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Comparison of some Mediterranean olive cultivars

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 O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43

Comparison of some Mediterranean olive cultivars

¹HAIRI ISMAILI., ²ZAIM VESHAJ., ²ATHINA GJYLI.

¹Agricultural University of Tirana, Albanian Gene Bank Tirana Albanie

2
Center of Agricultural Technology Transfer, Vlora Albania

Corresponding author Email hairiismaili@yahoo.fr

Abstract

This paper presents data comparison for forty fourth main varieties of olive Mediterranean,
main native and foreign (Olea europaea L.
The method consisted initially, with the choice, multiplication of cultivars and the creation of
field collection in Pus Mezin, in the center of the propagation of the Institute of arboriculture.
The Planting distances 3x3 m, with 2 repetitions /variety.
The main analyzes were about the Morphological and Physiological characteristics,
Technological features and Phenological stages
The main results were observed during a period of 15 years, and olive cultivars showed
significant changes related to the ability to thrive and start production. All varieties analyzed
presented phenological diversity. Variability estimation showed that the features generally
expressed significant variation confirmed with statistical test. Statistical analysis for the
assessment of diversity of genotypes took in consideration the square of standard deviation or
cluster analysis. More in-depth analysis studied also the genotype-environment correlation.
Finally, there resulted a group of cultivars, with short unproductive period (2-3 years), must be
considered, and especially those with genetic characteristics expressed in their coefficient of
periodicity.

Key words: Multiplication; Variety: olive; features; diversity

INTRODUCTION first olive collection was created in

Olive is spread across Ionian and
Adriatic coast and up to 100 km inland
up to all areas with Mediterranean
climate. Olive has always been the basic
direction, or foundation for agricultural
systems of governments, as an
economic, social and cultural factor. In
the social plan, oliviculture has reduced
rural exodus, being an index of
prosperity and civilization, Baldoni, et al
(2006); Ismaili, et al (2012); Forbes,
(1978). Studying the behavior of olive
genetic material has been ongoing work
of the Institute of Olive Research. The
1972. The olive collection in "Shen
Vasil" was created in 1984 by Institute
of Olive Research. The olive genetic
resources fund was created in 1993,
initially with 44 varieties at the “Pus
Mezin” multiplication station while in
1996 under the Italy-Albania project
(IAM-Bari) was established new a
Olive collection with 64 varieties in
Shamogjin of Vlora. All these research
were under the project of the
government for preservation and
evaluation of genetic resources of the
olive, Gregoriou, (1996); Ismaili, (1995).

Olive grove currently occupies 50,000
hectares and in relation to the
agricultural area, olive groves account
for about 7.5% of arable land.
According to statistics of 1912, in the
Albanian native land (Ulcinj to Preveza)
Olive inventory was about 8 million
plants. While in 1948 state inventories
document 1.7 million olive trees. The
socialist system through its agricultural
policies, gave importance and
developed olive groves; by the end of
1990 there were about 5.5-6 million
trees. With the changing of political-
economic system a part of olive groves
were abandoned because they were not
profitable; as a result 10,000 ha or 22%
olive groves were destroyed or
abandoned. From the 50s to the 90s
surface grew 4.1 times and production
increased 1.6 times, with an annual
increase of 10.2% and production 4.1%.
The olive tree is adapted to abiotic
stresses such as drought and heat
(Mediterranean climate), climate
changes and global warming. In
addition, olive fields are a source of
biodiversity, Bartolini, (2006); Bottari, et
al (1952). The olive tree shows unusual
behavior, called alternative production
(periodicity) specified as the tendency
of some fruit trees for irregular
production from one year to another. In
this way a year with high harvest (year
"on") is followed by a year with little
harvest or no production (year "off"),
which strongly influences the
production of fruits. Alternative
production is strongly manifested in the
olive tree to the point that sometimes
this plant is considered to have a two-
year development cycle. Alternative
O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43
production represents a strategic
mechanism of olive trees to maintain
reserves of nutrients for vegetative
growth and to withstand biotic and
abiotic environmental stresses resulting
in the absence of macro / micronutrients
in dry climates such as the
Mediterranean Basin, Cantini, et al.
(1999); Franzluebbers, (2013); Mulas, et
al.(2006).
According to Copen, Albania lies
between 39-42 parallel, and is totally
under the Mediterranean climate, figure
1. Olive is widespread in Ionic and
Adriatic coast up to 70-80 km inland.
Interior borders are up to where there is
Mediterranean climate.
Field collection has different
importance compared to collections
kept in parallel at the same time. For the
second gathers only genetic material
with economic interest in the seeding
structure, whereas state collection has
significant difference for its very broad
composition, being considered an
indispensable genetic reservoir for
storage and for meeting the future
demands, Jimenez, (2005); Velitzelos, et
al. (2003).
The main goal is to accumulate
information about the behavior of
varieties of different origin in the same
environment, indigenous varieties and
foreign. This information will serve to
spread, cultivate and to establish new
olive groves. Through this study, the
main objective is to gather, collect in
one or several places most of the
indigenous genotypes (those identified)
who can be then protected from erosion
(damage) and studied, Germplasm

National Bank. Another objective of the
national collection is the multiplication
of the plant material and to supply
national and International Research
Centre with accessions of interest,
Gixhari, et al. (2014); Caballero,
(1998); Cimato, et al. (2000).
METHODOLOGY OF WORK
Experiment objectives: Research to
assess the behavior of genetic material
was conducted in field collection: The
collection was created in 1993, called
Pus Mezin for 44 varieties. The parcel is
owned by the Institute of Arboriculture,
at their Centre of multiplication. In both
collections the evaluation started from
planting time and the dynamics of
growth and development were studied
until 15 years after. The main indicators
were: AA.VV. (1997); Damigella, (1960);
Ismaili, (1995); S.A.S. (2010).
(i) Morphological characteristics of the
tree, leaf, flower, fruit and endocarp.
(ii) Physiological characteristics:
capacity of rooting, ovary abortion,
ripening period, ripening.
(iii) Technological features:
unproductive period, percentage of oil,
production and its irregularity.
(iv) Phenological stages.
Multiplication of genotypes: Plant
material is taken from the parent olive
O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43
Figure 1, Albania map and place of
field collection of olive, Pus Mezin
tree and multiplication is performed
according to the protocol "mist
propagation":
Agronomic Standard of genetic
material: Length of main axis 80-100
cm, equipped with 3-5 skeletal
branches, trunk length 50-60cm.
Planting distances in Pus Mezin field
collection have been 3x3m with two
repetitions / variety. Planting was
carried out in December. After planting,
saplings are tied to stick. Irrigation of
plants was carried out only in the first
year, three times during the active
vegetation (June, July, August).
Mineral Fertilization. Trees were
fertilized 1 times a year with mineral
nitrogen. The dose of fertilizer is 300 gr
in the first year, second year - 400 g and
500 g in third year. The above quantities
were applied 50% in early February and
50% in early April.
The formation of the canopy. Trees
have the same trunk height (50 cm). The
number of skeletal branches: 3-4. The

shape of the canopy: cup-shaped. The
formation of the canopy and trunk ends
by the end of the second year after
planting
Protecting from pathogens: Collection
was kept in "prophylaxis “status. 5
chemical treatments were performed: (i)
In April for Cycloconium and Prays. (ii)
On May 10 to 15, for Prays, Cocinilie,
Otiorrhichus, (iii) On July 15,
Margaronia, Prays, Otiorrhynchus,
Cycloconium, Cocenilie. (iv and v) in
September and October.
Research indicators; Soil analysis:
The first step that precedes all other
operations is soil analysis. Main data
obtained: (1) Physical-chemical
composition of soil; (2) The degree of
acidity, (3) The situation of active lime,
(4) The quantity of organic matter, (5)
The level of salinity.
Agronomic indicators: Tree
Biometrics (the trunk circumference,
axis height, canopy cross diameter,
volume). Samples are evaluated
annually at the end of vegetation period.
The volume of the canopy of trees is
calculated with the formula:
where: Π is 3.14, d-
diametric cross average, d2 – squared
average diameter of two cross diameters, h-
canopy height from the root neck, f =
growth coefficient which in our case is 0.3.
(Number of years divided by 2.3)
- Fructification earliness (recording
production in each year for each plant or
genotype.
- Production (average annual output of each
genotype in kg.
- Production periodicity (periodicity
indicator calculation by Dobersek-Urbank.
- Resistance to diseases (verticilium,
cycloconium, Pseudomonas, Bractocera,
prays.
O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43
- Reaction to frost (drying branches, trunk.
- Reaction to soil: indicator- vegetative
growth.
- Oil content: % of fresh matter, % dry
matter. Three categories are predicted:
low <15%,
15-20% average, high> 20%.
- Quality of oil: Acidity% , no. Iodine, no.
Peroxides.
- Caliber of fruit (fruit number per 1 kg,
shape, D / d ratio, average weight, T / B
ratio.
- Climate data (absolute min-max daily
temperature, rainfall, frosts, snow, wind.
Phenological observations: Phenological
phases in climate and soil conditions:
Bud differentiation (separation of bud from
the base, differentiation)
Flourishing: (date of blooming, date of
white petals, date of petal fall, brown
coloring).
Fruit bond: (beginning-end).
Vegetative growth: (beginning, intensive
growth).
Fruit ripening: (beginning, mass ripening,
full ripening).
Wintering: (start, end).
Rooting capacity: lacking 0%, low (up
30%), medium 30-50%), high (over 50%).
Time of flowering: (early, medium, late.
Ovary abortion: (low <10%, 10-25%
average, high> 25%)
Fertility and technological features:
Production earliness (early, medium, late).
Fertility (low, medium, high). Production
(periodic, constant). Oil content (low
<18%, 18-22% average, high> 22%)
Resistance or sensitivity against abiotic
and biotic factors: Cycloconium
oleaginum: tolerance (sensitive, resistant),
Pseudomonas sevastonoi tolerance
(sensitive, resistant)
Bractocera oleae tolerance (sensitive,
resistant), Gleosporium olivarum tolerance
(sensitive, resistant)
Every year for each genotype in the
phenological phase of flowering the floral
biology information is accessed (the
number of flowers in inflorescence,
percentage of ovarian abortion, flower
compatibility etc.)

Measure of the tree boom: Shows the
percentage of fructification surface
(external surface of canopy) with the
presence of flowers. (low: below 40%,
average: 40-80% high: 81-100%)
Ovary abortion: Defines the number of
imperfect flowers expressed in percentage.
The classification: (low: 7%, 7-20%
medium, high: more than 20%), according
to Nigond system.
1. Oil determination in fruit (%): At
harvest time fruit samples must be
analysed to determine oil content in
fruit (%), (Soxhlet method). Equipment
The main results:
In this paper are presented the main
results achieved for the performance of
variety.
Thermal time constants had a range of
1821˚C for Pulazeqin cultivar, to
2214˚C for UBT cultivar. Standard
deviation was 145.33 and coefficient of
variation cv = 32%. Phenological
phases in correlation with thermal time
constant expressed good levels of
adaptability of any variety in this
climate, Gixhari, et al (2013).
The development cycle: It starts with
the differentiation of vegetative and
flower buds in early March and ends at
the same time the following year.
During the annual cycle two main
periods are distinguished: silent period
and vegetation period.
Silent period started with fruit full
ripening in December depending on the
biology of cultivars and thermal time
constants and ended at the beginning of
bud differentiation from late February
to early March, ie when the absolute
temperature has dropped below 10˚C, in
Vlore this coincides in January-
February. In general, bud break time for
O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43
for the analysis: thermostat, porcelain
mortar, analytical balance, Soxhlet, bain
marie, filter paper, distillation balloon,
eksikator, electric oven, petroleum ether
and other reagents. Soxhlet apparatus is
made of glass and consists of three
parts: 1) bottom-balloon. 2) The middle-
Extractor 3) Refrigerator.
Statistical analysis: The research data
were analysed using SAS version of 2008,
Baldini, et al. (1955); Diva-Gis. (2008)
cultivars was 02/03, the average 2, std.
dev. ± 7,11. The main reason olive
plants enter silent period is unfavorable
climatic conditions, especially
temperature lowering. Bud
differentiation in Vlore climate
conditions started in the first 10 days of
March. At this time buds were all at the
same physiological stage. Bud
differentiation is divided in two stages:
first phase continues until inflorescence
appears, and the second phase continues
until flower blooming. Growth conus is
elongated and in triangular shape.
Bud anatomical transformations:
Differentiation starts when bud scales
wrap and close near the top, closing
completely the gap between them.
Growth conus become more oval
allowing the formation of three bumps
(1-2) one frontal and two lateral. At this
time, in the scale axils, lateral bumps
give origin to the first flowers (3). As
the bud continues growing, two new
wrapping scales are formed from the
periphery of lateral bumps which will
give origin to second strand of flowers
(4,5,6,7) Growth conus changes shape
 O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43

periodically from rounded to triangular We found that the awakening of buds

and vice versa, so the total cluster is
formed, ending with the formation of
the top flower.
Figure 3. Phenological stages, Olive
Field Collection in Pus Mezin.
from silence period was at the
beginning of March, exactly coincided
with March 2th, Std. Dev. ± 7.11 days,
and there has been 16.6% variation.

Figure 2, Several of indigenous varieties of olive in the collection of Pus Mezin.

Evaluation of Phenological Stages in Vlore climate

Stade

Indice
M±Std.Dev 2/3 ±7.11 9/4 ±5.6 20/5±6.6 4/7±5.5 28/10±8.5 04/12±12.3
thermal
K 103 252 465 1670
Ʃ(t-t0) 355±22 2135±53
Figure 4. The main stages of bud and flower differentiation and fruit formation.

During inflorescence differentiation, process of pollination and fruit bearing

first bump forms the cluster while
others give the flowers from the base to
the top. Conductive tissue of
inflorescence is formed from peripheral
meristem cells to differentiate into
vascular procambium, as ring of cells.
Cluster differentiation starts at the
beginning of April, with a deviation
between cultivars (std.dev. ± 5.6). The
physiological process started at about
14/04 and its full differentiation lasted
about a month, ie until 14/05. The full
blooming occurred in 30/05. The
lasted a week with oscillations of 3-4
days (std.dev ± 6.611) between
varieties. Thermal constant for the
period full differentiation-bloom was
355˚C (std.dev ± 22.312). The most
important stage was endocarp
sclerification, of thermal time constant
= 444˚C and std.dev. ± 23.2. Fruit
ripening stage was calculated according
to maturity index; resulting value were
3-5-4 (std.dev±3.333). For the period
bud differentiation-fruit ripening the
effective temperature was (t-t0) about

2480˚C, as for flowering-ripening
period 2082-2188˚C, characterized by
standard deviation (std.dev. ± 53)
We found that bud break and recovery
from silence period started at the
beginning of March, precisely on March
2th, standard deviation ± 7.1 days, i.e.
from March 2 to March 11. Vegetative
cycle of olive cultivars lasted until the
end of December. For in the final
analysis the sprout length had only a
slight difference compared to
December. Fruit growth dynamic shows
great variation regarding biometric
growth and maturity.
Adaptability Index Our study,
conducted for olive cultivars, highlights
and exposes the precious diversity in
terms of pomological characteristics and
above all the production regularity. The
comparison of cultivars and the level of
variation through analysis of variance
confirmed the differences in vegetative
growth, production in the first year after
planting, coefficient of periodicity, oil
percentage, fruit characteristics etc.
Regarding phenophases, cultivars have
different thermal time constants.
Consequently, the time for the bud
differentiation, vegetation, flowering,
fruit ripening etc., had notable
differences, depending on (Kt = t-t⁰),
necessary for completing the vegetation
cycle. Cultivars have different thermal
time constant, consequently different
biological needs, productivity and
periodicity.
Variety growth (m3): Canopy size was
calculated taking into accounts both
diameters and canopy height and
compares volume growth as the
O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43
difference between February and
October. Canopy size has grown
significantly from February with
differences between the varieties.
Changes were observed also within the
varieties but they were statistically
insignificant. Volume growth expressed
in m3 has increased 0, 54 m3 / tree or
12.4% in Pulazeqin variety.
Volume variability values were
consistent and in correlation with the
values of vegetative growth. Canopy
differences are influenced by varietal
genetic characteristics as the
environment, temperature and humidity
were same for all. The volume of the
canopy is formed from the vegetative
mass, their number and the length. The
volume is in direct correlation with the
number of vegetation branches. Figure
5 shows the differences at the beginning
and end of vegetation period illustrating
the average growth of olive varieties.
Vegetative growth: Time of the
beginning of vegetation and bud
blooming depends on climate and
cultivar biology. Vegetative growth in
some varieties began in late February
and early March and continued steadily
until the end of December. All varieties
had the highest growth rates from the
beginning of vegetation until last 10
days of July. After a break of about 40
days, vegetative growth slowly resumes
to fully stop later in autumn when
temperature lowers below zero. Growth
from the bud disconnection stage to
maturity stage, ranged from 250 to 290
days was approximately 1.4 mm / day.
The biggest growth occurred from the
bud differentiation stage with 2.25mm /
day.

Figure 5. Assumed average canopy volume change from February to November.
Table 6. Data of vegetative growth tested in 6 varieties in years 2014-2015.
Varities 15/4 15/5 17/6
Ʃ 340 860 1537
Mes 56.6 143.3 256.1
Mes/deg 5.66 14.3 25.6
Vegetative growth varied between
cultivars. table 6, show vegetative
growth was greater for variety Kaninjot
47,2 cm and the small increase was for
cv. Mixan 13.8 cm, Average vegetative
growth 29.8cm. There is a wide range
of minimum and maximum amplitudes
in average analysis of the vegetative
growth at the end of December. Growth
variability between cultivars was
statistically estimated with cv = 22.6%.
The above data for vegetative growth
and its variability show that varietal
adaptability in present environment was
different. The vegetative growth
intensity was different and we
distinguished three periods with verified
differences:
Bud disconnection and endocarp
sclerification, (b) sclerification-
veraison, c) veraison-ripening. In the
first phase growth had a higher intensity
corresponding to 2.25 mm / day, in the
second phase 1,03 mm / day, while in
the third phase 0,06 mm / day. During
O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43
16/VII 14/8 15/9 14/10 14/11 14/12
1899 2069 2453 2493 2503 2532
316.5 344.8 408.8 415.5 417.1 421
31.6 34.6 40.8 41.5 41.7 42
the period of vegetative growth varieties
had 2400˚C (t-t0) effective temperature,
i.e 80 degrees / cm linear.
Cultivars in the early years had vigorous
vegetation, and the canopy volume was
different for each cultivar. Early
varieties had smaller vegetative growth
in first years, while when there was
little or no production, vegetative
growth was greater. In general, early
fructification was a variety`s genetic
character, Younge, (2003).
In the above dendrogram variability of
vegetative growth is shown based on
data from last month. Referring to
Tukey-Kramer test (p = 0.05), statistical
changes between varieties were q =
2.672. According to the analysis of
variance, small changes were seen, but
they were statistically significant.
Canopy volume: Canopy volume 15
years from planting, is 9.3 m3, std dev
=2.9, minimal std. error 0.51,
coefficient of variation cv = 39.3%.

Volumetric growth is a character
strongly related to yield, because greater
volume corresponds to greater fruit
bearing surface that guarantees large
amounts of output. Annual average
volume was 0.51 m3 / year. Growth
values show a high level of adaptability
of the many varieties of olive.
Analysis of vegetative growth by
canopy volume. Besides the direct
method for the estimation of vegetative
growth which consists in sampling a
random statistical limit of vegetative
branches, it can be also determined by
comparing the canopy volume at the
beginning and at the end of vegetation.
(Number of years divided by 2.3),
resulting in different volume values,
statistically proven.
Volume values for canopy were
different and they were analysed in
spring and autumn, which have
expressed significant differences.
Analysis of variance showed that the
increase of canopy volume was strongly
correlated with the progressive growth
of vegetative branches, R = 0.95. This
correlation is confirmed for p = 0.001,
and was based on varietal averages.
Unproductive period. Production and
yield, as the result of plant metabolism,
depends on the cultivar genetic nature
and fruit bearing occurs after reaching C
/ N equilibrium. First production, yield
and its pattern in subsequent years is a
visible expression of this ratio.
O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43
The ability to enter production is a
qualitative trait related with the
environment, while the amount of
production depends on the fruit bearing
surface, plant nutrition and agronomic
services. Cultivar unproductive period
analysed by test (Tukey-Cramer) has
grouped cultivars in four homogeneous
groups. Varietal average for entering
production is 4 years (4 ± 1.98). Anova
test classifies as follows:
(i) Cultivar that start production after 2
years (2 ± 0.77): Manzanilla, Pendolino,
Koroneiki, Amigdanolia;
(ii) cultivars that bear fruits after years
(3.5 ± 1.1);
(iii) Olive cultivar that start production
(5 ± 0.9) years after planting;
(iv) (6 ± 1.2) years after planting.
Cultivars entering production after 6-7
years, are not recommended when
building new intensive olive groves. In
general, varieties included in this group
were also sensitive to cycloconium.
Graph 7. Analysis of variance for olive
cultivars for production in the first year
after planting, collection of genetic
resources, Pus Mezin.
 O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43

Table 8. Data for the main characteristics resulting from PCA for 44 olive varieties, Pus Mezin.

Variety Origin Fruit Endoc Ratio Fruit Pulp Yield Oil Unpr Alter
(gr) (gr) P/E (D/d) (%) (kg/tre) (%) Period index

Pikual Sp 3.0 0.53 4.5 1.4 82.3 23.3 22 2.6 0.41

Amfisa Gr 6.5 0.6 9.8 1.2 90.0 24.6 20.3 3 0.48
Kripsi i Krujes Al 3.6 0.5 5.9 1.0 86.1 17.2 19.4 3.2 0.67
Ulliri i kuq Al 2.16 0.43 4.0 1.3 80.0 14.6 22.2 3.5 0.88
Mastoidhis Gr 2.1 0.34 5.3 1.5 84.0 19.2 20.6 3.2 0.34
Pendolino It 2.8 0.57 3.9 1.5 79.5 29.0 20.3 2.2 0.33
Lecino It 2.8 0.52 4.3 1.4 81.4 24.5 17.9 2.5 0.12
Lukova/2 Al 3.3 0.39 7.4 1.2 88.2 17 23.5 4.5 0.56
Lukova/5 Al 3.2 0.38 7.4 1.2 88.1 23.4 25.5 3.5 0.77
Lukova/3 Al 3.4 0.43 6.9 1.1 87.4 20.2 25.0 3 0.39
Askolana It 8.4 0.63 12.3 1.5 92.5 30.4 12.6 2.7 0.35
Grosso di spanja It 8.7 0.71 11 1.2 91.8 28.0 14.4 2.7 0.58
Manzanilla Sp 3.9 0.47 7.2 1.2 88.0 31.0 22.5 1.5 0.24
I bardhi Krujes Al 2.13 0.37 4.7 1.4 82.7 18.8 21.1 4 0.55
Leukokarpa It 1.7 0.44 2.8 1.4 74.1 16.5 16.6 4 0.78
Gordal Sp 8.8 0.76 10.5 1.3 91.4 16.8 12.4 4 0.45
Halneiqis Gr 5.7 0.68 7.3 1.4 88.0 13.5 15.8 3.7 0.59
Kukurela Gr 2.8 0.3 8.3 1.3 89.3 18.0 23.2 4.5 0.71
Koroneiki Gr 1.1 0.21 4.2 1.6 80.0 40.2 21.8 2 0.09
Amigdanolia Gr 8.3 0.78 9.6 1.5 90.6 32.4 15.5 2 0.23
Unafka Al 2.17 0.45 3.8 1.3 79.3 15.5 14.7 6 0.67
Boci Al 3.3 0.48 5.9 1.1 85.5 21 21.5 6 0.87
Kallmet Al 3.7 0.38 8.7 1.3 89.7 23.5 18.0 5.5 0.88
Karolea It 4.66 0.63 7.3 1.33 86.4 20.8 24.4 5.2 0.53
Gjykatesi Al 3.8 0.58 5.5 1.1 84.7 14.6 16.6 5.5 0.66
Koratina It 4.3 0.66 5.5 1.1 84.6 26 21.5 3 0.33
Managjel Al 3.5 0.55 5.3 1.2 84.3 13.8 17.7 4.5 0.66
Karboncela It 1.7 0.32 4.3 1.4 81.2 15.5 14.4 3 0.37
KME Al 3.6 0.55 5.5 1.1 85.0 22.0 20.0 4.25 0.71
Kotruvsi Al 2.8 0.48 4.8 1.3 82.8 33.5 22.2 2 0.36
Nivica 1 Al 2.9 0.31 8.3 1.2 89.3 16.0 23.4 3.2 0.44
Mixan Al 2.2 0.38 4.8 1.2 82.7 24.6 26.2 3.2 0.34
KMB Al 7.5 0.67 10.1 1.3 91.1 13.6 17.2 5.25 0.48
Kaninjot Al 3.9 0.45 7.6 1.1 88.5 26 27.2 5.25 0.50
Pulazeqin Al 2.3 0.44 4.2 1.5 80.9 34 22.4 3.5 0.26
B.Tir Al 2.2 0.33 5.6 1.3 85.0 18 27.0 4.75 0.48
Cunatis Gr 2.4 0.29 7.2 1.4 88.0 30.4 29.6 2.5 0.30
Kallamon Gr 3.8 0.45 7.4 1.6 88.2 14.5 20.7 4.25 0.67
Freng Al 2.1 0.52 3.0 1.4 75.2 18.6 29.5 5.5 0.44
Kushan Al 2.27 0.35 5.4 1.4 84.6 19 28.3 6 0.40
H.Himara Al 1.6 0.33 3.8 1.6 79.4 26.8 17.7 5 0.43
U.zi Al 2.77 0.46 5.0 1.5 79.7 14.0 21.1 4.25 0.31
Nisiot Al 2.4 0.47 4.1 1.3 80.4 17.8 24.4 7 0.58
Marks Al 3.0 0.55 4.4 1.1 81.7 18.8 22.3 6 0.59
Mean 3.61 0.48 6.24 1.31 84.85 21.7 20.9 3.92 0.49
Std Dev 1.99 0.13 2.29 0.15 4.47 6.6 4.35 1.34 0.19
Std Err Mean 0.30 0.02 0.34 0.02 0.67 0.99 0.65 0.20 0.02
Upp 95% Mean 4.22 0.52 6.94 1.35 86.21 23.75 22.2 4.33 0.55
Lo 95% Mean 3.01 0.43 5.54 1.26 83.49 19.7 19.5 3.52 0.43
CAVY 52.7 27.0 35.4 11.4 5.1 30.4 20.6 33.3 38.7

Periodicity index. Production
periodicity is, above all, genetically
determined. In identical conditions of
climate and treatments, varieties show
their genetic differences. In table 3, are
given the results of production
estimation, for each plant and each year,
analysis by Dobersenk-Urbank formula
and periodicity coefficient. PK value by
Anova (Tukey-Kramer) test and Cluster
average has identified the dominant
values, group division based on
similarity and distances, and especially
best cultivars with low periodicity
coefficient. Production regularity was
constant up to the limit (0.3) PK, with
only 7 cultivars or 13.6% reliable in
these climatic conditions. 15 cultivars
(34%), which had PK in the interval
0.3-0.45 have average regularity level
and judging on the percentage of oil and
their performance should be positively
considered.
Cultivars had an average periodicity
0.49 ± 0.19 but this index showed a
high variation coefficient cv = 38.7%,
which means a great variability with
respect to production index. In table-
xxx seen wide frequency versus the
average; upp 95% mean is 0.55 while
Low 95% mean is 0.43 ie, Normal
amplitude coefficient of the periodicity
is 0.43 up 0.55. In dendrogram8,
homogeneous groups have
characterized the changes and cultivar
features with different PC. Seven
cultivars that have been under the 0.3
level CC, had significant difference
with other varieties and are
distinguished for their constant
production. Periodicity coefficient is
considered as a marker of adaptation for
O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43
the genetic material in a certain
environment. In the analytical
presentation can be distinguished three
groups; (i). Cultivars with alternation
coefficient 0.09 to 0.30: Lecino,
Manzanilla, Amigdanolia, Koroneki,
Pulazeqin, Cunatis and Ulliri i Zi
(clone). (ii). Cultivars with alternation
coefficient 0.30 to 0.45, Pikual, Ulli i
Kuq, Mastoidis, Lukova-3, Ascolana,
Leucocarpa, Koratina, Karboncela,
Kotruvsi, Mixan, Nivica 1, KMB,
Kalinjot (clone), B. Tirana, Freng,
H.Himara, Kushan. (iii). Cultivars with
coefficient >0.45: include all cultivars
not mentioned in the above two groups,
which occupy 52% of all varieties in the
study.
UPGMA dendrogram figure-9 and 10,
based on Jaccard's coefficient illustrates
the morphologic similarities and
distance among olive cultivars.
Morphological frequency has shown a
wide amplitude from 0.75 to 10.43.
Fixed distance resulted 0.032. Couple
distance comparison has classified
varieties into two main groups. The
average level of their similarity was
27%, Cadima, et al. (1998) Jolliffe,
(2002);
 O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43

Graph- 9. Multivariate Principal Graph 12. Multivariate scatterplot

Components / Factor Analysis / Score matrix correlations estimated by REML
Plot for 44 olive varieties in the method for quantitative traits of 44
collection Pus Mezin and their varieties of olive collection in ATTC
distribution. Pus Mezin.

While in dendogramen 12, are presented

correlations between the main
quantitative traits and the strength of
connections between each other.

Figure 10. Dendrogram Hierarchical Clustering Method = Level of similarity of 44

olive varieties in Pus Mezin collection.

Fruit and endocarp: The average fruit variance. The average fruit weight for
weight showed difference within 44 varieties was 3.61 and Std Dev 1.99
varieties. Tukey test for the g with coefficient of variation
characteristics: average fruit weight, cv=52.7%, which means for very large
pulp / endocarp ratio, percentage of oil, diversity of fruit weight. According to
etc. distinguished groups with notable the analysis the following groups were

distinguished four sets: (i) cultivars with
small fruit (<2 g): 4 varieties; (ii)
cultivars with average fruit (2-4 g) are
31 varieties. These cultivars have
double use: for oil and table olives, but
especially for olive oil; (iii) cultivars
with large fruit (4-6 g) : 3 varieties; (iv)
cultivars with very large fruit (> 6 g): 6
varieties.
Pulp/endocarp ratio: According to
table-4, cultivars present high pulp
percentage in relation with endocarp.
Cultivars are classified into four groups:
(i) excellent (>90%), (ii) very good (85-
90%), good (80-85%), (iv) poor (<80
%). Cultivars Gordal, Grosso Spain,
Ascolana, Amigdanolia, KM Berati,
Amfisa result very rich in pulp, more
than 90%, while fruits of cv.
Leukokarpa, the Freng, Unafka, Uzi,
Himara have rates below 80%. Fruits of
cv. Ascolana, Grosso Spain, KM Berati,
Amigdanolia with fruit weight over 6g
and pulp ratio over 90% correspond to
low to moderate percentage of oil. But
also cultivars with weight under 2g and
pulp percentage below 80% have low
percentage of oil, while cultivars with
average fruit weight (2-4 g), have high
oil percentage and double use.
Caliber of the fruit expressed by
transversal diameter (D) and (d) and
their ratio showed differences and
characterized fruit shape and size.
Endocarp is used as a marker for
varietal characterization because it is the
Table 11. Analysis of Variance for quantitative traits of varieties, in the olive field
collection, Pus Mezin Vlora.
O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43
most stable morphological feature,
characterizing the variability and the
varietal identity. Fruit size data are
given in Table 3.
Percentage of oil. Oil content
expressed in percentage is a very
important indicator for the purpose of
olive cultivation is oil production.
Percentage of oil shows great
variability, it is under varietal influence;
three classes can be identified: (i) low
(< 18%). (ii) Average (18-22%), (iii)
high (>22%). The percentage of oil
fluctuated between 12.4% and 29.6%.
Cunatis variety expressed high
percentage of oil (29.6%). Same way, it
can be said that varieties Kaninjot,
Kushan, Freng, B Tirane, Mixan gave
very good results for the oil content in
fruit (26-28%). On the other hand,
varieties like Himara, Puzeqin, Gordal,
Askolana, Unafka, Karboncela etc. have
low oil content. (European Union
Commission in 1991). In table 4,
between the varieties studied, 30% have
a low percentage of oil, 27% average oil
content between (18-22%), while 42%
are considered high-performance oils
(>22%).
Leaf: Morphological distance for leaf
area of 44 genotypes of olives are
classified into two groups and five
subgroups: Leaf area, color and
symmetry resulted stable traits,
influenced by genetic factors. Resulting
coefficient of variation 34.3%.

Source DF Sum
Squares
Gen/Repetition 77 3587.2358
Error 1170 1514.0575
C. Total 1247 5101.2933
Variance analysis, for variance and
variability estimation showed that the
features generally expressed significant
variation confirmed with Tukey-Kramer
test q = 2.341, p = 0.05. Source of
variation, sum of square and variable
average resulted significant as F-value
was greater than F-theoretical, for Prob
F <.0001 *.
CONCLUSIONS:
The collection of olive genetic resource
in Pus Mezin, Vlore is an evidence of
the great vision of the Institute of
Arboriculture in the conservation,
management and evaluation of
phytogenetic resources.
The study of foreign and autochthonous
olive varieties has implemented
international methods and descriptors,
computerization of sample variables,
using parameters of descriptive
analysis, variance and its test,
determination of links between
phenotypic variation, genotype and
environment. In given climate,
adaptability variation was large and best
performance varieties were those having
the highest production constant, higher
percentage of oil and pulp.
This evaluation takes into account the
most variable characters that are
involved in the first three PCs and own
approximately 90% of variability.
O.Sci.J 2016 1(2):27-43
of Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F
46.5875 36.0008 <.0001*
1.2941
In general the period calculated from
bud differentiation to ripening had
available effective temperature (t-t0) of
2400˚C. All varieties analyzed
presented phenological diversity.
Statistical analysis for the assessment of
diversity of genotypes took in
consideration the square of standard
deviation or cluster analysis. More in-
depth analysis studied also the
genotype-environment correlation.
When building new intensive or semi
intensive olive groves, cultivars with
short unproductive period (2-3 years),
must be considered, and especially
those with genetic characteristics
expressed in their coefficient of
periodicity.
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