General Procedures In Response To Different Types Of Emergencies.

FIRST AID – is the immediate care given to a victim who has been injured or suddenly
taken ill.
ROLE OF FIRST AIDER:
1. Serves as the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. He is not to compete with nor take the place of the physician.
3. He will assist the physician when he arrives.
OBJECTIVES IN GIVING FIRST AID:
1. To alleviate suffering of the victim.
2. To prevent added injury to the victim and to prevent further harm.
3. To prolong the life of the victim.
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLE:
1. Survey the scene.
2. Do the primary survey of the victim.
3. Activate medical assistance or transfer facility
4. Do the secondary survey of the victim

SHOCK is a depressed condition of many body functions due to failure of enough blood to circulate
throughout the body following a serious injury.
OBJECTIVE OF FIRST AID TO SHOCK VICTIMS:
1. To improve circulation of the blood.
2. To ensure adequate supply of oxygen.
3. To maintain normal body temperature.
WOUND is a break in the continuity in the body either internal or external.
FIRST AID for closed wounds:
I – ice application provided to the affected portion of the body.
C – compression over the affected portion.
E – elevate affected portion above the heart to reduce swelling.
S – splint or immobilize
FIRST AID for open wounds:
C – control bleeding
C – cover wound with dressing
C – care for shock
C – consult or refer to physician

EARTHQUAKE - What to do:

 Act quickly! Protect your body from falling debris by getting under a sturdy desk, table or
doorway
 Keep away from glass windows and free standing furniture.
 When outside, stay away from tall buildings, move to an open field.
 At the end of initial shock, evacuate building when given clearance by the Chief Marshal
 Go to the assembly area assigned near your position.
FIRE EMERGENCY – If you discover a
fire:
Activate fire alarm (break glass)
 Call for help, dial your hot line number
 Try to extinguish fire if knowledgeable to do so.
 Do not take any personal risks.
 Follow instructions of evacuation team guide. Proceed to the assembly area.
EVACUATION
 On hearing the alarm signal, gather vital personal effects and go for the nearest exit near
you.
 Go to the assembly area at the open field assigned near your present location If you are
away from normal work floor, obey instructions from that floor.
 Do not attempt to return to your own floor Security will take any other action.
Summary Key Points:
 Fire is the result of the chemical combination of a combustible material (fuel) with
oxygen in the presence of enough heat.
 Fuel, Oxygen, Heat and chemical reaction are the basic chemistry of fire.
 Classifications of fire are Class A or combustible materials, Class B or Flammable Liquids, Class C
or energized electrical equipments, Class D or combustible metals and Class K or kitchen fire
 Fire Extinguishers are an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires,
often in emergency situations. This is the first line of defense.
 P.A.S.S= Pull the pin, Aim at the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sway the nozzle side by
side.
 The purpose of fire alarm is to give an early warning of fire in vicinity.

Module 13: Communication in Safety

Communication is defined as the transfer of information, ideas, feelings, knowledge and emotions
between one individual and group of individuals and another.
The Supervisor holds the key to the communication between the top management and the workers.
Good communication is vital to the supervisor’s success in his accident prevention program, for creating
a zero accident workplace, etc. The workers are also vital in the supervisors success because they are
the ones who are receiving the message and gives feedback.
Basic Elements of Communication:
 The Sender- the one who delivers the message.
 The Message- the thought; the information
 The Receiver-the one who accepts the message
 The Feedback-the output of the communication cycle.

Importance of Communication
• It is about how information is sent and received within firms
• It is crucial for working successfully with others
• It enables to maintain relationships
• It allows to accomplish tasks while working with both individuals and groups
• It motivates
• It helps to overcome obstacles
• It creates a comfortable, trustful and psychologically safe feeling
Module 14 - Roles of Supervisor in Safety
A supervisor, foreman, team leader, overseer, cell coach, facilitator, or area coordinator is a manager in
business. A supervisor is first and foremost an overseer whose main responsibility is to ensure that a
group of subordinates get out the assigned amount of production, when they are supposed to do it and
within acceptable levels of quality, costs and safety. The supervisor is management on the front line.
They directly influence the quality and quantity of goods and services produced.
Managers or supervisors have a direct bearing on health and safety since they have control and can give
instruction. They are also the focal point of a lot of employee attention and the manner of their behavior
and the way they view on safety and health greatly affects the employees’ attitudes.
Supervisors can influence safety performance by:
 Setting policies that requires high safety performance.
 Providing resources, handouts, and materials to achieve those policies.
 Demonstrating the commitment to safety by:
 Personal involvement in health and safety matters
 Encouraging employees to approach high standards on safety
 Giving health and safety equal consideration with everyone in the company.
 Being knowledgeable in health and safety issues.

Safety Responsibility of Line Supervisors

The largest share of responsibility in the substantial reduction of accidents and injuries on the job falls
on the shoulders of the supervisors, not because it has been arbitrarily assigned to him, but because
accident prevention and production control are closely associated to supervisory functions. Whether or
not a company has a safety program, the supervisor has these principal responsibilities:
 Establish work methods
 Giving job instructions
 Assigning people to jobs
 Supervising people at work
 Maintaining the equipment and the workplace.
 Instill safety consciousness
 Proper safety equipment
 Education and training program
Summary Key Points:
 The supervisor is management on the front line.
 The Supervisor’s behavior and the way he view on safety and health greatly affects the
employees’ attitudes.
 The largest share of responsibility in the substantial reduction of accidents and injuries on the
job falls on the shoulders of the supervisors.
Module 15: Occupational Health
Occupational Health(OH) - defines as the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical,
mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. People at work can be exposed to risks to
their health and may contract a range of occupational diseases and conditions. Some people may die as
a result of a contact; others may be permanently incapacitated, etc.
AIMS of Occupational Health:
1. Promotion & maintenance of the physical, mental and social well-being of workers;
2. Prevention of illness;
3. Protection of workers from ‘risks’ at work;
4. Placement and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment appropriate to his capacity
Physical Hazards
1. Noise- An unwanted sound; Noise can block, distort, change or interfere with the meaning of a
message in both human and electronic communication.
Three Characteristics of Sound:
 Frequency- is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time; measured in Hertz
cycles per second.
 Loudness- Intensity of the sound; measured in Decibel (dB)
 Duration- Continuous, intermittent, burst, waxing/ waning
2. Heat Stress- (Hyperthermia) occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can
dissipate.
 High Temperature
 High Humidity
 Poor Ventilation
 Multiple Heat Source
3. Cold Stress- (Hypothermia) is a condition in which core temperature drops below that required for
normal metabolism and body functions which is defined as 35.0 °C (95.0 °F)

Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazard is the danger caused by chemicals to the environment and people. A chemical hazard
arises from contamination with harmful or potentially harmful chemicals.
The Routes of Entry of Chemicals
 Skin Absorption- Skin acts as a protective barrier.
Health Effects
 Local irritation
 Generalized Reaction (sensitization or allergic reaction)
  Absorption is increased with high temperature and perspiration
 Eye Contamination-enters thru contamination of the eye.
Health Effects
 Irritation
 Blindness
 Swelling
 Ingestion- enters thru mouth; accidental swallowing from eating in contaminated area; smoking
on the job with contaminated fingers and hands; ingestion of inhaled materials.
Health Effects
 Vomiting
 Dizziness
 Inhalation- most important route of chemical exposure; concentration in the air; duration of
exposure; amount of air inhaled.
Health Effects
 Lack of oxygen
 Difficult to breathe
 Injection
Organs in that body that may be affected by chemicals:
 Skin
 Lungs
 CNS
 Kidney
 Liver
 Blood
 Heart

The Necessary Health Personnel in the Workplace

First Aider
 The one who gives immediate and temporary treatment in case of sudden injury or illness and
refer the injured to the physician or dentist if necessary. The First aider must maintain the
medical and dental services and facilities.
Nurse
 Provide nursing care to the ill and injured. Performs health examinations which are within the
scope of nursing profession, and refer the same to the physician if more intensive examination is
needed. He/she maintains health records and submits annual medical report and gives
suggestions to improve conditions that affect the worker’s health.

Physician
  Organize, administer, and maintain an occupational health services program. Conducts studies
on occupational health. Prevents disease or injury in the workplace and conserve the health of
the workers Provides medical and surgical care. Maintains and analyze records of all medical
cases. Continually monitors the work environment for possible health hazards. Acts as an
adviser to management and labor health hazards. He/ she reports directly to the top
management.

Module 16 – Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene

Industrial Hygiene (IH)–is the science and art devoted to identification, evaluation and control of
environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired
health and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or among citizens of the community
Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected against physical, social and etc.. This
can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to something that causes health
or economical losses. It can include protection of people or of possessions. Or in short, safety is freedom
from accidents
Accident is usually a result of contact of a body with a source of energy above the threshold limit of the
body or structure. It is an occurrence that interrupts the normal and orderly progress of any activity.
Accidents can result to physical harm, damage to property or delay in operation.
Causes of Accidents

➢ Unsafe acts. A violation of safe procedure

• act of omission
• act of commission

➢ Unsafe Conditions. Seen as a physical or chemical property in the material

Three Steps to Control Hazards and Accidents
1. Identify - to map a known quantity to an unknown entity so as to make it known
Identify = Hazard Identification. Identification of hazard is done through:
 Inspection. An organized examination or formal evaluation exercise. It involves the
measurements, tests, and gauges applied to certain characteristics in regard to an object or
activity.
 Investigation. To observe or inquire into in detail; examine systematically. It is done after an
incident or an accident.
2. Evaluate - to ponder on something.
Evaluate = Risk Assessment - Compare what you identified with OSH standards
3. Correct - an action to rectify, to make right a wrong.
Module 17: Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)
Job hazard analysis is one of the safety management tools that can be used to define and control the
hazards associated with a certain process, job or procedure. Job Hazard Analysis is a term used
interchangeably with Job Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment. The purpose of a JHA is to ensure that
the risk of each step of a task is reduced to ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable).
Uses of JHA:
 Create/ Improve SOP’s
 Guide in observing employee performance
 Accident investigation
 Safety inspection
Establishing priorities are based on the following criteria:
 High frequency of accidents or near- misses
 History of serious accidents or fatalities
 Potential for serious harm
 New jobs
 Changes in procedures and standards
Selecting a JHA team:
 Involving others in the process reduces the possibility or overlooking an individual job step or
potential hazard
 It increases the likelihood of identifying the most appropriate measures of eliminating or
controlling the hazards.
An effective JHA team usually includes:
 The supervisor
 The employee most familiar with how the job is done and its related hazards
 Other employees who perform the job
 Experts or specialist when necessary, such as safety officer, maintenance personnel,
occupational hygienist, ergonomists, or design engineers.

JHA Procedure
 List/ enumerate basic job steps necessary to perform the job from start to finish
 Identify every existing or potential hazards associated with each job step.
 Develop recommendations for ways to eliminate, or control each hazard
Note: it is best to complete JHA forms one column at a time.
1. Identifying Basic Job Steps
Describing job steps in terms of what they are supposed to accomplish provides maximum opportunity
to explore alternative ways of performing the job in a safer, healthier manner.
2. Determine the Hazards
Identify all of the existing or potential actions or conditions that could lead to an injury or illness, or
harm to the environment.
3. Recommending Corrective Measures:
 Should be developed at the job site whenever possible
 Should be developed in sequence, beginning with the first hazard
 Must be specific

Uses of a Job Hazard Analysis

1. Develop / improve SOP’s - To constantly improve / develop written procedures to perform the job in
the safest & healthiest way possible.
2. Employee Training
 Ensuring that each job step is performed safely & efficiently
 To point out particular job steps / hazards that requires special precautions.
 Refresher training (infrequent jobs)
 Increase awareness on hazards
3. Employee Observations
 Guide in employee performance observations
 Allows supervisors to focus on especially hazardous steps
 Ensures employee is performing steps according to SOP
4. Inspections - When developing inspection checklists, supervisors can use JHA’s to help identify
hazardous conditions that may need to be included.
5. Accident Investigations
 To determine if the job was being performed incorrectly
 To tell if a hazard was overlooked in the initial analysis.