Chapter No.

2
Next Generation IP Weightage
10 Marks
 Contents
• IP addressing
o Representation
o Address space
o Address space allocation
o Auto-configuration
o Renumbering
• Transition from IPV4 to IPV6
o Dual Stack
o Tunneling
o Header translation
• IPV6 Protocol
o Packet Format
o Extension Header
 Why IPv6?
Shortage of IPv4 addresses
Internet is expanding very rapidly in developing countries like
India, China.
New devices like phones need IP address.
End-to-End Reachability is not possible without IPv6
New Features like Auto-configuration, better support for QoS,
Mobility and Security, Route Aggregation, Jumbo Frames.
 Why IPv6?

• Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6) is the latest revision of the

Internet Protocol, the communication protocol that provides an
identification and location system for computers on networks and
routes traffic across the internet.
• IPv6 was developed by IETF(Internet Engg. & task Force) to deal
with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion.
• In contrast to IPv4, which defined an IP address as a 32-bit
value, IPv6 addresses have a size of 128 bits. Therefore, IPv6
has a vastly enlarged address space compared to IPv4.
 FEATURES OF IPV6

• New Header Format

• Large Address Space
• Efficient and Hierarchical addressing and routing
infrastructure
• Stateless and stateful address configuration
• Built-in Security
• Better support for Quality of Service
• New support for neighboring node interaction
• Extensibility
1.1 IPv6 address - Representation
• IPV6 address is 128 bit long.
• The 128-bit address is divided into 16-bits, and each 16-bit block is
converted into 4- digit hexadecimal number and separated by colons.
This type of representation is called colon hexadecimal.
• The format o f IPv6 address is
xxxx: xxxx: xxxx: xxxx: xxxx: xxxx: xxxx: xxxx
where each x is a hexadecimal representing 4 bits or a nibble.
• IPv6 address range from
0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
to
FFFF: FFFF: FFFF: FFFF: FFFF: FFFF: FFFF: FFFF
IPv6 address - Representation
 IPv6 Address – Examples-1
Ex1. show the unabbreviated colon hex notation for the following IPV6
addresses:
1. An address with 64 0’s followed by 64 1’s.
2. An address with 128 0’s
3. An address with 128 1’s
4. An address with 128 alternative 1’s & 0’s
Solution:
1. 0000:0000:0000:0000:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
2. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
3. FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
4. AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA
 IPv6 Address – Examples-2
Ex2. show abbreviations & Unabbreviated. for the following addresses:
i. 0000:0000:FFFF:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
ii. 1234:2345:0000:0000:0000:0000:1111
iii. 0000:0001:0000:0000:0000:0000:1200:1000
iv. 1111::2222
v. ::
Solution:
1. 0:0:FFFF::
2. 1234:2345::1111
3. 0:1::1200:1000
4.1111:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:2222
5. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
1. Show abbreviations for the following addresses:

0000:0000:FFFF:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000

Correct Answer

0:0:FFFF::
10
2. Show abbreviations for the following addresses:

1234:2346:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:1111

Correct Answer

1234:2346::1111
11
3. Show abbreviations for the following addresses:

0000:0001:0000:0000:0000:0000:1200:1000

Correct Answer

0:1::1200:1000
12
4. Show abbreviations for the following addresses:

0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:FFFF:24.123.12.6

Correct Answer

::FFFF:24.123.12.6
13
1.2 IPv6 Address Space

• IPv4: 32 bits or 4 bytes long

4, 294,467,295 IP addresses

• IPv6: 128 bits or 16 bytes

 3.4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes
 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,432,768,
211,456
 The IPv6 address is represented in
hexadecimals.
IPv6 Address Types
 IPv6 Address Types
There are three types:-

1. Unicast
• Address is for a single interface.
• A packet sent to a unicast address is meant to be delivered to the
computer specified by the address.
 IPv6 Address Types
2. Multicast
• One-to- Many.
• Enables more efficient use of the network.
• Uses a larger address range
• Multicast is the delivery of a message or information to a group of
destination computers simultaneously in a single transmission from
the source.
• Multicast addresses: FF00::<Group ID>

Note That:- There are no broadcast addresses in IPv6 (multicast replaces broadcast).
 IPv6 Address Types

3. Anycast
• Anycast addresses are new in IPv6.
• One-to-nearest (allocated from unicast address space) Anycast
packets are routed to the nearest host. .
• Multiple devices share the same address.
• All anycast nodes should provide uniform service.
• Source devices send packets to anycast address.
 Address Space Allocation
• Like the address space of IPv4, The IPV6 address is divided into several
categories & the category of address can be determined from the few
leftmost bits of address.
• These leftmost bits that determines the category of address is called
type prefix.
• Most of the blocks are still unassigned and have been left aside for
future use.
• To better understand the allocation and the location of each block in
address space, we first divide the whole address space into eight equal
ranges.
• This division does not show the block allocation, but we believe it shows
where each actual block is located.
 Address Space Allocation
• General structure of IPv6 address

Network prefix:- Where are you connected to.

Interface ID:- Who are you. Created from MAC address or
from IPv4 address (IPv6 compatible addresses).
 Address Space Allocation

• Each section in one-eighth of the whole address space(2^125 addresses).

• First section contains six variable size blocks; 3 of these blocks are reserved & three unassigned.
• Second section is considered one single block & is used for global unicast.
• The next five sections are unassigned.
• Last section is divided into eight blocks. Some of these blocks are still unassigned & some are
reserved for special purposes.
• This Table 26.1 shows the
prefix for each type of
address.
• The third column shows the
fraction of each type of
address relative to the whole
address space.
• The leftmost column is not
part of the standard; it shows
only the section.
 Types of Addresses
 Unspecified address

• The entire address consists of zeros. The unspecified address is used during
bootstrap when a host does not know its own address and wants to send an
inquiry to find it.

• The unspecified address in IPv6 is ::/128.

• It should never be used as a destination address.
 Types of Addresses
 Loopback address

• The loopback address in IPv6 is ::1/128.

• This sub block also consists of one single address. This is an address
used by a host to test itself without going into the network.
• It should never be used as a destination address.
 Types of Addresses- Embedded IPV4 Address

 Compatible address

• A compatible address is an address of 96 bits of zero followed by 32 bits of

IPV4 address.
• The situation in which the compatible address is required to be
used is as follows: if an IPV6 host wants to communicate with
another IPV6 host but the packet is going to pass through a region
in which still the IPV4 is being used by the networks.
 Types of Addresses
 Mapped address

• A mapped address comprises 80 bits of zero, followed by 16 bits of one,

followed by the 32 bit IPV4 address.
• It is used when computer that has migrated to IPV6 wants to send a
packet to a computer still using IPV4.
• The packet travels mostly through IPV6 networks but is finally delivered
to host that uses IPV4.
 Types of Addresses
 Local-Use Unicast Addresses

There are two types of local-use unicast addresses:

1. Link-local addresses
• Used between on-link neighbours and for Neighbour Discovery
Processes.
2. Site-local addresses
• Used between nodes communicating with other nodes in the
same site.
  Local-Use Unicast Addresses

1. Link-local unicast addresses: (APIPA)

• IPv6 link-local addresses are equivalent to IPv4 link-local addresses
defined in RFC 3927 that use the 169.254.0.0/16 prefix.
• IPv4 link-local addresses are known as Automatic Private IP
Addressing (APIPA) addresses for computers running current
Microsoft Windows operating systems.
• The scope of a link-local address is the local link.
• A link-local address is required for Neighbour Discovery (NDP)
processes and is always automatically configured, even in the
absence of all other unicast addresses.
 1. Link-local unicast addresses: (APIPA) continue…

• Used only between nodes connected on the same local link.

• IPv6 link-local prefix FE80::/10 is used and the interface identifier in Extended
Unique Identifier 64 (EUI-64) format is appended as the address’s low-order
64-bit.
• Link-local addresses are only for local-link scope and must never be routed
between subnets within a site.
  Local-Use Unicast Addresses

2. Site-Local Address (Private IP address in IPV4 )

• Site-local addresses are equivalent to the IPv4 private address space
(10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16).
• Site-local addresses are not reachable from other sites, and routers
must not forward site-local traffic outside the site.
• Site-local addresses can be used in addition to global unicast
addresses.
• The scope of a site-local address is the site.
• A site is an organization network or portion of an organization's
network that has a defined geographical location (such as an office,
an office complex, or a campus).
2. Site-Local Address (Private IP address in IPV4 ) continue…

• Unlike link-local addresses, site-local addresses are not automatically configured

and must be assigned either through stateless or stateful address configuration
processes.
• May be assigned to any nodes and routers within a site.
 Types of Addresses
 Multicast Address:-
• In IPv6, multicast traffic operates in the same way that it does in IPv4.
• IPv6 nodes can listen to multiple multicast addresses at the same time.
• IPv6 multicast addresses have the first eight bits set to 1111 1111.
• An IPv6 address is easy to classify as multicast because it always begins
with “FF”.
• Multicast addresses cannot be used as source addresses or as intermediate
destinations in a Routing extension header.
• Beyond the first eight bits, multicast addresses include additional structure
to identify their flags, scope, and multicast group.
 Multicast Address:-

 Format of the multicast address defines several scopes and types of addresses using the 4-bit fields Flag
and Scope.
 These fields are located after the FF::/8 prefix.
• Main goal of multicasting is having an efficient network to save bandwidth on links by
optimizing the number of packets exchanged between nodes.
• In IPv4: 224.0.0.0/3, where the high-order 3-bit of the IPv4 address is set to 1110
 Types of Addresses
 Global Unicast Addresses

• Equivalent to public IPv4 addresses.

• Globally routable and reachable on the IPv6 portion of the Internet.
• The scope, the portion of the IPv6 internetwork over which the address is
unique, of a global unicast address is the entire IPv6 Internet.
• Global scoped communication are identified by high-level 3 bits set to 001
(2000::/3)
 Types of Addresses
 Global Unicast Addresses

• Interface Identifier
• The interface identifier is similar to host ID in IPv4 addressing.
• The host identifier actually defines the interface not the host.
• If the host is moved from one interface to another, its IP address
needs to be changed.
 Types of Addresses
 Global Unicast Addresses- Interface Identifier
• In IPv4 addressing, there is not a specific relation between the host_id (at the IP level) and
physical or MAC address (at the data link layer) because the physical address is normally
much longer than the host_id.
• For example, using the Ethernet technology, the physical address is 48 bits while the host_id
is less than 32 bits.
• The IPv6 addressing allows this opportunity. A physical address (48bits) whose length is less
than 64 bits can be embedded as the whole or part of the interface identifier, eliminating
the mapping process.
• Two common physical addressing scheme can be considered for this purpose: the 64-bit
extended unique identifier (EUI-64) defined by IEEE and the 48-bit physical address defined
by Ethernet.
  Global Unicast Addresses

1. Mapping EUI-64:-

To map a 64-bit physical address, the global/local bit of this format needs
to be changed (7th bit) from 0 to 1 (local to global) to define an interface
address.
  Global Unicast Addresses

2. Mapping Ethernet MAC Address

• Mapping a 48-bit Ethernet address (MAC Address) into a 64-bit interface identifier is more
involved.
• We need to change the local/global bit to 1 and insert an additional 16 bits.
• The additional 16 bits are defined as 15 ones followed by one zero, or FFFE16
 Example 26.11

Example 1:- Find the interface identifier if the physical address in the EUI
is (F5-A9-23-EF-07-14-7A-D2)16 using the format we defined for Ethernet
addresses.
Solution
• We only need to change the seventh bit of the first octet from 0 to 1
and change the format to colon hex notation.

The result is
F7A9:23EF:0714:7AD2
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39
 Example 26.12

Example 2:- Find the interface identifier if the Ethernet physical address
is (F5-A9-23-14-7A-D2)16 using the format we defined for Ethernet
addresses.
Solution
We only need to change the seventh bit of the first octet from 0 to 1, insert two octet
FFFE16 and change the format to colon hex notation.

The result is
F7A9:23FF:FE14:7AD2
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40
 Example 26.13

Example 3:- An organization is assigned the block 2000:1456:2474/48.

What is the CIDR notation for the blocks in the first and second subnets
in this organization.
Solution
Theoretically, the first and second subnets should use the block with
subnet identifier 000116 and 000216.
This means that the blocks are
2000:1456:2474:0000/64
and
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
2000:1456:2474:0001/64.
41
 Example 26.14

Example 4:- An organization is assigned the block 2000:1456:2474/48.

What is the IPv6 address of an interface in the third subnet if the IEEE
physical address of the computer is (F5-A9-23-14-7A-D2)16.
Solution
The interface identifier is F7A9:23FF:FE14:7AD2 (see Example 26.12). If we add
this identifier to the global prefix and the subnet identifier, we get:

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

42
 Autoconfiguration
• One important goal for IPv6 is to support node Plug and Play. i. e, it
should be possible to plug a node into an IPv6 network and have it
automatically configured without any human intervention.
• One of the interesting features of IPv6 addressing is the Auto-
configuration of hosts.
• As we discussed in IPv4, the host and routers are originally configured
manually by the network manager.
• However, the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, DHCP, can be used
to allocate an IPv4 address to a host that joins the network.
• In IPv6, DHCP protocol can still be used to allocate an IPv6 address to a
host, but a host can also configure itself.
 Autoconfiguration
• The auto-configuration process creates a link-local address.
• The auto-configuration process verifies its uniqueness on a link.
• The process also determines which information should be auto-
configured, addresses, other information, or both.
• The process determines if the addresses should be obtained through the
stateless mechanism, the stateful mechanism, or both mechanisms.
• This section describes the process for generating a link-local address.
• This section also describes the process for generating site-local and
global addresses by stateless address auto-configuration.
 Types of Autoconfiguration
• IPv6 supports the following types of auto-configuration:
1. Stateful auto-configuration.
• This type of configuration requires a certain level of human intervention because it needs a Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) server for the installation and administration of the
nodes.
• The DHCPv6 server keeps a list of nodes to which it supplies configuration information. It also
maintains state information so the server knows how long each address is in use, and when it might
be available for reassignment.
• In the stateful autoconfiguration model, hosts obtain interface addresses or configuration
information and parameters from a server. Servers maintain a database that checks which addresses
have been assigned to which hosts. The stateful autoconfiguration protocol allows hosts to obtain
addresses and other configuration information from a server.
 Types of Autoconfiguration
• IPv6 supports the following types of auto-configuration:
2. Stateless auto-configuration.
• This method is called “stateless” because it begins from a “dead start” with no information (or
“state”) at all for the host to work with, and has no need for a DHCP server.
• Stateless auto-configuration requires no manual configuration of hosts, minimal (if any)
configuration of routers, and no additional servers.
• The stateless mechanism enables a host to generate its own addresses.
• The stateless mechanism uses local information as well as non-local information that is advertised by
routers to generate the addresses. Routers advertise prefixes that identify the subnet or subnets that
are associated with a link. Hosts generate an interface identifier that uniquely identifies an interface
on a subnet.
 Types of Autoconfiguration
The following is a summary of the steps a device takes when using stateless
Autoconfiguration:
1. Link-Local Address Generation
2. Link-Local Address Uniqueness Test: The node tests to ensure that the address it generated isn't
for some reason already in use on the local network.
3. Link-Local Address Assignment:-Assuming the uniqueness test passes, the device assigns the link-
local address to its IP interface.
4. Router Contact: The node next attempts to contact a local router for more information on
continuing the configuration.
5. Router Direction: The router provides direction to the node on how to proceed with the
Autoconfiguration
6. Global Address Configuration: Assuming that stateless Autoconfiguration is in use on the network,
the host will configure. itself with its globally-unique Internet address.
Example 26.15

Assume a host with Ethernet address (F5-A9-23-11-9B-E2)16

has joined the network. What would be its global unicast address
if the global unicast prefix of the organization is
3A21:1216:2165 and the subnet identifier is A245:1232.

Solution:-
• The host first creates its interface identifier as F7A9:23FF:FE11:9BE2 using
the Ethernet address read from its card. The host then creates its link-local
address as FE80::F7A9:23FF:FE11:9BE2

P.T.O.
Example 26.15 continue…

Solution:-
• Assuming that this address is unique, the host sends a router
solicitation message and receives the router advertisement message
that announces the combination of global unicast prefix and the
subnet identifier as 3A21:1216:2165:A245:1232.
• The host then appends its interface identifier to this prefix to find and
store its global unicast address as:

3A21:1216:2165:A245:1232:F7A9:23FF:FE11:9BE2
 Renumbering
• To allow sites to change the service provider, renumbering of the address prefix (n) was
built into IPv6 addressing.
• As we discussed before, each site is given a prefix by the service provider to which it is
connected.
• If the site changes the provider, the address prefix needs to be changed. A router to
which the site is connected can advertise a new prefix and let the site use the old prefix
for a short time before disabling it.
• In other words, during the transition period, a site has two prefixes.
• The main problem in using the renumbering mechanism is the support of the DNS,
which needs to propagate the new addressing associated with a domain name.
• A new protocol for DNS, called Next Generation DNS, is under study to provide
support for this mechanism.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
50
 2.2 Transition From IPv4 to IPv6
• The huge number of systems on the internet, the transition from IPv4 to
IPv6 cannot suddenly.
• It will take a considerable amount of time before every system in the
internet can move from IPv4 to IPv6.
• The transition must be smooth to prevent any problems between IPv4 and
IPv6 systems.
• To overcome this short coming, we have a few technologies that can be
used to ensure slow & smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
• There are three strategies for transition.
1. Dual Stack Router
2. Tunneling No fixed day to convert; No
3. Header Translation need to convert all at once.
 1. Dual Stack Router
• It is recommended that all hosts, before migrating completely to version 6,
have a dual stack of protocols.
• In other words, a station must run IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously until all the
Internet uses IPv6. • The dual-stack model enables the
smoothest transitioning from IPv4 to
IPv6 environments with minimal
service disruptions.
• This model works by enabling IPv6 in
the existing IPv4 environments along
with the associated features required
to make IPv6 routable, highly
available, and secure.
 1. Dual Stack Router

• In the above diagram, a server having IPv4 as well as IPv6 address configured for it can
now speak with all the hosts on both the IPv4 as well as the IPv6 networks with the help of
a Dual Stack Router.
• The Dual Stack Router, can communicate with both the networks.
• It provides a medium for the hosts to access a server without changing their respective IP
versions.
 2. Tunneling-Tunneling IP6 via IP4

• When two computers use IPv6 and want to communicate with each other and the
packet passes through a region that uses IPv4, it is called tunneling.
• To pass through this region, the packet must have an IPv4 address. So the IPv6
packet is encapsulated in an IPv4 packet when it enters the region, and it leaves its
capsule when it exits the region.
 3. Header Translation

• It is used when some of the systems use the IPv4 and the sender wants to use IPv6,
but the receiver does not understand IPv6.
• The header format should be totally changed through header translation.
• The header of the IPv6 packet is converted to an IPv4 header.
 IPv6

Current Status of IPv6 Deployment

According to Google's statistics, India has reached an
IPv6 adoption rate of around 45% in July 2020.
 2.3 IPv6 Protocol

• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet
Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and
location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across
the Internet.
• IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with
the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion.
• IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4. In December 1998.
 IPv6 Header Format
IPv4: 20 Bytes + Options
IPv4 Header IPv6: 40 Bytes + Extension Header IPv6 Header
Type of Traffic
Version IHL Total Length Version Flow Label
Service Class

Next
Fragment Payload Length Hop Limit
Identification Flags Header
Offset

Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source Address

Source Address

Destination Address
Destination Address
Options Padding
 IPv6 Header Format
0 4 12 16 24 31

Version Class Flow Label

Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit

128 bit Source Address

128 bit Destination Address

 IPv6 Header Format

• Version (4 bits):- It is set to constant 6 (bit sequence 0110).

• Traffic Class (6+2 bits) : The size of traffic class field is 8 bits.it is
similar to the IPv4 type of service field. It indicates the IPv6 packets
class or priority.
• Flow Label (20 bits):- It provide additional support for real time
datagram delivery & quality of service features. The purpose of flow
label to indicate that this packet belongs to a specific sequence of
packets between source to destination.
• Payload Length(16 bits):- this field shows the length of IPv6 payload,
including extension headers and the upper layer protocol data.
• Next Header(8 bits):- This field shows either the type of the first
extension or protocol in the upper layer such as TCP, UDP or ICMPv6.
 IPv6 Header Format continue…

• Hop Limit (16 bits):- The hop limit field shows the maximum number of
routers the IPv6 packet can travel. It is similar to IPv4 Time to line(TTL)
field.
• Source Address(128 bits): the source address field shows the IPv6
address of the source of the packet.
• Destination Address(128 bits) : The destination address field shows
the IPv6 address of the destination of the packet.
 Extension headers
•The length of the base header is fixed at 40 bytes. However, to give more
functionality to the IP datagram, the base header can be followed by up to six
extension headers.
•It can be extended up to six extension headers.
1. Hop by hop option : It is used when the source needs to pass the information to all
routers visited by the datagram.
2. Source routing : It combines the concepts of the strict source route and the loose
source route options of IPv4.
3. Fragmentation : The data travels through the different networks, each router first
decapsulates the IPv6 datagram from the received frame, then processes it and again
encapsulates in another frame.
4. Authentication : Authentication validates the message sender and ensures the
integrity of the data.
 Extension headers continue…

5. Encrypted Security Payload (ESP) : It

is an extension that provides
confidentiality and protects against
eavesdropping .
6. Destination option : It is used when
the source needs to forward
information to the destination only and
not to intermediate routers.
 Difference Between IPv4 and IPv6:
IPV4
IPv4 has 32-bit address length
It Supports Manual and DHCP address
configuration
In IPv4 end to end connection integrity is
Unachievable
It can generate 4.29×109 address space
Security feature is dependent on application
Address representation of IPv4 in decimal
IPV6
IPv6 has 128-bit address length
It supports Auto and renumbering address
configuration.
In IPv6 end to end connection integrity is
Achievable
Address space of IPv6 is quite large it can
produce 3.4×1038 address space
IPSEC is inbuilt security feature in the IPv6
protocol
Address Representation of IPv6 is in
hexadecimal
Difference Between IPv4 and IPv6:
IPV4
Fragmentation performed by Sender and
forwarding routers
In IPv4 Packet flow identification is not
available
In IPv4 checksum field is available
It has broadcast Message Transmission
Scheme
In IPv4 Encryption and Authentication
facility not provided
continue…
IPV6
In IPv6 fragmentation performed only by
sender
In IPv6 packetflow identification are
Available and uses flow label field in the
header
In IPv6 checksum field is not available
In IPv6 multicast and any cast message
transmission scheme is available
In IPv6 Encryption and Authentication are
provided
 IPv6

What, When and How to Migrate

All the major Operating Systems support IPv6.
Most of the new network equipment supports IPv6 either by default or is
available as an upgrade.
Countries like US, France, Canada, Japan, China, and South Korea etc. have
taken a lead in IPv6 deployment. The government in these countries have
strongly promoted the use of IPv6 and also mandated the support of IPv6 by
all equipment manufacturers and suppliers and service providers.
China has launched China Next Generation Internet (CNGI) which is based on
IPv6. China also showcased IPv6 readiness in the Beijing 2008 Olympics.
IT IS TIME FOR INDIA TO ACT
 Migration Steps

1. Check IPv6 compliance:

Study the existing network and verify that all the equipment installed
supports IPv6.
Recommend upgrade of the equipment which does not support
software upgrade or hardware upgrade/replacement.
All future equipment purchase must ensure that the equipment is IPv6
compatible.
 IPv6

Migration Steps
2. Plan IPv6 addressing:

Take IPv6 addresses from the Regional Internet Registry (APNIC in

case of India) or upstream Internet provider.
Make IPv6 Address allocation policy and plan IPv6 addressing for the
entire network.
 IPv6

Migration Steps
3.Enable IPv6 Routing:
Enable IPv6 routing in the entire network.
For organization LANs, this would require IPv6 address configuration in all
Layer 3 switches and routers and enable static/ dynamic routing.
In case of Service provider networks, this would require configuring
Provider Edge (PE) Routers as 6PE to support IPv6 over MPLS (Multi
Protocol Label Switching) backbone, enabling IPv6 routing in the Customer
Edge (CE) Router or Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) to connect the
customer network over IPv6 and enabling BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
routing over IPv6 with the upstream providers to provide Internet access
over IPv6.
The IPv6 routes to customer networks may be static or BGP
 Migration Steps
4. Setup IPv6 Application Servers:
Upgrade the Domain Name servers to support IPv6 address
resolution.
Other servers like Web servers, Mail servers, Network Management
servers, Authentication/ AAA servers etc. can also be upgraded to
support IPv6.
 IPv6

Migration Steps
5. Enable IPv6 Peering:
Enable IPv6 peering with upstream Internet providers.
Service Providers need to enable IPv6 peering with other ISPs
(Internet Service Providers) also through Internet Exchange (NIXI in
case of India).
 Migration Steps

6. Migrate Services on IPv6:

Test various services like Internet access, Email, VoIP, IPTv etc. on
IPv6 and migrate the services to support both IPv6 and IPv4.
Service Providers should test and migrate their services like Internet
Leased Line, VPN, Broadband, Multiplay, and Mobile etc. to support
both IPv6 and IPv4.