bond will be.

4
 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice. Answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer among
the given choices for each item.

1. Which one of the formulas for ionic compounds below is incorrect?

A. SrCl2 C. Al3P2
B. AlCl3 D. Cs2S
2. Which of the following is a nonpolar covalent molecule?
A. NH3 C. HCl
B. H2O D. CCl4
3. Which of the following has the highest boiling point?
A. NaCl C. CH3CH2CH3
B. HBr D. CCl4
4. Which of the following statements about water is not correct?
A. Water molecules contain covalent bonds.
B. Water has weak forces between molecules.
C. Water has a low melting point.
D. Water molecules contain H+ and OH- ions.
5. Which of the following phrases would be used in a description for the bonding in BOTH
metals and ionic salts?
A. Strong electrostatic attraction C. Giant lattice
B. Ions D. Delocalized electrons
6. Which of the following statements gives the best explanation for the fact that carbon forms
4 bonds?
A. Carbon is in group 4 of the periodic table
B. Carbon has 2 shells of electrons.
C. Carbon forms 4+ ions.
D. Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell.
7. Which of the following covalent molecules is the best illustration of typical properties of
substances with simple molecular covalent structures?
A. Water C. Iodine
B. Hydrogen D. Sulfur
8. Which of the following have both ionic and covalent bonds?
A. NH4Br C. both A and B
B. NaNO2 D. neither A nor B
9. Why can ionic substances conduct electricity when in solution or molten, but not when
they are in the solid state?
A. When in solution or molten, the ions are free to move but not free to move in the
solid state.
B. When in solution or molten, the atoms are free to move, but not free to move in the
solid state.
C. Electrons cannot travel through solids.
D. When in solution or molten, the protons are free to move, but not free to move in
the solid state.
10. When a covalent bond is formed, what happens to the outer shell of electrons?
A. Each atom gains electrons to reach a full outer shell.
B. An electron is removed from each atom's outer shell.
C. An electron from each atom is shared.
D. One of the atoms gains electrons while the other atom loses electrons.

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Key to Answers

Pre-test
1. A
2. D Activity 1
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. D
8. A
9. D
10. D

Post-test
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. D
5. A
6. D
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. C

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References
“Ionic and Covalent Bonds.”Chemistry LibreTexts. Accessed August 29, 2020.
“The Octet Rule.” Chemistry LibreTexts. Accessed August 30, 2020.
“Three-dimensional structure of the flavonoid isorhamnetin. Accessed October 31, 2020.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=the+structure+of+flavonoid+isorhamnetin
Brown, Theodore. Chemistry: The Central Science. New York: Pearson,2015.
Chang, R. and Goldsby, K. Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. Education, 2010.
Common elements that form ionic bonds. Accessed October 31, 2020
Common Polar Compounds. Accessed November 2, 2020.
https://int.search.tb.ask.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
Covalent bond formation of H2. Accessed November 1, 2020.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Covalent+bond+formation+of+H2
Electron Shells and Atom Stability. Accessed October 31, 2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules(Organic
_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Ionic_and_Covalent_Bonds
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Ma
ps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_
of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/The_Octet_Rule
https://edu.rsc.org/download?ac=504371
https://study.com/learn/chemical-bond-questions-and-answers.html
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Common+elements+that+form+ionic+bonds+&tbm=is
ch&ved=2ahUKEwidxam
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=stable+and+unstable+atoms&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKE
wiMr-
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=structure+of+single%2C+double%2C+and+triple+bon
ds+of+common+covalent+compounds
Ionic bond formation of Sodium Chloride. Accessed October 31, 2020.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Ionic+bond+formation+of+sodium+chloride
Molview. Accessed September 2020. molview.org
Silberberg, Martin. Principles of General Chemistry. Boston: McGraw- Hill Higher Education,
2013.
Structures of Some Common Covalent Compounds. Accessed October 31, 2020

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FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This SLM (Self Learning Module) is
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pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in these modules are
owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.

For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

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