Lab Report

Course Title: Communication Engineering II Sessional

Course No: EEE 3218

Experiment No: 01
Experiment Name: Familiarization with various Modulation and Demodulation Kit.

Date of Submission: 02/11/2022

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Md. Sajeed-ur-Rahman Dr. Md. Selim Hossain
Roll: 1801072 Professor
Section: B Department of Electrical &
Electronic Engineering
Department of Electrical &
Electronic Engineering RUET
Experiment No: 01
Name of the Experiment: Familiarization with various Modulation and Demodulation Kit.

Objectives:
 To become familiar with various modulation and demodulation kit.

Required Apparatus:

1. Amplitude modulator and demodulator.

2. Frequency modulator and demodulator.
3. Pulse width modulator and demodulator.
4. Pulse code modulator and demodulator.
5. Delta modulator and demodulator.
6. Adaptive Delta modulator and demodulator.
7. Frequency shift keying modulator and demodulator.
8. Amplitude shift keying modulator and demodulator.
9. Phase shift keying modulator and demodulator.
10. Line Code encoder and decoder

Theory:

Description of Apparatus:

i) Amplitude modulator and demodulator:

By using a modulating signal (information to be conveyed), a periodic waveform (carrier signal)

is modified by changing one or more of its features. A device that conducts demodulation is a
demodulator, whereas a device that performs modulation is a modulator. Circuits for modulating
and demodulating signals make up the setup. It has an oscillator with a fixed frequency of 70 KHz
that can be utilized as a carrier frequency. This makes an R.F. oscillator unnecessary. If the carrier
frequency is to be changed, the carrier signal may also be provided by any other oscillator. In order
to make the experimental setup clear to the pupils, it has been set up on a decorative bakelite board.
The components are evenly spaced out for simple understanding
Specifications of amplitude modulator and demodulator kit:
1. Audio oscillator (sine wave generator).
2. Frequency : 100Hz ~ 10KHz
3. Amplitude : 0 ~ 2 Vpp
4. Audio input : Audio preamplifier with microphone input Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO
Output signal : Sine wave
5. Frequency range : 1) 400KHz ~ 500KHz, 2) 400KHz ~ 1500KHz
6. Amplitude : 0 ~ 2Vpp
7. Output impedance: 50 Ω
8. Ceramic filter Center frequency : 455KHz

Fig.1.1: Amplitude Modulation Transmitter Kit

 Fig.1.2: Amplitude Demodulation Receiver Kit

ii) Frequency modulator and demodulator:

Frequency Modulator & Demodulator Kit is used to study Pulse width Modulation &
Demodulation. It has Frequency Modulator & Demodulator. Its carrier frequency is 200 KHz and
AF signal generator is 5 KHz. It is supplied with instruction manual, sufficient numbers of patch
cords and Computer Lead.
Specifications of frequency modulator and demodulator kit:

Audio Oscillator : With adjustable Amplitude & Frequency (300 Hz - 3.4 Khz)
Audio Oscillator : With adjustable Amplitude & Frequency (300 Hz - 3.4 Khz) Frequency (300 Hz -
3.4 Khz)

FM Modulator : 1) Reactance Modulator (with carrier Frequency adjustment)

2) Varactor Modulator (with carrier Frequency adjustment)
Mixer / Amplifier : 1 no. (With Gain adjustment) Allows FM input signal to be amplitude modulated
by a noise input prior to demodulation.
Transmitter Output : 455 KHz
Frequency
FM Demodulator : 1) Detuned Resonant Detector
2) Quadrature Detector

3) Foster -Seeley Detector

4) Ratio - Detector

5) Phase Locked Loop Detector

Low Pass Filter : 3.4 KHz Cut off Frequency Amplifier (with adjustable gain)

Power Supply : 230 V 10%, 50 / 60 Hz

Power Consumption : 3 VA approximately

Operating Conditions : 0-40 C, 80% RH

 Fig.1.3: Frequency Modulation Transmitter Kit

Fig.1.4: Frequency Demodulation Receiver Kit

ii) Pulse width modulator and demodulator:
Pulse Width Modulator & Demodulator Kit is used to study Pulse width Modulation &
Demodulation. Everything is available on board and no external Function generator is required. It
has Carrier Frequency generator 8 KHz and Modulating Signal generator 1KHz.It has synchronous
clock, PWM modulator circuit and PWM demodulator circuit, potentiometer for varying depth /
percent of modulation and Op-Amp based amplifier. Its indicator type is LED and PCB type is
Glass Epoxy SMOBC PCB. All interconnections are made using 2mm banana Patch cords. It is
supplied with User manual and patch cords and enclosed in a wooden/plastic box. Test points are
provided to analyze signals at various points

Specifications of Pulse Width modulator and demodulator kit:

1. On board Carrier Frequency generator @8KHz

2. On board Modulating Signal generator @1KHz

3. On board Synchronous Clock

4. On board PWM Modulator circuit

5. On board PWM Demodulator circuit

6. On-board potentiometer for varying depth / percent of modulation

7. On board Op Amp Based Amplifier

8. Test points are provided to analyse signals at various points

9. ON/OFF switch and LED for power indication.

10. Bare board Tested Glass Epoxy SMOBC PCB is used.

11. Block Description Screen printed on PCB

12. All interconnections are made using 2mm banana Patch cords

13. Supplied with User manual and patch cords

14. With built-in power supply

15. Enclosed in a wooden/plastic box

Fig.1.5: Pulse Width modulator and demodulator kit
iv) Pulse code modulator and demodulator

Pulse code modulation is a method that is used to convert an analog signal into a digital signal so
that a modified analog signal can be transmitted through the digital communication network.
PCM is in binary form, so there will be only two possible states high and low (0 and 1).

Specifications of Pulse code modulator and demodulator kit:

1. On board TTL clock generator 20khz

2. On board modulating signal generator at 200Hz to 2 KHz

3. On board PCM encoder

4. On board PCM decoder

5. On board data display with LED’S

6. Test points are provided to analyze signals at various points

7. ON/OFF switch and LED for power indication.

8. Bare board Tested Glass Epoxy SMOBC PCB is used.

9. Block Description Screen printed on PCB

10. All interconnections are made using 2mm banana Patch cords

11. Supplied with User manual and patch cords

12. With built-in power supply

13. Enclosed in a wooden/plastic box

Fig.1.6: Pulse code modulator and demodulator kit
v) Delta Modulator and demodulator

The type of modulation, where the sampling rate is much higher and in which the stepsize after
quantization is of a smaller value Δ, such a modulation is termed as delta modulation.

Features of Delta Modulation

 An over-sampled input is taken to make full use of the signal correlation.

 The quantization design is simple.
 The input sequence is much higher than the Nyquist rate.
 The quality is moderate.
 The design of the modulator and the demodulator is simple.
 The stair-case approximation of output waveform.
 The step-size is very small, i.e., Δ delta.
 The bit rate can be decided by the user.
 This involves simpler implementation.

Delta Modulation is a simplified form of DPCM technique, also viewed as 1-bit DPCM scheme.
As the sampling interval is reduced, the signal correlation will be higher.

Specifications of Delta Modulator and demodulator kit:

1. On-board message signal with variable amplitude

2. Two different frequency message signal
3. On Board five different frequency carrier signal
4. Voice communication
5. Variable Step Size Control
6. 6th Order LPF
7. Op Amp Based Amplifier
8. Internal Power Supply +5V , +12V/ 500 mA
9. Number of test point to study the DM system
10. User friendly front panel block diagram
Fig.1.7: Delta modulator and demodulator kit
vi) Adaptive delta modulator and demodulator
In Adaptive Delta Modulation, the step size of the staircase signal is not fixed and changes
depending upon the input signal. Here first the difference between the present sample value and
previous approximation is calculated. This error is quantized i.e. if the present sample is smaller
than the previous approximation, quantized value is high or else it is low. The output of the one bit
quantizer is given to the Logic step size control circuit where the step size is decided. At the logic
step size control circuit, the output is decided based on the quantizer output. If the quantizer output
is high, then the step size is doubled for the next sample. If the quantizer output is low, the step
size is reduced by one step for the next sample.

Specifications of Adaptive Delta Modulator and demodulator kit:

1. On-board message signal with variable amplitude

2. Two different frequency message signal
3. On Board five different frequency carrier signal
4. Voice communication
5. Variable Step Size Control
6. 6th Order LPF
7. Op Amp Based Amplifier
8. Internal Power Supply +5V , +12V/ 500 mA
9. Number of test point to study the ADM system
10. User friendly front panel block diagram

Fig.1.8: Adaptive Delta modulator and demodulator kit

vii) Frequency shift keying modulator and demodulator
The FSK modulator block diagram comprises of two oscillators with a clock and the input binary
sequence. The two oscillators, producing a higher and a lower frequency signal, are connected to
a switch along with an internal clock. To avoid the abrupt phase discontinuities of the output
waveform during the transmission of the message, a clock is applied to both the oscillators,
internally. The binary input sequence is applied to the transmitter so as to choose the frequencies
according to the binary input.
Specification of Frequency shift keying kit:
1. To study the FSK Modulation & Demodulation
2. Circuit diagram printed on pcb
3. On-board Carrier Generator
4. On-board Modulating Function (Signal) Generator with variable amplitude & frequency
5. On-board FSK Modulator

Fig.1.9: Frequency shift keying modulator and demodulator kit

viii) Amplitude shift keying modulator and demodulator
Amplitude Shift Keying Modulator & Demodulator Kit is used to study Amplitude Shift Keying
Modulation & Demodulation. Everything is available on board and no external Function generator
is required.

Specification of Amplitude shift keying modulator and demodulator kit:

1. It has ASK Modulator
2. ASK Demodulator
3. Clock generator of 100 KHz to 10 KHz and
4. Carrier generator of 50 KHz to 100 KHz.
5. Its programmable word generator is cyclic 8- Bit word. .
6. It is assembled in plastic box with circuit printed on PCB with 2mm socket for test point
& to see the waveforms.

Fig.1.10: Amplitude Shift Keying modulator and demodulator kit

ix) Phase shift keying modulator and demodulator
The Phase Shift Keying is one kind of digital modulation method. This kind of method is used to
transmit data by modulating otherwise changing the phase of the carrier signal which is known as
a reference signal. The digital data can be represented with any kind of digital modulation method
by using a limited number of separate signals. This kind of modulation method uses a limited
number of phases where each phase can be assigned with binary digits. Generally, every phase
encodes an equivalent number of bits. Every bit pattern forms the symbol that is denoted by the
exact phase.
Specification of Phase shift keying modulator and demodulator kit::
1. ± 5V D.C. at 100mA IC regulated Power Supply internally connected.
2. IC-1 for generating DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) signal.
3. IC-5 for generating Carrier signals.
4. IC-2A for generating Bit Clock.
5. IC-6 for generating different Data

Fig.1.11: Phase Shift Keying modulator and demodulator kit

x) Line Code Encoder and Decoder:
Line Code Encoder and Decoder Kit is used to study Line Code Encoding and Decoding. It has 8
bit variable NRZ-L pattern data simulator using 8 way DIP Switch. Its data format for encoding
purpose is NRZ(Level), NRZ(Mark), NRZ(Space), Biphase (Manchester), Biphase (Mark),
Biphase (Space), URZ, AMI. It also uses same data format for decoding purpose. It can convert
uni-polar to bipolar or vice versa. It has receiver clock generator using PLL.
Specifications of Line Code Encoder and Decoder Kit:
1. +5V SMPS Adaptor provided with the trainer for power supply
2. Easy illustration of Encoder and Decoder
3. LEDs for visual indication of inputs and outputs status
4. SPDT switches for logic selection
5. Good quality, reliable sockets are provided at appropriate

Fig.1.12: Line Code Encoder and Decoder Kit

Discussion:

In this observation, we have been familiarized with several modulation and demodulation kits. It
will help us to learn more about these kits. Knowing about these kits will be beneficial to us. The
experiment was done successfully. Now it may be possible to undergo different types of
modulation and demodulation experiments and to understand the basic of various modulation
techniques.