Factors affecting the Different Learning Style of

Senior High School Students in Mandaue City Comprehensive National High School

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

Learning is the process of gaining understanding, which ultimately results in modifying

attitudes and behaviors through the knowledge, skills, and values acquired via study and

experience. Learning can occur in numerous contexts, including formal classroom settings,

informal settings, and personal experiences. Learning results in a change in behavior that is

stable, observable, and clearly defined; it also gives an individual the ability to develop new

mental constructs or update older ones (conceptual knowledge such as attitudes or values). It is a

process dependent on previous experience and ultimately results in modifications to one's

behavior potential over the long run. The term "behavior potential" refers to the kinds of

behaviors that an individual is capable of engaging in (as opposed to the behaviors they actually

engage in) to accomplish a specific objective. Nevertheless, having potential is not enough; if an

individual's learning is not reinforced regularly, it gradually becomes less profound and, in the

long run, is lost in that individual, as stated in Ornos in 2011.

Learning Style

The term learning styles is refers to the different ways that individuals can both gather and

process the information they encounter. The student's learning style can be summed up as the

approach that enables a student to acquire and apply specific types of information in the most

effective way possible. Most academics agree that there are three primary approaches to
education. Each person might have one learning style or a few distinct ones combined, but either

way, they learn best. In the vast majority of situations, the characteristics of a particular learning

style can already be recognized at a relatively young age. Once a student has determined the

particular mode of learning that is most effective for her, she can pinpoint the specific ways in

which the students may modify both the learning process and their academic pursuits to obtain

the most significant benefit from their education, according to Ldpride.net in 2008.

According to Lucas and Corpuz in 2007, learning and thinking styles refer to the preferred

approach in which an individual receives information. Learning and thinking styles also

characterize a person's usual mode of thinking, remembering, or problem-solving. There are

several different methods of looking at learning and thinking patterns. The continuum of global

analytical thought and sensory preferences are two factors. Individuals tend to maintain

dominance in one of the following types of sensory learners: visual learners, auditory learners, or

tactile or kinesthetic learners, according to the theory of sensory preferences, which states that

people gravitate toward one or two types of sensory input.

Visual Learning

Many students are surprised that they learn best through visual means. It is estimated that

around 65 percent of people learn best through their eyes. These students frequently make use of

visual aids to assist them in putting the content they are studying into perspective. Examples of

such aids include graphs and diagrams. When such visual aids accompany information, it is often

far more straightforward for people to remember later than if they had only heard the

information. People who learn better by seeing things must see the material to comprehend it.

Essays, maps, and diagrams are the types of tests best suited for visual learners, whereas listen

and react tests are the ones least suited to their needs, as stated in Ldpride.net in 2008.
 RiCharde provides an additional classification of visual learners as follows: Visual-iconic.

In order to consolidate their learning, individuals who resort to this form of input are more

interested in visual imagery. This can take the shape of movies, graphic displays, or photos.

Typically, they have an excellent visual memory known as iconic imagery and pay careful

attention to graphic detail. They would choose to read a map rather than a book since maps are

more visual and symbolic. Those most at ease with this input mode are accustomed to working

with abstract symbology, such as mathematical formulas or the written word. They would rather

read about something than have it explained to them; thus, they would instead read a book than

look at a map. They were typically excellent abstract thinkers who did not require practical ways

to advance their education, according to Lucas & Corpuz in 2007.

Auditory Learning

Auditory learners tend to have excellent listening skills. They have the propensity to take

in information more effectively regardless of the medium, noise, music, talks, or lectures. These

folks will be more inclined to record lectures to play them again later to study from the

recordings. Auditory learners benefit from listening to books on tape, and they might also find

that having knowledge read to them helps them remember it better. Auditory learners typically

perform better when it comes to oral presentations and reports than they do with written reports,

as stated in Ldpride.net in 2008.

 According to Lucas and Corpuz (2007), learning styles and thinking styles refer to the

preferred approach in which an individual receives information. Additionally, learning styles and

thinking styles characterize a person's normal mode of thinking, remembering, or problem

solving. There are several different methods of looking at learning and thinking patterns. The

continuum of global analytical thought and sensory preferences are two of these factors.

Individuals have a tendency to maintain dominance in one of the following types of sensory

learners, namely, visual learners, auditory learners, or tactile or kinesthetic learners, according to

the theory of sensory preferences, which states that people gravitate toward one or two types of

sensory input.

Many kids are shocked to know that they learn best through visual means. It is estimated

that around 65 percent of people learn best through the use of their eyes. These students

frequently make use of visual aids to help them put the content they are studying into

perspective. Examples of such aides include graphs and diagrams. When information is

accompanied by such visual aids, it is often lot simpler for people to recall later on, in

comparison to if they had simply heard the information. People who learn better by seeing things

have to really see the material in order to comprehend it. Essays, maps, and diagrams are the

types of tests that are best suited for visual learners, whereas listen and react tests are the types of

tests that are least suited to their needs (Ldpride.net, 2008).

 RiCharde further divides those who learn visually into the following categories: Visual-

iconic. In order to consolidate their learning, individuals who resort to This type of information

is mostly concerned with visual imagery. This can take the shape of movies, graphic displays, or

photos. Typically, they have an excellent visual memory, often known as iconic imagery, and

pay careful attention to pictorial detail. They would choose to read a map rather than a book

since maps have a more visual and symbolic representation. Those who are most at ease with this

mode of input are accustomed to working with abstract symbology, such as mathematical

formulas or the written word. They would rather read about something than have it explained to

them, thus they would rather read a book than look at a map. They are typically excellent

abstract thinkers who do not require practical ways for the advancement of their education

(Lucas, & Corpuz, 2007).

On the other hand, auditory learners tend to be excellent in their listening skills. They have

a propensity to take in information in a more effective manner regardless of the medium, be it

noises, music, talks, or lectures of any kind. These folks will have a greater propensity to record

classroom discussions in order to play them back at a later time for the purposes of academic

review. Auditory learners benefit from listening to books on tape, and they might also find that

having knowledge read to them helps them remember it better. Auditory learners typically

perform better when it comes to oral presentations and reports than they do with written reports

(Ldpride.net,2008).
 Kinesthetic learning is yet another mode of intellectual development. Kinesthetic The best

way for students to learn is through movement, doing, role playing, and touching. Tasks that

require them to use their hands are ideal for these individuals. When forced to stay still for

extended periods of time, learners who like this approach frequently become irritable. They take

pleasure in activities such as conducting experiments, going on adventures, and carrying out

various duties (Ldpride.net, 2008).

It is estimated that approximately 5% of people have a preference for learning through

kinesthetic or tactile means. Kinesthetic learners are those who are able to assimilate information

most effectively when they are actively engaged in some sort of physical activity, such as

experiencing, touching, doing, or moving. People who fit into this category lean toward

endeavors that allow them to engage their hands in physical labor and provide them the chance to

put together components while also engaging in some form of physical activity (Ldpride.net,

2008).

Kinesthetic learners frequently engage in activities that require touching or feeling. The

types of tests that are best suited to kinesthetic learners include fill in the blank and multiple

choice exams, whereas the types of tests that are least suited to them are lengthy essay

examinations (Ldpride.net, 2008).

Most students find it more beneficial to study in groups. Studying in a group not only

makes them feel more at ease, but it also provides them with the finest opportunity to learn new

things. Interaction and collaboration with other students in class is highly valued by students, and
research shows that pupils are more likely to retain material when they do so in groups of two or

three. This type of learner will benefit from the stimulus provided by group work in order to

better comprehend newly acquired material. (Reid's Perceptual Learning Style Preferences,

1987) 

Individual students learn best when left to their own devices and prefer to study by

themselves. These kids learn new information most effectively when they read it on their own.

When they are on their own, they make the most progress and accomplish the most. The results

of Reid's Perceptual Learning Style Preferences were published in 1987.

It has been established that there is a favorable influence on student performance when

there is a good match between the learning preferences of the students and the teaching style of

the teacher (Harb & El-Shaarawi, 2006). A person's "natural, habitual, and preferred mode" of

assimilating new information is referred to as their "learning preference" in Reid's (1995)

definition of the term. This suggests that different people have diverse preferences with regard to

the method of education or research that works best for them. The learning preferences approach

is advocated by academics, and these academics are in agreement that effective education can

only be provided if the learner's learning preferences are diagnosed and the instruction is adapted

accordingly (Pashler, McDaniel, Rohrer, & Bjork, 2008). I listen, yet I fail to remember. I can

see and I have a memory of it. I do and I understand." (Confucius, 551-479 BC) This is a remark

that provides evidence that, even in early times, there was acknowledgment of the fact that

different people have various preferences when it comes to how they learn. According to Omrod

(2008), some students appear to learn better when information is offered to them in the form of
words (verbal learners), whereas other students appear to learn better when it is presented to

them in the form of visuals (visual learners). It is obvious that in a classroom where there is just

one style of instruction being used, there is a significant likelihood that some of the students will

regard the learning environment to be less than ideal, which may have an effect on the academic

achievement of those students (Mlambo, 2011).

According to Abucay (2009), the following are some of the potential factors that may be

contributing to a student's struggle with their academics: Learning factor, which is a inability to

master what has been taught, limited background of a certain topic or issue, and faulty methods

of work and study are related factors that affect learning; intellectual factor, which refers to

remarkable praises in school, is generally closely related to the intellectual level of a pupil;

intellectual factor, which refers to remarkable praises in school, is generally closely related to the

intellectual level of a pupil. The intellectual element, also known as exceptional plaudits received

at school, is typically very closely tied to the intellectual level of a student; The intellectual

factor, often known as outstanding accolades received in academic settings, is typically The

process of learning is influenced by a number of different factors, some of which are: health,

visual and physical defects, nutrition, and physical development; emotional and social factors,

which recognize that a wide range of tendencies influence how an individual responds to

different types of stimuli.; and cognitive factors, which recognize that individuals react

differently to different types of stimuli, and this is determined by various mental processes.

Aspects of the mind that have an influence on attitude play a large role in the mental structure

and overall conduct of the individual; environmental factors, such as the type and quality of

instructional materials and equipment, play an important role in the effectiveness of the school's
instruction; and teacher's personality, in which the teacher is an important element in the learning

environment or in the failures and successes of the learner. The most important responsibilities

of the teacher are having the ability to guide and motivate students through the influence of the

instructor's personality and example.