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Timestamps are records for the times in which actions are performed on files. A
timestamp is useful because it keeps records of when a file was accessed, modified,
or added. Linux’s files have 3 timestamps recorded by the computer:
Access timestamp (atime): which indicates the last time a file was
accessed. ls -ul hoặc stat
Modified timestamp (mtime): which is the last time a file’s contents
were modified. Dấu thời gian đã sửa đổi (mtime) cho biết lần cuối cùng
nội dung của tệp được sửa đổi. Ví dụ: nếu nội dung mới được thêm, xóa
hoặc thay thế trong một tệp, dấu thời gian đã sửa đổi sẽ thay đổi
ls -l hoặc stat
Change timestamp (ctime): which refers to the last time some metadata
related to the file was changed. ls -cl hoặc stat
Etc/passwd:
• same UID: system applies same permissions for all accounts (rarely used)
• same username: system will pick one or the other (almost always a mistake)