Chapter 2

Energy and the

First Law of Thermodynamics
Continued-5
 Refrigeration Cycle
► A system undergoing a
refrigeration cycle is shown at right.
 Refrigeration Cycle
► A system undergoing a
refrigeration cycle is shown at right.
 Refrigeration Cycle
► A system undergoing a
refrigeration cycle is shown at right.
► As before, the energy transfers
are each positive in the direction of
the accompanying arrow.
► Wcycle is the net energy transfer by work to the system
per cycle of operation, usually in the form of electricity.
► Qin is the heat transfer of energy to the system per
cycle from the cold body – drawn from a freezer
compartment, for example.
► Qout is the heat transfer of energy from the system
per cycle to the hot body – discharged to the space
surrounding the refrigerator, for instance.
 Refrigeration Cycle
► Since the system returns to its initial state after
each cycle, there is no net change in its energy:
ΔEcycle = 0, and the energy balance reduces to give

Wcycle = Qout – Qin (Eq. 2.44)

► In words, the net energy transfer by work to the

system equals the net energy transfer by heat
from the system, each per cycle of operation.
 Refrigeration Cycle
► The performance of a system undergoing a
refrigeration cycle is evaluated on an energy basis as
the ratio of energy drawn from the cold body, Qin, to
the net work required to accomplish this effect, Wcycle:
Qin
β=
Wcycle
(refrigeration cycle) (Eq. 2.45)

called the coefficient of performance for the refrigeration

cycle.
► Introducing Eq. 2.44, an alternative form is obtained
Qin
β= (refrigeration cycle) (Eq. 2.46)
Qout − Qin
 Heat Pump Cycle
► The heat pump cycle analysis
closely parallels that given for the
refrigeration cycle. The same figure
applies:
► But now the focus is on Qout,
which is the heat transfer of
energy from the system per cycle
to the hot body – such as to the
living space of a dwelling.
► Qin is the heat transfer of energy to the
system per cycle from the cold body – drawn
from the surrounding atmosphere or the ground,
for example.
 Heat Pump Cycle
► The heat pump cycle analysis
closely parallels that given for the
refrigeration cycle.
The same figure applies:

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 Heat Pump Cycle
► The heat pump cycle analysis
closely parallels that given for the
refrigeration cycle. The same figure
applies:
► But now the focus is on Qout,
which is the heat transfer of
energy from the system per cycle
to the hot body – such as to the
living space of a dwelling.
► Qin is the heat transfer of energy to the
system per cycle from the cold body – drawn
from the surrounding atmosphere or the ground,
for example.
 Heat Pump Cycle

► As before, Wcycle is the net

energy transfer by work to
the system per cycle, usually
provided in the form of
electricity.

► As for the refrigeration cycle, the energy balance

reads
Wcycle = Qout – Qin (Eq. 2.44)
 Heat Pump Cycle
► The performance of a system undergoing a heat
pump cycle is evaluated on an energy basis as the
ratio of energy provided to the hot body, Qout, to the
net work required to accomplish this effect, Wcycle:
Qout
γ=
Wcycle
(heat pump cycle) (Eq. 2.47)

called the coefficient of performance for the heat pump

cycle.
► Introducing Eq. 2.44, an alternative form is obtained
Qout
γ= (heat pump cycle) (Eq. 2.48)
Qout − Qin
 Heat Pump Cycle
Example: A system undergoes a heat pump cycle
while discharging 900 kJ by heat transfer to a dwelling
at 20oC and receiving 600 kJ by heat transfer from the
outside air at 5oC. Taking the dwelling and outside air
as the hot and cold bodies, respectively, determine for
the cycle, the net work input, in kJ, and the coefficient
of performance.
► Substituting into Eq. 2.44, Wcycle = 900 kJ – 600 kJ = 300 kJ.
► Then, with Eq. 2.47, γ = 900 kJ/300 kJ = 3.0. Note the
coefficient of performance is reported as its numerical value, as
calculated here.