1) Acculturation and its impact on child rearing and child

behavioral problems: A study of Asian-Indian

immigrant families
Balaguru, Soundhari. University of Virginia, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2004.

This study examined the influence of parenting, the influence of acculturation and parenting on child
behaviour outcome and also provided demographic information regarding themselves, their children
and community. Finding suggest that acculturation, not simply ethnicity or immigrant status are
significant to child rearing practices and that effects of child rearing practices may differ for
immigrant groups.

2)Early Childhood Care and Education: Effects on

Ethnic and Racial Gaps in School Readiness
Katherine A. Magnuson and Jane Waldfogel

children's differing experiences in early childhood care and education and explore links between these
experiences and racial and ethnic gaps in school readiness. Children who attend center care or preschool
programs enter school more ready to learn, but both the share of children enrolled in these programs and
the quality of care they receive differ by race and ethnicity

3) Early Child Care and Children’s Development Prior to

School Entry: Results from the NICHD Study of Early
Child Care
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network
First Published March 1, 2002
The findings indicated the importance (and relative independence) of quantity, quality, and type of child
care for children’s development just prior to the time that children initiate formal schooling.

4)Authoritarian parenting in individualist and

collectivist groups: Associations with maternal
emotion and cognition and children's self-esteem.
Rudy, Duane Grusec, Joan E.
Mothers and children between the ages of 7 and 12, from individualist (Western European) and collectivist
(Egyptian, Iranian, Indian, and Pakistani) backgrounds, completed assessments of children's self-esteem,
maternal authoritarianism, and mothers' thoughts and feelings about their children. Collectivist mothers
endorsed authoritarian parenting more than did individualist mothers but did not feel or think more negatively
about their children, and collectivist children were not lower in self-esteem. Within both groups, maternal
negative affect and cognition were associated with lower self-esteem in children.

5) Parents' Goals for Children: The Dynamic Coexistence

of Individualism and Collectivism in Cultures and
Individuals
Catherine S. Tamis‐LeMonda 22 November 2007
Current scholarship on the cultural value systems of individualism and collectivism, and the associated
developmental goals of autonomy and relatedness, has moved beyond grand divide theories to emphasize
variation within individuals and cultures. parents may endorse both autonomy and relatedness; and
parents may consider the developmental goal of relatedness to be a path to the goal of autonomy and/or
autonomy to be a path to relatedness. These forms of coexistence are themselves dynamic, changing
across situations, developmental time, and in response to social, political, and economic contexts.

6)The Evolution of Childrearing

deMause, Lloyd. The Journal of Psychohistory; New York

children throughout history have arguably been more vital, more gentle, more joyous, more trustful, more
curious, more courageous and more innovative than adults. Although it is difficult to believe parents until
relatively recentlt have been so frightened of and have so hated their newborn infants that they have killed
them out to extremely neglectful wet nurses and beat them so badly