NAME : Yadhu Krishnan ET

CLASS : Semester 2

TOPIC : Michael Faraday and Electricity

SUBMISSION DATE : 19-05-2022

Michael Faraday And
Electricity

“Nothing is too wonderful to be true if

it be consistent with the laws of
nature”
-Michael Faraday
Facts
September 22, 1791 • London •
Born
Newington • England
August 25, 1867 (aged 75) •
Died
Richmond upon Thames • England
Copley Medal (1838) • Copley Medal
Awards And Honors
(1832)
Subjects Of Study Faraday effect
• Faraday’s law of induction
• Faraday’s laws of electrolysis
• benzene
• chlorine
• condensation
• diamagnetism
• electrolysis
• electromagnetic induction
• electromagnetism
• halocarbon
• static electricity
• electric generator
• electric motor
 Early Life
• Michael Faraday was born on 22 September 1791 in
Newington Butts
• His Family was not well off.
• He was third child of father James Faraday and Margaret
Haswell
• The family belonged to a small Christian sect, called
Sandemanians, that provided spiritual sustenance to
Faraday throughout his life. It was the single most important
influence upon him and strongly affected the way in which
he approached and interpreted nature.
• He got basic education from church through Sunday schools.
• At the age of 14 he started apprentice ship for book binding.
During his 7 years of apprenticeship Faraday read many
books. It was during this period he developed his interest in
electricity.
 • At the age of 20 his apprenticeship ended.
Adult Life • At that time he got the chance to attend lecture by
Sir Humphrey Davy at royal institution.
• On the basis of Faraday’s carefully attended notes
he prepared a 300 page book which then mailed to
Sir Humphrey Davy
• Then he got assigned as a assistant. During his trip
to Italy with Humphrey Davy’s family as a personal
servant to Lady Davy he got chance to meet many
other scientists.
• Faraday married Sarah Barnard on 12th of June
1821. They had no children.
• Faraday was a devote Christian. His Biographers
have noted that "a strong sense of the unity of God
and nature pervaded Faraday's life and work.”
• Faraday’s second apprenticeship, under Davy, came
to an end in 1820. By then he had learned
chemistry as thoroughly as anyone alive.
Discoveries
• Electric motor : Although Oersted and Ampere were
credited with discovering the fact that an electric current he created a basic transformer.
created a magnetic field, it was Faraday who invented the
first electric motor in 1822.
• Faraday Cage : A Faraday cage or Faraday shield is an
enclosure used to block electromagnetic fields. A Faraday
shield may be formed by a continuous covering of
conductive material, or in the case of a Faraday cage, by a
mesh of such materials.
• Discovered Benzene: Faraday's early discoveries were
associated with chemistry. In 1820 produced the first
known synthetically made compound of carbon and
chlorine - hexachloroethane, C2Cl6 and
tetrachloroethane, C2Cl4. Then in 1825 he made benzene
C6H6 - a key substance in today's chemistry, and also one
that formed the basis of much organic chemistry.
• Electromagnetic Induction : In 1831, Faraday
published his discovery of electromagnetic
induction. In a famous experiment he undertook,
• Electromagnetic generator: Applying what
Faraday had learned about electromagnetism and
also motors, he applied this to inventing a
generator. He invented a generator known as the
Faraday disc - this was the first electromagnetic
generator of electricity - converting mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
• Electrolysis: Combining his expertise in chemistry
and electrical science, Faraday formulated his two
laws of electrolysis from his experiments and
discoveries
1) Electric motor
The first demonstration of the effect with a
rotary motion was given by Michael Faraday in
1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a
pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet
(PM) was placed. When a current was passed
through the wire, the wire rotated around the
magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a
close circular magnetic field around the wire.
This motor is often demonstrated in physics
experiments, substituting brine for (toxic)
mercury. Barlow's wheel was an early
refinement to this Faraday demonstration,
although these and similar homopolar motors
remained unsuited to practical application until
late in the century.
2) Faraday Cage
In 1836, Michael Faraday observed that the excess charge on a
charged conductor resided only on its exterior and had no
influence on anything enclosed within it.
To demonstrate this fact, he built a room coated with metal foil
and allowed high-voltage discharges from an electrostatic
generator to strike the outside of the room. He used an
electroscope to show that there was no electric charge present
on the inside of the room's walls.
We still us this technology in our day to day life.
Example:-
In microwave oven, cars, etc…
3) Benzene
Benzene is a natural hydrocarbon and a component of
crude oil. Faraday isolated this substance for the first time
in 1825 while investigating an oily residue that was
created as a by-product of the production of ‘portable
gas’. Portable gas was created by dropping whale or fish
oil into a hot furnace, compressing the gas which was
created and then storing it in containers to use in lamps in
private and public buildings.
Faraday was interested in the liquid which formed when
the gas was pressurized. He experimented with distilling
this mixture and, as he reported in a paper to the Royal
Society on 16th June, he ‘succeeded in separating a new
compound of carbon and hydrogen, which I may by
anticipation distinguish as bi-carburet of hydrogen’.
4) Electromagnetic Induction
In Faraday's first experimental demonstration (August 29, 1831),
he wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or
"torus“. Based on his understanding of electromagnets, he
expected that, when current started to flow in one wire, a sort of
wave would travel through the ring and cause some electrical
effect on the opposite side. He plugged one wire into a
galvanometer, and watched it as he connected the other wire to
a battery. He saw a transient current, which he called a "wave of
electricity", when he connected the wire to the battery and
another when he disconnected it. This induction was due to the
change in magnetic flux that occurred when the battery was
connected and disconnected. Within two months, Faraday found
several other manifestations of electromagnetic induction. For
example, he saw transient currents when he quickly slid a bar
magnet in and out of a coil of wires, and he generated a steady
(DC) current by rotating a copper disk near the bar magnet with
a sliding electrical lead
 Based on the experiment Faraday Formulated two laws:

These laws are called as Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s First Law
Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause an emf to be
induced in the coil. This emf induced is called induced emf and if the conductor
circuit is closed, the current will also circulate through the circuit and this
current is called INDUCED CURRENT.
Method to change the magnetic field:
1.By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil
2.By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field
3.By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field
4.By rotating the coil relative to the magnet

Faraday’s Second Law

It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to the rate
of change of flux that linkages with the coil. The flux linkage of the coil is
the product of the number of turns in the coil and flux associated with the
coil.
5)Electromagnetic generator

The operating principle of electromagnetic generators was discovered

in the years of 1831–1832 by Michael Faraday. The principle, later
called Faraday's law, is that an electromotive force is generated in an
electrical conductor which encircles a varying magnetic flux.
He also built the first electromagnetic generator, called the Faraday
disk; a type of homopolar generator, using a copper disc rotating
between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. It produced a small DC
voltage.
This design was inefficient, due to various reasons like not enough
magnets, number of turns are not enough etc.
6) Electrolysis
Combining his expertise in chemistry and electrical science,
Faraday formulated his two laws of electrolysis from his
experiments and discoveries:

Faraday's first law of electrolysis: Faraday's first law of

electrolysis states that during electrolysis the amount of a
substance deposited on an electrode of an electrolytic cell is
directly proportional tot he quantity of electricity that is passed
through he cell.

Faraday's second law of electrolysis: Faraday's second law

of electrolysis states that the quantities of different elements
deposited by a given amount of electricity are in the ratio of their
chemical equivalent weights.
In 1833 he and the classicist William Whewell worked out a new
nomenclature for electrochemical phenomena based on Greek
words, which is more or less still in use today—ion, electrode, and
so on.
Important Events
• In 1816, aged 24, Faraday gave his first ever lecture, on the properties of matter, to the City
Philosophical Society. And he published his first ever academic paper, discussing his analysis of
calcium hydroxide, in the Quarterly Journal of Science.

• In 1821, aged 29, he was promoted to be Superintendent of House and Laboratory of the Royal
Institution. He also married Sarah Barnard. He and his bride lived in rooms in the Royal
Institution for most of the next 46 years: no longer in attic rooms, they lived in a comfortable
suite Humphry Davy himself had once lived in.

• In 1824, aged 32, he was elected to the Royal Society. This was recognition that he had become
a notable scientist in his own right.

• In 1825, aged 33, he became Director of the Royal Institution’s Laboratory.

• In 1833, aged 41, he became Falerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great
Britain. He held this position for the rest of his life.

• In 1848, aged 54, and again in 1858 he was offered the Presidency of the Royal Society, but he
turned it down
The End

Michael Faraday died aged 75 on August 25, 1867 in

London. He was survived by his wife Sarah. They had no
children. He had been a devout Christian all of his life,
belonging to a small branch of the religion called
Sandemanians.

During his life, he was offered burial in Westminster

Abbey along with Britain’s kings and queens and scientists
of the stature of Isaac Newton. He turned this down, in
favor of a more modest resting place. His grave, where
Sarah is also buried, can still be seen in London’s Highgate
Cemetery.
Bibliography

• Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction: First & Second Law |

Electrical4U

• 200 Years Ago, Faraday Invented the Electric Motor - IEEE Spectrum

• Michael Faraday - Wikipedia

• Michael Faraday | Biography, Inventions, & Facts | Britannica