ROBOTICS BY ENGR SHABIR

Chapter 1 Solution
1.1 What is a robot?
Answer: A robot is a type of automated machine that can execute specific tasks with little or
no human intervention and with speed and precision. The field of robotics, which deals with
robot design, engineering and operation, has advanced remarkably in the last 50 years.

1.2 What are the types of robots?

Answer: The six most common types of robots are autonomous mobile robots (AMRs),
automated guided vehicles (AGVs), articulated robots, humanoids, cobots, and hybrids. Robots
are used to drive efficiency, expedite processes, improve safety, and enhance experiences
across many industries.
1.3 Give a typical example of flying robot.
Answer: Essentially, a drone is a flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly
autonomously using software-controlled flight plans in its embedded systems, that work in
conjunction with onboard sensors and a global positioning system (GPS). UAVs were most
often associated with the military.

1.4 What is the purpose of the ‘Daksh’ robot?

Answer: REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLE (ROV) DAKSH: The ROV is versatile
equipment for improvised explosive device identification and handling. It can also be utilised
to survey and monitor nuclear and chemical contamination levels. The ROV has stair climbing
capabilities and can operate continuously for 3 hours.

1.5 Where was ‘Curisosity’ used?

Answer: Curiosity is a car-sized Mars rover designed to explore the Gale crater on Mars as
part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission.

1.6 Name an entertainment robot.

Answer:
• Teksta, a toy robot dog popular in the 1990s which was intended to be able to perform
card tricks and respond to commands.
• Aibo (robot dog manufactured by Sony)
• Poo-Chi.
• I-Cybie.
• iDog (Sega's robot iPod music speaker)
• Gupi, a robotic guinea pig.
• Space Dog, the remote control dog.

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1.7 Name a few typical applications of an industrial robot.

Answer:
1. Arc Welding
Arc welding, or robot welding, became commonplace in the 1980s. One of the driving forces
for switching to robot welding is improving the safety of workers from arc burn and inhaling
hazardous fumes.
2. Spot Welding
Spot welding joins two contacting metal surfaces by directing a large current through the spot,
which melts the metal and forms the weld delivered to the spot in a very short time
(approximately ten milliseconds).
3. Materials Handling
Material handling robots are utilized to move, pack and select products. They also can automate
functions involved in the transferring of parts from one piece of equipment to another. Direct
labor costs are reduced and much of the tedious and hazardous activities traditionally
performed by human labor are eliminated.
4. Machine Tending
Robotic automation for machine tending is the process of loading and unloading raw materials
into machinery for processing and overseeing the machine while it does a job.
5. Painting
Robotic painting is used in automotive production and many other industries as it increases the
quality and consistency of the product. Cost savings are also realized through less rework.
6. Picking, Packing and Palletizing
Most products are handled multiple times prior to final shipping. Robotic picking and
packaging increases speed and accuracy along with lowering production costs.
7. Assembly
Robots routinely assemble products, eliminating tedious and tiresome tasks. Robots increase
output and reduce operational costs.
8. Mechanical Cutting, Grinding, Deburring and Polishing
Building dexterity into robots provides a manufacturing option that is otherwise very difficult
to automate. An example of this is the production of orthopedic implants, such as knee and hip
joints. Buffing and polishing a hip joint by hand can normally take 45-90 minutes while a robot
can perform the same function in just a few minutes.
9. Gluing, Adhesive Sealing and Spraying Materials
Sealer robots are built with numerous robotic arm configurations that enable the robot to apply
adhesives to any type of product. The primary benefit in this application is increased quality,
speed and consistency of the final product.
10. Other Processes
These include inspection, waterjet cutting and soldering robots.

1.8 What are the differences between a robot and a CNC machine tool?
Answer: Robots can be used for machining processes as well as many other tasks. CNC
machines are limited to just machining tasks. Flexibility - Robots provide flexibility with their
ability to adapt to different parts and applications.

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1.9 How to decide the introduction of a robot for a particular job?

Answer: Speed, range of motion, and size are the biggest differentiators among the robot
types.

1.10 What are the four D’s of robotics?

Answer: The 4 Ds Of Robotization: Dull, Dirty, Dangerous And Dear.

1.11 What is RUR?

Answer: By the time his play “R.U.R.” (which stands for “Rossum's Universal Robots”)
premiered in Prague in 1921, Karel Čapek was a well-known Czech intellectual. Like many of
his peers, he was appalled by the carnage wrought by the mechanical and chemical weapons
that marked World War I as a departure from previous combat.

1.12 What are the ‘Laws of Robotics?’

Answer: The laws are as follows: “(1) a robot may not injure a human being or, through
inaction, allow a human being to come to harm; (2) a robot must obey the orders given it by
human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law; Third Law. A robot
must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or
Second Law.

1.13 Write down different applications of industrial robots?

Answer: Typical applications of robots include welding, painting, assembly, disassembly, pick
and place for printed circuit boards, packaging and labeling, palletizing, product inspection,
and testing; all accomplished with high endurance, speed, and precision. They can assist in
material handling.

1.14 What are the criteria for robotic installation from the economic point of view?
Answer: Robots are increasingly being used in every industry and are here to stay, and robotics
usage has both positive and negative impacts on business and employees. The following are a
variety of ways that robots affect the economy.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Robots are taking your jobs!
They have been encroaching in manufacturing work for decades and now making literal inroads
into tasks like driving, logistics, and inventory management.
While there may be a negative effect on some labor segments, robots and automation increase
productivity, lower production costs, and can create new jobs in the tech sector.

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1.15 What are the safety issues in robot usage?

Answer: There are seven sources of hazards that are associated with human interaction with
robots and machines: human errors, control errors, unauthorized access, mechanical failures,
environmental sources, power systems, and improper installation.