Psychoanalytic

Theory
by
Sigmund Freud
 Psychoanalytic
Theory
 Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of personality organization
and the dynamics of personality development that guides
psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology.
First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century,
psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since
his work.

 Psychoanalytic theory came to full prominence in the last third

of the twentieth century as part of the flow of critical discourse
regarding psychological treatments after the 1960s, long after
Freud's death in 1939.
Personality
Structure
 The id, The ego and The
superego
The id is the aspect of personality that is
driven by internal and basic drives and needs.
These are typically instinctual, such as hunger,
thirst, and the drive for sex, or libido.

The ego is driven by the reality principle. The

ego works to balance the id and superego, by
trying to achieve the id's drive in the most
realistic ways.

The superego is driven by the morality

principle. It acts in connection with the
 The Unconscious

The unconscious is the portion of the mind of

which a person is not aware. Freud said that it is
the unconscious that exposes the true feelings,
emotions, and thoughts of the individual. There
are a variety of psychoanalytic techniques used to
access and understand the unconscious, ranging
from methods like hypnosis, free association, and
dream analysis. Dreams allow us to explore the
unconscious; according to Freud, they are "the
'royal road' to the unconscious".
 Defense Mechanisms
The ego balances the id, superego, and reality to maintain a healthy
state of consciousness. It thus reacts to protect the individual from any
stressors and anxiety by distorting reality. This prevents threatening
unconscious thoughts and material from entering the consciousness.

The different types of defense mechanisms are:

1. Repression
2. Reaction formation
3. Denial
4. Projection
5. Displacement
6. Sublimation
7. Regression
8. Rationalization
 Moral
Development
Theory
by
Lawrence
Kohlberg
 Moral Development
Theory
The Theory of Moral Development is a
very interesting subject that stemmed from
Jean Piaget’s theory of moral reasoning.
Developed by psychologist Lawrence
Kohlberg, this theory made us understand
that morality starts from the early
childhood years and can be affected by
several factors. Morality can be developed
either negatively or positively, depending
on how an individual accomplishes the
tasks before him during each stage of moral
development across his lifespan.
 
Levels and Stages of Moral
Development
 Stage 1: Punishment-
Level 1: Pre Conventional Obedience Orientation
Morality Related to Skinner’s
Operational Conditioning, this
stage includes the use of
The first level of morality, punishment so that the person
pre conventional morality, refrains from doing the action and
can be further divided into continues to obey the rules.
two stages: obedience and For example, we follow the law
punishment, and because we do not want to go to
jail.
individualism and exchange.
Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist
Orientation

In this stage, the person is said to judge

the morality of an action based on how it
satisfies the individual needs of the doer.
For instance, a person steals money from
another person because he needs that
money to buy food for his hungry children.
In Kohlberg’s theory, the children tend to
say that this action is morally right because
of the serious need of the doer.
 
Level 2: Conventional Morality
The second level of morality involves the stages 3 and 4 of
moral development. Conventional morality includes the society
and societal roles in judging the morality of an action.

Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation

In this stage, a person judges an action based on the societal
roles and social expectations before him. This is also known as
the “interpersonal relationships” phase.
For example, a child gives away her lunch to a street peasant
because she thinks doing so means being nice.
Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
This stage includes respecting the authorities and following
the rules, as well as doing a
person’s duty. The society is the main consideration of a person
at this stage.
For instance, a policeman refuses the money offered to him
under the table and arrests the offender because he believes
this is his duty as an officer of peace and order.
 Level 3: Post Conventional Morality
The post-conventional morality includes stage 5 and stage 6.
This is mainly concerned with the universal principles that
relation to the action done.

Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation

In this stage, the person is look at various opinions and values of
different people before coming up with the decision on the morality of the
action.

Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles Orientation

The final stage of moral reasoning, this orientation is when a person
considers universally accepted ethical principles. The judgment may
become innate and may even violate the laws and rules as the person
Bio Ecological Theory
by
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Bio Ecological
Theory
American psychologist, Urie Bronfenbrenner,
formulated the Ecological Systems Theory to
explain how the inherent qualities of children and
their environments interact to influence how they
grow and develop.
The Bronfenbrenner theory emphasizes the
importance of studying children in multiple
environments, also known as ecological systems,
in the attempt to understand their development.
1. The Micro System
 
The Bronfenbrenner theory suggests that the
microsystem is the smallest and most immediate
environment in which children live. As such, the
microsystem comprises the daily home, school or
daycare, peer group and community environment of the
children. Interactions within the microsystem typically
involve personal relationships with family members,
classmates, teachers and caregivers. How these groups
or individuals interact with the children will affect how
they grow. Similarly, how children react to people in their
microsystem will also influence how they treat the
children in return.
2. Mesosystem
The mesosystem encompasses the interaction
of the different microsystems which children find
themselves in. It is, in essence, a system of
microsystems and as such, involves linkages
between home and school, between peer group
and family, and between family and community.
 3.
The exosystem Exosystem
pertains to the linkages that may exist
between two or more settings, one of which may not contain the
developing children but affect them indirectly nonetheless. Based
on the findings of Bronfenbrenner, people and places that
children may not directly interact with may still have an impact
on their lives. Such places and people may include the parents’
workplaces, extended family members, and the neighborhood the
children live in.
For example, a father who is continually passed up for
promotion by an indifferent boss at the workplace may take it out
on his children and mistreat them at home.
4. Macrosystem
The macrosystem is the largest and
most distant collection of people and
places to the children that still have
significant influences on them. This
ecological system is composed of the
children’s cultural patterns and values,
specifically their dominant beliefs and
ideas, as well as political and economic
systems.
For example, children in war-torn areas
will experience a different kind of
development than children in peaceful
5. Chronosystem
The Bronfenbrenner theory suggests that the chronosystem
adds the useful dimension of time, which demonstrates the
influence of both change and constancy in the children’s
environments. The chronosystem may include a change in
family structure, address, parents’ employment status, as well
as immense society changes such as economic cycles and wars.

For example, a child who frequently bullies smaller children

at school may portray the role of a terrified victim at home. Due
to these variations, adults who are concerned with the care of a
particular child should pay close attention to his/her behavior in
different settings, as well as to the quality and type of
connections that exist between these settings.