Strategic Frameowrk For The Implemntation of E-Government - Nepal Case

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
DESSERTATION
Strategic Framework for the Implementation of e-

Government: Nepal Case
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in
Computer Science & Engineering
by
Purusottam Kharel
September, 2015
PhD Thesis, Purusottam Kharel - 2015
Strategic Framework for the Implementation of
e-Government: Nepal Case
ii
Acknowledgements
Praise to God, the inventor and maintainers and protector of the Universe, and prayers and blessings are sent on His
spiritualist. And God provides me power, strength in each and every kind of complex part and Path for reduction of
complexity.
I am grateful to respected Sir Professor Dr. Suresh Raj Sharma, Founder, Vice-Chancellor, Kathmandu University,
he always encouraged me and always asked me about my PhD research progress.
Firstly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to Professor Dr. Subarna Shakya my academic
supervisor, for his tremendous supervision, directions, some time control, guidance, very useful comment, remarks
and encouragement. Without his valuable suggestions, guidance and cooperation was not possible to make this PhD
research thesis successful. Thank you very much Professor Dr. Subarna Shakya. Secondly, I greatly appreciate my
thesis, Supervisor Professor Dr. Kanhaiya Jha (Mathematician) for his practical, real comment, suggestions, giving
them, kind support, and advice during my PhD research finding challenges verification using Fuzzy logic (Fuzzy
Centroid Model). Thanks a lot Professor Dr. Jha.
I would like to extend my thanks to Professor Dr. Bhola Thapa Registrar and School of Engineering dean,
Kathmandu University who always encouraged and support me to accomplish this PhD research and I always
grateful to him because he only inspired me to study PhD under faculty development program.
I would like to express my thanks to Professor Dr. Bim Prasad Shrestha for his great support. He always encouraged
me to accomplish the PhD research in time.
I would like to express my thanks to Associate Professor Dr. Manish Pokharel for his valuable suggestion and
departmental support. Each and every complex step he was advising me to reduce the complexity. I want to express
thanks to Mr, Mukunda Prasad Upadhaya, Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) , Kathmandu University for his kind
support & help me accomplish this PhD research. Then I expressed thanks to Mr. Surendra K,C. Administrative
Office of School of Engineering for necessary administrative support. I would like to give lots of thanks to my entire
friend those who always encouraged and motivated me by positive suggestion about my PhD study.
My appreciations are extended to Kathmandu University for the support in technical, administrative and financial
and other research related works during my study period. I want to express my thanks to all related participants who
have supported and suggest me to accomplish the PhD study in time.
i
At the end, I owe special thanks to my wife Mrs. Lalita Kharel and my lovely Daughter Dr. Sriyasa Kharel they
always encouraged, support me in each and every difficulty part of this research period. They have played a major
role to create power to accomplish this PhD research. So, I want to express my sincere love for my wife and
daughter. Because, I cannot find adequate words to express how essential their (my wife & daughter) inspiration and
support were to bring me to this point.
Additionally, many thanks to all who provides continuous help me during this incredible stage of my life. So, I am
grateful to all of them. I acknowledge the governmental and non-governmental organizations, technical and
operational personnel that participated in this research survey to gather e-Government related data and information
and for their time and assistance in collecting data to ensure the completion of the thesis.
Lastly, I extend the thanks to all my colleagues at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of
Engineering, and other schools and departments for their continuous encouragement and support, as well as many
thanks to all my friends and colleagues for their time, advice and continuous support.
Abstract
ii
E-Government is a tool and technologies for the use of information and communication to improve and development
of government activities and their transformation. In the context of Nepal e-Government Index is very low as
compared to other countries. Nepal has many challenges for the implementation of the e - government system in
Nepal. Low literacy, low per capita income, poor ICT infrastructure, insufficient human resources, lack of leadership
and leadership’s commitment and insufficient financial resources are the major constraints and challenges of e-
Government implementation in Nepal. The main purpose of this research is to describe the main
factors/issues/challenges of and their reliable solutions of e-Government implementation system in Nepal.
The technologies make informatics governments on all levels using internet technology to disseminate information
and services to citizens, employees, businesses and others levels with which they work. E-Government refers to the
application of the internet and networking technologies to digitally enable government and public sector agencies
relationships with citizens, business, and other arms of government. For government, more efficiency would be
provided in addition to better services, less errors, less storage space, revenue generation, job placement, cost
reduction, time reduction and many others. So, e-Government has become an important requirement for information
dissemination for the citizens and businesses around the world. There is a big gap in implementation and readiness
between Highly Developed Countries (HDCs), Developing Countries (DCs) and Least Developed Countries
(LDCs). This thesis aims to describe problems, causes of problems and to suggest some solutions for implementing
e-Government in Nepal, other developing countries, and SAARC countries about the effective e-Government system
framework which can provide all kinds of government services to the citizens and stakeholders. This thesis is mainly
focused on establishing the problems and suggesting solutions for the implementation of e-Government systems in
Nepal within three to four years duration. The methodology of research were interviewed at different levels. The
researchers were provided the validated solutions for the development and implementation of the e - government
system in all the developing countries.
Electronic Government Infrastructure (EGI) is an essential part of e-Government Implementation System, which is
used to transform disseminate various services to the citizens. Because, it is very much citizen-centric services
which helps to increased and developed all level citizens’ day-to-day required activities. For this, Infrastructure is a
necessary physical part of the e - government system. EGI is used for providing a mechanism to coordinate work
activities in the public sector. E-infrastructure directly reflects changing the way Government function in terms of
the organization of the government, its relationship with its citizens, institutions and businesses & cooperation with
other organizations. Basically, this study looks existing infrastructure of the e - government system of Nepal, which
iii
play a major role in the development and implementation of e-Government in Nepal, and also displays the result of
infrastructure in the comparison of SAARC Nation’s e-Government infrastructure. It gives a good outcome or
results to Nepal Government and other developing countries also. This investigation has also focused on existing
infrastructure for the development and implementation of the e - government system. So, in this research thesis an e-
Government conceptual model, and a conceptual framework and also a technical framework displayed for the
effective and efficient e-Government implementation in Nepal. This study results can used by other developing
countries also. It may be very fruitful in the real life situation in the context of Nepal. So, in this research explores
and presented the challenges that Government agencies facing for implementation system and changing
management.
The research findings and conclusion are mainly based on the use of the primary and also secondary information and
related sources: for primary information were gathered from the questionnaires through selected respondents and for
secondary were gathered all e-Government related journals, articles, literature, reports, research thesis and
government bodies.
This investigated thesis presented the success rate of e-Government, which is very low in spite of latest technology
and a huge budget. There are various factors for making low success rate. The implementation part is one of them.
Especially, in least developing countries, it is one of the big problems. A vigorous research is done to identify the
root cause of this problem. There are various reasons for this, but the core challenges such as system design,
awareness, etc. are identified in this paper. Nepal, being at least developing country is considered as a case study in
this thesis (research). And few major challenges are identified by conducting various research methodologies. The
mathematical modeling using Fuzzy logic was used to verify and validate for finding challenges. This fuzzy centroid
model was used for the verification of six findings for true or false results. At the end, this thesis also provides the
frameworks as an outcome and recommendations with a conclusion.
Keywords: e-Government, e-Government System Framework, eGSAS, Fuzzy Centroid Model
iv
Table of Contents
CHAPTER: 01 Introduction............................................................................................. 1
1. Introduction......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Definitions..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 E-Government in Nepal................................................................................... 3
1.3 Infrastructure for e-Government in Nepal...........................................................3
1.4 Nepal’s Position on E-Participation, Internet Users, Telephone Users & Mobile
Subscribers and Online Service Index and E-Readiness.........................................7
1.5 Challenges and Opportunity of e-Government Implementation in Nepal...................8
1.6 Research questions........................................................................................ 10
1.7 Resarch Objective......................................................................................... 11
1.8 Research Approach....................................................................................... 11
1.9 Research Outcomes....................................................................................... 15
1.10 Barriers...................................................................................................... 15
1.11 Thesis structure (chapters outline)...................................................................16
CHAPTER: 02 Literature Review................................................................................... 19
2.1 Literature Review......................................................................................... 19
2.1.1 Difference between Developed, Developing & Least Developing Countries:...........27
2.1.2 Core e-Government Readiness Indicators.......................................................30
2.1.3 E-Government Priorities within the Framework..............................................33
2.1.4 World Internet Usage.................................................................................35
2.1.5 Current Status of e-Government in Nepal......................................................38
2.1.6 Current Status of Network..........................................................................40
2.1.7 E-Government Ranked of South Asia Countries - 2008.....................................42
v
2.1.8 E-Government Development, E-Participation and Human Capital Index of 2010 and
2012........................................................................................................ 42
2.1.9 Infrastructure Data of South Asian Countries (SAARC) - 2008...........................43
2.1.10 E-Readiness.............................................................................................. 44
2.1.11 Measurements Tools for E-Readiness of E-Government:...................................45
2.1.12 Objective of e-Government of Nepal Government:...........................................46
2.1.13 Infrastructure for e-Government in Nepal:.....................................................47
2.1.14 ICT Workforce Current Status:....................................................................47
2.1.15 E-Government Readiness of South Asia - SARC (includes 8 countries):................48
2.1.16 E-Government Ranked of South Asia Countries (SAARC).................................49
2.1.17 Tele-center............................................................................................... 50
2.1.18 Success Factors of e-Government..................................................................50
2.1.19 Business Process Support............................................................................ 51
2.1.20 Module or Elements of e-Government Implementation Program in Nepal............52
2.1.21 Introduction to Nepal................................................................................. 59
2.1.22 Software Architecture.................................................................................60
2.1.23 Challenges of e-Government Implementation in Nepal......................................62
2.1.24 Nepal’s Position on E-Government Index.......................................................63
2.1.25 E-Government planning methodology...........................................................64
2.2 E-GOVERNMENT THEORY & IMPLEMENTATION CASE STUDY EGYPTIAN E-

GOVERNMENT MODEL..............................................................................64
2.2.1 e-Government Implementation and Leadership – The Brunei Case Study............67
2.2.2 Ethical Problems for e-Government: An Evaluation Framework........................70
2.2.3 E-Government Implementation: A Case Study of Dubai e-Government................72
2.2.4 Towards a Service-Oriented Architecture for Demand-Driven e-Government........75
2.2.5 Implementation of e-Government: Advantages and Challenges..........................77
vi
2.2.6 Challenge of e-Government Implementations in India......................................79
2.2.7 E-Government Adoption in Developing Countries: The Case of Indonesia............82
2.2.8 Examining Internal Challenges to E-Government Implementation from System Users

Perspective............................................................................................... 84
2.2.9 E-Government of China: Performance, Problems and Prospects.........................85
2.2.10 Challenges for e-Government Development:...................................................88
2.2.11 Architecture for delivering pan- European e-Government services:.....................93
2.2.12 Enterprise Architecture and Frameworks:......................................................96
2.2.13 Elements of Enterprise Architecture:...........................................................102
2.2.14 External and Internal Barriers to E-government Implementation.....................107
2.2.15 Enterprise Architecture:........................................................................... 109
2.3 E-GOVERNMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN: CHALLENGES FOR A TRANSITIONAL

COUNTRY................................................................................................ 119
2.3.1 Factors Affecting e-Government Assimilation in Developing Countries:.............121
2.3.2 Towards a Framework for E-Government Development in Nigeria:..................124
2.3.2.1 Methodology........................................................................................... 124
2.3.2.2 Analysis:................................................................................................ 125
2.3.2.3 Result.................................................................................................... 125
2.3.3 World e-Government Rankings:.................................................................126
2.3.4 Beijing E-Government Vision and Framework:.............................................127
2.3.5 Facts about Jordan..................................................................................135
2.3.6 Risk Factors and Risk mitigation matrix......................................................135
2.3.7 New Strategy of the E-Government in Jordan...............................................136
2.3.8 Institutionalism Analysis of Public Participation in E-Governance....................143
CHAPTER: 03 Key Research Questions and Motivation...................................................149
3.1 Key Research Questions............................................................................... 149
3.2 Introduction.............................................................................................. 149
vii
3.3 Motivations and Problem Area for the Current Research...................................151
CHAPTER: 04 Research Methodology, Process, and Data Analysis Procedure.......................157
4.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 157
4.2 Theoretical Framework............................................................................... 159
4.3 Literature review:....................................................................................... 160
4.4 Secondary information collection:..................................................................160
4.5 Questionnaire survey:.................................................................................. 160
4.6 Tools:....................................................................................................... 161
4.7 Data management and Report writing:...........................................................162
4.8 Determine and Define the Research Questions:.................................................163
4.9 Prepare to Collect the Data:..........................................................................163
4.10 Data gathering:.......................................................................................... 163
4.11 Data Analysis Technique and Tool:.................................................................164
4.12 Prepare the report:..................................................................................... 164
4.13 Quality Indicators and Methods of Data Collection:..........................................164
4.14 Uses Tools and Techniques:...........................................................................167
4.15 Respondents Selection (for survey by using interview techniques through a

questionnaire):........................................................................................... 168
4.16 Selection and Justification of Research Methodology for this research:.................169
4.17 Justification of Selected Techniques for Data Collection:....................................170
4.18 Research Methodology and Relationships to the Research Questions:...................171
4.19 Data Analysis Stages to this Research:............................................................172
CHAPTER: 05 Findings.............................................................................................. 176
5.1 Introduction:............................................................................................. 176
5.2 Finding Challenges..................................................................................... 178
5.3 Indicators used in e-Government...................................................................179
5.4 Challenges/Factors and Opportunities............................................................182
viii
5.5 Data Analysis............................................................................................. 183
5.6 e-Governments Situation in SAARC Countries.................................................184
5.7 e-Readinesses for Measuring the Identified Challenges.......................................187
5.8 Finding outcome of Literature Review and Published Reports.............................193
5.9 Discussion:................................................................................................ 212
5.10 Summary:................................................................................................. 213
CHAPTER: 06 Fuzzy Modeling Approach for Verification................................................215
6.1 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic..........................................................................215
6.1.1 Definitions.............................................................................................. 215
6.1.2 Historical Development............................................................................. 235
6.1.3 Operation of Fuzzy System........................................................................239
6.1.4 Existing System of ICT............................................................................. 240
6.1.5 Finding Challenges for the Implementation of e-Government in Nepal...............241
6.1.6 Applying Truth Values for the verification of finding challenges........................242
6.1.7 Applying the Fuzzy Centroid Model (model rules using fuzzy logic)..................243
6.1.8 e-Government Implementation Verification Using Fuzzy Modeling...................244
6.1.9 Table of Verified Challenges with the Comparison of another Analyzed Results.. .255
6.1.10 Theoretical and Practical Contributions.......................................................256
6.1.11 Summary............................................................................................... 258
CHAPTER: 07 Recommendation..................................................................................259
7.1 Frameworks.............................................................................................. 259
7.2 Weighting of Finding Problems & Proved Result..............................................261
7.3 Research Finding Challenge’s Solutions..........................................................261
7.3.1 e-Government Delivery Framework:...........................................................261
7.4 Proposed e-Government Strategy...................................................................262
7.5 Proposed e-Government Relationship.............................................................265
7.6 Proposed Elements of e-Government System Architecture..................................266

ix
7.7 e-Government Delivery Framework...............................................................267
7.8 e-Government Domains...............................................................................269
7.9 e-Government Connectivity..........................................................................270
7.10 E-Government Interoperability Frameworks (eGIF): Policies, business drivers and

technology................................................................................................. 271
7.11 e-Government Application Model..................................................................272
7.12 Data and Information Flow within e-Government System (Center level to Village level).
.....................................................................................................................
275
7.13 e-Governments Delivery Framework for Information Processing and Accessing System
(Government)............................................................................................ 277
7.14 Proposed Architectural Structures of the e - Government System.........................279
7.15 e-Government Implementation System Framework...........................................283
7.16 Conceptual Framework of e-Government System in Nepal.................................287
7.17 E-Government Framework for Control, Coordination and Integration.................291
7.18 Use Case Diagram for the Implementation of e-Government System Framework....296
7.19 Validation of Proposed Framework................................................................297
7.19.1 Function of Proposed e-Government Framework’s Layers..............................297
7.19.2 E-Government System Framework Validation Single Layer Neural Network

(perceptron) Using Linear Equation:...........................................................300
7.19.3 Proposed e-Government Framework Layers Validation Algorithm:...................301
7.19.4 Survey Data Framework Validation:...........................................................302
7.19.5 Validated Value of e-Government System Framework Five Layers....................309
7.20 Summary:................................................................................................. 311
Conclusions............................................................................................................... 312
Limitations of research................................................................................................ 315
Reference.................................................................................................................. 316
x
xi
List of Figures
Figure 2.1.5.1 Flow Diagram of Goal and Strategies of e-Government 39
Figure 2.1.11.1 Measurement for E-Readiness [31] 46
Figure 2.2.11.1 Architecture for delivering Pan-European e-Government Service [75] 94
Figure 2.2.12.1 E-government levels 97
Figure 2.2.12.2 E-government “Go on-line instead of in-line” 98
Figure 2.2.12.3 Conceptual framework of e-Government 100
Figure 2.2.12.4 Position EA as a Management Practice 101
Figure 2.2.13.1 Element of EA 102
Figure 2.2.13.2 Process and Structure of Governance 103
Figure 2.2.13.3 e-Government, e-Administration and e-Politics definitions 104
Figure 2.2.13.4 General architecture of the whole system 104
Figure 2.2.15.1 Addressing issues of a adaptability [84] 110
Figure 2.2.15.2 EA Framework and Hierarchical Structure of EA Architecture roles

[84] 112
Figure 2.2.15.3 Framework for Analyzing National Enterprise Architectures (NEAs) [86] 113
Figure 2.2.15.4 National Enterprise Architecture Process Model of Denmark [86] 114
Figure 2.2.15.5 National Enterprise Architecture Framework of the Netherlands [86] 115
Figure 2.2.15.6 E-Service Integration Methodology (E-SIM) tasks and process flow [87] 117
Figure 2.2.15.7 IESD Conceptual Diagram [87] 118
Figure 2.3.4.1 Reference model of Beijing E-government Framework [92]. 129
Figure 2.3.4.2 The Adoption Process of e-government [93] 133
Figure 2.3.7.1 e-Government, e-Administration and e-Politics definitions [95] 137
Figure 2.3.7.2 General architecture of the whole system [95] 138
Figure 2.3.7.3 EA Integration in E-Government [97] 142
Figure 2.3.8.1 Framework for e-Governance and institutional issues 146
Figure 3.3.1 Research Motivation and Problems Area 155
xii
Figure 4.1.1 Research Process 157
Figure 5.1.1 Design Gap Reality 177
Figure 5.1.2 Dimension of e-Government System 178
Figure 5.3.1 Challenges of Implementing e-Government 182
Figure 5.4.1 Challenges or Factors and Opportunities 183
Figure 5.7.1 e-Government Index Value of SAARC countries 189
Figure 5.7.2 e-Government World Rank of SAARC countries 190
Figure 5.7.3 e-Government World Rank of SAARC countries 190
Figure 5.7.4 Online Service Index Values of SAARC countries (2012) 191
Figure 5.7.5 Internet Users Penetration Rate (2000 – 2012) 192
Figure 5.7.6 e-Government Success and Failure Rate use World Internet Stat and UNPAN analyzed result
(NEPAL) [31, 107] 193
Figure 5.8.1 Ratio of E-Government Development Index % in 2014 (EGD, EP, ICT) 194
Figure 5.8.2 Nepal e-Government Development Rank – 2014 in SAARC Nations 195
Figure 5.8.3 Position of Nepal e-Government Index (6 years) 195
Figure 5.8.4 Nepal EGDI 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries 197
Figure 5.8.5 Nepal EPI 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries 198
Figure 5.8.6 Nepal ICT 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries 199
Figure 5.8.7 Nepal NTR 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries 200
Figure 5.8.8 EGDI 2014 Achievement Level of SAARC eight Nations 201
Figure 5.8.9 World e-Government Rank of Nepal 2004 – 2014 202
Figure 5.8.10 Nepal e-Government Progress Line 2004 – 2014 203
Figure 5.8.11 EGDI. EPI, ICTI and NTR Readiness Position comparison result of SAARC Nations -2014
205
Figure 5.8.12 EGDI, SPI, ICTI and NTR Comparision – 2014 206
Figure 5.8.13 2014 EGD Achievement Level of SAARC Countries 207
Figure 5.8.14 e-Government Development Position of Nepal – 2014 208
xiii
Figure 5.8.15 Nepal’s e-Government Development position between two countries (India and
Bangladesh) 209
Figure 5.8.16 Evaluated Findings (outcome) of e-Government Development in Nepal 210
Figure 5.8.17 Primary Data & Secondary Data Analyzed Result and their difference 211
Figure 6.1.1.1 Age representation graph. 216
Figure 6.1.1.2 Fuzzy logic age ranges. 216
Figure 6.1.1.3 Fuzzy logic graph using four age groups. 217
Figure 6.1.1.4 Young, middle-aged and old fuzzy sets 220
Figure 6.1.1.5 Fuzzy value of Project Funding 222
Figure 6.1.1.6 Fuzzy value of Project Staffing 222
Figure 6.1.1.7 Operation on Fuzzy Sets [112] 227
Figure 6.1.1.8 Membership function chart 230
Figure 6.1.1.9 Membership function shapes: (a) S, (b) Z, (c) , and (d)  230
Figure 6.1.1.10 Asymmetrical membership functions 231
Figure 6.1.1.11 Incorrect membership function shapes 231
Figure 6.1.1.12 Membership Grades of x0 in the Sets A and B: µA(x0) = 0.75 and µB(x0) = 0.25 232
Figure 6.1.1.13 Some characteristics of a Membership Function 233
Figure 6.1.1.14 (a), (b) & (c) Membership functions with Smooth Transitions (Eqs.(10) to (12)) 234
Figure 6.1.1.15 Dom Degree of Membership [112] 235
Figure 6.1.3.1 Operation of Fuzzy System 239
Figure 6.1.4.1 Status of Existing Information Communication and Technology System in Nepal 240
Figure 6.1.5.1 Challenges of e-Government Implementation in Nepal 241
Figure 6.1.6.1 e-Government Finding Challenges in Fuzzy Logic Sets 242
Figure 6.1.7.1 Hierarchical Structure Variables of Challenges Range 244
Figure 6.1.8.1 Case I Test Using the Fuzzy Centroid Model 246
Figure 6.1.8.2 Case II Test Using the Fuzzy Centroid Model 247
Figure 6.1.8.3 Case III Test Using the Fuzzy Centroid Model 248
xiv
Figure 6.1.8.4 Case IV Test Using the Fuzzy Centroid Model. 249
Figure 6.1.8.5 Verification Priority among Four CASES (Range 0.00 to 1.00) 250
Figure 6.1.8.6 Verification in 100 Percent 251
Figure 6.1.8.7 e-Government Implementation Index Rank of Nepal 251
Figure 6.1.8.8 Nepal e-Government Progress Line 252
Figure 6.1.8.9 e-Government Implementation Rank in SAARC 253
Figure 6.1.8.10 Succes and Failure Rate of e-Government System in Nepal 254
Figure 6.1.8.11 Status of existing information, communication Technology System for e-Government
System in Nepal 254
Figure 7.2.1 Weight of finding Problems and Proved Results 261
Figure 7.4.1 Proposed e-Government Strategy 263
Figure 7.4.2 e-Government Principles Classes 264
Figure 7.5.1 Proposed e-Government Relationship 265
Figure 7.6.1 Proposed Elements of e-Government System Architecture 267
Figure 7.7.1 e-Government Delivery Framework 268
Figure 7.8.1 e-Government Domains 269
Figure 7.9.1 e-Government Connectivity (Coverage Areas) 270
Figure 7.10.1 e-Government Interoperability Frameowrks (eGIF) 271
Figure 7.10.2 eGIF organizational and technological aspects 272
Figure 7.11.1 e-Government Application Model 273
Figure 7.11.2 The Four Components that comprise the e-Government Framework 274
Figure 7.12.1 Data and Information Flow within e-Government System (Center to Village Level) 276
Figure 7.13.1 e-Government Delivery Framework for Information Processing and Accessing System
(Government) 277
Figure 7.14.1 Proposed Architectural Structures of the e - Government System 282
Figure 7.15.1 e-Government Implementation System Framework 284
Figure 7.15.2 e-Government IT enables administrative process 287
xv
Figure 7.16.1 Conceptual Framework of e-Government System in Nepal 289
Figure 7.16.2 e-Government Service Delivery Framework 291
Figure 7.17.1 e-Government Framework for Control, Coordination and Integration 292
Figure 7.17.2 Overall Functional Mechanism 295
Figure 7.18.1 Use Case Diagram for Implementation e-Government System Framework 296
Figure 7.19.1 e-Government System Framework 297
Figure 7.19.2.1 Validation success rate ( r ) of proposed e-Government system Frame of Nepal 301
xvi
List of Tables
Table 1.3.1 Human Resources of Nepal..................................................................................5
Table 2.1.1.1 Main differences between developed and developing countries [18]...........................27
Table 2.1.2.1 World Internet Usage and Population Statistics [24]...............................................31
Table 2.1.2.2 E-Government Index Asia and Sub-regions (2012, 2010, 2008).................................31
Table 2.1.2.3 E-Government Readiness Index (world) (2012, 2010, 2008 & 2005)..........................32
Table 2.1.2.4 E-Government Readiness Index (Asia and Sub Regions) (2012, 2010,2008 & 2005).......32
Table 2.1.2.5 E-government Readiness Rank in Eastern Asia (2008 & 2005)..................................32
Table 2.1.2.6 E-Government Readiness for Southern Asia (2008 & 2005) [25]..............................33
Table 2.1.3.1 Economic, Social and Governance impact/benefit of possible e-Government Application. 34
Table 2.1.3.2 Dimension and Indicators............................................................................... 35
Table 2.1.4.1 World Internet Usage and Population Statistics 2009..............................................35
Table 2.1.4.2 World Internet Usage and Population Statistics 2014/2012.......................................36
Table 2.1.4.3 World Internet Usage and Population Statistics 2014/2012.......................................37
Table 2.1.4.4 E-Government Index Asia and Sub-regions (2008, 2010, 2012& 2014) [33].................37
Table 2.1.6.1 E-Government Readiness Index of South Asia - SARC (includes 8 countries) [37].........41
Table 2.1.6.2 Web Measurement, Assessment, E-Participation Index & Internet Index – 2008, 2010 &
2012 (SARC) [37].......................................................................................................... 41
Table 2.1.7.1 E-Government Ranked of South Asian Eight Countries...........................................42
Table 2.1.9.1 Infrastructure Data – 2008 (SARC Region Countries).............................................43
Table 2.1.10.1 E-Government Readiness Index (world) 2005 and 2008.........................................44
Table 2.1.10.2 E-Government Readiness Index (Asia and Sub Regions) 2005 & 2008......................45
Table 2.1.10.3 E-Government Readiness for Southern Asia.......................................................45
Table 2.1.14.1 Human Resources of Nepal............................................................................47
Table 2.1.15.1 E-Government Readiness & Ranks of South Asia – SAARC Countries......................48
Table 2.1.15.2 Web Measurement, Assessment, E-Participation, Internet, Online Service, Human Capital
& E-Government Index & Literacy Rate 2008 - 2010 (SAARC Countries)....................................48
xvii
Table 2.1.16.1 E-Government & Online Service Ranked of South Asian Eight (SAARC) Countries 2008 -
2010........................................................................................................................... 49
Table 2.1.16.2 Infrastructure Index and its components of SAARC Countries 2008, 2010 & 2012.......49
Table 3.2.1 Corresponding Research Papers........................................................................150
Table 5.3.1 Failure Factors or Challenge Value [Source: Candidate Research Survey Data]..............181
Table 5.6.1 E-Government Index of Eight SAARC Countries [46]............................................184
Table 5.6.2 E-Government World Rank of SAARC Countries [46]............................................185
Table 5.8.1 E-Government Development Index, E-Participation Index, Information Communication

Technology and Network Readiness in %...........................................................................194
Table 5.8.2 Nepal e-Government Index 2004 - 2014..............................................................196
Table 5.8.3 NTR rate obtained by Nepal comparison of SAARC Nations....................................196
Table 5.8.4 Nepal EGDI 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries.........................197
Table 5.8.5 Nepal EPI 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries............................198
Table 5.8.6 Nepal ICT 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries...........................198
Table 5.8.7 Nepal NTR 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries..........................199
Table 5.8.8 EGDI, EPI, ICTI and NTR Achievement Level and Comparision % of SAARC Nations. .200
Table 5.8.9 Nepal e-Government World Rank (position).........................................................201
Table 5.8.10 Nepal e-Government Progress Line..................................................................202
Table 5.8.11(A) SAARC Nation & Two Asian Countries Situation of e-Government – 2014............204
Table 5.8.13 SAARC Nations Difference Level Area of EGD, EPI, ICT and NTR.........................205
Table 5.8.14 EGD 2014 Achievement Level SAARC Countries................................................206
Table 5.8.15 e-Government Development Position of Nepal – 2014...........................................208
Table 5.8.16 Nepal’s e-Government Development position between two countries (India and Bangladesh)
............................................................................................................................... 209
Table 5.8.17 SAARC countries' e-Government Index, related index and World, SAARC Rank - 2014 211
Table 6.1.4.1 Result of Existing ICTs Infrastructure..............................................................240
Table 6.1.7.1 Challenges Types and Fuzzy Values.................................................................243
Table 6.1.7.2 Challenge Values and their Fuzzy Values set......................................................244
xviii
Table 6.1.8.1 Type Section of Fuzzy Model for CASE I Verification..........................................245
Table 6.1.8.2 Type Section of Fuzzy Model for CASE II Verification.........................................246
Table 6.1.8.3 Type section for Fuzzy Model for CASE III verification........................................247
Table 6.1.8.4 Type Section of Fuzzy Model for CASE IV Verification........................................248
Table 6.1.8.5 Verification Results in %..............................................................................250
Table 6.1.9.1 Comparison value of E-Government Development and Implementation in Nepal by

Different Analysis Results.............................................................................................. 255
Table 7.14.1 National, Regional, Districts & Local Government...............................................281
Table 7.15.1 Framework Layer, Variables and Medium..........................................................285
Table 7.19.4.1 The first layer variables and their values given by respondents..............................302
Table 7.19.4.2 The second layer variables and their values given by respondents...........................303
Table 7.19.4.3 The third layer variables and their values given by respondents.............................304
Table 7.19.4.4 The fourth layer variables and their values given by respondents............................305
Table 7.19.4.5 The fifth layer variables and their values given by respondents..............................305
Table 7.19.4.6 Framework layers’ variables and their weight...................................................308
Table 7.19.4.7 Mathematival Validation Table of e-Government proposed Framework....................309
Table 7.19.5.1 Final Validation value of Framework Layers of e-Government of Nepal...................309
List of Acronyms
A2A : Administrative to Administrative
ADB : Asian Development Bank
xix
ADSL : Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AIC : Agency for Information and Communication
ANFIS ; Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
ASPA : American Society for Public Administration
BGMEA : Bangladesh Government Enterprise Architecture
BPR : Business Process Re-engineering
C2B : Citizen to Business
C2C : Citizen to Citizen
CAN : Computer Association of Nepal
CBS : Central Beau roe of Statistics
CIO : Chief Information Officer
CIVIC : Citizen, Inclusive, and Vision Realized, through ID card
CN : Communication Network
COG : Centre of Gravity
DC : Developed Countries
DCs : Developing Countries
DPADM: Division of Public Administration and Development Management
EA : Enterprise Architecture
EAI : Enterprise Architecture Integration
EANS : Enterprise Architecture Management System
xx
EDCF : Economic Development Corporation Fund
EGFR : e-Government Failure Rate
EGI : Electronic Government Infrastructure
e-GIF : e-Government Interoperability Framework
eGMP : e-Government Master Plan
EGPEC : e-Government Program Executive Committee
eGS : e-Government System
EGS : E-Government System
EGSR : e-Government Success Rate
EIU : Economic Intelligence Unit
ES : Expert System
E-SIM : E-Service Integration Methodology
EU : European Union
FCM : Fuzzy Centroid Model
G/PSC : General / Public Service Center
G2B : Government to Business
G2C : Government to Citizen
G2E : Government to Employee
G2G : Government to Government
G2O : Government to Organization
xxi
GCC : Gulf Cooperative Council
GEA : Grid Adaption
GIDC : Government Integrated Data Center
GIN : Government Information Network
GIS : Geographical Information System
GRP : Government Representative Portal
GW : Groupware
HDC : Highly Developed Countries
HLCIT : High Level Commission of Information Technology
HRD : Human Resource Development
IAF : Integrated Architecture Framework
IBM : International Business Machine
ICT : Information Communication and Technology
IDEA : Integrated Delivery of E-Government Application
IDS : Integrated Data Store
IESD : Integrated E-Government Service Delivery
IET : Information and Electronic Transaction
IM : Information Management
IP : Internet Protocol
IPR : Internet Penetration Rate
xxii
IS : Information System
ISO : International Standardization Organization
ISP : Internet Service Provider
IT : Information Technology
ITIMS : Information Technology and Information Management System
KIPA : Korea Information Technology Promotion Agency
KMC : Knowledge Management and Collaboration
KOICA : Korea International Cooperation Agency
KSA : Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
LDC : Least Developing Countries
MIS : Management Information System
NEA : National Enterprise Architecture
NeGSDI : Nepal e-Government System Development and Implementation
NGO : Non-Governmental Organization
NID : National Identification
NITC : National Information Technology Center
NIU : Number of Internet Users
NRLD : National, Region, Local, District
NTC : Nepal Telecommunication Corporation
OECD : Organization for Economic Co-operation Development
xxiii
OeE : Office of E-Envoy
PC : Personal Computer
PKI : Public Key Infrastructure
PLA : Product Line Architecture
PLC : Product Line Controller
PMO : Prime Minister Office
PPR : Private, Public Partnership
RBAC : Role Based Access Control
RMI : Remote Method Invocation
RQ : Research Questions
SAARC : South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SAML : Security Assertions Markup Language
SAP : Strategic Action Plan
SAS : Statistical Analysis System
SDH : Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SDLC : Software/System Development Life Cycle
SE : Software Engineering
SEP : Software Engineering Process
SIE : Service Integration Engineering
SIM ; Sugeno-Style Inference Method
xxiv
SMART : Simple, Moral Accountable, Responsive & Transparent
SOA : Service Oriented Architecture
SPSS : Statistical Package for the Social Science
STAMHIG : System Design Technical Coordination, Awareness, Motivation, Human Resource,
Infrastructure, Government
TFC : Total Failure Country
TOE : Technological-Organizational Environmental
TP : Total Population
UAE : United Arab Emirates
UK : United Kingdom
UML : Unified Modeling Language
UN : United Nation
UNDESA : United Nation Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UNPAN : United Nation Public Administration Network
US : United State
UTL : United Telecom Limited
VDC : Village Development Committee
WANs : Wide Area Networks
WLL : Wireless Local Loop
XML : Extended Markup Language
xxv
xxvi
xxvii
CHAPTER: 01
Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1 Definitions
E-Government is a tool and technology for the use of information and communication to improve and develop
government activities and their transformations. The E - Government system helps to make good governance. This
system provides all the government services to citizen electronically through information communication
technologies (ICT). So, the technologies make government on all levels and the Government is using internet
technology to disseminate information and services to citizens, employees, businesses and others with which they
work [1]. E-Government refers to the application of the internet and networking technologies to digitally enable
government and public sector agency relationship with citizens, business, and other arms of government. For
government, more efficiency would be provided in addition to better services, less errors, less storage space, revenue
generations, job placements, cost reductions, time reductions and many others. So, e-Government has become an
important requirement for information dissemination for the citizens and businesses around the world [1]. E-
Government is the use of ICTs to promote more efficient and cost effective government, facilitate more convenient
government services, allow greater public access to information, and make government more accountable to citizens
[1].
E-Government is being deployed not only to provide citizens' services, but for public sector efficiency purposes,
improving transparency and accountability in government functions and allowing for cost savings in government
administration. ICTs are changing the way the government does business for the people. In this context, e-
Government is seen to be a lever for the transformation of government [3].
According to Richard Heeks, E-Government is the use of IT by public sector organizations. E-Government is
therefore not just about the internet. And e-Government has been with us for many decades; long before the
terminology of ‘e-Government’ was invented. E-Government means office automation and internal management
information systems and expert systems, as well as client-facing website [4].
1
E-Government is a powerful system that transforms the necessary services to citizens and businesses. It helps to
reduce administrative paperwork and costs, public also can access their valuable information very easily and very in
low costs. So, e-Government has become a medicine for government and also for citizens. In this age, e-Government
becomes a very good and important tool for every citizen.
According to Richard Heeks, and Other Research point of views, Nepal Fails to implement e-Government. Because
Nepal Government has already prepared a master plan (eGMP 2006.8) to implement e-Government. Government
Integrated Data Centre (GIDC) has also established in 2009 as a foundation of the data storage center, but GIDC
cannot provide a domain server for information stored to others. GIDC cannot manage as a National Data Centre for
the implementation of e-Government. If we solve any, arising problems, implementation of e-Government can
improve the performance of government for the delivery of services to citizens, delivery of services to business and
industry. If we could successfully operate e-Government in Nepal, the productivity may be high, but there are more
barriers in e-Government’s Implementation. There are not any measurement indicators to implement the e-
Government in Nepal. The e-Government success and failure rates depend on: the political aspect where contains e-
democracy, transparency (corruption reduction, government services for citizens, good governance, power division
to internal organizations and organization information connectivity using central infromtaion domains; the social
aspect consist of e-participation that comprise use of different service provider variables, involvement of public
services delivery for the citizens’ and society, community development, connectivity and avialibility accessibility of
governments internal and external network environment, and ICT usability by citizens; economical aspect which are
cost benefits, affordability of users (citizens), implementation policies and importance of ICT government for the
use of e-Government system; technological – technologically use of exiting ICT and their uses rate by citizens,
security of needed information accessibilities, efficiency of system and implemented body (government). So, these
are the main aspects of e-government development and implementation. These help to the government system
development and implementation and also helps to government to measure drevelance (degree of success) for
quality of government services. These aspects have not followed by the Government and not clearly mentioned for
the successful e-Government system development and implementation for citizen centric services.Most of the
developing countries have not follow political, economical, social, and technical aspects for the development and
implementation of e-Government.
2
1.2 E-Government in Nepal
Nepal is a least developed country. According to United Nation World Human Development Report – 2012, Nepal
should broadly utilize the ICT only for economic development, strengthen democratic norms and values improve the
quality of life, and thus reduce poverty of the country (human development). The e - government system provides
administrative services in a prompt and convenient manner to their people and seek to enhance their national
competitiveness. The governments of Developing countries attempt to provide better quality of life in their day-to-
day activities to the citizens with the help of proper ICTs. The main impact of e-Government Implementation of
Nepal include cost of users for e-Government implementation, the citizen perspective of e-Government service
quality, good governance, corruption and transparency of usability of citizen centric information services and public
participation in digital information, process improvement. The most important part of the e - Government impact is
the long term impact on development goal and objectives. The influence of e-Government on public sector
modernization and efficiency, efforts, the impact of e-Government organizational structure and arrangements on e-
Government development and administration to address the issues related to user take up & the assessment of
benefits realization of e-Government. The e-Government include of ICTs to improve the activities of public sectors.
It involves means includes three major domains of e-Government that are improving processes of Government
electronically connecting peoples and the establishment of internal interaction which is electronic society (G2G,
G2C, G2E and G2B). So, economics, services and citizens (users), implemntators efficiency is the main impact of
Nepal e-Government system development and implementation. [32] [37] As stated by the Central Bureau of
Statistics - 2008, the country (Nepal) is divided, administratively, into 5 development regions and 75 districts. 3915
Village Development Committees (VDC) and 58 Municipalities are the lower administrative units in each district.
Ecologically, Nepal is divided into three regions: Mountain region, Hilly region, and Terain region. Nepal is a
landlocked and underdeveloped country with 28.56 million people. So, Distribution of ICT is insufficient for the
implementation of e-Government system [37].
1.3 Infrastructure for e-Government in Nepal
Infrastructure for e-Government in Nepal: according to eGMP 2006.8, the following are the infrastructure which is
needed for e-Government implementation and development. They are: 1. Enterprise Architecture (EA) 2.
Communication Network (CN) with $25 million, 3. Government Integrated Data Centre (GIDC) – completed &
utilized at present with $ 30 million and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) – Nepal Government with $ 9 million [32].
3
Current status of Network for e-Government in Nepal: As stated by eGMP 2006.8, the transmission networks in
Nepal consist of backbone link, microwave radio network and optical fiber network, through most of the lack
incapacity. Satellite network preferred to link geographically is difficult terrain and there are very remote areas
where it is difficult to establish Optical or Micro Radio network. Currently, there is a microwave radio link between
Nepal and Bangladesh. Optical link along the East-West Highway though the west section of which is not completed
yet. The optical fiber network between Nepal and India is also not completed. There are some issues with radio
network such as:
 Low quality and availability, frequent trouble with the link, possible security issues near the border areas of
China and India, low capacity of the link, complicated radio frequency spectrum management due to
limited resources, lack of tools required for Radio Frequency optimization, radio frequency design, high
resolution digital maps (GIS), link reallocation, etc.
However, the cost of implementing synchronous digital hierarchy radio networks is too much for the country. Again,
for the access link wireless local loop (WLL) and mobile network have already been used. Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line (ADSL) has already been implanted. Five regional trunk and more than 29 very small satellite trunk
are in use in different parts of Nepal [34].
ICT Workforce status of Nepal: according to eGMP - 2006.8, the current status of the distribution of the workforce
has been heavily skewed in Kathmandu Valley with 69% of ICT workforce. 29% of the total IT workforce is
operational, IT lectures, including trainers and instructors comprise 28% of the total IT workforce, 63% of the
workforce works at private and professional organizations, 14% at NGOs and 11% in the government. The
following table displayed the overall scenario of Human Resource. The table 8 has shown the status of the ICTs
Human Resource Condition of Nepal [34].
Table 1.3.1 Human Resources of Nepal
High Level Manpower Academic Number Trainee Number

Number of Ph. D. 10 -
Number of Master/Higher Level 400 1500
Number of Bachelor/Mid Level 3500 10000
Numbers of Intermediate/Low Level 7500 25000
4
Total 11410 36500

Source: eGMP 2006.8 [34]
Infrastructure & Leadership in Nepal: Nepal Government has no strong infrastructure, leadership and leadership’s
commitment’s of e-Government, ICT Acts and ICT awareness of citizens, but South Korea has strong
infrastructures, leaderships and leadership’s commitment’s, ICT Acts and awareness of citizens and large
investments of South Korea, because South Korea is leading into e-Participant Index with 1.0000, e-Government
Index 0.8785, Human Capital Index 0.9929, Online Service Index 1, Infrastructure Index 0.639 in 2010. This is the
major success factors of e-Government Implementation in South Korea. Now Korea is in 1 st position of e-
Government in the world ranks. Comparison to South Korea, Nepal has very poor Indexes. These are the major
constraints in the implementation of e-Government in Nepal, “Why”.
The following infrastructures are needed for development and implementation of e-Government in the country.
These are: Communication Infrastructures, Computers Infrastructures, Data Centre Infrastructures (GIDC already
developed to fulfill this purpose. It is a great achievement for e-Government Implementation), E-Government
Architecture, Infrastructure, Framework (need to define the set of the specification to facilitate the Government
System). Without infrastructures there cannot be implemented e-Government. So, we should think about the
infrastructure. We can learn lot of system about e-Government from South Korea. Because, according to the UN
Survey Report South Korea is successful to reach the 1st rank of e-Government in the world ranking. They have
implemented what they have done in their plan. The prime reasons of success are as: committed to the work,
political stability, right expert in the right place and government and citizen’s dedication.
e-Government enterprise architecture in Nepal: Software architecture refers to the high-level organizational structure
of a software system. A well planned, secure and flexible e-government platform is necessary for governments to
meet the growing demands for services delivered via the internet and future delivery channels. Building a common
architecture for e-Government requires secure and trusted interoperable systems that will adopt an existing internet
and world wide standards for all government agencies, at all levels [34].
So, this is a pragmatic approach that reduces costs and risks of operating information technology systems while
keeping the public sector in step with the global Internet revolution. The Idea of an interoperable system within one
government means that agencies can easily “talk-to-one another, ” whether by sending email or exchanging
information – without any technical problems that hinder the smooth operation of Government [34].
5
Nepal government and non-government agencies has not followed the software architecture till now. The eGMP
2006 has not mentioned about the software architecture. So, they could not implement their program efficiently and
effectively. Similarly, in e-Government system development, they have not applied software structure, because of
which implementation has failed. So, In Nepal e-Government Enterprise Architecture is one of the important
problems too, because, there is necessarily a reliable architecture which can supports to e-Government goals along
with the quality properties. But, that has not mentioned in eGMP 2006.8. If Government wants to make the e -
Government System very strong, should follow the following five steps:
1. Develop and Design (Software/Hardware Architecture)
2. Conduct e-Readiness Assessment.
3. Identify realistic goals.
4. Get the bureaucracy to by – in and develop a change management strategy.
5. Build public-private partnerships.
Again, Digital divide affects the successful implementation of e-Government. Because, the digital divide refers to
the gap between individual, households, businesses and geographic areas at different socioeconomic levels with
regard both to their opportunities to access ICTs & to their use of the internet for a wide variety of activities.
In the context of Nepal e-Government implementation, there are some missing elements that are conceptual,
deliverable frameworks, software engineering process, etc. in the eGMP, which may lead to the successful e-
Government Development and implementation in Nepal. So, it is necessary evaluate and update of eGMP 2006.8.
Likewise establish good coordination between organizations to make serious, committed environment to help
implement e-Government application successfully and should develop long term Human Resource Development
(HRD) plan for it. And conduct training & awareness of e-Government Implementation. So, the problem of e-
Government implementation is a lack of study of e-Government Implementation.
1.4 Nepal’s Position on E-Participation, Internet Users, Telephone Users & Mobile Subscribers
and Online Service Index and E-Readiness
In overall situation, Nepal is in low list as stated in Chapter 02 Table 2.1.15.2, ” the E-participation Index of SAARC
countries”. According to Table 2.1.15.2 in Chapter 02, Nepal is in 7 th position in E-Participation among 8 SAARC
countries. Its index is 0.0571 same indexes with Afghanistan’s E-Participation index. India is in 1 st position which
index is 0.2000. Likewise, Nepal is in 7 th position in internet users, only 1.41 users per 100 inhabitants. It has very
6
low internet user range, India has 6.95, and it may be low according to India’s populations. Afghanistan is in a high
internet position (1.90) than Nepal. Still, Afghanistan is facing a lot of problems (like civil war) till now. If
compared to that situation, Afghanistan must be in a low position. Likewise, in the comparison of Telephone line
distribution, according to populations Maldives is in 1 st position (15.38), Sri Lanka is in 2 nd position (17.18), Bhutan
is in 3rd position (4.00) and India is in 4th position (3.21) but Nepal still is in 5th position in Telephone Line
distribution per 100 inhabitants. According to geographical set up it is not bad distribution, but are not properly
utilized. Nepal Government is already distributed Telephone in 75 districts’ 3915 Village Development Committee
(VDC) at least one Telephone in One VDC. But in a comparison of SAARC countries Nepal is in 5 th rank, only 2.79
users per 100 inhabitants are using the telephone. About Mobile subscribers 14.58 per 100 inhabitants in 2010, but it
was very low in 2008 (3.76). Nepal Government cannot establish good ranks in the SAARC Countries. So, Nepal
has not been taken good position in SAARC region. If compared it with Afghanistan it is in very high ranked, 29.36
per 100 inhabitants. Likewise, according to online service component's index value, Nepal is in 7 th rank, it has a
0.1683 in 2010 index value in SAARC countries. About Literacy rate 56.5% (2010) literacy is here in Nepal in total
population. The Literacy rates are 61% in India, 49.9% in Pakistan, 90.7% in Sri Lanka. Literacy rate is good in
Nepal than Pakistan and Bangladesh. But e-Readiness of e-Government is very low in Nepal. Because, E-Readiness
is the ability to use information and communication technologies to develop economic and welfare. Nepal is at 7 th
position with e-Readiness score 0.2725 in SAARC countries; world rank of e-Readiness was 150 in 2008, which has
been shown in Table 2.1.10.3. But in 2005 Nepal was in 126 positions in the world e-Readiness with 0.2021 scores.
Maldives is in 1st position in SAARC countries with e-Readiness score 0.4491. In the comparison of Afghanistan,
Nepal has not come up, but Afghanistan is going up the world rank was 168 in 2005, 167 in 2008, because an
Afghanistan has been facing lot of problems like civil war than Nepal. So, the maintained rank of Nepal is 7 th, and in
the World ranked is 153 (e-Readiness Index is 0.2725) in comparison of SAARC countries. The Maldives have in
the top rank in SARC region.
1.5 Challenges and Opportunity of e-Government Implementation in Nepal
The main challenges for e-Government Development and Implementation are as follows:
1. ICT Infrastructure: (Poor e-readiness, Less Computer Literacy Rate, No Adequate Telecommunication and
Energy, Computers Uses, e-Government Network) the education, the literacy rate is 54.97% in Nepal but as
known in the computer literacy rate is very low, there is no data available of computer literacy. The
7
government has already provided Telecommunication system in all 75 districts and 3915 village
development committees (VDCs) and 58 Municipalities. It means 4700000 lakhs communication link has
been distributed by the government. Likewise Internet user is very low rate 0.90 per 100 users, 0.49 PC per
100 users, 3.76 cellular subscribers per 100 users and 2.15 telephone lines per 100 users and 14.70 mobile
per 100 users. Yet Nepal obtains in 6th position regarding the use of infrastructures.
2. Policy (Legislation, ITC Policy)
3. Human Capital Development and Life Long Learning
4. Change Management (Culture and Resistance)
5. Partnership and Collaboration
6. Strategy (Vision and Mission)
7. Leadership Level (Commitment, Motivate, Involvement, and Support)
So, it is necessary to change management, needs training to government leaders, needs strong political leadership
and commitment, needs process re-engineering of system, cooperation and collaboration among different agencies
and staff training. These are the challenges of e-Government implementation in Nepal. If the Nepal Government
really wants to implement successfully the e-Government in the country (top-to-bottom), should focus mainly on the
following mentioned areas in the context of Nepal. Service Deliver, Internal Efficiency, E-Government Awareness,
Government Networking, Government Commitment, Budget and Implementation. “Is the Government focused in
these areas to implement the e-Government?” If ‘Yes’ ‘Why e-Government Implementation is yet not coming up
within the period of 5 years (Commitment of Master Plan 2006.8?”). Government should also reflect the existing
structures ongoing reform process in the country in basis of citizen participation, service delivery to citizen and
businesses. “Why we are backward to implement the e-Government in the comparison of other Asian
countries?”. It may be the finding of this research. So, in the context of Nepal (developing country) it is very
important to find out the major problems and their causes for the implementation of the e - Government System. “Is
this total failure or partial failure (mixed)?”. So, the major challenges for implementation of e-Government in
Nepal is: Low Literacy Rate, Poor Per Capita Income, Very Limited Financial Resources, Existing Infrastructures,
No Strategic Framework for Implementation of e-Government Implementation.
By the research survey and review, it was found that in the context of Nepal Implementation is a big problem of
Nepal’s e-Government. Infrastructure, Connectivity, Literacy Rate, ICT Awareness, Commitment, Budget,
Communications, Distribution, e-Participation, e-Readiness of Nepal is very poor or in very low rate. ADB and
8
South Korean Government, Economic Development Corporation Fund (EDCF) providing $55 million top Nepal
Government for the implementation of E-Government in Nepal. Even though “Why it is not implemented till now?”
and already spend 4 years time. “Why it is not accepted?”. “What could be the reasons?”. These are the main
causes of failure of e-Government Implementation in Nepal. In this condition, e-Government in Nepal still has under
construction phase, because the implementation of the e - government system requires vast and strong infrastructure.
So, in the context of Nepal, the E - Government Index is very low, 7 th position with 0.2568 scores in SAARC
countries, because Nepal has very low index in the SAARC countries.
Reduce administrative cost, Reduce number of civil servant, Increase efficiency received information on demand by
placing online which save the time and energy of civil servant; Reduce delays & bottlenecks in the delivery of
services by governments; Reduce the need for people to travel distances to access & received information by the
proper system; Provide better opportunity for self-help in capacity enhancement through access to information &
knowledge online which will be more beneficible for civil servants and other public who are capable; Enable to
receive feedback from the citizens by government; Promotes the travel and tourism; Increase business investment by
citizen; Provides efficient services to citizens, industries, business and others by Government.
E-Government is a system, before development and implementation of e-Government, the following phases:
Feasibility Study; Analysis; Design; Implementation; Testing and Maintenance. As known it is not happening.
Basically, my research primarily focuses on the problem in effective framework of e-Government System
Implementation in Nepal.
For the development and delivery of e-government system needs large computing infrastructure on a continuous
basis. Nepal Government has already prepared a master plan for the development and establishment of the e -
Government System to achieve the good governance and social & Economic development but due to poor
implementation and management, it could not succeed. No proper design, no need assessments reality. The GIDC is
the foundation infrastructure of e-Government implementation in Nepal. But it could not successfully implement
because government has no strong legal documentations [34].
Yet the Government is trying to strongly establish e-Government System last few years. But due to political
instability, there are no proper and effective rules and regulations. It addresses “Is the Government still at the
planning stage or in the process of being implemented”. If we succeed to find the gaps between design and reality,
9
it helps to explain why e-Government System neither succeed nor failed. This research gives the gaps between
systems and citizens (government and citizens) etc.
So, this research provides a step-by-step problems and their solutions to the e - Government System and slowly
erased the gaps and misunderstanding between citizens, business, to government system which may be the main
causes of failures. So, it can say, e-Government System of Nepal is in the initial phase, there is no any kind of
outcome till now.
1.6 Research questions
1. What are the factors that address the challenges in e-Government Implementation in Nepal?
2. Why e-Government has not successfully implement in Nepal?
According to eGMP 2006 about the history of e-Government implementation were not properly used in Nepal.
Because there is no e-Government system availability in Nepal for public services. Nepal Government was imported
computer technology since 1971 and in 1974 the Government was established the electronic data using center for
promoting computer usage and computer literacy. Since 1982 Private investment in software development was
established for software. Personal computer distribution was started in public sectors. NITC established in 2001
functioning as Government Integrated Data Center. Then after Government provide the priority to ICT for
information exchange (e-Transaction) . Nepal Government prepared the master plan for the development and
implementation of the e - government system to provide services to the citizens. Till date Nepal government could
not successfully implement the e-Government.[34]
1.7 Resarch Objective
The main objectives of this research are:
1. To study the current status of e-Government System implementation and their solutions.
2. To identify the parameters influencing of e-Government Implementation in Nepal.
3. To develop and provide the effective structural model (system framework) of e-Government System
implementation to improve the existing system using fuzzy modeling with validation.
1.8 Research Approach
For the impact and study of e-Government implementation situation depends on the nation’s willingness and
capacity of national administrations to use online and mobile technology in the execution of government overall
10
functions and provided electronic transaction facilities to the citizens. The most important and very necessary
implementation dimensions of e-Government are scope and quality of online services, telecommunication
connectivity, human capacity and participations and their accessibilities. Basically, these dimensions play major role
in successful implementation of the e - government system in the country. So, in the comparison of South Asian
Regional eight countries this research survey data helps to look up the impact of e-Government implementation
Situation of Nepal. This research mainly focuses on the problem andan effective framework of e-Government
Implementation in Nepal which is taken by 37 respondents from 37 different Government and non-Government
Organizations. This technical research survey reports present or shows the issues/results which is disturbing for the
implementation of e-Government in Nepal. That may be the failure factors of e-Government implementation in
Nepal. So that Nepal Government cannot succeed to develop and implement the e-Government System according to
e-Government Master Plan (eGMP) 2006.8. The finding Factors/Issues identified from Research Technical Survey,
which had done in 2011.
Nepal Government has not mentioned e-Government Implementation Rules in e-GMP, e-Government Master Plan
Consulting Report 2006.8. In reality, they must have declared rules for the implementation of e-Government in the
country. Like Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Council of Ministers Resolution no (40) dated 27/30/2006 mentioned the 4
major rules (including 25 activities) and for the implementation of e-Government. That was (1) The Government
Information and Data (2) Government Works and Services (3) e-Government Application (4) General clauses. This
is very important part of e-Government Implementation.
Electronic Government (e-Government) refers to the delivery of national or local Government information and
services via internet or other digital means to citizens or businesses or other Governmental agencies (Palvia and
Sharm, 2007). e-Government (short for electronic Government also online Government or transformational
Government) is creating a comfortable, transparent, and cheap interaction between Government and Citizens (G2C),
Government and Business Enterprises (G2B) and relationship between Government (G2G inter-agency
relationship). Basically there exist four domains of e-Government, namely Governance, Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs), business process re-engineering (BPR) and e-citizens.
[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Government].
The E - Government system refers to the use of Internet technology by website as a stage for exchanging and
transforming the information, providing citizen centric services and transacting with citizens, business stakeholders,
11
and other armaments of government. It may be also used by the parliament, judiciary, legislations or administration,
in order to improve internal efficiency, the delivery of citizen centric (public) services, or processes of democratic
governance, which can make good governance. The primary service delivery models are Government-to-Citizen
(G2C), Government-to-Business (G2B) and Government-to-Government (G2G) and Government-to-Employees
(G2E). So, e-government is often a online government" or “internet-based government," many “electronic
government" technologies can be used in this context. And, some non-internet forms include telephone, fax, and so
on. There are different ways of classifying e-government interactions. In the development of e-business, the early
phases are those where information only is provided and later there are two-way transactions. There are also
different kinds of possible interaction between government and other parties, which is marked/especially with
citizens, businesses and other government organizations and agencies. There is a generally agreed four-step set of
developments which depends on the level of interaction allowed, especially from websites. First stage (i)
information (ii) Interaction (iii) Processing and (iv) Transaction. But, it is necessary, e-Government system much
more than a simple web site. It is able to integrate government services and provide a path for them based on
citizens' needs, replacing the traditional structure of department or agency. By introducing ICT, the information
systems of all government departments, organizations and agencies can be linked to or for delivering integrated
citizen-centric each and every kind of services in a way that avoids users having to understand the agency structures
of government.
This PhD research in “Strategic Framework for the Implementation of e-Government: Nepal Case” is very
necessary and useful for the implementation of e-Government system in Nepal and other least developing and
developing countries which has not successfully implement and mixed failure and total failure countries. Basically,
this research provides a very common system implementation solution to implement by the Government. It has also
provided the basic ideas “how to find the failure factors which are directly affecting for implementing the e-
Government system”. It means providing the details necessary infrastructures and physical components. It has tried
to give some entities for the implementation of the system to dissemination of information to the citizen and provide
implementation frameworks. It means what kind of system is needed for the implementation of e-Government. This
research provides a good technology for delivery of government information and service online through internet.
Because, e-Government is not only the conversion of traditional information into the form of bits and bytes in order
to delivery all needed information via internet and website with computer, mobile, Tele-center, TV and other related
devices to citizens.
12
Another important part of this research is verifications of finding challenges and solutions using the model and
software tools. It has proved finding challenges verification by using Fuzzy centered model and solutions
(frameworks) validation by single layered neural network using linear equation. So, this research mainly focused on
“Why the e-Government has failed and What kinds of system need to implement the system?” This has been
verified all challenges using Fuzzy and all formulated solutions (frameworks) are tested. This research has done
surveys in 34 different ministries and related organizations. So, it has flourished finding issues for failure factors.
And research collected primary data through the survey. The majority of respondents were presented their value
“Lack of System Design (Frameworks) using Software Engineering”. It has already proved that the major factors are
the failure factors for e-Government Implementation. This PhD research deliver fact, figures, weakness, gaps,
barriers and major challenges and their implementation directions, technology it means implementation guidelines to
implement.
Electronic Government Infrastructure (EGI) is an essential part of e-Government Implementation System, which is
used to disseminate various services to the people. Infrastructure is one of the necessary physical part of the e -
government system. EGI is also used for providing a mechanism to coordinate work activities in the public sector.
Moreover, E-infrastructure directly reflects changing the way government function in terms of its structure, its
relationship with the people, academic institutions and businesses & also cooperation with other organizations.
Basically, this paper deals with the existing infrastructure of the e - government system of Nepal, which play a
major role in the development and implementation of e-Government in Nepal, and also displays the result of
infrastructure in the comparison to the EGI of SAARC Nations. Also, this paper has focused on existing
infrastructure for the development and implementation of the e - government system. The paper shows the
comparative study of EGI of Nepal relative to SAARC Nations.
Most of the developing countries are facing the problems of implementing of the e - Government System in their
country. The successive rate of e-Government is very low (poor). Some factors are affecting for making and
implementing the effective e-Government. The implementation aspects are very poor, which shows in e-Government
Index. Many researches have done to identify the root causes of the problem. The research’s main focus is to find
out the core challenges and their several reasons to provide the reasonable and effective solutions to concerned
organizations means Nepal government and other developing countries. This research, particularly identifies the
challenges and verifies with Mathematical modeling using Fuzzy Logic Centroid Model (FCM) techniques. This
13
research provides the real outcome and their solutions for the development and implementation of the e -
Government System in Nepal which can be applied to other developing countries as well. At the end, this research
provides true or actual outcomes by the mathematical modeling (Fuzzy Logic).
This research identifies the challenges which are facing by Nepal government and other developing countries and e-
government implementation failure countries. Basically, this research totally concentrates to identify true challenges
and their verification using fuzzy logic i.e. fuzzy centroid model. The research has successively delivered the
implementation solution and outcome which all developing countries like Nepal can follow. The following proposed
solutions and outcome provides the development and implementation of the e - government system. The propose
solutions are:
 Relationship
 Components
 Model
 E-Government Architecture and Framework
The major outcomes are:
 Public value of e-Government
 E-Government Implementation Application Model
 Architectural Structure of e-Government system
 E-Government delivery framework for information processing and accessing system
 Conceptual framework of e-Government of Nepal and other developing countries.
 -Government system delivery framework
 E-Government framework
1.9 Research Outcomes
There are three main principal outcome successes to present by this PhD research. The first outcome is the
development of a model which identifies major factors that totally influence in the design, development and
implementation of the e - government system in Nepal. The model which has the success to provide the effective
frameworks for successful implementation of e-Government in Nepal to make good and citizen-centric governance
14
and providing greater insight into these factors than does any other related existing research in the context of Nepal.
It forms a basis whereby other developing countries with the same type of characteristics, which could have assessed
possible factors of influence as they consider an e-Government programs. The second outcome is to help decision
makers in Nepal and other developing countries, which is to consider the factors of e-Government implementation to
increase the probability of future success within the existing e-Government program. Then the third outcome is to
answer openly the research questions which has mentioned in 1.6 of chapter one. This outcome actually mentioned
here on the basis of research questions. This research mainly focused on technical part that is system design.
1.10 Barriers
This research also tries to consider the following major barriers preventing the implementation of e-Government in
remote areas in connection with urban areas. This research has identified the following categories and their barriers.
The strategic, technical, institutional and social barriers are as follows. So, this research tries to address the barriers.
Categories Barriers
Technical Lack of ICT infrastructures, Lack of system design,
development & modeling, Penetration of Internet,
Distribution of Communication Devices, Security
Modeling.
Institutional Lack of Awareness and e-readiness , Leaderships’
commitments, Motivations, Resistance of changes
Training, No proper utilization of telecommunication.
Social Privacy and Confidentiality, Lack of education, Less use
of Technology, Digital Divide.
Political No political commitments, Do not share data to others,
Strategic No clear guideline, No law and order
No clear vision and goals, Contradictions in the goal
between the departments.
This research main focus is on technical barriers of lack of system design, development and modeling.
15
1.11 Thesis structure (chapters outline)
This PhD research thesis has been structured into seven chapters. The chapters are organized in the following order
diagrammatically:
Figure 1.11.1 Thesis Structure (Chapter Outline) Block Diagram
Chapter 01: This chapter presents the introduction and background to the research area. This is followed by the
research motivation and problem area; research objectives, research studies and their corresponding research
questions. Finally, this chapter displays the introduction of the PhD research and introduction to the existing system
of information communication technology (ICT) in Nepal and presented the outcomes of the research.
Chapter 02: This chapter presents the literature review about e-Government Implementation situation figure of e-
Government implementation. Review the many definitions and benefits that are described in the existing e-
Government literature. It also describes the same issues and challenges, which has faced with the implementation of
e-Governments, both in developed and developing countries. As well as it provides the contextual background of the
research.
16
Chapter 03: This chapter describes the research methodology. It includes the different types of research techniques
which is applied for primary and secondary data and e-Government related information gathering on the basis of
research questions and objectives.
Chapter 04: This chapter presents the core challenges or failures’ findings for the implementation of e-Government
in Nepal that has been directly or indirectly influenced in the development and design the e-Government
Implementation System.
Chapter 05: This chapter introduces the Fuzzy Logic (Mathematical Modeling) technique by applying truth values
for the verification of finding challenges. It also introduces about the Fuzzy Logic Centroid Modeling (FCM) and
their uses in e-Government implementation verification in the context of Nepal.
Chapter 06: This chapter presents the verified true outcomes or solutions for the implementation of e-Government
using software engineering tools which are used for the verification and validation of e-Government Architectural
model and framework.
Chapter 07: This last chapter described the recommendation which provides the conclusion of the research and also
provide the recommendation to the government to use the designed framework.
17
CHAPTER: 02
Literature Review
2.1 Literature Review
As stated by E-GOVERNEMNT TOOLKIT UNESCO 2005, in the maturity Phases of E-government, E-Government
Applications and Projects generally pass through various stages such as publishing of information on the web to
carrying out transactions and even up to complete process engineering so as to bring in the true value and benefits of
the efforts to the citizens.
E-Government is the use of information and communication technology (ICTs) to promote more efficient and cost
effective government, facilitate more convenient government services, allow greater public access to information,
and make government more accountable to citizens [1]. e-Government can be defined as the application of
information and communication technologies (ICTs) to enhance the performance of Government functions and
Services, More specifically, e-Government is “the use of digital technologies to transform government operations in
order to improve effectiveness, efficiency and service delivery.” Accordingly, e-Government should leverage ICTs to
help the public sector operate more efficiently and provide better services to internal constituents, citizens and
businesses [2]. As stated by, UN E-GOVERNMENT SURVEY 2008, E-Government is being deployed not only to
provide citizens' services, but for public sector efficiency purposes, improving transparency and accountability in
government functions and allowing for cost savings in government administration. ICTs are changing the way the
government does business for the people. In this context, e-Government is seen to be a lever for the transformation
of government [3]. According to Richard Heeks, E-Government is the use of IT by public sector organizations. E-
Government is therefore not just about the internet. And e-Government has been with us for many decades; long
before the terminology of ‘e-Government’ was invented. E-Government means office automation and internal
management information systems and expert systems, as well as client-facing web site. E-Government is a powerful
system for transformation of necessary services to citizens and businesses. It helps to reduce administrative
paperwork and costs, public also can access their valuable information very easily and very in low costs. So, e-
Government has become a medicine for government and also for citizens. In this age, e-Government becomes a very
good and important tool for every citizen [4]. According to Richard Heeks, and Research point of views, Nepal is in
total failure percentage (35%) in e-Government Implementation. Because Nepal Government already prepared a
master plan (eGMP 2006.8) in the context of providing citizen services, but no utilized Government Integrated Data
18
Centre (GIDC) also established in 2009 as a foundation of the data storage center, but GIDC cannot provide server
for information stored to others. GIDC cannot manage as a National Data Centre for the implementation of e-
Government. If we solve any, arising problems, implementation of e-Government can improve the performance of
government for the delivery of services to citizens, delivery of services to business and industry. If we want to
successfully operate e-Government in Nepal the productivity may be high, but should be able to erase seen barriers
in e-Government Implementation [15]. In Nepal e-Government Implementation, have no measurement indicators of
e-Government.
According to Heeks (2003), who has done substantial research in the subject area, most implementations of e-
government in developing countries fails, with 35% being classified as total failures (e-Government was not
implemented or was implemented, but immediately abandoned), 50% as a partial failure (major goals for the system
are not attained and/or there are significant undesirable outcomes) and very low percent (15%) are complete
successes. This disturbing fact, especially as developing countries have limited number of resources at their
disposal, and cannot afford to wastefully spend large amounts of money typical of such project. By examining
numerous cases of IS and e-government failure in developing countries, Heeks (2002; 2003) states that a major
reason for these failures is the mismatch between the current design and the reality of the future e-government
system. The chances of failure increase as the gap grows. He also states, the problem that often arises with
developing countries is that there is frequently a mismatch between the current and future systems, due to the large
gap in the physical, cultural, economic, and various other contexts between the software designers and the place in
which the system is being implemented. The gaps are: Hard and Soft Gap, Private-Public Gaps, and Country
Context Gaps [5].
As stated by the Government of Italy Plan of Action, E-Government for Development [2002], there are some initial
steps have been identified to guide countries within the framework in which e-government is carried out that are:
 Formulation of an environmental analysis (E-government readiness)
 Elaboration of the long-term vision, including the expected contribution to development foreseen by e-
government.
 Formulation of the strategic goals being pursued.
 Identification of the priorities and expected impact [6].
19
E-Government strategy planning plays a major role for effective outcomes of the e - government system. E-
Government strategic planning may be fundamentally misconceived may face rigorous constraints and limitations
which may create negative impacts within the organization. Again Core management issues are there for e-
Government implementation. Such that performance, policies on public data and policies are other issues for e-
Government. For the implementation of the e - government system, we should follow the e-Government system life
cycle that are: Project assessment; Analysis of current reality; Design of proposed new system; System construction
and; Implementation and beyond.
Analysis of current reality is the key step to understand actually or real situation of the system which should develop
in the implementation of the e - Government System. Before designing and development of e-Government system
(new system) should follow the six dimensions they are: Objectives; Information; Technology; Process; and Human
system (staffing, skills and management)
Another key factor of e-Government risk assessment and mitigation is to control the risk and mitigation issues.
Basically, most e-Government projects fail, risk assessment and mitigation are essential [5]. Risk assessment can be
carried out by analyzing the gap between current reality and the design assumption of an e-Government project. Any
e-Government risk mitigation technique can be analyzed in advance to see if it is appropriate to public realities.
Once a design for the proposed new e-Government system has been agreed, the development cycle can proceed to
the remaining stages that of actually constructing the new system and then implementing it. For the development of
e-Government system following are the steps of system construction: Acquiring any necessary new technology;
Undertaking detailed system design; Constructing the new e-Government system; and Testing and documenting the
system [4].
Many countries who pioneered e-Government programs 5-10 years ago soon realized that the level of public
participation in and usage of e-Government services remained , quite low despite substantial public investment on
the supply side, which succeeded in making government services available online. E-Government is likely to
succeed only if there is strong demand and support from the majority of the population. So, the following must be
implemented to increase demand and support for e-Government services: Develop a multiple-channel single-
window common service delivery infrastructure, including offline citizen service centers and other public access
points such as Tele-centers, call centers, web portals, and mobile portals; Implement measures that will enhance
public trust in ICT-enabled transactions and all other interactions in the digital environment; Encourage the
development of relevant, compelling and user-friendly contents and services, including so-called “killer-
20
application”; and Implement programs aimed at improving accessibility and affordability of e-services. In this
publication module 03, states about the General Frameworks for e-Government that identified four objectives which
can be achieved when e-Government projects are implemented successfully: Online Government Service; A
Paperless Government; A Knowledge-Based Government; and A Transparent Government. To accomplish these four
objectives, e-Government at multiple layers of government must be established. There are three major tasks at each
of these levels of government; Innovating citizen services (G2C); Innovating business services (G2B); Innovating
the way government works (G2G, G2E). The most important part of the General Frameworks for e-Government is a
digitizing document processing in government agencies and moving towards paperless government operations is key
G2G initiatives. E-Document exchange is expected to result in faster, more efficient, secure and reliable
administration [9]. The following are examples of G2G services in the Republic of Korea include: Integrated
National Finance Information System; Local e-Government Information System; Education Information System and
e-Learning and Government e-Document Exchange. Another common part which is stated “Benefits of e-
Government”, that on the whole, e-Government can offer a number of benefits, including better quality government
services, higher efficiency, less costs, a lower administrative burden on citizens and businesses, shorter processing
times, increased citizen participation in the decision-making process, and enhanced transparency [3].
This module also presents the critical success factors to make successful e-Government implementation where exist
five major areas which has followed by Korean Government. They are: Vision, Objectives, and Strategies;
Organization Structure; Laws and Regulations; Business Process; and Information Technology which is included in
this module. So, it is widely believed the e-Government Implementation in many countries has failed to meet high
expectations. Basically, Risks involve in e-Government can be divided into citizens-side and government-side.
Digital divide, low expectations, lack of familiarity, NOT easy to use, lack of incentives, lack of trust &
misconceptions are the citizen-side risks, such as complexity, department/agency centric paradigm, and lack of
capacity, human resource constraints and financial resource constraints are the government-side risks.
A global United Nations study to benchmark e-Government identifies stages for quantifying progress of e-
Government. The study identifies e-Government stages as representative of the government’s level of development
based primarily on the content & deliverable and services available through the official website. Emerging, Enhance,
Interactive, Transactional & Seamless which are the e-Government maturity models. The module 3 is stated seven
stages, the Korean e-Government Road Map project for the implementation of e-Government System in this annual
planning by years. The stages are:

21
2003: Prepare a Foster, where consists Selected Key Tasks, Prepare Infrastructure, Detailed Plan & Foster
Infrastructure.
2004: Build Infrastructure, where consists BPR/ISP, Build Common Infrastructure, and Reform Legal System.
2005: Develop System, where consists Build System, Improve processes and Improve services.
2006: Consolidate Innovate, where consists Consolidate system, Innovate processes and Innovate services.
2007: Innovate Evaluate, where consists following activities consolidated services, Government innovation and
Result evaluation. These are the main stages, which perform every year (in five years) to make a strong and world
number one country for the development and implementation of the e - Government System in South Korea.
The Telecommunication Infrastructure is another major indicator, for the development and implementation of e-
Government. The Telecommunication Infrastructure Index is a composite index of five primary indicators relating to
a country’s infrastructure capacity associated with the delivery of e-Government services. The five indicators are
Number of PCs per 100 persons, Number of internet users per 100 persons, Number of Telephone line per 100
persons, Number of mobile subscriptions per 100 persons and Number of fixed broadband subscriptions per 100
persons. Such that e-Government Funding, Promising e-Government Strategies, that are very important activities for
the implementation of e-Government. For strong development and implementation of e-Government, they have used
e-Government partnership system and also developed a conceptual framework of e-Government in the Republic of
Korea for effective implementation of the e - government system. For the citizen centric orientation in e-
Government is making it easy for citizens to find what they are looking for, whether information or services, in
numerous government websites; that is government-to-citizen (G2C) application next activity is Government-to-
Government (G2G), that is innovating the way government works. In this module 3 states about in e-Government
infrastructure it is important to note that these applications must be integrated in order to provide connected
government services. We should follow the following four factors. That is: Government Integrated Computing and
Data Center, e-Government standardization, e-Government shared services, and e-Community Center [9].
22
The module 3 publication report states the e-Government single access window for Korean citizens, which provides
better-to-better information accessibility by the G4C system [9].
E-Government is the use of information and communication technology (ICTs) to promote more efficient and cost
effective government, facilitate more convenient government services, allow greater public access to information,
and make government more accountable to citizens [10].
E-Government is being deployed not only to provide citizens' services, but for public sector efficiency purposes,
improving transparency and accountability in government functions and allowing for cost savings in government
administration. ICTs are changing the way the government does business for the people. In this context, e-
Government is seen to be a lever for the transformation of government [11].
E-government is about a process of reform in the way Government work, share information and deliver services to
external and internal clients. Specifically, e-government harnesses information technologies (such as wide area
networks, the internet, and mobile computing) to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of
government [12]
The challenges of crafting, implementing and managing e-Government in Africa, as indeed around the world, even if
to a lesser degree, are vast and require the governments think through it carefully before they embark on such an
expensive venture. At the same time, the opportunities when properly implemented and maintained, and subjected to
the over-riding dictates of human priorities and judgments could be more promising. On the other hand, if properly
23
implemented and designed for sustainability and relevance, e-Government can help reduce the delays and
constraints of access to government and its services and facilities which is the golden opportunity. It can, amongst
other things:
 Reduce delays and bottlenecks in the delivery of services by governments.
 Reduce the need for people to travel distances to access information, often repeating such trips in the
absence of a means of knowing in advance when the information and documents they seek are available
and ready for pick up.
 Enable government to gain feedback from the public, and to engage in interactive dialogue on issues of
common public concern.
 Reduce administrative paperwork and the cost to the environment.
 Increase efficiency through placing online, information the demand for, which takes up the bulk of the time
and energy of civil servants.
 Provide opportunity for self-help in capacity enhancement through access to information and knowledge
online, for civil servants as well as for the general public.
 Promote tourism and investment.[13]
The goal of the e-Government is not merely to computerize governmental records; to the contrary, the ultimate goal
of e-Government is to transform government. Indeed, successful e-Government is at most 20% technology and at
least 80% about people, processes, and organizations. Therefore, it is important to recognize that e-Government is
not an end. “e-Government” should eventually disappear as a distinct concept, because “government” rather than
technology is at the core of e-Government and technology will eventually pervade all governmental operations. The
key question, therefore, is whether the integration of government and technology will serve the interests of the
public. Governments around the world are recognizing the value of e-Government. Properly designed and
implemented, e-Government can improve efficiency in the delivery of government services, simplify compliance
with government regulations, strengthen citizen participation and trust in government, and yield cost saving for
citizens, businesses and the government itself. Not surprisingly, therefore, policy makers and managers are looking
to adopt e-Government in countries around the world – ranging from the most developed to the least developed [14].
Few of e-Government projects get successes. Estimate proportion falling into the failure categories range from 60
percent up to 80 percent. Most e-Government initiatives fail due to poor implementation and management. The gaps
24
between design and reality help to explain why e-government systems succeed or fail. For the rapid development,
implementation and growth of information communication technology (ICT), basically fast extend or increase of the
Internet, administrative services the Government, is also changing from its traditional, passive service which is led
by the government to active and consolidated service which is led by the citizen. According to development trend of
ICT, governments around the world are aiming to setup the e-Government which can improve productivity in
administrative services, understand a networked government, satisfy its citizens’ demand in administrative services,
and enhance the national competitiveness through proactive services, Such that, according to e-Government Master
Plan (eGMP), study was carried out on the three policies that the Nepal Government is undertaking and how it
intends to achieve economic development through ICT.
According to eGMP report mentioned e-Government system achieved within five years. In five years, all the
government agencies in Nepal would be interconnected via networks and Nepal will provide citizen-centric and
transparent services for its people. Through this, it will establish the knowledge-based society.
The transmission networks in Nepal consist of backbone link, microwave radio network and optical fiber network,
though most of them lack incapacity. Satellite network is preferred to linking geographically difficult terrain and
very remote areas where it is difficult to establish optical fiber or micro radio network. In the case of optical fiber
network, there is a ring shaped 2.5 Gbps optical fiber network in Kathmandu Valley and a Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy optical link along the East-West Highway, through west section of which is not completed yet. There are
some issues with network such as: Low quality and availability; Frequent trouble with link; Possible security issues
near the border areas of China and India; Low capacity of links; Complicated radio frequency spectrum management
due to limited resources; Lack of tools required for optimization, radio frequency design, high resolution digital
maps that is Geographical Information System (GIS) and Link reallocation.
However, the cost of implementing synchronous digital hierarchy radio networks is too much for the country. In the
current status the distribution of the workforce has been heavily skewed in Kathmandu Valley with 69% of ICT
workforce. 29% of the total IT workforce is operational, IT lectures, including trainers and instructors comprise 28%
of the total IT workforce, 63% of the workforce works at private and professional organizations, 14% at NGOs and
11% in the government [32] . Again, for the access link wireless local loop (WLL) and mobile network already been
used. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) already been implanted. Five regional trunk and more than 29
very small satellite trunk are in use in different part of Nepal [15].
25
So, by the help of literature reviews, research have found some obstacles for the implementation of e-Government
(system design). Many authors have mentioned about the lack of system design (framework). Mostly developing and
least developing countries have not used the system design part (framework) for the implementation of efficient and
effective e-government views in their system for the delivery of government services. So, the authors have
expressed views in their papers and articles about the need of designed system implementation framework
(architectural implementation framework) for the cheaper, quicker, efficient, secured and citizen affordable
information dessimination to citizen level. Some available e-Government book also focused on system design part
and their verification and validation using identified variables which has used in design. A number of authors have
pointed out about the design issues. So, this research also follows the author views and their recommendation.
Because the main importance for the development and implementation of e-Government are: the process of
information and business; process of decision making; easily availability of to all citizen, eliminating corruptions
and ensuring much more transparency in the functioning. The another importance of theliterature review was
successful implementation of e-Government practices offer to better delivery of government services to citizen and
ctizen empowerment through delivered information.
2.1.1 Difference between Developed, Developing & Least Developing Countries:
According to E-Government Strategic in Developed and Developing Countries: An Implementation Framework and
Case Study, Research Note by Y.N. Chen, H.M. Chen, W.Huang, R.K.H. Ching publishes in Journal of Global
Information Management, 14 (1), 23-46, January-March 2006 23 states the main differences between developed and
developing countries in Table 01.
Table 2.1.1.2 Main differences between developed and developing countries [18]
Developed Countries Developing/Least Developing Countries

History and  Developed countries are known more for  Government usually not specifically
Culture their early economy and governmental defined; economy, not increasing in
growth. productivity.
 Economy growing at a constant rate,  Economy not growing or increasing
productivity increasing, high standard of productivity, low standard of living.
living.  Relatively short history of democracy
 Relatively long history of democracy and and less transparent government policy
more transparent government policy and rule. and rule.

26
Technical  Have current staffs, need to increase technical  Dose not have staffs, or has very limited
Staff abilities and hire younger professionals. in-house staff.
 Have outsourcing abilities and financial
resources to outsource; current staff would be  Dose not have local outsourcing abilities
able to define requirements for developers. and rarely have the financial ability to
outsource; current staff may be unable to
define specific requirements.

Infrastructure  Good current infrastructure  Bad current infrastructure
 High internet access for employees and  Low internet access for employees and
citizens citizens.
Citizens  High internet access and computer literacy;  Low internet access and citizens are
still has digital divide and privacy issues. reluctant to trust online services; few
citizens known how to operate
 Relatively more experienced in the computers.
democratic system and more actively  Relatively less experienced in the
participate in governmental policy-making democratic system and less active
process participation in governmental policy-
making process.
Government  Decencomputer literacy and dedication of  Low computer literacy and dedication of
Officers resources; many do not place e-government at resources; many does not place e-
a high priority. Government at a high priority due to lack
of knowledge on the issue.

E-government can improve the performance of the government in the following area:
Delivery of Services to Citizens – Services can be made convenient, easy to access, delay can be reduced. The
service can be made transparent. Many departments have been able to reduce corruption through government.
Delivery of Services to Business and Industry – Electronic delivery can lead to quick turnaround of license
application and lead to an overall reduction in costs. Additionally rules can be made transparent and consistent
across departments. Corruption, which may form a significant part of costs, can be reduced, making the business
more competitive.
27
Increased Efficiency of Departments/Government Enterprises – government may lead to lower cost of operations
with the resulting higher productivity. A government that does not feel responsible for providing large scale
employment and are willing to cut down the number of employees after the introduction of electronic delivery
realize such as a benefit.
The plan of Action on E-Government for Development is the result of an extensive consultative and participatory
process, involving representatives of developing countries, the private sector, non-governmental organizations,
academic institutions and international organizations. There are some initial steps have been identified to guide
countries within the framework in which e-government is carried out that are:
 Formulation of an environmental analysis (E-government readiness)
 Elaboration of the long-term vision, including the expected contribution to development foreseen by e-
government.
 Formulation of the strategic goals being pursued.
 Identification of the priorities and expected impact.
On the basis of the e-readiness analysis, countries should be able to focus on the interventions needed to establish a
basic platform on which e-government initiatives will develop and evolve. Subsequent interventions will be needed
to further strengthen the environment to facilitate e-government progress by limiting obstacles and constraints.
Some common elements that countries have to address with care can be referenced to the same areas identified for
the e-readiness analysis.
1. Political conditions and leadership – The transformation process to e-government is quite complex and requires
strong leadership.
2. Regulatory frameworks – Regulatory reform is one of the critical issues that has often been overlooked. E-
Government requires the establishment of a range of suitable legal and regulatory measures.
3. Organizational conditions – According to their political, economic and administrative context, countries might
adopt two alternative paths towards the implementation of e-government: a centralized approach – whereby a
hierarchical, top-down mode of introducing e-government prevails and a decentralized model – whereby only one
coordination role is retained at the central level.
4. Human resources – One of the main factors affecting the roles out of e-government in a country is the level of
human capacity. It refers to the skill and capacities within the public administration needed to implement e-
28
government projects; on the other it refers to the broader community – citizens that need to posses IT literacy to
fully benefit from e-government applications. So, e-government requires a range of skills ( IT system development,
Program management, Change management, ICT procuring and outsourcing management, IT service maintenance
and operation, Customer relations management) that may not be present initially in government agencies.
5. Financial resources –Financial capacity to fund e-government initiatives will determine, to a large extent, the type
of project that government will be engaged in and the speed at which these will be implemented.
6. Communication – An enabling environment for e-government is one where the key stakeholders have accepted
and understood the value that e-government can bring to society as an instrument to strengthen good governance,
and overcome the notion that e-government is a luxury tool.
7. Technological conditions - The technological requirements and relative backlogs in some countries may prove to
be a difficult obstacle to overcome.
8. Data requirements – There are several aspects related to data or information requirements and they relate to the
different phases of the e-government transformation process [13].
2.1.2 Core e-Government Readiness Indicators
According to the authors, the 2004 survey considers three additional variables to assess e-Participation:
1. e-Information
2. e-Consultation
3. e-Decision Making
This is helpful variables which provide basis for identifying ‘core indicators’. Core e-Government readiness
indicators are those e-Government readiness indicators that account for the wide disparity between the ‘top ready’
and ‘not ready’ countries. The indicators are PCs users, Internet users, online users, Telephone, users, Mobile
subscriptions, e-information, e-consultation, e-decision making, and Adult literacy etc. So, e-Government readiness
is determined by:
1. Mature online pressure characterized by full transactional services
2. Support for citizens’ engagement in consultation and decision-making, and
3. Availability of the requisite access infrastructure (PCs, Internet, Mobile Phone and others [23].
29
As it is obvious that the large part of the world remains unconnected and mainly those countries which desperately
need e-governance to address lack of development and rampant corruption. While Asia has almost 56.3% population
of the world and Africa 14.6%, their share of internet penetration is very low.
Table 2.1.2.3 World Internet Usage and Population Statistics [24]
World Region % of population of in Internet Users Penetration % User of a Table
world regions Latest Data population

Africa 14.6 67371700 6.8 3.9
Asia 56.3 738257230 19.4 42.6
N. America/ S. America (Latin) 13.7 431939479 46.6 24.9
Europe 11.9 418029796 52.0 24.1
Oceania/ Australia 0.5 20970490 60.4 1.2
Middle East 3.0 57425046 28.3 3.3
[Source: Google search, World Internet Usage and Population Statistics-2009, Report Image]
According to Internet World Status, Usage and Population Statistics 2010, the following table 2.1.2.2 display the
overview of E-Government used index of Asia in the comparison of (2008, 2010 & 2012)
Table 2.1.2.4 E-Government Index Asia and Sub-regions (2012, 2010, 2008)
Asia Average 2008 Average 2012 Average 2010 % Change Average 2014
Eastern Asia 0.6443 0.2944 0.6470 8.91% 0.6424
Central Asia 0.3881 0.5403 0.4239 11.34% 0.4708
Southeastern Asia 0.4290 0.4992 0.4250 13.26% 0.4444
Western Asia 0.4857 0.7188 0.4732 17.40% 0.5715
Southern Asia 0.3395 0.4240 0.3248 36.43% 0.3442
Table 2.1.2.5 E-Government Readiness Index (world) (2012, 2010, 2008 & 2005)
World Region 2012 2010 2008 2005

Africa 0.2944 0.2681 1.4815 1.4147
Asia 0.4992 0.4330 2.2866 2.2463
N. America/ S. America (Latin) 0.5403 0.4790 2.2564 2.2172
Europe 0.7188 0.5937 2.7381 2.4209
Oceania/ Australia 0.4240 0.2694 0.4338 0.2888
Table 2.1.2.6 E-Government Readiness Index (Asia and Sub Regions) (2012, 2010,2008 & 2005)
Asia 2012 2010 2008 2005

Eastern Asia NA NA 0.6443 0.6392
Central Asia NA NA 0.3881 0.4173
Southeastern Asia NA NA 0.4290 0.4388
Western Asia NA NA 0.4857 0.4384
Southern Asia NA NA 0.3395 0.3126
30
Table 2.1.2.7 E-government Readiness Rank in Eastern Asia (2008 & 2005)
Eastern Asia 2008 Index 2005 Index 2008 Rank 2005 Rank
Republic of Korea 0.8317 0.8727 6 5
Japan 0.7703 0.7801 11 14
China 0.5017 0.5078 65 57
Mongolia 0.4735 0.3962 82 93
Democratic People’s NA NA NA NA
Republic of Korea
Table 2.1.2.8 E-Government Readiness for Southern Asia (2008 & 2005) [25]
Southern 2012 2012 2010 2010 2008 2008 2005 2005
Asia Index Rank Index Rank Index Rank Index Rank

Maldives 0.4994 95 0.4392 92 0.4491 95 0.4321 77
Sri Lanka 0.4357 115 0.3995 111 0.4244 101 0.3950 94
India 0.3829 125 0.3567 119 0.3814 113 0.4001 87
Pakistan 0.2823 156 0.2755 146 0.3160 131 0.2836 136
Bhutan 0.2942 152 0.2598 152 0.3074 134 0.2941 130
Bangladesh 0.2991 150 0.3028 134 0.2936 142 0.1762 162
Nepal 0.2664 164 0.2568 153 0.2725 150 0.3021 126
Afghanistan 0.1701 184 0.2098 168 0.2048 167 0.1490 168
[Source: United Public Administration Program, Division for Public Administration and Development Management
(DPADM), UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) “United Nations E-Government
Development Database]
2.1.3 E-Government Priorities within the Framework
Countries should define e-Government priorities within the framework of their national policy goals, e-government
vision and strategic objectives by evaluating the way of different applications draw on scarce available resources
and add different value to and impact on the governance process. E-Government tends to be multidimensional,
impacting on economic, social and governance dimensions. The prioritization process should focus on these impacts
from a people-centered and development-oriented perspective. The impact of e-government on the economic, social
and governance spheres is still considered the main determining factor in the prioritization process and in
establishing the level of support that government will provide for it.
Interaction Economic Impact Social Impact Governance Impact
Process
G2G Efficiency in government Effectiveness in service delivery Transparency, accountability
31
administration
G2C Income through increased Effectiveness, coverage and Participation of citizens,
transactions and savings on quality of services Democracy, Transparency,
costs Accountability
G2B Economic stimuli through Effectiveness in service delivery Transparency, accountability,
savings / income generation and Employee benefits Rule of Law, participation

[6]
According to “Plan of Action E-Government for Development [May 2002]”, Countries should define e-Government
priorities within the framework of their national policy goals, e-government vision and strategic objectives by
evaluating the way of different applications draw on scarce available resources and add different value to and impact
on the governance process. E-Government tends to be multidimensional, impacting on economic, social and
governance dimensions. The prioritization process should focus on these impacts from a people-centered and
development-oriented perspective. However, the impact of e-government on the economic, social and governance
spheres is still considered the main determining factor in the prioritization process and in establishing the level of
support that government will provide for it [6].
Table 2.1.3.9 Economic, Social and Governance impact/benefit of possible e-Government Application.
Interaction Economic Impact Social Impact Governance Impact
Process
G2G Efficiency in government Effectiveness in service delivery Transparency, accountability
administration
G2C Income through increased Effectiveness, coverage and Participation of citizens,
transactions and savings on costs quality of services Democracy, Transparency,
Accountability
G2B Economic stimuli through Effectiveness in service delivery Transparency, accountability,
savings / income generation and Employee benefits Rule of Law, participation

Source: Plan of Action, E-Government for Development – May 2002 [14]
According to The 2008 Waseda University World e-Government Ranking released, Toshio OBI, Director, Institute e-
Government Waseda University, mention different research item in 6 sectors with 26 indicators, are used to evaluate
six fields that constitute an ideal e-Government. The sectors were:
Table 2.1.3.10 Dimension and Indicators
6 Sectors 26 Indicators
32
1. Network Preparedness Internet users, Broadband users, Digital mobile users, PC

users, Security system
2. Required Interface-Functioning Online applications, E-tender system, E-tax system, E-

Applications voting system, E-payment system
3. Management Optimization System optimization, Integrated network system,
Administrative and budgetary system, Public management
reform by ICT
4. Homepage/Portal Situation Updated Frequency, Public disclosure, Link navigation
system, Multi-language Correspondence
5. Introduction of CIO Introduction of CIO, HRD for CIO, Supporting body for
CIO, Role and function of CIO
6. Promotion of e-Government Priority of e-Government planning & strategy, Promotion
activities, Legal framework, Evaluation system
Source: The 2008 Waseda University World e-Government Ranking released [29].
2.1.4 World Internet Usage
As it is obvious that the large part of the world remains unconnected and mainly those countries which desperately
need e-governance to address lack of development and rampant corruption. While Asia has almost 56.3% population
of the world and Africa 14.6%, their share of internet penetration is very low, which is displayed in table
2.1.4.1below, which show the status of internet usage by populations of five different continents, these table
2.1.4.1show internet user are very low in Asia (19.4%) in the comparisons of other continents.
Table 2.1.4.11 World Internet Usage and Population Statistics 2009
World Region % of population of Internet Users Penetration % User of a
in world regions Latest Data population Table

Africa 14.6 67371700 6.8 3.9
Asia 56.3 738257230 19.4 42.6
N. America/ S. America (Latin) 13.7 431939479 46.6 24.9
Europe 11.9 418029796 52.0 24.1
Oceania/ Australia 0.5 20970490 60.4 1.2
Middle East 3.0 57425046 28.3 3.3
Source: Internet World Stats, Usage and Population Statistics.
Table 2.1.4.12 World Internet Usage and Population Statistics 2014/2012
World Regions Population Internet Internet Penetration Growth Users %
(2014) Users (Dec. Users Latest (% 2000- of Table
31, 2012 Data Population) 2014

Africa 1,125,721,038 4,514,400 297,885,898 26.50% 6498.60% 9.80%
Asia 3,996,408,007 114,304,000 1,386,188,112 34.70% 1112.70% 45.70%
Europe 825,824,883 105,096,093 582,441,059 70.50% 454.20% 19.20%
Middle East 231,588,580 3,284,800 111,809,510 48.30% 3303.80% 3.70%
33
North America 353,860,227 108,096,800 310,322,257 87.70% 187.10% 10.20%

Latin America/Caribbean 612,279,181 18,068,919 320,312,562 52.30% 1672.70% 10.50%
Oceania/Australia 36,724,649 7,620,480 26,789,942 72.90% 251.60% 0.90%
World Total 7,182,406,565 360,985,492 3,035,749,340 42.30% 741.00% 100.00%
Table 2.1.4.13 World Internet Usage and Population Statistics 2014/2012
World Regions % of Internet Users Internet Penetration (% Users % of
population in (Dec. 31, 2012 Users Latest Population) Table
world regions Data 2014

Africa 15.67 4,514,400 297,885,898 26.50% 9.80%
Asia 55.64 114,304,000 1,386,188,112 34.70% 45.70%
Europe 11.50 105,096,093 582,441,059 70.50% 19.20%
Middle East 3.22 3,284,800 111,809,510 48.30% 3.70%
North America 4.93 108,096,800 310,322,257 87.70% 10.20%
Latin America/Caribbean 8.52 18,068,919 320,312,562 52.30% 10.50%
Oceania/Australia 0.52 7,620,480 26,789,942 72.90% 0.90%
World Total 100.00 360,985,492 3,035,749,340 42.30% 100.00%
Source: WORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS
June 30, 2012 [30]
According United Public Administration Country Studies (UNPACS) E-Government Region Data, the following
table 2.1.4.4 displays the overview of E-Government used index of Asia in 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014.
34
Table 2.1.4.14 E-Government Index Asia and Sub-regions (2008, 2010, 2012& 2014) [33]
Asia Average 2014 Average 2012 Average 2010 Average 2008

Eastern Asia 0.6424 0.6344 0.6470 0.6443
Central Asia 0.4708 0.4941 0.4239 0.3881
Southeastern Asia 0.4444 0.4793 0.4250 0.4290
Western Asia 0.5715 0.5547 0.4732 0.4857
Southern Asia 0.3442 0.3464 0.3248 0.3395
Source: unpan3.un.org/egovkb/en-us/data/region-information/id/3-Asia.
2.1.5 Current Status of e-Government in Nepal
Since the introduction to computer for the census in 1972, the country made an early start compared to the other
countries, including the establishment of organizations for computerization, in the 1980s and 1990s, Nepal slowed
down its momentum to push forward the advancement of the ICT industry.
Starting from the 2000s, the government instituted its first ICT policy and in 2003 organized the HLCIT to take
charge of National IT policies. In 2004, it promulgated the electronic transaction Act.
 1971 – IBM 1401 computer was introduced for the census.
 1974 – Establishment of the Electronic Data Processing Centre merged with the National Computer Centre
for promoting computer usage & computer literacy.
 1982 – First Private Overseas Investment in software development by Establishment Company for export,
Data Systems International (P) Ltd.
 1985 – Distribution of Personal Computers in Nepal.
 1990 – Liberalization on import of equipment.
 1992 – Establishment of Computer Association of Nepal (CAN).
 1996 – Establishment of the Ministry of Science & Technology.
 2000 – Announcement of the first IT policy, “IT Policy 2000”.
 2001 – Establishment of the National Information Technology Centre (NITC).
 2003 – Establishment of the High Level Commission of Information Technology (HLCIT).
 2004 – Enactment of the Electronic Transaction Act.
The first computer IBM 1401 was used in Nepal for the purpose of keeping a population census during 1971
named as the National Computer Centre. In the 1980s and 1990s, Nepal slowed down its momentum to push
forward the advancement of ICT industry (eGMP 2006.8). Starting from the 2000s, the government instituted its
35
first “ICT policy 2000” and in 2003 organized the HLCIT to take charge of National IT policies. In 2004, it
promulgated the electronic transaction Act. The following figure displayed the goal and strategies of e-
Government
Figure 2.1.5.1 Flow Diagram of Goal and Strategies of e-Government

Goal
Source: eGMP, e-Government Master Plan Consulting Report 2006.8 For Government of Nepal by KIPA, Page:
Visio
138 [32].
n
According eGMP 2006.8, by the goal and vision, the details of goals and strategies for laying the foundation were
also established. Moreover, projects to be executed through these strategies were also selected. Below are the details
of some proposed projects selected to determine priority projects and prepare for the establishment of e-
Government.
National Identification (NID) System, Government Representative Portal, Passport Registration System, E-Health,
E-vehicle, E-Driver License, E-Agriculture, E-Election, E-Pension, E-Customs, E-Procurement, Business
Registration and Approval Management System, E-Commerce, Recruitment and Employment Information System,
E-Patent, E-Tourism, E-Tax, Immigration Management System, E-Education, E-Land, E-Authentication,
Management Information System (MIS), E-Pollution, Knowledge Management System (KMC), GIS. Page: 139 –
164 [32].
2.1.6 Current Status of Network
The transmission networks in Nepal consist of backbone link, microwave radio network and optical fiber network,
very remote areas where it is difficult to establish Optical or Micro Radio network. Currently, there is a microwave
radio link between Nepal and Bangladesh. In case of optical fiber network, there is a ring shaped 2.5Gbps optical
fiber network in the Kathmandu Valley and a Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) optical link along the East-West
Highway though the west section of which is not completed yet. Also, an optical fiber network between Nepal and
India is an operation. There is a plan to deploy 10Gbps next generation SDH optical fiber backbone network. There
are some issues with radio network such as:
 Low quality and availability,
 Frequent trouble with link,

36
 Possible security issues near the border areas of China and India,
 Low capacity of links,
 Complicated radio frequency spectrum management due to limited resources,
 Lack of tools required for Radio Frequency optimization,
 Radio frequency design, high resolution digital maps (GIS),
 Link reallocation, etc.
However, the cost of implementing Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) radio network is too much for the
country.
In the context Human Resources of Nepal:

Numbers of PhD 10 -
Numbers of Master/Higher Level 400 1,500
Number of Bachelor/Mid-Level 3,500 10,000
Numbers of Intermediate/Low-Level 7,500 25,000
Total: 11410 36500 [34]
So, this number is very insufficient numbers of skilled human resources for the development of ICTs. All citizens are
facing lot of problems for the development of ICTs mainly information transformation to the:
• Citizens-to-Government (C2G)
• Government-to-Business (G2B)
• Citizens-to-Business (C2B)
• Citizens-to-Citizens (C2C)
• Business-to-Business (B2B)
• Government-to-Government (G2G) [34].
Table 2.1.6.15 E-Government Readiness Index of South Asia - SARC (includes 8 countries) [37]
Southern Asia 2010 2010 2012 2012 2008 2008 2005 2005
Index Rank Index Rank Index Rank Index Rank

Maldives 0.4392 92 0.4994 95 0.4491 95 0.4321 77
Sri Lanka 0.3995 111 0.4357 115 0.4244 101 0.3950 94
India 0.3567 119 0.3829 125 0.3814 113 0.4001 87
Pakistan 0.2755 146 0.2823 156 0.3160 131 0.2836 136
Bhutan 0.2598 152 0.2942 152 0.3074 134 0.2941 130
Bangladesh 0.3028 134 0.2991 150 0.2936 142 0.1762 162
Nepal 0.2568 153 0.2664 164 0.2725 150 0.3021 126
37
Afghanistan 0.2098 168 0.1701 184 0.2048 167 0.1490 168

Table 2.1.6.16 Web Measurement, Assessment, E-Participation Index & Internet Index – 2008, 2010 & 2012
(SARC) [37].
Southern Web Measurement, Assessment E-Participation Index Internet Index
Asia Index & Maintained Rank

2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012
Maldives 0.2943(6) 0.1619(8) 03268(6) 0.0227 0.0714 0.0263 0.075 NA NA
Sri Lanka 0.3946 (4) 0.2603(3) 0.3791(3) 0.0682 0.1429 0.0789 0.023 NA NA
India 0.4783 (1) 0.3683(1) 0.5359(1) 0.2500 0.2000 0.1842 0.061 NA NA
Pakistan 0.4247 (2) 0.2476(4) 0.3660(4) 0.0909 0.1714 0.1316 0.086 NA NA
Bhutan 0.4080 (3) 0.1873(6) 0.3529(5) 0.5000 0.0714 0.0263 0.035 NA NA
Bangladesh 0.3512 (5) 0.3556(2) 0.4444(2) 0.1364 0.0100 0.0789 0.003 NA NA
Nepal 0.2876 (7) 0.1783(7) 0.2876(7) 0.0227 0.0571 0.0263 0.010 NA NA
Afghanistan 0.2676 (8) 0.2317(5) 0.2353(8) 0.0455 0.0571 0.1316 0.019 NA NA
2.1.7 E-Government Ranked of South Asia Countries - 2008
Table 2.1.7.17 E-Government Ranked of South Asian Eight Countries
Southern Asia Ranked Rate 2008 Before 2008 Rating 2008 Before 2008
Maldives 106 74 29.6 29.0
Sri Lanka 118 96 28.0 28.0
India 47 77 34.2 28.0
Pakistan 135 72 27.7 29.1
Bhutan 30 39 36.0 32.0
Bangladesh 155 86 24.7 28.0
Nepal 106 60 29.6 30.3
Afghanistan 142 107 26.7 26.7
Source: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Public Administration and Development
Management United Nations e-Government Survey 2008, From E-Government to Connected Governance, United
Nations New York – 2008 [36].
2.1.8 E-Government Development, E-Participation and Human Capital Index of 2010 and 2012
Table 2.1.8.A Index of E-Government, E-Participation & Human Capital – 2010 & 2012
Southern E-Participation E-Government Human Capital SAARC/World SAARC Online
Asia Index Index Index Ranked of E- Service Index and
Government World Ranked

2010 2012 2010 2012 2010 2012 2010 2012 2010 2012
Maldives 0.0714 0.0263 0.4392 0.4994 0.8754 0.8114 1 (92) 95(1) 0.1619 (127) 0.3268
Sri Lanka 0.1429 0.0789 0.3995 0.4357 0.8342 0.7357 2 (111) 115(2) 0.2603 (97) 0.3791
India 0.2000 0.1842 0.3567 0.3829 0.6432 0.5025 3 (119) 125(3) 0.3683 (55) 0.5359
Pakistan 0.1714 0.1316 0.2755 0.2823 0.5025 0.3572 5 (146) 156(6) 0.2476 (100) 0.3660
Bhutan 0.0714 0.0263 0.2598 0.2942 0.5324 0.4153 6 (152) 152(5) 0.1873 (114) 0.3529
Bangladesh 0.0100 0.0789 0.3028 0.2991 0.5182 0.3889 4 (134) 150(4) 0.3556 (60) 0.4444
Nepal 0.0571 0.0263 0.2568 0.2664 0.582 0.4521 7 (153) 164(7) 0.1683 (125) 0.2876
Afghanistan 0.0571 0.1316 0.2089 0.1701 0.3641 0.2178 8 (168) 184(8) 0.2317 (106) 0.2353
Source: United Nations E-Government Development Knowledge Base, http://www.unpan.org/egovkb [37].
38
Table 2.1.8.B Index EGDI, OSI, HCI, TII, EPI, Internet User, World and SAARC Rank (2014)
Country OSI HCI TII EPI EGDI Internet Mobile Tel. World EPI OSI SAARC
Users Subscriber Subscriber Rank Rank World Rank
% /100 /100 Rank
inhabitants inhabitants
Afghanistan 0.1811 0.2418 0.1472 0.1373 0.1900 5.45 60.35 0.05 173 152 173 8
Bangladesh 0.3465 0.3866 0.0941 0.3992 0.2757 6.30 62.82 0.62 148 84 148 5
Bhutan 0.2441 0.4210 0.1755 0.3529 0.2829 25.43 75.61 3.64 143 92 143 4
India 0.5433 0.4698 0.1372 0.6275 0.3834 12.58 69.92 2.51 118 40 118 3
Maldives 0.3622 0.6865 0.3952 0.2745 0.4813 38.93 165.63 6.84 94 117 94 2
Nepal 0.1575 0.3774 0.1684 0.2941 0.2344 11.15 59.62 3.08 165 110 165 7
Pakistan 0.3228 0.3337 0.1174 0.3333 0.2580 9.96 67.06 3.24 158 97 158 6
Srilanka 0.6535 0.7376 0.2341 0.6471 0.5418 18.29 96.33 16.35 74 33 74 1
Source: United Nations E-Government Development Knowledge Base, http://www.unpan.org/egovkb [37].
2.1.9 Infrastructure Data of South Asian Countries (SAARC) - 2008
Table 2.1.9.18 Infrastructure Data – 2008 (SARC Region Countries)
Southern Asia Internet Per PC Per 100 Cellular Subscribers Main Telephone Line Broadband Per
100 users Users Per 100 Users Per 100 Users 100 Users
Maldives 6.64 14.86 87.88 10.88 1.57
Sri Lanka 2.05 3.54 25.88 9.01 0.14
India 5.44 1.54 14.83 3.64 0.21
Pakistan 7.64 0.52 21.98 3.34 0.04
Bhutan 3.09 1.60 4.67 4.04 NA
Bangladesh 0.31 2.42 13.25 0.79 0.00
Nepal 0.90 0.49 3.76 2.15 0.00
Afghanistan 1.72 0.32 8.11 0.53 0.00
Average 3.47375 3.16125 10.045 4.2975 0.245
Management United Nations e-Government Survey 2008, From E-Government to Connected Governance, United
Nations New York – 2008 [36].
According Global E-Government Survey 2010, in the E-Government Development Index South Korea is in the first
rank in the world which is in Asia. The index is 0.8785 and South Korea is also in the first rank in E-Participation
Index in the World. The participation index is 1.0000. So, the major factors of successes of E-Government in South
Korea are strong infrastructure, leadership, ICT Acts and awareness of citizens of South Korea.
39
2.1.10 E-Readiness
The E-Readiness Index is a tool to measure the capacity of a population to use ICTs by looking at how many people
have the necessary skills and by identifying how they are currently used. By the help of e-readiness analysis,
countries should be able to focus on the interventions needed to establish a basic platform on which e-government
initiatives will develop and evolve. There are some common elements that countries have to address with care can
be referenced to the same areas identified in the e-readiness analysis. They are: Political conditions and leadership,
Regulatory frameworks, Organizational conditions, Human resources, financial resources, Communication,
Technological conditions, Data requirements [6].
The following table 2.1.10.1 clearly displayed the overall conditions of e-readiness in the world, the e-readiness
index of Asian and Sub-Regions and South Asia. Europe is in the top rank in e-Readiness from 2005 to 2008.
Table 2.1.10.19 E-Government Readiness Index (world) 2005 and 2008
World Region 2008 2008 Rank 2005 2005 Rank

Africa 1.4815 4 1.4147 4
Asia 2.2866 2 2.2463 2
N. America/ S. America (Latin) 2.2564 3 2.2172 3
Europe 2.7381 1 2.4209 1
Oceania/ Australia 0.4338 5 0.2888 5
Source: Internet World Stats, Usage and Population Statistics 2010.
The following e-Readiness table 2.1.10.2 shows the Eastern Asia consists in first position. But Southern Asia is in
fourth position which is shown the following table 2.1.10.2. So, South Asian countries have very low rates in e-
Readiness. In south Asia Nepal’s position is in 8 among 9 countries. Afghanistan consists in 9 positions, which is
shown in table 2.1.10.3.
Table 2.1.10.20 E-Government Readiness Index (Asia and Sub Regions) 2005 & 2008
Asia 2008 2008 Rank 2005 2005 Rank

Eastern Asia 0.6443 1 0.6392 1
Central Asia 0.3881 4 0.4173 4
Southeastern Asia 0.4290 3 0.4388 2
Western Asia 0.4857 2 0.4384 3
Southern Asia 0.3395 5 0.3126 5
Source: UN E-GOVERNMENT SURVEY 2008
Table 2.1.10.21 E-Government Readiness for Southern Asia
Southern Asia 2008 2008 Rank 2005 2005 Rank

Maldives 0.4491 95 0.4321 77
Sri Lanka 0.4244 101 0.3950 94
Iran 0.4067 108 0.3813 98
India 0.3814 113 0.4001 87
40
Pakistan 0.3160 131 0.2836 136

Bhutan 0.3074 134 0.2941 130
Bangladesh 0.2936 142 0.1762 162
Nepal 0.2725 150 0.3021 126
Afghanistan 0.2048 167 0.1490 168
Management, UN E-GOVERNMENT SURVEY 2008, From E-Government to connected Governance, United
Nations, New York 2008.
2.1.11 Measurements Tools for E-Readiness of E-Government:
The E-Readiness measurements are divided into five categories:
1. Infrastructures
2. Access
3. Applications and Services
4. Economy; and
5. Enablers (policy, privacy, security)
41
Figure 2.1.11.2 Measurement for E-Readiness [31]
42
Source: E-GOVERNMENT TOOLKIT for DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, UNESCO 2005.
2.1.12 Objective of e-Government of Nepal Government:
According to eGMP e-Government provides many opportunities to improve the quality of services to the citizen. An
effective strategy will result in significant improvements in the federal government, which includes the following
goals.
 Simplifying the delivery of services to citizens
 Eliminating layers of government management
 Making it possible for citizens, businesses, other levels of government and federal employees to easily find
information and get services from the federal government
 Simplifying agencies’ business processes and reducing costs through integrating and eliminating redundant
systems
 Enabling achievement of the other elements of the President’s Management Agenda
 Streamlining government operations to guarantee a rapid response to citizen needs [34].
2.1.13 Infrastructure for e-Government in Nepal:
According to eGMP 2006.8, the following infrastructure is needed for e-Government implementation and
development. Those are: 1. Enterprise Architecture (EA) – Asian Development Bank (ADB), 2. Communication
Network (CN) – Asian Development Bank (ADB) with $25 million, 3. Government Integrated Data Centre (GIDC)
– KOICA /ADB – completed & utilized at present with $ 30 million and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) – Nepal
Government with $ 9 million.
2.1.14 ICT Workforce Current Status:
According to eGMP - 2006.8, in the current status the distribution of the workforce has been heavily skewed in
Kathmandu Valley with 69% of ICT workforce. 29% of the total IT workforce is operational, IT lectures, including
trainers and instructors comprise 28% of the total IT workforce, 63% of the workforce works at private and
professional organizations, 14% at NGOs and 11% in the government. The following table 2.1.14.1displayed the
overall scenario of Human Resource. The following table 2.1.14.1 has shown the status of the ICTs Human
Resource Condition of Nepal.
43
Table 2.1.14.22 Human Resources of Nepal

Number of Ph. D. 10 -
Number of Master/Higher Level 400 1500
Number of Bachelor/Mid Level 3500 10000
Numbers of Intermediate/Low Level 7500 25000
Total 11410 36500
Source: eGMP 2006.8 [34]
2.1.15 E-Government Readiness of South Asia - SARC (includes 8 countries):
Table 2.1.15.23 E-Government Readiness & Ranks of South Asia – SAARC Countries
Southern Asia 2008 2005 2008 2005 SAARC SAARC Rank
Rank Rank Rank 2005 2008

Maldives 0.4491 0.4321 95 77 1 1
Sri Lanka 0.4244 0.3950 101 94 3 2
India 0.3814 0.4001 113 87 2 3
Pakistan 0.3160 0.2836 131 136 6 4
Bhutan 0.3074 0.2941 134 130 5 5
Bangladesh 0.2936 0.1762 142 162 7 6
Nepal 0.2725 0.3021 150 126 4 7
Afghanistan 0.2048 0.1490 167 168 8 8
Source: United Nation e-Government Survey 2008
Table 2.1.15.24 Web Measurement, Assessment, E-Participation, Internet, Online Service, Human Capital &
E-Government Index & Literacy Rate 2008 - 2010 (SAARC Countries)
Southern Web E-Participation Internet Online Service Human Capital Government Literacy
Asia Measurement, Index Index Index Index Index Rate %
Assessment/Rank
2008
2010
2008
2010
2008
2010
2008
2010
2008
2010
2008
2010
2008
2010
Maldives 0.2943 (6) NA 0.0227 0.0714 0.0750 NA 0.0550 0.1619 0.8617 0.8754 NA 0.439 96 97
Sri Lanka 0.3946 (4) NA 0.0682 0.1429 0.0230 NA 0.0888 0.2603 0.8137 0.8342 NA 0.4 91 91
India 0.4783 (1) NA 0.2500 0.2000 0.0610 NA 0.1252 0.3683 0.6195 0.6432 NA 0.357 61 66
Pakistan 0.4247 (2) NA 0.0909 0.1714 0.0860 NA 0.0842 0.2476 0.4659 0.5025 NA 0.276 50 54
Bhutan 0.4080 (3) NA 0.5000 0.0714 0.0350 NA 0.0637 0.1873 0.4000 0.5324 NA 0.26 47 53
Bangladesh 0.3512 (5) NA 0.1364 0.1000 0.0030 NA 0.1209 0.3556 0.5033 0.5182 NA 0.303 48 54
44
Nepal 0.2876 (7) NA 0.0227 0.0571 0.0100 NA 0.0572 0.1683 0.5176 0.5820 NA 0.257 49 57
Afghanistan 0.2676 (8) NA 0.0455 0.0571 0.0190 NA 0.0788 0.2317 0.3293 0.3641 NA 0.209 28 28
Source: United Nation e-Government Survey 2008/UN Global Survey 2010
2.1.16 E-Government Ranked of South Asia Countries (SAARC)
Table 2.1.16.25 E-Government & Online Service Ranked of South Asian Eight (SAARC) Countries 2008 -
2010
Southern Asia Ranked Rate Before Rating Before E-Government Online Service
2008 2008 2008 2008

Rank 2010 Rank 2010
WORLD SAARC WORLD SAARC
Maldives 106 74 29.6 29.0 92 1 127 8
Sri Lanka 118 96 28.0 28.0 111 2 97 3
India 47 77 34.2 28.0 119 3 55 1
Pakistan 135 72 27.7 29.1 146 5 100 4
Bhutan 30 39 36.0 32.0 152 6 114 6
Bangladesh 155 86 24.7 28.0 134 4 60 2
Nepal 106 60 29.6 30.3 153 7 125 7
Afghanistan 142 107 26.7 26.7 168 8 106 5
Source: United Nation e-Government Survey 2008 [36]/ UN Global Survey 2010
Table 2.1.16.26 Infrastructure Index and its components of SAARC Countries 2008, 2010 & 2012
Southern Internet users Per PC users Per 100 Mobile Subscribers Main Telephone Line Broadband Per 100 Infrastructure Index
Asia 100 Inhabitants Inhabitants Per 100 Inhabitants users Per 100 Inhabitants
Inhabitants
2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012
Maldives 6.6 23.5 28.3 14.9 20.2 NA 87.9 142.8 156.5 10.9 15.4 15.2 1.6 5.2 4.9 0.1959 0.2886 0.3599
Sri Lanka 2.1 5.7 12.0 3.5 3.8 NA 25.9 55.2 83.2 9.0 17.2 17.2 0.1 0.5 1.0 0.0656 0.1081 0.1922
India 5.4 7.0 7.5 1.5 3.2 NA 14.8 29.4 61.4 3.6 3.2 2.9 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.0435 0.0583 0.1102
Pakistan 7.6 10.5 16.8 0.5 0.4 NA 22.0 49.7 59.2 3.3 2.5 2.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0540 0.0771 0.1239
Bhutan 3.1 5.8 13.6 1.6 2.5 NA 4.7 36.6 54.3 4.0 4.0 3.6 NA 0.3 1.2 0.0244 0.0619 0.1143
Bangladesh 0.3 0.3 3.7 2.4 2.3 NA 13.3 27.9 46.2 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0246 0.0330 0.0641
Nepal 0.9 1.4 6.8 0.5 0.5 NA 3.8 14.6 30.7 2.2 2.8 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0119 0.0227 0.0597
Afghanistan 1.7 1.9 4.0 0.3 0.4 NA 8.1 29.0 41.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0158 0.0328 0.0573
Average 3.5 7.0 11.6 3.2 4.2 0.0 10.0 48.2 66.6 4.3 5.8 5.6 0.2 0.8 1.1
Source: United Nations e-Government Survey 2008/UN Global Survey 2010 [40]
According Global E-Government Survey 2010, in the E-Government Development Index South Korea is in the first
rank in the world which is in Asia. The index is 0.8785 and South Korea is also in the first rank in E-Participation
Index in the World. The participation index is 1.0000.
2.1.17 Tele-center
Telecentre is a necessary medium of e-Government System to provide services and information exchange from top
to bottom (central level to ward level). There are no proper (strong) policies and guidelines with government and
45
other concerned authorities (NTC) to run the table-center network around the country and carry out the ICT
education programs and information transformation in rural area development. The main aim of Tele-Centre is to
provide the following services to the citizens and others: Access to Telephone & Faxes, Access to email, Access to
the Internet, Documentation, Scanning & Printing, Video Conferences Call, Education of Information Skills, Other
Information Services.
According to eGMP 2006.8 [Page: 83 & 166], e-Government Master Plan Consulting Report 2006.8, Tele-center is
created to reduce the digital device divide in the rural area. Currently there are 22 Tele-center operated by Nepal
Government and 50 – 60 operated by NGOs. Tele-Centre provides the internet and government services to rural
population. Those who want to use Tele-centered in rural areas should pay about NRs. 25 – 30 at most. [eGMP
2006.8 Page: 83 and 166]
GIDC provides e-Government service model to central governments, government agencies, and Local Government.
GIDC also helps to improve security by introducing security fortified e-mail application, implementing an e-mail
system in the data center & connecting with appropriate security systems, such as firewalls and IDS. [eGMP 2006.8,
Page: 233]. As stated by Dr. Subarna Shakya, GIDC is constructed as a high grade data center at a national to be
used by all entities of the government. Its role is to provide service like data storage, sharing computing resources,
email, internet and website hosting, which are the general functions of any data center, to all government ministries
& departments [59].
2.1.18 Success Factors of e-Government
According to Toshio OBI there are four indicators available for the promotion of e-Government.
1. Priority of e-Government planning and strategy
2. Promotion activities
3. Legal framework
4. Evaluation system [49]
2.1.19 Business Process Support
According to Tatyana Podgayetskaya and Wolffried Stucky, the constructions of architecture and a model of
Business Process Support (BPS) systems for e-Government organizational boundaries by using legacy Information
and Communication Technologies (ICT) infrastructure have already existed within the business organizations. The
proposed and illustrated system consists of three main IT components: a workflow system for administration and
46
control of information flows; web services, enabling data transfer between computers and a web server controlling
all applications for communication with all users in each organization. There is involvement of workflow Enactment
server which consists of two nodes: the Rule Base Collection and the Workflow Engine and it consist of two
components A and B for process execution and control. The ultimate goal of this system is to integrate different
business processes and related activities of organization with e-Government system in order to improve government-
citizen interactions through an infrastructure built around the “Life Experience” of citizens [50]. The Legacy IT
infrastructure of an enterprise and suggested that how we can utilize existing legacy infrastructures in e-Government
to support BPS for greater benefits and resource utilization. Enterprise IT Architecture consists of Information
Architecture, Business System Architecture, Technical Architecture and Application Architecture. And Authors
mentioned some typical scenario of cross-organizational interaction of public administration offices and referred to
as Government-to-Government (G2G) which is derived from Business-to-Business (B2B). And conducted some
study about infrastructure analysis for e-Government organizations to cope and provide broaden the way for BPS.
Likewise, the architecture of BPS and its supporting databases including central database which required to store all
the business processing transactions during its operations[50]. The main development goal of BPS system is to adapt
current technologies to business processes. Another part that the structures of the scenarios object model and
analysis is made about the functionality of middleware architecture which is essential for BPS. The proposed
architecture is prototypically implemented using J2EE technologies and Communication between components of the
workflow Enactment Service is executed with Remote Method Invocation (RMI); AXIS toolkit is used for web
service implementation [50].
Hilary Mullen & David Sanford Horner state New ethical issues are arising that are bounded up with virtual
behavior and virtual society. The failure to develop proper ethics for such virtual society may affect the successful
implementation of e-Government. A lack of well understood rules, trust and digital divide that arises with e-business
may also arise with e-Government. The field of computer ethics provides valuable approaches to the ‘policy
vacuum’. And trust and equity in particular may be fundamentally threatened by the rapid growth of the e-business
and may create difficulties for the implementation of e-Government and proposed a framework to evaluate the
ethical issues that may be new and specific to ICT. The proposed framework considers four issues: Related,
Dependent, Determined and Specific issues [51].
The spirit of informationalism considers the new society and a new foundation for social life in general, but
particularly for business and e-commerce. A network society is a combined society of various but there is no stable
47
culture or behavior. The lack of stability is created by the multiplicity of subjects in the network combined with the
very diversity of the network. Some ethical issues are raised due to their context of use in the electronic
environment. One of the challenges is how to identify the similarities and difference between actions in analogue
and digital environments [36]. Consideration should also be given in how they are similar to or different from our
understanding of moral language and relationship. They have stated that there are some ethical and policy issues in
e-Government. Again, the problems of trust gives raise a number of electronic environments; the lack of trust in the
online commercial transaction has been identified as a barrier between the physical society and adoption of e-
commerce and e-business. Due to the digital divide an important ethical issue of social justice arises. The E -
Government believes that IT is a means of transparency and openness and medium for limiting corruption and fraud.
There are many issues arisen regarding digital democracy. There are four types of ethical issues in electronic
environments (e-Government) and the framework given may be helpful in clarifying appropriate policy responses to
the problems occurring in electronic environments [36].
2.1.20 Module or Elements of e-Government Implementation Program in Nepal
In the context of Nepal from 2006, e-Government has initiated in the country at National and District level to
provide services to citizens. E-Government Master Plan (eGMP) has been already prepared for the implementation
of the e - Government System in the country. But it could not success till now. So, if the Government wants to
develop and implement successful in e-Government System within the country, it is needed of taking a holistic view
towards the entire e-Government initiative across the country.
In the context of Nepal, if an e - Government program implement effectively in the country, the following are the
elements which should follow to achieve success in this program.
Element 01: Awareness:
Each and every success depends on people’s awareness. Hence the success of e-Government implantation program
depends on the awareness. It is very big problems in Nepal. Because Literacy rate of country is very low. Many
percentages of the peoples do not know about the Information Communication Technology (Computers). So, it
should come up in priorities. e-Government cannot achieve successful results without awareness in this program.
Element 02: Communication:
48
Communication is another element of e-Government implementation program, which the government can,
disseminate the information about the government program, plan and services to the citizens, and it helps to increase
the economic status of citizens. So, communication elements play major roles for information and necessary services
exchanges at National, District level to citizen level. Establishment of the communication network is the most
important foundation for efficient implementation of the e-Government, which includes established national
administrative network is needed for informatization of regional administration.
Element 03: Assessment:
For the implementation and development of e-Government, need to do a robust assessment strategy for the existing
systems which is sufficient or not to implement and development of the e - Government System. And assessment
strategy is necessary to develop and implement the e-Government System. It is the first step of the program.
Element 04: Ability (Capacity) Building:
Ability or Capacity building is team building, which provides leadership and working capacity for the development
and implementation of the e - Government System. In the context of Nepal it is very big issues because there is no
leadership that includes vision and policy formulation, preparing roadmaps, prioritization, preparing capacity
management for the development and implementation of the e - Government System. This element creates the
dynamic personnel, that personnel can provide strong leadership and vision.
Element 05: General / Public Service Centre (G/PSC):
G/PSC is a scheme which is a prominent part of e-Government implementation program. The G / PSC scheme
provides a specific support to e-Government Implementation program where includes identification of the core steps
of the G / PSC system; Frame problems, agendas which is related to application software, legal instruments of the
system and important or essential backend for G/PSC etc.
Element 06: Technical Infrastructure:
The technical Infrastructure element provides Technical infrastructure support to System implementer that
implements the e-Government system efficiently. Each and every component of e-Government needs technical
infrastructure to implement the system. In the context of Nepal there is no strong infrastructure however
infrastructure is a major success factor of e-Government implementation. In the comparison of world ranking
infrastructure index, Nepal is very poor. If this program has to be successfully implemented, the following
infrastructures are needed for development and implementation of e-Government in the country. Those are:
49
Communication Infrastructure, Computer Infrastructure, Data Centre Infrastructure (GIDC already developed to
fulfill this purpose. It is a great achievement for e-Government Implementation), E-Government Architecture,
Infrastructure, Framework (need to define the set of the specification to facilitate the Government System). Without
infrastructures e-Government cannot be implemented. So, we should think about the infrastructure. We can learn lot
of system about e-Government from South Korea. Now South Korea is successes to reach first in the world ranking
according to UN Survey Report. They have implemented what they had done in their plan. The prime reasons of
their successes are at: committed to the work, political stability, right expert in the right place and government’s also
citizen’s dedication.
Element 07: Monitoring, Supervision and Evaluation:
Once a new e-Government system has been implemented, an immediate evaluation can be carried out to see
“whether it is operating”, and “whether it is operating as intended. Monitoring and Evaluation can continue some
months to investigate how the system is used and for what; when and how much it is used; why it is used; what
problem there are with us; and what users’ opinions are about it. This may lead to an initial evaluation report,
covering that the mentioned objectives achieved or not. And also give the suggestion about changes of existing
systems in the future. Again, it reflects on the process of e-Government introduction, suggestion, how the process
would be done the same or differently next time round. So, the program management Monitoring, Supervision and
Evaluation Unit have done this job. This Unit for National e-Government program develops a comprehensive MIS at
the program level and track the physical and financial progress of various projects. So, in the context of Nepal has
not mentioned in eGMP.
Element 08: Financial and Project Appraisal:
This part of the e - Government Program identifies the resources to provide assistance in e-Government project
conceptualization, development and implementation to various implementation agencies. In the context of Nepal
sufficient financial resources and technical resources are provided by the Korean Government and Asian
Development Bank for this program. However it cannot be utilized properly. 55 million US$ supported by ADB and
Korean Government (KIPA). e-Government Master Plan (eGMP) has already been prepared in 2006. Yet, it has not
been implemented.
Element 09: Research and Development:

50
Research is a major part of the development of e-Government in the country. Research is a necessary step in the
development and implementation of e-Government. In the e-Government program there is a Research and
Development team which provides consultancy and research inputs in the area of e-Governance Technical Standards
including interoperability standards e-Government Enterprise architecture frameworks, information security and
reliability etc. In the context of Nepal e-Government development and implementation vision, success factors,
objective are there but there in no Research and Development Unit establish for the development and
implementation of e-Government program in the Country [25].
For the dissemination of information and communication is an effective ICT technology used in citizen level. In the
context of Nepal ICT are using since 1971 to till date for the census. According to eGMP 2006.8, it is starting from
the 2000s in the government sector. Slowly, ICT is used in the public sector also. ICTs plays major role in the
dissemination of information. Internet and online service are the major part of exchanging the information from top
to bottom level. So, for the development aspect, electronic government is the strongest way of information
exchange. It is the best solution for providing the information to the citizens, business, government etc.
According to eGMP 2006.8, “the transmission networks in Nepal consist of backbone link, microwave radio
network and optical fiber network, though most of them lack incapacity. So, satellite network is preferred to linking
geographically difficult terrain and very remote areas where it is difficult to establish optical Fiber or Micro Radio
Network”. e-Government is a powerful tool to provide different types of information from top to bottom level. So, e-
Government is a most important part of the development.
According to eGMP 2006.8, stated vision and mission, the e-Government vision is ‘The Value Networking Nepal’
through citizen-centered services, transparent service, networked government and Knowledge based society. The e-
Government mission is ‘ improving the quality of people’s life without any discrimination, transcending regional
and racial differences, and realize socioeconomic development by building a transparent government and providing
value added quality services through ICT. The stated vision and mission is very good, but it has not implemented till
now. In the future image of Nepal e-Government, when the vision and mission for e-Government are achieved, is a
good government that provides administrative services to its people through various channels, improving the
convenience of the people. But within 6 year period the Nepal Government could not achieve any kinds of progress
in the implementation of e-Government according to eGMP 2006.8. e-Government Master Plan has mentioned
seven different priorities project plan on the basis of portfolio analysis that is very effective and strong project plan
like Government Representative Portal, Groupware, Enterprise Architecture, GIDC, National Identification (NID),
51
e-Education and Communication Network. eGMP 2006.8 have been prepared for the development of e0Government
choosing priority projects which were built groupware system for Government, Government Portal, National
Identification, e-education, Communication and Network, Enterprise Architecture, Integrated Data Centre (GIDC).
Nepal Government has prepared a rich Master Plan with the help of the Korean Government, KIPA. The eGMP
2006.8 have prepared in 2006, but it has not implemented till now (nothing happened). It means e-Government
Master Plan 2006 still it has not passed by the Nepal Assembly for the development and implementation of e-
Government.
Vision:
In general, a vision can be defined as a comprehensive concept describing images of a business success. In other
words, it is the future target image that wants to achieve in five years through the e-Government. In five years, all
the Government agencies in Nepal would be interconnected via networks and Nepal will provide citizen-centric and
transparent services for its people. Through this, it will establish the knowledge-based society. Ultimately, Nepal
will maximize the use of ICT to create value for individuals, organizations, industries and all other parts of society,
and create synergy effects through networking. In this respect, the vision statement for the Nepali e-Government is
defined as follows. The e-Government vision is “The Value Networking Nepal” Through:
 Citizen-centered Service
 Transparent Service
 Networked Government
 Knowledge Based Society (Source: eGMP 2006.8., Page 130)
Mission: Improve the quantity of people’s life without any discrimination, and realize socioeconomic development
by building a transparent government and providing value added quality services through ICT. (Source: eGMP
2006.8, Page 182).
According to eGMP 2006.8, vision and mission for e-Government, that the Government provides administrative
services to its people through various channels, improving the convenience of the people and have mentioned
knowledge based society in future image which shows the following figure.
According to vision and mission, eGMP prepared goal and strategies by building value networking Nepal which is
the goal of e-Government. Nepal Government is using state-of-the-art ICT as the infrastructure, improving national
ICT resources which are:
52
 Favorable ICT-based faculty.
 National standard.
 ICT literacy and Human Resource Development.
 Law and Regulation.
 Organization.
According to eGMP vision can achieve the following three parts – for improving citizen’s convenience, for
facilitating business activity and for efficient administration. The e-Government Master Plan select 29 projects
details to determine priority projects and prepared for the establishment of e-Government.
Condition: e-GMP 2006.8 also prepared an action plan for seven different activities like:
1. Government Representative Portal (GRP)
2. Groupware (GW)
3. Enterprise Architecture (EA)
4. Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC)
5. National Identification (NID)
6. e-Education
7. Communication Network. (Source: eGMP 2006.8, Page 215)
1. Government Representative Portal(GRP)
Through the GRP, information on administrative services can be shared with citizens, such as providing introduction
to all civil services, making it possible to make an application for administrative services and inquire the entire civil
application field. It reduces the citizen’s need to visit administrative agencies and worked loads of civil application
division in government agencies and improves the quality of life for the people.
But it has not implemented till now, GIDC is already developed, but cannot be implemented. Because,
 No administrative information service only some government office have a website, but not updated
promptly.
 No electronic process and procedure of civil petition service.
 No system interface design and development for information, providing as an interface provider.
53
 No proper and effective management infrastructure, the traditional means manual system is used till
now. Some have the infrastructure, but have not maintained and updated. The government has not law
and regulation of electronic civil petition service.
2. Groupware (GW)
It is very useful to handle processes via e-bulletin, e-approval system work to be done very fast. By providing
functions such co-working staff, information sharing, email and schedule management. The fact is this activity has
not implemented:
 Poor information exchange system.
 Poor information sharing system.
 Poor workflow management system.
 Poor data management (manual work).
3. Enterprise Architecture (EA)
Enterprise Architecture provides a unified information standard at the Government level by defining services and
work procedures of each agency and the relationship between current conditions of ICT and future tasks. It insures
information sharing within the administration, standardizes processes, and establishes ICT governance by
developing link information among architectures and building Enterprise Architecture Management System (EAMS)
which manages ICT resource information.
But, in the context of Nepal, every kind of ICT related Enterprise Architecture exists in conceptual image; cannot
happen anything. It is written only in eGMP report no such type of architecture prepared. Nepal Government has not
implemented EA to improve the ICT to used in e-Government, business processes of government agencies are not
linked together, administrative services for citizens are delayed due to complicated or overlapping procedures,
causing inefficiency, difficult to share major information among government agencies and departments (G2G), lack
of capacity to systematically store and control the standardized information that can be used across the government,
government business is systemized. The main reason may be architecture design not done properly.
4. Government Integrated Data Centre (GIDC)
Government Integrated Data Centre (GIDC) is needed to provide e-Government service model to central
government departments, government agencies and local government. It helps to build an environment to
disseminate data with security. So, GIDC helps to improve security by introducing security fortified e-mail
54
application, implementing an e-mail system in the data center and connecting with the appropriate security system,
such as firewalls and IDS (Intrusion Detection System). Yet GIDC has not been implemented till now. There is a big
gap between business, citizen and government. Because, the Government cannot invites to other agencies for
domain establishment.
5. National Identification (NID)
NID system should be designed to develop basic personal database of the citizens and provide personal
identification with ID cards.
The government clearly mentions for the adoption about the infrastructure. eGMP stated in two way that are:
1. Access Point
2. Standardization [34]
2.1.21 Introduction to Nepal
Nepal is a least developing country. According to United Nation World Human Development Report – 2009, [7]
Nepal is in 144th position in the World development. So, Nepal would broadly utilize the ICT to solidify economic
development, strengthen democratic norms and values improve the quality of life, and thus reduce poverty of the
country (human development). By the help of the e - government system, provides administrative services in a
prompt and convenient manner to their people and seek to enhance their national competitiveness. Government of
Developing countries attempts to provide a better quality of life in their day-to-day activities to the citizens with the
help of proper ICTs.
As stated by the Central Bureau of Statistics - 2008, the country is divided, administratively, into 5 development
regions and 75 districts. 3915 Village Development Committees (VDC) and 58 Municipalities are the lower
administrative units in each district. Ecologically, Nepal is divided into three regions called the Mountain region,
Hilly region, and the Terai region. Nepal is a landlocked and underdeveloped country with 28.56 million people
[54].
55
2.1.22 Software Architecture
Software architecture refers to the high-level organizational structure of a software system. A well planned, secure
and flexible e-government platform is necessary for governments to meet the growing demands for services
delivered via the internet and future delivery channels. Building a common architecture for e-Government requires
secure and trusted interoperable systems that will adopt an existing internet and world wide standards for all
government agencies, at all levels.
So, this is a pragmatic approach that reduces costs and risks of operating information technology systems while
keeping the public sector in step with the global Internet revolution. The Idea of an interoperable system within one
government means that agencies can easily “talk-to-one another, ” whether by sending email or exchanging
information – without any technical problems that hinder the smooth operation of Government [34].
In Nepal till now, any government and non-government agencies has not follow the software architecture. So, they
could not implement their program efficiently and effectively. Similarly, in e-Government system development they
have not applied software structure, because of which implementation may be filed. So, In Nepal e-Government
Enterprise Architecture is the one of the important problems also. Because, there is necessarily a reliable
architecture which can supports to e-Government goals along with the quality properties. But, that has not been
mentioned in eGMP 2006.8. If Government wants to make the e - Government System very strong, the government
should have followed the five steps:
1. Develop and Design (Software/Hardware Architecture)
2. Conduct e-Readiness Assessment.
3. Identify realistic goals.
4. Get the bureaucracy to by – in and develop a change management strategy.
5. Build public-private partnerships.
Again, Digital divide affects the successful implementation of e-Government. Because, the digital divide refers to
the gap between individuals, households, businesses and geographic areas at different socioeconomic levels with
regard both to their opportunities to access information and communications technologies (ICTs) & to their use of
the internet for a wide variety of activities.
In the context of Nepal’s e-Government implementation, there are some missing elements in the eGMP, which may
lead to the successful e-Government Development and implementation in Nepal. So, it is necessary to evaluate and
56
update of eGMP 2006.8. There should be established good coordination between organizations to make serious,
committed environment, to help implement e-Government application successfully and should develop long term
Human Resource Development (HRD) plan for it. And conduct training & awareness of e-Government
Implementation. So, the problem of e-Government implementation is a lack of study of e-Government
Implementation [34].
Nepal’s Position on E-Participation, Internet Users, Telephone Users & Mobile Subscribers and Online
Service Index and E-Readiness:
In overall situation Nepal is in low list as stated in section 2 Table 2.1.15.2 has shown, the E-participation Index of
SAARC countries. According to Table 2.1.15.2 Nepal is in 7 th position in E-Participation among 8 SAARC
countries. Its index is 0.0571 same indexes with Afghanistan E-Participation index. India is in 1 st position which
index is 0.2000. Likewise, Nepal is in 7 th position in internet users, only 1.41 users per 100 inhabitants. It is very
low internet user range, India has 6.95, and it may be low according to India’s populations. Afghanistan is in a high
internet position (1.90) than Nepal. Still, Afghanistan is facing a lot of problems (like civil war) till now. If
compared to that situation, Afghanistan must be in a low position. Likewise, in the comparison of Telephone line
distribution, according to populations, Maldives is in 1 st position (15.38), Sri Lanka is in 2 nd position (17.18), Bhutan
is in 3rd position (4.00) and India is in 4th position (3.21) but Nepal still is in 5th position in Telephone Line
distribution per 100 inhabitants, yet according to geographical set up it is not bad distribution, but are not properly
utilized. Nepal Government is already distributed Telephone in 75 districts’ 3915 Village Development Committee
(VDC) at least one Telephone in One VDC. But in a comparison of SAARC countries Nepal is in 5 th rank, only 2.79
users per 100 inhabitants are using the telephone. About Mobile subscribers 14.58 per 100 inhabitants in 2010, but it
was very low in 2008 (3.76). Nepal Government cannot establish good ranks in the SAARC Countries. So, Nepal
has not been taken good position in SAARC region. If compared it with Afghanistan is in very high ranked, 29.36
per 100 inhabitants. Likewise, according to online service component's index value, Nepal is in 7 th ranked, it has a
0.1683 in 2010 index value in SAARC countries. About Literacy rate 56.5% (2010) literacy is here in Nepal in total
population. The Literacy rates are 61% in India, 49.9% in Pakistan, 90.7% in Sri Lanka. Literacy rate is good in
Nepal than Pakistan and Bangladesh. But e-Readiness of e-Government is very low in Nepal. Because, E-Readiness
is the ability to use information and communication technologies to develop economic and welfare. Nepal is at 7 th
position with e-Readiness score 0.2725 in SAARC countries; world rank of e-Readiness was 150 in 2008, which has
been shown in Table 10. But in 2005 Nepal was in 126 positions in the world e-Readiness with 0.2021 scores.
57
Maldives is in 1st position in SAARC countries with e-Readiness score 0.4491. In the comparison of Afghanistan,
Nepal has not come up, but Afghanistan is going up the world rank was 168 in 2005, 167 in 2008, because
Afghanistan is facing lot of problems like civil war than Nepal. So, the maintained rank of Nepal is 7 th rank in
SAARC countries and in the World ranked is 153 (e-Readiness Index is 0.2725) . The Maldives have in the top rank
in SARC. In this condition following questions may be raised: “Why E-Government Implementation has not come
up in Nepal?”
“Do we have a clear vision and priorities for e-Government?” [14]
2.1.23 Challenges of e-Government Implementation in Nepal
The main challenges for e-Government Development and Implementation are as follows:
1. ICT Infrastructure: (Poor e-readiness, Less Computer Literacy Rate, Adequate Telecommunication and
Energy, Computers Uses, e-Government Network) the education, the literacy rate is 54.97% in Nepal but as
known in the computer literacy rate is very low, there no data available of computer literacy. The
government has already provided Telecommunication system in all 75 districts and 3915 village
development committees (VDCs) and 58 Municipalities. It means 4700000 lakhs communication link has
been distributed by the government. Again Internet user is very low rate 0.90 per 100 users, 0.49 PC per
100 users, 3.76 cellular subscribers per 100 users and 2.15 telephone lines per 100 users and 14.70 mobile
per 100 users. Yet Nepal lies in the 6th position regarding the use of infrastructures.
2. Policy (Legislation, ITC Policy)
3. Human Capital Development and Life Long Learning
4. Change Management (Culture and Resistance)
5. Partnership and Collaboration
6. Strategy (Vision and Mission)
7. Leadership Level (Commitment, Motivate, Involvement, and Support)
So, it is necessary to change management, needs training to government leaders, needs strong political leadership
and commitment, needs process re-engineering of system, cooperation and collaboration among different agencies
and staff training. These are the challenges of e-Government implementation in Nepal. If the Nepal Government
really wants to implement successfully the e-Government in the country (top-to-bottom), it should focus mainly on
the following mentioned areas in the context of Nepal. These are: Service Deliver, Internal Efficiency, E-
58
Government Awareness, Government Networking, Government Commitment, Budget and Implementation. “Is the
Government focused in these areas to implement the e-Government?” If ‘Yes’ ‘Why e-Government
Implementation is yet not coming up within the period of 5 years (Commitment of Master Plan 2006.8?”).
Government should also reflect the existing structures ongoing reform process in the country in basis of citizen’s
participation, service delivery to citizen and businesses. “Why we are backward to implement the e-Government
in the comparison of other Asian countries?”. It may be the finding of this research. So, in the context of Nepal
(developing country) it is very important to find out the major problems and their causes for the implementation of
the e - Government System. “Is this total failure or partial failure (mixed)?”. So, the major challenges for
implementation of e-Government in Nepal is: Low Literacy Rate, Poor Per Capita Income, Very Limited Financial
Resources, Existing Infrastructures, No Strategic Framework for Implementation of e-Government Implementation.
2.1.24 Nepal’s Position on E-Government Index
According to the review and survey it was found that in the context of Nepal Implementation is the big problem of
Nepal’s e-Government. Infrastructure, Connectivity, Literacy Rate, ICT Awareness, Commitment, Budget,
Communications, Distribution, e-Participation, e-Readiness of Nepal is very poor or in very low rate. ADB and
Korean Government, Economic Development Corporation Fund (EDCF) providing $55 million top Nepal
Government for the implementation of E-Government in Nepal. Even though “Why is it not implemented till now?”
and already spend 4 years time. “Why is it not accepted?” “What could be the reasons?” These are the main causes
of failure of e-Government Implementation in Nepal. In this condition, e-Government in Nepal still has under
construction phase, because the implementation of the e - government system requires vast and strong infrastructure.
So, in the context of Nepal, E-Government Index is very low, 7 th position with 0.2568 scores in SAARC countries,
because Nepal has very low index in the SAARC countries also, which has shown in Table 2.1.15.2 [36].
E-Government Implementation Rules in Nepal:
Nepal Government has not mentioned e-Government Implementation Rules in e-GMP, e-Government Master Plan
Consulting Report 2006.8.
2.1.25 E-Government planning methodology
E-Government planning methodology consists of four phases. That four phases play major role in the development
and implementation of e-Government.
1. Strategic Planning
59
2. Readiness Assessment
3. Implementation Plan and
4. E-Government Plan
In the context of Nepal, According to eGMP, e-Government Master Plan Consulting Report 2006.8 has not followed
the mentioned phases. Vision and objectives have included, but not mentioned the phases. So, it may be
implementation problems.
2.2 E-GOVERNMENT THEORY & IMPLEMENTATION CASE STUDY EGYPTIAN E-
GOVERNMENT MODEL
By definition, E-Government is the improvement of interaction between government and citizens/business for the
provision of public services, So, it creates a network structure for interconnectivity, service delivery, efficiency,
effectiveness, interactivity, decentralization, transparency and accountability. It is also about utilizing the internet for
providing information and services to citizens.

There can be found various purposed models to implement e-Government. The Lyane and Lee model proposed in
2001 has four stages. Where the steps can be listed as:
1. Cataloguing information online
2. Making transaction only
3. Integration of Government operations
4. Horizontal integration of all available services.
Similarly, the United Nations (UN) and American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) model proposed in
2002 have five stages and can be listed as:

1. Emerging: official online presence
2. Enhancement: the online site becomes enhanced
3. Interactive: download forms and interact with officials
4. Transactions: make online payments
5. Seamless: integration of all bodies.
The Egyptian e-Government model took its initiative in 199 with the vision of delivering high quality services to the
public which suits them. A committed cabinet for e-Government was formed in 2004 and some services as a test
were attached such as telephone, e-billing, birth certificate issuing, etc. The Egypt e-Governance index become in
62nd position from the 69th position in 2006. The Egyptian e-Government project was developed in a two year
research project whose objective was to develop, deploy, demonstrate and evaluate various online government
services. The steps taken to achieve were:

1. Develop advanced government portal
2. Develop content and service repositories
3. Implement a governmental markup language in XML format to address life events
4. Create and supply services as test phase
5. Deploy and evaluate this platform in Austria, Greece and Switzerland in national and local level
60
The general architecture of the platform is illustrated in the Fig. Citizens and businesses access, administrative
services through the portal where these services are categorized with ‘‘life events’’ and ‘‘business situations’’
metaphors. As the portal is linked through the Internet and governmental markup language to the national service
repository and the local service repositories, users can obtain services from different administrations at various
levels in a transparent and integrated manner. If they request information, services, they will get the data from the
relevant repository; and if they need transaction services, these will be executed in the service runtime environment
before the results are sent back to the users through the portal. On their side, the public administrations maintain
their service repositories with the service creation environment. Details on one-stop government and on the e-
Government project are available at http//www.egypt.gov.eg/ website.
61
Figure 2.2.0 Architecture of the platform for the e - government project (Egypt) [62].
Egyptian government has followed the five stage model, which matched their vision for the delivery of high quality
service to the public. So, the Egypt government have introduced a generic strategic framework for e-Government
implementation because this framework seems very useful to incorporate e-Government strategise. The designed
framework offers a comphernsive view of the government programme that includes five stages of ASPA model
which are emerging, enhancement, seamless and provides strong e-Government portal for best practice framework
for development and implementation in comparision to Nepal the e-Government world rank was 107 in 2012, but it
becomes achievable rank that was 80 in 2014. But Nepal having world rank of 153 in 2010 and it become very poor
ranking 165 in 2014.
62
2.2.1 e-Government Implementation and Leadership – The Brunei Case Study
Author considers poor leadership as a major factor for the failure of e-government and a case study has been done
over Brunei. The authors claim that they studied over twelve ministries in Brunei. All of the ministries were selected
to explain the process in implementing their flagship e-government projects. The study period was a seven month
time frame from September 2007 to March 2008 and the interviewees included a minister, chief Information
Officers (CIOs), Project Managers, director of IT and Operational Staff in each ministry. Thirty seven individuals
were interviewed – three per ministry and a minister. The experiences of implementing e-government in each
ministry within the period 2000-2008 were the focus.
The Concept of e-Government came in Brunei when in 2000, His Majesty Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah in his speech
expressed his wish to see the establishment of e-Brunei. His Majesty emphasized the implementation of the e-
government and e-business to develop Brunei's economy beyond oil and gas. The Budget too was increased.
Government shows seriousness of the Government. The planning for implementation of e-government was done at
2000 but actually it only started from 2003. The delay factor was due to the lack of knowledge about what actually
e-government was, and the bureaucrats had a little experience in IT(Information Technology). So, what actually the
e-Government Program Executive Council wanted from them was difficult to be prepared by them. Even, Some of
the ministers just thought buying of Computers is actually what the e-Government is. In the year 2003, the Prime
Minister Office (PMO) awarded Accenture to help identify the potential projects in each ministry.
The bureaucrats of Brunei; because of lack of knowledge in the field of IT, it was difficult to know what the
requirements of ministries. Authors are considering Leadership is the main issue behind the unsuccessful e-
government system in Brunei which is in fact a true thing. Politics plays an important role in the development of
each and every nation.
Lack of clear objectives, Poor IT capabilities and experiences, Pressure to implement, Absence and lack of
champion etc. were few reasons behind the delay of e-government initiation.
More so, the departments or the project managers need to work hard to get the top-level management to buy in their
ideas, not to mention the frequent rejections, and changes of project scope requested by the ministry itself and also
by the EGPEC.
Leadership Lessons: Leadership needs to not only endorse the projects, but also to proactively involve and monitor
the projects throughout the entire process (Low and Theyagu, 2003).
63
As it is the requirement of the State Tender Board to allow one vendor per project in order to encourage open
competition, different systems are implemented. Interestingly, many ministries are now at the stage of infrastructure
upgrading with projects done both at the departmental and ministry levels.
This is similar to the UK where an Office of E- Envoy (OeE) was established in 2000 with a high profile head
reporting directly to the Prime Minister and to marshal and direct the government electronic service delivery efforts
(Dunleavy et al. , 2003: 9).
One critical point revealed by an interviewee (an IT Director) is that in Dubai and Korea, the head of e- government
is considered to have the same position as the Minister and will report directly to the President or Prime Minister.
These officers attended e-government meetings on behalf of the CIOs, and they have no authority in decision
making. A stronger technical authority would be needed to look at the issues of integration of systems, the
duplication of projects and the making of policy on the standard 2 architecture. EGPEC is seen as an approval
committee only, with little influence in overcoming the issue of silos and policy problems of e-government. Not only
is there a lack of a champion to co-ordinate the whole e-government at the national level, but also at the ministerial
and departmental levels.
Good Leadership: A good example is seen in Singapore, where Lee Hsien Loong (Deputy Prime Minister cum
Minister of Finance in Singapore, during the early days of e-government) championed the e-government himself
(Kifle, 2008).
Poor Change Management Strategy :A number of projects; for example a simple application by using the email
system failed as people still treated paper as the only official tool of communication (as it has a signature on it):
there is resistance to change and no trust in the system as there is no email policy formulated by the government to
counter the resistance. Based on the input of four interviewers, changing the attitude of the users in Brunei has been
perceived to be the role of the IT Department. This should be the role of other heads of department and most
importantly, the very senior officers in each ministry should take responsibilities of changing the mindset of the
staffs.
Change management is needed to assist the transition of “resisting subcultures ‟, many individual civil servants, the
groups and the organizations in the public sector in adapting to the changes brought about by new technologies.
64
Leadership Lessons: Relationship is the x-factor to bring about and lead change, and the leaders should “connect”
(talk to, hear, listen, and get feedback from the lower and middle level management), out-reach their people and
“take care of the human side of change” (Low, 2001: 133 – 135).
The core of e- government is to bring change and hence change management strategy should have taken place as
early as the policy initiation stage.
As indicated by Low, Almunawar and Mohiddin (2008: 7) the Bruneian civil servants and the public needs to change
their thinking and accept the e-ways.
Identification of bureaucracy, silos and cultures in the public sector is considered a big step in bringing change to the
traditional government.
The Minister of Communication mentioned to one of the authors that to encourage a risk-taking culture in the public
sector, the civil servants must be intelligent enough in taking or calculating the risks.
Mahathir Mohamed, the former Prime Minister of Malaysia where he admitted that the Chinese people were keen
risk takers and that it was in their culture compared to the Malays.
It is here the benefit of strong leadership or sponsorship helps in protecting the individual risk taker who is willing to
take on the entrepreneurial burden of moving the new technology through organization (Katz and Allen, 2004: 461).
In Brunei, he admits that there is a Malay culture of not being keen to take risks compared to the Chinese people.
One interviewee (CIO) further added that, without any provocation to become innovative, the Brunei Government
will not see anyone bold enough to initiate and take the burden of information systems projects and might eventually
fail to see any major IS/IT initiatives successfully implemented.
Her Royal Highness Princess Hajah Masna has, in fact, emphasized on the need for Bruneians to become innovators
and to learn from their own failures and always continue to move forward, with head held high (Hashim and
Affendy, 2009).
As can be seen from this study, there is certainly a need for strong leadership for e-government implementation, and
the authors have every confidence that with an e-government champion, ICT investment in the Brunei public sector
would bring more meaningful returns. Strong leadership is a pre-requisite for the successful implementation of any
65
type of e-government project, not only in Brunei but also to other governments (at both federal and local levels)
involved in this ICT endeavor [63].
2.2.2 Ethical Problems for e-Government: An Evaluation Framework
The author describes about the how ethical issues and behaviors arisen in the electronic environments like e-
commerce. New ethical issues are arising that are bound up with virtual behavior and virtual society. The failure to
develop proper ethics for such virtual society may affect the successful implementation of the e-Government. This
paper argues that we must understand these ethical problems. A lack of well understood rules, trust and digital divide
that arises with e-business may also arise with e-Government. Firstly they argue that the field of computer ethics
provides valuable approaches to the ‘policy vacuums’. Secondly, trust and equity in particular may be fundamentally
threatened by the rapid growth of the e-business and may create difficulties for the implementation of e-
Government. Thirdly, they have proposed a framework to evaluate the ethical issues that may be new and specific to
ICT. The proposed framework considers four issues: Related, Dependent, Determined and Specific issues [41].
In a second section author has described about the spirit of informationalism. The spirit of informationalism
considers the new network society and new ethical foundation for social life in general, but particularly for business
and e-commerce. A network society is a combined society of various cultures, so there is no stable culture or
behavior. This lack of stability is created by the multiplicity of subjects in the network combined with the very
diversity of networks. Then we have new ethical problems and need of new ethical practices and policies.
In a third section author has described how issues related to computer ethics can be addressed. Business ethics are
not sufficient to respond to the issues related with informationalism so it is necessary to move to a new domain
‘Computer ethics’ to identify and address the ethical issues in the electronic environment. Some ethical issues are
raised due to their context of use in the electronic environment. One of the challenges is how to identify the
similarities and difference between actions in analogue and digital environments. Consideration should also be given
in how they are similar to or different from our understanding of moral language and relationship.
In section 4 the author has described about some ethical and policy issues in e-Government. In a global network the
idea of ‘spirit of informationalism’ is arisen, but trust and social justice have become important ethical aspects of e-
Government and e-business. Trust in someone is to believe that the expectations from him will behave in some
desired ways. Trust is linked with the feelings of security. An integrated definition of trust recognizes the union of
66
three elements: a trustee to whom trust is directed, confident that the trust will be upheld, and a willingness to act on
that confidence. Trust is an important thing for the proper functioning so society. In the case of electronic
environment the lack of trust in the online commercial transactions has been identified as a barrier between the
physical society and adoption of e-commerce and e-business. The problems of trust give raise a number of policy
dilemmas. Due to the digital divide an important ethical issue of social justice arises. E-business benefits from the
global nature of electronic environment, but the negative aspect is that it focuses on inequalities, promotes forms of
cultural imperialism, and threatens lower level economies. E-government believes that IT is a means of transparency
and openness and medium for limiting corruption and fraud. There are many issues arisen regarding digital
democracy [41].
In fifth section the author has proposed a framework that may help for categorizing the ethical issues in the
electronic environments, and classified the moral issues into four types. The paper has described the ethical issues
where the transactions are carried out electronically, but such transactions are neither necessary nor sufficient to
arise as related issues. While talking about related issues, truthfulness and honesty come out which are also the
expectations of the offline business environment. They are not specific to electronic environments and are
irrespective of whether a transaction is happened in electronic environment or not. In the case of Dependent issues,
communication technology is necessary but not sufficient for arise, such moral issues means the electronic
transaction is necessary. Lunching of viruses, unauthorized hacking, spamming are some examples of behavior in
this category. The appropriate technology is the primary condition for their existence and spread. The electronic
transaction is sufficient for the arisen of determining issues. In this category the moral issues related with the use of
relevant technology. The problems of the digital divide and the issues of moral responsibility relating to the quality
of information also fall in this category. The issues related to data access, ownership and security also occur. The
marketplace created by electronic environments is different from the physical marketplace and creates problems of
trustworthiness and reliability of information for consumers in electronic transactions. These issues of quality and
completeness of the information may also occur in the physical marketplace. Thus the electronic transaction is not
necessary for a rise of these ethical issues. Issues are specific to electronic environment where the electronic
transaction is both necessary and sufficient for the occurrence of moral issues. The implementation of artificial
agents or expert systems that might decide on their own may impact on the human life and lead to genuine unique
67
ethical questions. In such case we have to decide on the application of moral concepts and ideas of wrongdoing to
machine intelligence.
At last the author has concluded that there are four types of ethical issues in electronic environments. And the
framework given may be helpful in clarifying appropriate policy responses to the problems occurring in electronic
environments [41].
2.2.3 E-Government Implementation: A Case Study of Dubai e-Government
Dubai’s e-government journey started with the announcement of a major strategic initiative called “Dubai e-
Government” in the year 2000 by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Vice President, Prime Minister
and Ruler of Dubai with the mission of “achieving a virtual government through provisioning of high-quality
customer focused eServices for individuals, businesses, and government departments”. The initial target was set in
April 2000 to conduct efficient and effective 70% of all government services through innovative channels by 2005.
A high level Executive Committee comprising of experts and specialists was formed and tasked to conduct a
strategic audit and strategic benchmarking activity to make the initiative a reality. After analyzing other successful e-
Government initiatives around the world, the Executive Committee concluded that there was no single ‘one size fits
all’ e-Government approach for all the governments in the world and decided to create its own approach to e-
Government. The e-Government portal (www.dubai.ae) was finally launched in 2001 with 14 e-Services and with
each government department offering services online.
To describe developments in Dubai’s e-Government journey, this paper follows Chan, Lau & Pan’s (2008) e-
government Implementation Framework. This framework comprises four components: ICT infrastructure,
information, content, e-government info-structure, and e-government promotion.
ICT Infrastructure: A centralized Government Information Network (GIN) was created by the IT strategic
planning team of the Dubai Government, which linked to the government departments with each other and provided
them with access to the Internet. By end 2005, GIN included about thirty members comprising of government
departments and other institutions participating in the e - government initiative. GIN offered several advantages such
as offering highest level of security for government document exchange, standard Internet connection, unification of
Internet connection standards, and removal of the network administration burden from the disparate government
68
departments. The ruler’s court, the central body that supervised all government departments was designated the sole
responsibility for administering the network.
Information Content: For developing the eServices that are being offered by various government departments, the
Dubai Government employed a “Five Stages e-government Model” as identified by the United Nations (2002). The
Stages of E-government are: Emerging, Enhanced, Interactive, Transactional and Seamless.
At the time of the portal launch in 2001, the Dubai e-government was in “Emerging Stage” with 14 eServices. By
2003, the number of e-services rose to more than 600, about 50 times more than the services in 2001. Better
management and monitoring of its e-Government initiative, Dubai Government chose a centralized approach
whereby e-government team was split into two teams- eServices and Shared Services. eServices unit responsibility
was to work with government departments to e-enable their services as well as to manage the government portal
(www.dubai.ae). On the other hand, Shared Services unit was made responsible for providing the infrastructure and
applications necessary to integrate government departments through the GIN.
Dubai e-government team decided to adopt a hybrid strategy for e-services implementation: decentralization of the
core services of every department and centralization of the common services. During this period, the focus was on
increasing transactional services to meet the 2005 deadline. By late 2004, there were over 1900 services provided by
more than 20 government departments. Following the success of the first target, in mid 2004 a subsequent target of
90% e-enablement of all government services and 50% of all government transactions to be conducted through the
various innovative channels by 2007 was announced by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. Five main
strategic agenda items were formulated to achieve the vision.
Dubai e-government instructed all government departments to construct a Strategic Action Plan (SAP) indicating the
services that will be e-enabled per quarter until 2007, in order to meet the first strategic objective of 90% e-
enablement of all government services. Also to ensure success in achieving the second strategic objective of
completing 50% of public services transactions through innovative channels, Dubai e-government eServices division
undertook a number of initiatives such as providing eServices Quality Framework Definition and Implementation
Guidelines to all departments. By mid 2006, 81% of government services were available online with a total of 1900
eServices. Although there were areas of improvement in the eServices of some government departments, one
department, Dubai Municipality had achieved the milestone of migrating 90% of its services to electronic channels
69
by late 2006, thus becoming the first department to meet the 2007 deadline. With more than 2000 eServices
launched by 2007, the target of providing 90% of government services through electronic channels was finally met
and then the Dubai e-government initiative entered the fifth and final stage of e-government. Dubai e-government
started to focus on e-Integration in early 2005 with the vision of achieving virtual government by 2010. Dubai e-
government joined the International Consortium for e-Integration and at the same time finalized the Business
Integration Framework that specified three main items – integration standards, integration technologies and common
integration backbone, and also started to conduct pilot integration projects. The aim of the Integration Framework
was to specify a unified protocol that would connect all the government departments to a central server,
sync.dubai.ae and coordinate data exchanges via this protocol.
E-government Info-structure: The e-government portal (www.dubai.ae) was positioned as the e-government info-
structure and considered as the gateway to all government departments and their services. More than 2300 services
are currently available through the portal which is organized into four sections – citizens, residents, visitors, and
businesses.
E-government Promotion: It involves mainly awareness, assistance and assurance. The various publicity activities
and strategies were conducted by Dubai e-government to raise the public’s awareness of eServices. It also provided
assistance to increase the computer literacy rates through the e 4 all initiative. The final assurance is of great
importance as it provides assurance on privacy and security issues of e-services.
Dubai e-government has managed to get 90% of government services online within a short span of six years. The
lessons that can be learned from Dubai e-government implementation experience include:
i. Strong Leadership, Commitment and Vision

ii. Flexible and Robust Infrastructure
iii. Central Flexible Model
iv. Development Strategies
v. Development of Human Resources
vi. Public-Private Partnerships
The powerful lessons that have been emerging from Dubai e-Government experience will surely serve as a guide to
other nations [65].
2.2.4 Towards a Service-Oriented Architecture for Demand-Driven e-Government
In Today's context, many countries are investing heavily in e-government initiatives. This paper is based on a
70
program called "The Different Government" of the Dutch government where the target of government was to
provide 65% service online by the end of 2007 but only 16% of Dutch citizens perceived an improvement in the
quality of service even though 76% of the Dutch citizens have visited government websites. This problem was
because of the large gap between government service offerings and the actual demand of citizens and enterprises.
So, this paper describes about the requirement, a functional architecture and supporting technologies that combine
service orientation, identity management, business process management and semantic web technologies to realize
this vision integrated, demand-driven services.
From the detailed study, the authors have unveiled the dominant problems that citizens and civil servants are
facing.So to capture these problems and the associated requirements on e-government services, they have defined
multi-dimensional framework one of which is called the “governmental service provisioning chain”. The elements
of this service provisioning chain are policy, legislation, service, process and information. Two core issues of e-
government are also mentioned by authors, they are transparency and control hold for both citizens and civil
servants. These two issues pertain to problems with respect to fragmentation, compatibility, quality and access of
information and services and can be applied to the whole government service provisioning chain. Further, the
identified problems of fragmentation, compatibility, quality and access are translated into a service-oriented
architecture by authors, where service-oriented architecture is an architectural style based on well-known design
principles such as loose coupling and information hiding which enable units of functionality to be provided and
consumed as services. The authors have identified different services as a solution to these four problems.
For the fragmentation problem where citizens and civil servants perceive scattered service provisioning, the
authors have introduced process services that are capable of orchestrating fragmented process. To resolve the lack of
an integrated view, directory services that include references to relevant information and services of different
organizations are introduced. The Directory service maintains relations between information and services entities,
typing, composition, temporal, responsibility, and ownership relations. Existing technology from Web services, such
as UDDI may be employed to implement these Directory services. To guarantee that no opportunities or events are
missed by citizens and civil servants, subscription services are introduced with which users and/or services are
notified of relevant events. To end the problem like repeated authentication and authorization, infrastructures of
authentication services and authorization services that can provide single sign-on are introduced. To provide the
citizen with an integrated view of information stored by various organizations, and avoid duplication, information
71
services are introduced. This information can be stored in a canonical registers example: civil status, addresses,
buildings, vehicles, etc. There are two ways of information exchange. First one is Traditional service-based model in
which the consumer of a piece of information actively queries a provider's service for that information. Second, the
provider (e.g. The citizen), may actively supply information in the form of a message.
The compatibility problem involves the mismatch between demand and supply of information and services for
which Process services can be used to compose and enact the required customized services as a solution. Service
composition is concerned with the choreography of constituent services to create an integrated whole that represents
the end-user service and Service Enactment is responsible for executing the individual behaviors. A standard like
BPEL is used in Process Services. Another problem involves a mismatch with respect to compliance with standards,
which is a language problem, to solve this problem adaptation service is used to align messages and services
between parties that use different formats and concepts.
To facilitate citizens and civil servants with better quality, certification services are introduced such that the source
of information can be determined accurately and Time-stamped certificates are used. Any cryptography technique
can be used such as private and public key encryption. In Dutch government "PKL overhead" service is used to
provide such services. Archive service is introduced to log the actual service provisioning and to store previous
versions of information which involves quality, accountability and culture of services. Quality of service can be
controlled by selecting these services that meet quality demands. To be able to improve quality of information,
information services are equipped with facilities so that the user of the information can report possible errors.
The Access problem can be replicated in order to provide the necessary 24/7 availability. To be able to resolve
which objects are same and which are not, Identity services is adopted that are able to understand the difference.
Identity services provide pseudonyms to other organizations such that the internal key of objects and users remain
hidden. As each separate organization will use different pseudonyms for the same objects, they cannot combine their
joint information based on keys. The most important technological development in the area of identity management
is the SAML (Security Assertions Markup Language).Authentication services are also used to authenticate users. It
is either direct or indirect. Direct authentication is based on the credentials of a user, like username/password, secret
codes, SMS authentication; chip cards each with its level of security. Authorization services are used to manage
authorizations which are based on extensions to the role-based access control model (RBAC). A standardized
72
information service is offered by all those that administer information about the citizen to provide access to that
information. For pre-serving confidentiality, encryption services are used in a conventional way.
The services described in this paper can be grouped into three-layer functional architectures. Firstly the citizen-
facing layer of directory and process services. Next is the layer that facilitates everything regarding the identity and
access and finally the lower layer that handles information storage and exchange? At the conclusion, in this paper
authors have identified the requirements for demand-driven e-government by detailed study of visionary e-
government initiatives in the Netherlands, and able to define the required services to fulfill the requirements in an
integrated service-oriented functional architecture [66].
2.2.5 Implementation of e-Government: Advantages and Challenges
This paper has been published by M. Alshehri and S. Drew, and main theme or aim of this paper is to present the
way for implementation of e-government along with its various advantages and challenges as well.
E-Government simply means “The delivery of government information and services online through internet” and the
purpose of e-government is not only the conversion of traditional information into the form of bits and bytes in order
to deliver it via internet websites. Here the authors have tried to show how the researcher has divided the process of
implementation of e-government into different stages. This paper includes the researches done by Gartner Research
(2000), United Nation (2001), Layne and Lee (2001) and World Bank (2002). There are 5 stages for quantifying the
process of e-government according to UN member states like Emerging, Enhanced, Interactive, and Transactional
and seamless. Gartner study includes the 4 stages of e-government model they are Passive nature, Interaction,
Transaction and Transformation. Layne and Lee study have 4 stages, like Cataloguing, Transaction, Vertical
integration and Horizontal integration. Likewise, study done by World Bank proposed 3 stages of e-government,
Publish, Interact and Transact. This paper also contains some comparison. Despite of their different name like to
publish, cataloguing, presence, emerging and information publishing all have the same meaning which simply
describes about government information similarly the stages in which all transactions are conducted online have
different names such as: Transact, Transactional etc. Moreover, two-way communication between government and
other parties are also same as observed previously during some stages. On the other hand, there are some differences
too, for example Enhanced stage by UN seeks to increase the number of growth of e-government websites.
Integration stages of Layne and Lee has been divided into a vertical stage, which reflects that local, state and federal
73
government are connected directly where as in horizontal stage systems are integrated across different functions and
services.
Advantage and Challenges
E-government allows people, business and government sectors to access available government information 24 hours
a day and 7 days a week, It will reduce cost and levels of organizational processes by streamlining and re-
organizing, operating procedures, It will increase the transparency and services will increase for citizens, the
creation of new business and work opportunities will get increased. As a whole we can say that the implementation
of e-government will not only saves time for visiting all government departments in order to get work done, but
same time it will result in the end of all the corruption just because of having the transparent nature of government.
E-governance, however, is not really use of IT in governance, but as a tool to ensure a good governance. Although
there are lots of challenges to tackle for implementation of e-government and they can be Technical, Organizational,
Social and Financial challenges. Many developing countries are still suffering from the digital divide, lack of
guarantee of privacy and security is an important concern in the field of implementation of successful e-government.
Here comes a discussion about organizational barriers too, which directly relates towards the field of political issues
and right decision of top level management at the correct time. Also, many government employees see the e-
government implementation as a threat to their jobs and power so the most important thing is that they must
understand the importance of e-governance and they must ensure themselves that their job remain secure by
developing their skills through different training which will allow them to reassigned new roles as well. Cultural
differences and individual behavior pattern play main role in the acceptance and use of new technology. While
talking about implementation of e-government it is very important to understand about financial system which
means it is necessary to ensure the availability of existing and expected budgetary resources in order to achieve the
goals. Finally the total cost of hardware and its maintenance and software training, education, etc. are always seen as
major barriers inhibiting agencies and governments from using the technologies.
The author highlights the different stages of e-government implementation, challenges and its advantages. It is clear
that government involves multiple stages of development and has many advantages too. However the
implementation of e-government is not an easy job as it faces many challenges and barriers which have to treated
very carefully [34].
74
2.2.6 Challenge of e-Government Implementations in India
The e-readiness index of India in e-Government implementation is not so satisfactory due to various reasons like
low literacy, low per capita income and limited financial resources
Delivery of national or local government information and services via the internet or other digital means to citizens
or business or other government agencies is called e-Government. Due to which the economic revolution easy on the
activities of public sectors and the revolution in governance of government for many others.
About components E-Government Program in India, there is the holistic view towards the entire e-government
initiative across the country. Some of the implementations are successful and some are failure due to various
components of the country.
1. Awareness and communications
2. Assessment
3. Capacity buildings
4. Canon service center
5. Infrastructural and Technical
6. Monitoring and Evaluation
7. Project and financial appraisal
8. Research and Development
India’s position on E-readiness is the ability to use information and communication technologies to develop one’s
economy and to foster one’s welfare. Each year Economist intelligence unit produces a ranking of e-readiness across
countries, based on connectivity and technology infrastructure, business environment, social and cultural
environment, legal environment, government policy and vision and consumer and business adoption .India is in the
54 ranked throughout the world and e-readiness score is 4.96 in 2008.
75
Challenge for implementation of e-government in India is quite more challenging and difficult due to some factors,
they are:
a. Low Literacy:-Literacy level of India is 61% and ranked 147 in the list of whole worlds.
b. Low per capita Income:-how much each individual receives, in monetary terms, of the yearly income is per capita
income which is just 530$ and rank is 160th.
c. Limited financial Resources:-GDP is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced
within the country in a given period of time .It measures the financial strength of a country which is 1098945
million $ and the rank is 12th.
A strategic framework for implementations of e-government that after are analyzing all the possibilities and
limitations, the suggested conceptual framework of India consists of 5 stages.
a) Vision for e-government implementation:-It should be planned that to what extend the e-
government can be implemented.
b) Assessment of e-readiness:-It is compared with respect to the other countries.
c) Overcoming challenges of e-government:-The challenge of India like low literacy level, low per
capita income and limited financial resources should be exposed and should overcome for the
effectiveness.
d) Developing the environment for e-government:-The internal and external environment for
implementation should be developed.
e) Implementation of e-government:-After completion of all above finally the implementation should
be done.
At the end the author’s concluding remarks is to meet the vision, the challenges in the implementation of e-
government in India should overcome on low literacy, low per capita income, and limited financial resources .Then
the environment needs to be developed for the effective implementations of e-government .The conceptual
framework need to be developed which should further validate the real life situation [34].
76
Success and Failure Factors for e-Government project implementation in developing countries: A study on
the perception of the government officials of Bangladesh
In-spite of digital divide in developing countries, sudden middleman access agencies play a vital role to access ICT
of underprivileged citizens. These agencies run cybercafé providing value added services on behalf of the customer.
Middleman agencies submitting their customer visa application charging them fees show that access to the internet
and other services is possible through these agencies to rural people. The cost of accessing government services is
high in Bangladesh. Many government’s forms are free, but they are difficult to get access too. Even though the
government has taken some step in this regard the projects couldn’t achieve the desired success. The project used in
this study Bangladesh e-Citizens Services Application Portal. Every interviewee out of 160 was unaware of the
service. The success of e-government largely depends on the government, along with “e”. The planning commission
had taken an initiative to make official statistics available to government ministries, NGOs and public use. BGMEA
having all technical and financial capabilities failed in implementing National portal due to non- technical barrier
between member companies. Investment to implement e-government is affordable through international community
support or internal resources. E-government is yet to flourish in Bangladesh as issues like perception of government
officials and citizens towards government services are ignored in the study [69].
The main focus of the study was to understand the current level of awareness among government employee,
understand success and failure factors for implementing e-government, prioritize factors based on government
employee’s perception, and recommend certain critical factor that should be provided attention. Non-probabilistic
judgmental sampling was used for study purpose. Primary data were collected through the survey. Formal face-to-
face interviews were carried out with semi structured questionnaire. Respondents were from different government
agencies and the collected data was coded and analyzed by the researchers using SPSS. Printout of the portal was
shown and briefed to respondents who were unaware about it.
Majority of the respondent were unaware and 20% were aware about the web portal. Few had heard but never tried
it. 95% respondent agreed that citizens will be benefitted, 6% were neutral and no negative perception. 66%
respondents who were in neutral position had some information about the web portal, 50% responded with no
knowledge about the project strongly agreed with benefits of web portal after concise briefing. 44% respondent
thought private-public partnership initiative is needed to promote e-government and 40% respondent thought the
77
government should take the responsibility. Major factors (Internal political desire, technological infrastructure and
overall vision/ strategy) and minor factor (dominance of politics/self interest, change management and competencies
among officials are success factors for e-government implementation. Likewise, major factor Internal Political
desires. Inadequate technological infrastructure and lack of overall vision/strategy and minor factor (dominance of
politics/self interest, change management and poor management) are failure factors for e-government
implementation. 20% respondent considered internal political desire most important factor and change management
as least important factor for e-government implementation [69].
2.2.7 E-Government Adoption in Developing Countries: The Case of Indonesia
The author stated that Information Communication Technology (ICT) impacts on the different sectors like education,
business, and public service sector. It changes the lifestyle of people’s. ICT provides different services to the
Government, adoption of ICT in the Government is the indication of e-Government. So, ICT can be replaced by the
e-Governance. E-Government offers the public service that can be accessed 24 hours, whenever, and wherever the
user is located. E-Government also allows the public service to be more efficient since the service should not be
conducted by face-to-face communication.
Some of the acts and policy define by Indonesia Government for e-Government Implementation; some of them are
included in the paper. In 2003, the |Government issued a policy on e-Government implementation called the
Presidential Instruction Number 3 which outlines contain:
 Development of a reliable and trustworthy service and affordable by the public,
 Restructuring of management systems and work processes of central and regional governments holistically,
 Optimal utilization of information technology,
 Participation improvement of the business sectors and development of ICT industries, development of
human resources in the government offices and improving e-literacy of communities, development of e-
Government by systematic approach which realistic and measurable stages.
In 2004, department of Communication and Informatics also outline six guidelines that contain:
a. Quality standards and service coverage, as well e-services application development.

78
b. Institutionalization, authority, information, and business involvement in e-Government development,
c. Good governance, development and change management,
d. e-Government project implementation and budgeting,
e. Competency standards of e-Government managers,
f. Blue-print of e-Government application for central and local Governments.
In 2006 issued a policy relating to the use of ICT, which indirectly strengthen policies in the development of e-
Government. In 2008 issued a policy which supports Information and Electronic Transaction (IET). This Act
supported to the public service transactions through e-Government. They also of the advantages while implementing
the e-Government: Transforming services to make services accessible, renewing local democracy, and Promoting
local economic vitality.
The author mainly focused on e-Government adoption in developing countries. The researcher done a case study in
Indonesia to find the whether the people are intending to use e-Government service or not. The main objective of
this research is to find out how the acceptance of Indonesian Internet users to e-Government services, in terms of
relative advantage, image. Compatibility and ease to uses variables. The online survey is done to collect the people
with the intention to adopt the e-Government. So, the respondents of this research are the Internet users who are
willing to fill voluntary an online questionnaire that the invitation was published on Facebook.
The main finding of the research is based on the respondent of 751 Indonesian internet user whose participation in
the online survey that consist of 705 (93.0 percent) respondents who have intention in to adopt e-Government and 46
(6.1 percent) people not willing to adapt to the e-Government. From the result of the online survey the researcher
finds an internet user has a high expectation to get from public service deliver through the e-Government [70].
2.2.8 Examining Internal Challenges to E-Government Implementation from System Users Perspective
E-Government is a rapidly emerging field that has several advantages, but its implementation is quite difficult
because it is an enormous project that costs very high along with many internal and external hindrances, this paper
unfolds the internal challenges encountered during E-Government implementation and helps us to build a conceptual
model.
79
First Government should be confident enough to provide E-Government adoption can be increased by building a
high degree of trust among the people. There are six success factors of e-Government in developing countries which
include technical manpower, changes in work process, organizational culture, internal leadership, external financial
support, and laws and rule regulation policies. It has found that changes in work process and IT skilled manpower
are important factors in developed countries.
The success rate for the implementation of the e - government project in developing countries is quite low i.e. only
15%. The major reason is that e-Government implementation has to cover politics and political strategies at wider
range. In addition, inadequate training among government employees leads to resistance during the system
implementation.
E-Government projects have to face technical and non-technical barriers such as people, process and the
organization’s system have a major impact on the successful implementation of the e - government system.
Thus, e-Government projects are not completed successfully due to several factors such as lack of awareness, trust,
and commitment among leaders and others, an employee’s unwillingness towards adoption of technology, privacy
and security threats etc. Therefore all the internal barriers should be traced, analyzed, and overcome properly. So
that e-Government system implementation becomes successful, thereby reducing the high ratio of e-Government
project failure. In this study, developed and introduced a conceptual model for the e-Government implementation for
the purpose of evaluating the e-Government project in the transition countries specifically the Arab Gulf States.
Successful of e-Government project is dependent upon the Government Officials, Technology and Organization.
In future conducted the empirical study is based on the test the model, questionnaire and interviews will be the
research method of the study. Data are collected for this study from leaders, system users, and technicians. Adoption
of e-Government projects in a country does not depend only on the level of democracy, but also on the cost of
implementation and the perceived of political benefits for the Government from implementing an e-Government
new system and other factors [34].
2.2.9 E-Government of China: Performance, Problems and Prospects
Author stated in this paper, which is an effort to delineate the past achievements, present problems and future
prospects of e-Government of the People’s Republic of China. The 15 th Congress of the Communist Party of China’s
80
“bringing along China’s industrialization with informatization”. In less than a decade, China has made steady
progress in its e-Government constructions. An over-all national e-Government framework has taken shape, more
than 200 million citizens are now active online, the number of IP addresses reaches 135 million. “CN” domain
names hit a record of 9 million, and, with the launch of the Central Government portal www.gov.cn in 2006, and the
Tibetan Autonomous Regional Government portal www.xizang.gov.cn in 2007, governments at various levels in
China have all established their own website.
Of all e-Government benchmarking efforts now in the vogue. The United Nations e-Government Survey stands out
as the most comprehensive, innovative, influential and enlightening. As the largest developing country among the
192 member countries in the United Nations, China’s fine performance in e-Government naturally receives
favorable feedbacks, which is adapted from the above series of and in terms of citizen inclusion, infrastructure
development and the absorption capacity of the citizenry. We can see that China improves greatly on its overall
performance in e-Government readiness ranking through the years 2003 – 2008. In Asia, Republic of Korea, Japan,
Singapore and Malaysia take the lead and belongs to the group of “first 35countries” and China belongs to the “next
35 countries” but China Has admirably moved the place from 74 th to 65th within a short period of 5 years. When we
come to the sphere of “e-Participation”, meaning e-information, e-consultation and e-decision making, China has
had an even better performance by e-Government. In sum, China has made solid progress in embracing ICT
technologies for e-Government in the past years, and has won due respect all over the world. The e-Government
survey series of United Nations recorded this phenomenon. So, China’s e-Government policy and strategy are an
example of best practice for the implementation of e-Government system. The Author has discussed the problems
China is now comforting in terms of government reform, and e-Government application. Problem reform for
historical reasons, China implemented “planned economy” for a long period of time and formulated a set of
governing and mechanisms accordingly. China has established its e-Government promotion agencies at various
levels, but with different titles, functions and responsibilities. The e-Government promotion bodies with various
names of “informatization office”, “informatization centers” or “e-Government center Oct., are held responsible for,
respectively, the provincial or municipal administrative office, the commission of development and research, or the
department of science and technology. So, To improve the institutional structure, and then strengthen the linkages
among different government agencies at all levels, to enable a better flow of resources and allocation of
responsibilities to promote the delivery of public services, to improve the internal workings of the public sector by
81
reducing costs and transaction time are the major challenges for the implementation of e-Government in terms of
reform. According to the author views the problem of application in China’s E-Government Projects, is Alarming
with Figures. The Author has mentioned the connected governance initiatives need to be placed within the context of
the e-Development goals of national governments. A Favorable Environment, A Clear-cut Policy Direction,
Priorities in the Near Future must be created to implement e-Government for e-Services [72].
This paper actually deals with the motivations for government to adopt e-Government for helping to reduce costs,
improve services for citizens and to increase effectiveness and efficiency in the public sector. E-Government
represents a framework fundamental change in the whole public sector structure, values, culture and the ways of
conducting business. It is about a complete change within government and in the relationship between a government
and its citizens. \as we know that e-Government adoption is surrounded by different push back constraints like
political, cultural, organizational, technological, economical, geographical, demographical, and social issues which
must be considered and treated carefully to enable this transformation. Therefore, there is no universal model for e-
Government adoption, which can be applicable for all countries to ensure success. The main aims are to investigate
the motivations behind the change towards e-Government systems which enforce any country to implement e-
Government easily there and also help decision-makers appreciate the success and risk factors in e-Government
adoption. Characteristics of e-Government are also discussed and then the motivations for the change are
investigated through empirical case studies from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-Government can be classified
according to who is interacting with the government. So, a common classification of e-Government is between
government to business (G2B), government to government (G2G) and government to citizen (G2C). An author
argues that G2G is the crucial aspect in the adoption of e-Government and change management is the mechanism to
enable this remarkable transformation. The main aim is to highlight e-Government as a fundamental
transformational in the ways which government agencies carry out their work. It also discusses the differences
between traditional information systems in the public sector and e-Government projects. Finally, the motivations for
the change towards the adoption of e-Government are enumerated using Saudi Arabia as a case study. Another part
of this study, there is described about characteristics of e-Government and its related ICT equipment to back support
the motivations for change towards e-Government adoption by the government bodies. There is an analysis of the e -
Government definition from different perspective of different authors in order to find out some general framework
for the adoption. A brief history of e-Government evolution life-cycle is presented from a different author’s point of
82
view to discover the state of e-Government models in the literature. Some clear differences between e-Government
and e-Commerce are presented there, which is important to realize the similarity and differences between e-
Commerce and e-Government. A lot of issues must be considered according to the environment of implementing.
So, many researchers are confused about whether e-Government is an information system project or not. So, they
triy to remove the confusion by arguing that although e-Government as a term can be classified under the discipline
of information systems, there are significant differences between traditional IT projects in public sector and e-
Government by the analogies presented and even though IT projects represent one of the milestones towards
building e-Government, there are many further issues an e-Government system must consider, such as cooperation
between organizations and sharing the data and knowledge etc. There is also description about how to change
existed model into required e-Government system to enforce us some of fundamental changes from traditional way
to e-Government system. Finally, they conclude with detail description about the adoption process demanded by e-
Government and also pointed out some reasons for the adoption of e-Government. The adoption process as
suggested by Spence (1994) goes through five sequential steps: Awareness, Interest,
Evaluation, Trial, and Adoptions which are used for the adoption process in e-Government to reject and evaluate
other alternative [73].
2.2.10 Challenges for e-Government Development:
E-Government services continue to be embedded in the environment of today’s public administrations and therefore
remain limited by what these administrations are capable and willing, to do. The following presentation basically
focuses on internal and external barriers or challenges to e-Government implementation essential are:
 The government context

83
 Internal obstacles/barriers to e-Government Implementation
 External obstacles / barriers to e-Government Implementation
E-Government cannot be implemented alone. The context in which e-Government is Captivating place and the
ability of government to react (respond) to these external pressures are determinant for the ultimate success of e-
Government. In particular, the boarder information society of which e-Government is but one component plays a
role in:
1. The technological tools available,
2. The level of access that citizens and business will have,
3. Their overall trust in electronic channels and
4. Their expectation of the types of services that should be delivered and how they should be delivered.
Basically, all these four factors affect the willingness of businesses and citizens to use, or take-up, electronic
services. So, the failure to respond to an ever-changing environment and expectations can result in barriers to e-
Government implementation. The government faces the challenge of fostering the development of e-Government
while there is still great uncertainty regarding fast modeling technological changes. Finland was one of the earliest
countries to launch electronic identity card that provide digital signatures for secure electronic transactions. The
launch of the card has been much lower than expected, mainly due to the lack of public services that currently
require public authentication. Risk of failure can be reduced or minimized by using the well-proven approaches or
even better, standard software; although this will often imply that business processes have to be adapted to the
possibilities offered by the IT system.
Second, the digital divide is another important issue for e-Government in the citizens who do not have access to the
internet will be unable to benefit from online services. So, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and
Development (OECD) countries, a growing number of people have access to the internet, but there are still a large
number of citizens who do not. So, the digital divide is a particular challenge in some OECD countries because
studies seem to indicate that the Internet and PC penetration may be reaching a limit that is defined by the perceived
value for citizens to be online.
84
Third, Citizens are unlikely to use e-Government services without a guarantee of privacy and security. This may be
the challenge of e-Government. The challenge facing e-Government coordinators and implements is to respect
accepted privacy principles while allowing the benefits of the internet and other kinds of related technologies to flow
to peoples. This balance is of particular value when considering seamless government services involving data
sharing among agencies. The government has a responsibility to provide leadership in developing a culture of
privacy protection and security. The OECD was the first intergovernmental organization to issue guidelines on
international policy for the protection of privacy in the computerized data processing.
Fourth, constraints on e-Government is the difficulty with which government is developing services that are
customer-focused. As government is developing more and more electronic services, they are also coming to the
realization that they often do not know what kind of e-Government citizens want. So, the development of customer
focus requires collaboration. As services are more complex, efficiency considerations require greater co-operation
between agencies, in areas such as authentication, shared processes and the exchanging of data. The need for
collaboration between agencies, thus has both “front-office” and “back-office” dimensions. For the e-Government
context the four types of barriers might be there for e-Government Development and Implementation. They are:
1. Rapid technological change
2. The digital divide
3. Privacy and security concerns
4. Citizen expectations and seamless services
The e-Government context affects e-Government initiatives across, and yet the dominant structural forms in all
OECD governments. Organization units that have relatively clear, mutually exclusive areas of responsibility, and
control and political accountability. External e-Government barriers often concern breakdowns, missing components
or lack of flexibility in the government-wide frameworks that enable e-Government. So, the success of e-
Government initiatives and processes are highly dependent on government’s role in ensuring a proper legal
framework for their operation. The introduction and uptake of e-Government services and processes will remain
minimal without a legal equivalence between digital and paper processes. OECD governments are very aware of the
need for a framework to provide for enforceable electronic transactions. Seamless government services involving a
85
number of agencies unavoidably add to the complexity of implementation. So, the rules and regulations around ICT
use can build up, and impose resource obligations on agencies. Pervasive nature of ICT use in government and these
requirements can cover acquisition and financing, network operations and security, staffing and skills issues, service
design, monitoring and reporting. E-Government has the potential to improve collaboration across agencies and
organizations, but there are a number of regularity barriers to collaboration. OECD governments operate within
vertical funding structures, in accordance with the core public management principal of holding an agency
accountable for achieving organizational objectives and giving it the resources to accomplish those objectives.
Finally, barriers to seamless service delivery may arise from the inability of agencies to communicate with each
other. Government can help by providing a technological framework for delivering electronic services. The issues of
harmonization and standards are the complex one, and solutions advanced will develop and change over time. So,
there includes the following issues in external barriers to e-Government implementation they are:
1. Legislative and regularity barriers
2. Budgetary barriers
3. Common technical frameworks and infrastructure
The establishment of overall frameworks is an important stage in meeting common e-Government challenges. In
OECD countries, most advanced e-Government organizations have a vision statement. Such a statement may be
linked to political commitment at a higher level, or it may be dependent on a general manager or the head of an IT
unit with sufficient determination and resources. The most effective e-Government vision depends on input from a
variety of stakeholders. Increasingly, users, non-governmental organizations, and government employees are being
brought into the process of defining an e-Government vision. Another point, the Government is increasingly asked
to translate a general vision into effective public services while facing time constraints, lack of resources and
political pressures. Leadership does just about not motivate people and creating incentives and opportunities for
actions. E-Government is also about change, and many e-Government advances to date have been driven by the
enthusiasm of individuals and individual agencies. E-Government leaders should learn how to put in place the right
administrative mechanism to support agencies in the e-Government implementation. So, Political leadership has an
important role in shaping and backing e-Government initiatives. Political leaders contribute to the establishment of
the e-Government vision, define priorities, filter citizens’ needs, make the decision and provide the will to carry
86
them out. So, it is important to understand that results are most likely when leaders elevate the public profile of their
vision and press for its successful implementation by trying it to broader government policy agendas.
Decentralization has been a key component of public management reforms in most OECD countries over the past 20
years. Whole of e-Government structures can play an important role in steering e-Government implementation
across government, in providing a framework for collaboration across agencies and in keeping e-Government
activity aligned on broader public administration agendas. An important role of such central co-coordinating units is
to act as a focal point for promoting government-wide e-Government development. Providing seamless services are
fast becoming a major challenge in order to provide user-centric e-Government. OECD countries have taken a
number of stages to improve the seamless delivery of information and services. In effect, collaborating for seamless
e-Government services will lead to a deeper engagement between the agencies involved:
 Implementation of integration model
 Seamless online service content
 Coordinated policies for seamless service delivery
The more comprehensive and innovative the partnership arrangements, the greater the likely challenge to existing
frameworks. The challenges for developing sound partnership include as follows:
 Accountability, security and audit
 The specification of outputs
 Share the risks
 Capacity to manage the relationship
 Excluding other service providers
To overcome these barriers and monitor and evaluate e-Government success, a number of issues must be addressed.
So,
87
 a framework for assessment must be prepared prior to initiation,
 e-Government indicators should be designed to reflect program goals,
 results need to be available to decision makers at the right time,
 the evaluation process should be unbiased and independent,
 based on a mixture of qualitative and quantitative indicators,
 direct and indirect costs and benefits
 E-government should be repeatedly evaluated over time.
So, there may seem following barriers in Internal challenges to e-Government implementation. They are:
1. Ensuring a common vision
2. Providing leadership at many levels
3. Strengthening coordination
4. Improving collaboration
5. Clarifying public-private partnership [74].
2.2.11 Architecture for delivering pan- European e-Government services:
The objective of this project is to define the high level architecture needed to deliver pan-European e-Government
services (PEGS). To end, this three major deliverables are prepared:
 a document giving the functional requirements for this architecture (Requirement synthesis document, ref.
(1));
 a document on technology and market trends relevant for the delivery of PEGS (Trends document, ref. (2));
 a document describing the technical infrastructure needed for the delivery of PEGS (Architecture
document).
88
This is the Architecture document which describes the technical infrastructure for delivering PEGS.
So, the project deals with the support infrastructure that needs to be put in place to achieve interoperability at pan-
European level. Many Member States have already implemented national interoperability frameworks and
middleware that allows the integration of different administrations at national, regional and municipal level. The
PEGS Infrastructure project is defining the additional components that are needed to support e-Government services
at the pan-European level. Since it allows linking up national middleware, it can be seen as a “middleware of
middleware”. The project is dealing with the architectural aspects of the infrastructure. It does not cover
implementation. However, where possible, we will point to implementation issues.
The approach is based on the Integrated Architecture Framework (IAF). Therefore, we first start with a discussion
of this framework. The next figure shows the general IAF framework.
Figure 2.2.11.3 Architecture for delivering Pan-European e-Government Service [75]
89
The IAF addresses four architecture Aspect Areas: Business, Information, Information Systems and Technology
Infrastructure. There are strong interdependencies between each of the aspect areas. For example, the business
structure determines the information structure that, in turn, prescribes the structure for IS, which determines the
technology infrastructure structure. Ideally, all aspect areas have to be incorporated in the architecture design [75].
With An Innovative Approach for E-Government Transformation the author proposed framework. It is focused on
developing simplified model and tools for understanding and managing e-Government initiatives. The model
decision containing key information in an e - Government framework is resembles the issues and challenges which
are faced by e-Government initiatives which can then become the focal point. Author tried to attempt to model a
suitable technology centric approach to support decision maker for e-Government transformation. This approach to
support decision makers in the UAE and realize the vision of e-Government transformation. So, the proposed
framework is developed based on revisions of various international practices already carried in the area of citizen-
centric e-Government initiatives. The framework refers CIVIC IDEA (Citizen, Inclusive Vision Realized through the
ID card Integrated Delivery of E-Government Application).
Basically, this approach is envisaged to support the government of UAE in achieving the vision of e-Government
transformation. The following are the different components of the framework.
 Ecosystem
 Proposed Conceptual Water Flow Model
 Down Streaming Infrastructure, the technical model – technical infrastructure
 Transform Strategy, Rocket Analogy – Strategy
 Realization Phased Based Approach, The Four Dimensions of CIVIC IDEA, E-Government for People
matrix.
So, transformation would also require an increase capability to consume these services and take their more benefits.
The e-Government service portfolio of the UAE consists of various layers and specializations and these services are
constantly refined. In order to achieve uniformity across the various layers of government. It is important to have a
standardized federal service template which acts as the blueprint for the implementation and improvement of e-
Services. This is the conceptual model.
CIVIC IDEA Technical model is a kind of enterprise architecture which is the next step in the CIVIC IDEA
realization. So, the development of the model took the following entities as primary design elements.
90
 Service Provider
 Support Service Provider
 Existing E-Government System
 CIVIC IDEA Infrastructure (core platform, integration channels and delivery channels)
 Front Ending Organizations
 End Customers [76].
2.2.12 Enterprise Architecture and Frameworks:
E-Government is an idea raised by the former US vice president (AL Gore), within his vision of linking the citizen
to the various agencies of government for getting all kinds of government services in an automated and automatic
way, in addition to the completion of the government working itself depending on information and communication
networks to reduce costs, improve performance, speed of delivery and effectiveness of implementation. To achieve
this, the latest means of technology, communications and follow-up to the rapid global development and look at the
reasons for the failure and the success of e-Government program and to encourage the use of technology and
increase the number of users of computers and internet tools effectively are true to concentrate. Authors are
presenting about the challenges and opportunities for developing a successful e-Government. The challenges are:
 Infrastructure development, law and public policy, digital divide, e-literacy, accessibility, record
management, workforce issues, cost structures, interoperability, education and marketing and
benchmarking which faced during the implementation of an e-Government.
There are some other factors which affecting the success of e-Government. So, the causes of failure of the e-
Government program in developing countries, as identified. The causes are:
 Lack of training schemes and qualified staff, which makes it hard to go with such a new trend like e-
Government.
 Lack of change management efforts.
 Lack of educating citizens about the value and benefits of e-Government.
 Higher turnover rates of government IT staff.
 Lack of public sector a skill and as a result e-Government projects which are often outsourced to the
private sector.
91
 Large design reality gaps as a result of using an off-the-shelf solution, from an industrialized country for a
developing country.
 Large gap between the skilled leaders.
The authors have presented about the success indicators of e-Government. The indicators are:
 Information Dissemination, means a method
 Two-way communication, the nature of the relationship
 Services that will be available to the citizen or any stakeholders
 Integration
 Political participation
 Security, how secure transaction
 Usability etc.
And they have also suggested value chain which could also summarize the inputs and outputs of the e-Government
program, as inputs will be all the skilled people, up-to-date technology and communication. And they have presented
the important level of possible points of e-Government, which focused on the national e-Government. The important
levels of points of e-Government are as follows:
 International
 National
 Regional
 State / provincial
 Local
The following figure displays clearly the important level of points of e-Government.
92
Figure 2.2.12.4 E-government levels
So, there are important levels of points exist in e-Government, which can be of a great importance when taken into
consideration, when applying any e-Government project, where each stage represent a step to be implemented
before moving to the next a step to in order to insure the success of an e-Government project.
The old fashioned model of ICT in government has been changed to the new model is one of ICT supporting and
transforming the external working of governance by processing and communicating information and data, as shown
in below figure 2.2.12.2. Network communication technology has revolutionized how agents in the economy
interact, transact, and share information with each other – namely government, businesses, and citizens. The new
technology provides for multi-channel access, communication and interaction, including, among others, the usage of
Wide Area Networks (WANs), the Internet, and mobile computing networks.
93
Figure 2.2.12.5 E-government “Go on-line instead of in-line”
The experiences of countries in this regard have reached advanced stages in time, which was launched three Arab
countries: UAE, Jordan and Egypt. E-government construction projects come from recognizing the importance of
the communications revolution, which must be exploited fruit of civilization and the exploitation of cultural
cognitive in the convoy of civilization without hesitation or equivocation.
Working Group on E-government in the Developing World (Roadmap for E-government in the Developing World,
2002) introduced “10 Questions E-government Leaders Should Ask themselves”. They provide clear path show the
issues and public affairs for the E-government and you must know how to deal with it, planning strategies to solve,
and 10 questions to answers is helpful in the planning, management and evaluation of the E - government project.
1. Why are we pursuing E-government?
2. Do we have a clear vision and priorities for E-government?
3. What kind of E-Government are we ready for?
4. Is there enough political will to lead the e-government effort?
5. Are we selecting E-Government projects in the best way?
6. How should we plan and manage E-Government projects?
7. How will we overcome resistance from within the government?
8. How will we measure and communicate progress? How will we know if we are failing?
94
9. What should our relationship be with the private sector?
10. How can E-Government improve citizen participation in public affairs? [77].
The electronic Government provides the convenience and availability of government services and information to
public. The e-Government focused primarily on government information online, public service delivery online and
on the attitudes and implication patterns of people. An author has present the formation of e-Governance and its
influence on public attitude, public service delivery and bureaucratic reform. A conceptual framework of e-
Government was developed based on literature survey to highlight a fully functional e-Government.
As a service provider, the state or government increasingly transforms into a regulator of outsources or privatized
services. The government has a key role in the transformation of its operational activities to its public, so, the
government has three prominent functions: first – operations, second-policy making and third- regulation, among
these policy making functions is increasingly divided between the global, the regional, the national and to the local
levels, involving each time actors from civil society and the private sector. In the conceptual framework, there are
different stages of e-Government, which reveals the extent of technical complexity and interaction with users:
Information dissemination, two way communication, service and financial transaction, integration and political
participation.
Figure 2.2.12.6 Conceptual framework of e-Government
95
So, e-Government presents a number of challenges for public administration. The government is going online and
using the internet to deliver public services to its citizens. So, by the help of conceptual framework, the universal
access and privacy and confidentiality, including standard ethical issues as well as public focused change must be
considered throughout e-Government development. Government should well understand the public attitude through
interactive communication which will ensure the bureaucratic reform and effective public service delivery [78].
The author presents the positioning of enterprise architecture for Government transformation, innovation in
Singapore and also presents the components of environmental driver (Internal and External) which are the
positioning enterprise architecture (EA) which provides a mechanism to install discipline and control (governance)
to business processes and their enabling and infrastructures. So, it is a very important component for e-Government
implementation. The components are: strategic planning, enterprise architecture, planning and implementation
planning.
Figure 2.2.12.7 Position EA as a Management Practice
96
E-Government stage model refers to the use by government agencies of ICTs that have the ability to transform
relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. Another important part of the paper is the key
stage of e-Government maturity includes:
 Web presence
 Interaction
 Transaction
 Transformation (connected)
Singapore government also follows the presented agendas that are:
1. Enterprise Architecture Foundations
2. Linking E-Government and Enterprise Architecture
3. Evolution of Singapore’s E-Government program
4. Singapore Government Enterprise Architecture (early architecture, reference models, methodology and
differentiated enterprise architecture design)
5. Government transformation with Singapore Government Enterprise Architecture (SGEA)
6. Future enhancements – from connecting government to coherent government.
The author also presents the elements of Enterprise Architecture and Governance structure and processes for the
effective and efficient e-Government implementation of business processes.
2.2.13 Elements of Enterprise Architecture:
Figure 2.2.13.8 Element of EA

97
Governance structure and processes:
Figure 2.2.13.9 Process and Structure of Governance
Source: E-Government Architecture Expert Council Meeting May 21st & 22nd, 2009 [79]
98
This paper has been published by Carlos Grima-Izquierdo and David Rios Insua and the main aim of this paper is to
design an architectural view in order to support the implementation of the e - government system. For which they
purposed a computer system that would support e-Government activities, with emphasis on decision making, for a
city, region, country or a supernatural entity. They have provided its high level of description, using UML as
modeling language. Firstly, they have established a basic terminology in relation with e-Government. Then they
have carried out the general software architecture at design level. This architecture consists of the system
decomposition in subsystem and database, specifying all dependencies among them.
As a working definition of e-government, they have purposed the set of computer procedures, which show the
results of the union of e-Administration and e-Politics. Actually, all existing e-Government procedures belong to
either e-Administration or e-Politics, and some of them may belong, simultaneously, to both subsets, as described
below figure 2.2.13.3:
Figure 2.2.13.10 e-Government, e-Administration and e-Politics definitions
The relevant actors of the system will be citizens, politicians, civil servants, private organizations such as
companies, media, NGOs, etc. and political parties, which are a special type of private
For purposes general architecture of the e - governance system they have divided the system into three subsystems:
1. The “e-agency Container subsystem”, which is the set of e-Agencies and, therefore, execute the services
that form e-Procedures.

2. The ”e-Procedure control system” and
3. The “Interface Subsystem”
99
The system also includes two distributed and redundant databases which have been shown in the figure below
figure 2.2.13.4:
Figure 2.2.13.11 General architecture of the whole system
This is the way how the general architecture of the whole system is represented, this paper also includes the general
architecture of the e-Agency container subsystem, the architecture of the interface subsystem and architecture of e-
Procedure control system in details.
Overall, it can say that the authors of this paper have tried to focus more on terminologies, requirements, and a
general architecture in order to develop a computer system that fully implements e-Government. The architecture is
more generic, scalable and reusable which means that it can be implemented for any country at any level and also
with any political as well as administrative layout. The main theme of this paper is that the authors are not just trying
to find answers about whether the e-Government system is possible to be applied or not, instead they are trying to
find “is it possible to design a generic, extensible, reusable and highly secure architecture to develop e-Government
system?” [80].
Firstly, they have defined some terms and concept, such as e-Procedure, service or e-Agency and later they have
enunciated the functional and non-functional global requirements. But in this paper they have not gone through the
detail description of this outline and they are supposed to get done in their further work. In terms of reducing system
complexity, they have designed an architecture that consists of the decomposition in three parts, with the minimal
coupling between them, enunciating the implied database as well. For each of three systems they enunciate its main
characteristics, objectives, operation, dependencies and its relation with the e-Procedure, e-Services, e-Agency
concepts. Furthermore, they have divided them into smaller parts until a suitable complexity level has been
100
achieved. Also, when they described the operation of e-Procedure control subsystem, they have mentioned a high-
level language to write e-Procedure by humans, and main task of defining this language and its interpreter system in
future will be very important.
In order to achieve the usability requirement, essential to mitigate the “digital divide”, they have proposed a
metaphor for a web-based graphical user interface consisting of a map with public building. These are the concept
how authors have tried to represent a Designing part of General Architecture to support e-Government system.
However, these all concept will be clearly defined by making use of any standards and graphical user interface
design like ISO (International Organization of standardization) and some statistical experiments for measuring
obtained efficiencies, which has not been explained in this paper, but the authors have supposed to describe all these
in their further work [80].
Author tries to give the information on government project in Jordan along with its view, technical challenge and
suggestions to overwhelm over them. E-government is a natural extension of Technological revolution due to which
the new concept of public administration like transparency, accountability, citizen participation, change the political
practice which transitioned into e-democracy and e-governance. According to world bank e-government is a better
delivery of government services to citizens, business and citizen empowerment through access to information or
more efficient government management due to which the less corruption, increased transparency, greater convince,
revenue growth and cost reduction may occur.
The goals of the Jorden e-Government are:
1. Increasing the Effectiveness and efficiencies of the government sector by time reduction, learning from
experience and accuracy in complexity of various functions.
2. Reduce cost of the government by business process development and improvement, high transparency, reduction
of duplicate processes and the promotion of integration and exchange of data.
3. Customer satisfaction raising by facilitating the use of government services, time reduction and providing
accurate data at a time.
4. Support Economic Development programs through facilitating the transactions between government sectors and
business sectors, cost reduction and increasing the job opportunities [81].
101
According to Sami 4 stages of e-government implementations are posting the information which means general
information and application forms can be provided online via the website. Second one is two way communications,
in which the website allows informal queries with people. Second last is Exchange of value to take place as
government agencies interact directly with clients on-line, including recording and storing sensitive information.
And the last one is Integrated service and exchange, portal that integrates ranges of government services based on
needs and queries, not depending on agencies or departments.
The Facts about Jordan e-Government: Country area is 89,342 sq km and the population density is around 66 people
per km. Among the different city Irbid has highest population density is about 662.4 but man has lost only 3.4
One of the key indicators and important in the subject e-government is knowledge of the willingness of households
in the community to take advantage of this service which played a significant role for implementation of e-
governance.
Infrastructure, Experience and knowledge in electronic services are major risk factors for proper implementation
[81].
2.2.14 External and Internal Barriers to E-government Implementation
The internal challenges are coming when all the overall frameworks are put in place. They might be better
understanding of common vision, the agencies cannot operate in isolation so there is a need for cooperation to
ensure the interoperability, avoid duplicate services to ensure that government officials have the tools to do their
mission, to monitor and evaluate success.
External Challenge may be standard software selection, people who aren’t using PCs or have access to the internet,
guarantee of privacy and security, commitment to spend resources over a long period, cost and potential benefits
makes developing project funds hard.
The primary risks in implementing the e-government strategy, and the mitigation plan for each risk of them are listed
as follows
• Budgetary Barriers
• Digital Divide
102
• Privacy and security barrier
• Rapid Technology changes
• Citizen Expectation and Seamless Services
• Common Technical Frameworks and Infrastructure
New Strategy of the E-Government in Jordan: The Jordan Digital strategy goal of government is to deliver
government information, services and processes using information and communication technology to transform the
way government engages with people and business
The new aims summarize are: Send high quality services to clients, business and organizations .Developing
government performance and efficiency, Enhance competitiveness, cost reduction and increase of interaction with
government, promotion of ICT sector, improving the e-commerce activities and develop information security are the
new strategy for the development of e-government in Jordan. So, E-government is growing but how much that will
be practicing that is major concerns, Risk factors in developing e-government in Jordan should be identified
properly as a result should be looking at it as they are influencing the success or failure of the project of electronic
government [81].
According to the Author, there are six stages of e-Government: e-Government becomes more widespread in the
regions. The stages are:
1. Setting up an e-mail system and internal network
2. Enabling inter-organizational and public access to information (moving everything electronically)
3. Allowing 2-way communication
4. Allowing exchange of value
5. Digital democracy and
6. Joined up Government
Yet, most of Asia-Pacific government are only in the initial phases of adopting ICT to improve financial
management, information and reporting, streamline the delivery of government services, enhance communication
with the citizenry, and serve as a catalyst for empowering citizens to interact with the government. So, there are
103
several reasons for slower adoption of ICT by the public sector in comparison to the private sector Asia-Pacific
developing countries. These include:
 Higher costs of ICT introduction due to the scale of public organizations
 The inertia of existing options and habits
 Paper trial required for approval processing
 Security and concerns
 Confidentiality of information
 Obsolete regulations and laws
 Lack of understanding and computer change
 Difficulties of carrying out organizational change and,
 The nature of public sector financing and procurement practices.
As e-Government becomes more widespread in the region, one can expect a progression through above mentioned
six stages. But not all government or agencies will reach all stages, and there will be much variety within a
government, with different agencies at different stages. E-Government practices tend to reflect existing structures
and ongoing reform processes in each country in terms of quality of administration, citizen participation, and extent
of corruption. As in developed countries, e-Government has not been a primary driver for reform, although it has
helped support reform processes [82]. This could be only an interim finding, due to the early stage of adoption (e.g.
Successful, network management applications of ICT by citizens and NGOs have largely left out government,
preferring to confront them in the media or on by Governments in the region. More work is needed to better
understand these and other factors, and how to address them. And the particular areas of the Asia-Pacific experience
that hasn’t received enough attention here or elsewhere include the policy dialogue leading up to the adoption of e-
Government, the need for standards of data interchanges and network security, the role of central units to push
through e-Government initiatives, the need for new laws on e-Commerce, intellectual property protection, and
privacy, and the low-risk appetite of governance [82].
2.2.15 Enterprise Architecture:
The man focused on enterprise architecture (EA) is to coordinate among the components of the architecture and to
bridge the gap between the changes in business process and advancement of technology. The authors address about
104
the critical challenges with the use of service oriented architecture (SOA), product line architecture (PLA), expert
system (ES), and also cloud computing. So, the proposed architecture provides the feature such as adaptability,
reusability, maintainability and scalability. They introduce enterprise architecture and cloud computing in the
beginning. The existing problems of enterprise architecture are given here and propose the solution as a new
architecture and propose the solution as a new architecture. The features of proposed architecture are given and use
cloud computing in a part of the proposed new architecture. There are a number of problems such as a legacy to the
traditional system, syntactic and semantic interoperability, security, feasibility and many more. There are still many
problems other than those in existing EA but focus on addressing the issue of adaptability.
Figure 2.2.15.12 Addressing issues of a adaptability [84]
The architecture is designed to address the existing problems and incorporate the required features of adaptability in
EA. The architecture is divided into three tires, developed architecture with the consideration of a service provider
and the service user as two main actors. The first tier is “Front Office” for user section, second tier is “Main Office”
for enterprise architecture with product line architecture application, and third tier is “Back Office” for common
repositories for enterprises. Each tire has been assigned significant role, but back office is more important as
compared to others in this architecture because it consists of sensitive government data, information, and services. In
an analysis of a case study present the state diagram to solve the problem, is an equivalent state diagram and has
twelve states. The transition from one state to another takes place with a probabilistic mean rate. Each state has a
105
certain probability to be in its own state. So, there are many features in the proposed architecture, but have listed a
few of them.
 High Adaptability
 High Reusability
 High Maintainability
 Scalability and Resource Management
The proposed architecture gives a new dimension to the existing enterprise architecture and is built upon the
philosophical premise of EA consisting of components such as SOA, PLA along with cloud computing. So, the
proposed architecture also addresses the architecture also addresses the critical challenges of EA and enhances the
non-functional properties. There is no need to re-structure entire architecture with small changes in one component
[84].
Enterprise Architecture is a widely adopted means for coping with organizations’ ever-increasing complexity and for
ensuring that organizations appropriately use and optimize their technical resources. Enterprise Architecture is an
integrated and holistic vision of a system’s fundamental organization, embodied in its elements (people, processes,
applications, and so on) and their relationship to each other. So, Enterprise Architecture provides the fundamental
technologies and process infrastructure for developing an IT strategy and aligning business strategies and
implementation. The following are the benefits of enterprise architecture:
 Complexity management
 Technical resource oversight
 Knowledge management
 IT visibility
 Reduction in impact of staff turnover
 Faster adaptability
106
 Operating procedures improvement
 Decision making
Pragmatically, enterprise architecture frameworks play dual roles; they serve as documentation and component-
specification tools, and facilitate enterprise planning and problem solving.
Figure 2.2.15.13 EA Framework and Hierarchical Structure of EA Architecture roles

[84]
Source: IEEE Computer Society, 1520-9202/07, IT Pro 2007
Although enterprise architecture is recognized as affording the necessary infrastructure for building information
systems, several challenges remain. These challenges stem from the fact that enterprise architecture hasn’t reached
maturity, highlight enterprise architecture challenges from two perspectives: enterprise architecture frameworks and
organization structure.
So, enterprise architecture has proven valuable for organizing and structuring enterprise-wide information,
organizations have recognized knowledge management’s use in monitoring and planning this information. Our
ongoing work in this area focuses on developing a conceptual knowledge management model to facilitate an
enterprise architecture approach, with an emphasis on strategic knowledge support. Such a model would support
knowledge discovery and facilitate the exploitation of information captured through the application of enterprise
architecture frameworks [84].
This paper introduces a government EA grid adaptation model (Geagam). The model was built on the knowledge of
Finnish Government, observations about government EA method engineering and its pilot adaptations, and
literature. The model is based on strategic and operational grid types used to advise political steering and
administrative management, respectively. This model of GEA grid adaptation provides a novel tool for strategic
107
political and management of strategy implementation. The aim of the authors is to present a description of the EA
method adaptation carried out in Finland; an analysis of the principles underlying the EA grid adaptation, as well as;
the GEA grid adaptation model (Geagam) and benefits of using the model. Authors has structured into eight
sections, first define basic concepts related to method adaptation and second EA frameworks. Third, introduces the
Finnish state administration as the context of applying the GEA method. Fourth, describes the GEA meth, describe
the GEA method engineering project and findings project and findings from its adaptation in two pilot organizations.
Fifth, methodology, sixth, brings out the principles underlying the GEA grid adaptation and present the GEA grid
adaptation model and seventh, discusses the benefits of the GEA grid adaptation [85]
Enterprise Architecture lacks a universally accepted definition. So, Enterprise Architecture identifies the major
components of the enterprise, which are used its information systems, and define components basically works
together to achieve defined objectives, which is the way for system support business. It has mentioned in Denmark
and the Netherlands “master plan” and also in “city plan”. Architecture consists of statements of how an enterprise
wants to use IT, not on what and how information has to be made available. The strategy is an institutional setting
provides the context for the architectural design choices and decision. Enterprise Architecture frameworks and
models provide ways to deal with the complexity, including work, function, information and infrastructure. National
enterprise architectures promise to fill the gap between policy and implementation. Architecture models, principles
and standards make up the content of a National Enterprise Architecture (NEA). This results in the following aspects
that need to be analyzed to understand National Enterprise Architecture.
 Policies, actors and structures
 Governance
 Architecture frameworks and methodologies
 Architecture principles and standards
 Implementations
108
Figure 2.2.15.14 Framework for Analyzing National Enterprise Architectures (NEAs) [86]
(Source: journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/govinf)
The framework for comparing National Enterprise Architectures is aimed at taking a broader view on NEA within
the public administration. Author also investigates through a case study of Denmark and the Netherlands: the
enterprise architecture efforts in Denmark and the Netherlands uses our framework. Both countries have a capitalist
production system and a parliamentary democracy. Furthermore, both Denmark and the Netherlands rank among the
top-10 countries when it comes to maturity in the survey of Accenture [1]. Consequently, there NEA efforts might be
comparable and the two countries might be able to learn from each other. Denmark is a small country with 5, 5
million citizens and the Netherlands has 16, 3 million citizens. 83% of Danes and 90% of the Dutch have Internet
access at home.
The NEA program is based on adopting one part of the Zachman model. The architecture is driven by a requirement
for EU, Dutch government, businesses and citizens. On the vertical axis business, information and technical
architecture are shown on the horizontal axis contains who? What? And How? Questions. Control and maintenance
and security give special attention.
They have developed a broader understanding of NEA by first developing a framework to analyze national
enterprise architecture and then using this framework to analyze the NEA initiatives in Denmark and the
Netherlands. Denmark kicked off NEA very early in 2003 and the Netherlands waited for EA to mature and has a
risk-avoiding strategy. Denmark is a front runner and seems to be losing a bit of its first mover momentum. Both
countries have studies here are increasingly using their NEA programs as instruments to govern the public-sector
organizational network from an integrated strategy, business and technology perspective.
109
Figure 2.2.15.15 National Enterprise Architecture Process Model of Denmark [86]
(Source: 40th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences – 2007)
Figure 2.2.15.16 National Enterprise Architecture Framework of the Netherlands [86]
(Source: 40th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences – 2007)
The Netherlands can learn from the use of NEA frameworks and models from Denmark, whereas Denmark can draw
lessons from the governance in the Netherlands. Both countries are struggling with the governance of their NEA
efforts, mainly due to the local autonomy of public agencies. Denmark has better collaboration and communication
within levels of government, whereas the Netherlands has a better governance structure using funding control and
portfolio management. As the underlying premise of this analysis takes the institutional view, which predicts that,
the configurations of NEA programs are significantly affected by actors, structures and political vision. Both case
studies confirm this premise. In our case studies found that NEA must be viewed broader than just a “city plan”. In
the framework proposed that at least 5 elements should be considered 1) Policies, actors and structures, 2)
110
Governance 3) Architecture model 4) Architecture principles and standards and 5) Implementations. The analysis of
the NEA confirms that there is a need for a broader perspective on the NEA. The question is not only what the NEA
is, but also how the NEA is used and governed over-time given the institutional setting. Analyzing NEAs should
include the institutional environment, governances and the take-up of the NEA by studying implementations [86].
Author investigates some recent publications that proposed comprehensive and detailed solutions to e-government
integration problem and pointed out that these solutions are seem to be consumed by technologies and governmental
system requirements. The findings indicate that creation of service architecture must be focused and represent the
business objectives, which is mostly about producing an added value of delivering a better and more reliable service
for the users of those services. Considering the complexity of integrating e-government services, especially the ones
developed in their advanced transitional stages, e-service integration requires a completely documented and
repeatable methodological approach to ensure the most efficient and reliable transformation of e-government
services towards an integrated life-event driven system. Hare proposed an integration methodology to accommodate
the integration specific tasks into the SDLC. Then here proposed an implementation strategy (framework) for
service integration and anticipate that this research and its findings may have an important impact on the efficiency
and success of future e-service integration projects by providing a unified methodological approach to e-service
delivery integration projects [87].
Here recognize that integrating existing e-government services into a unified Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)
environment is an important engineering task that is relatively different than developing web services from scratch.
And compare the generic Software Engineering (SE) tasks including its proposed SOA extension with Service
Integration Engineering (SIE) tasks and activities in order to represent the differences in a comparative perspective.
SDLC models are designed to guide the development team to correctly follow a series of steps in creating software
to meet business needs. The SDLC models have evolved as new technology and new research have addressed the
weaknesses of older models. Ideas have been borrowed and adapted between the various models. The fact that the
complexity of e-government service integration is rapidly growing as a result of constant increase in available
services evermore highlights the need for a formal methodological approach and design standards to ensure efficient
and more importantly repeatable service integration. Repeatability is the most important key word in searching for a
generic E-service Integration Methodology (E-SIM). From an integration point of view, it is important to identify
services and their formats that are used by many SOA participants (agency e-services in this case) in order to drive
our integration methodology standards, this will ensure the reliability and scalability of the integrated services.
111
Figure 2.2.15.17 E-Service Integration Methodology (E-SIM) tasks and process flow [87]
Source: eGIF UK, 2000 Version 6.1 2005
The author views about the second component of the framework. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a software
architecture that defines the use of services, to support software user requirements. Web services are the most
promising technology to support the integration of applications and systems of different levels of e-government aim
at both public individuals and private businesses. Characteristics of these services such as reusability of business
components and loosely coupled building blocks of SOA to provide services to either end-user applications or other
services through heterogeneous networks make SOA the best architecture match for e-government integration.
Implementation of SOA application is made possible through the realization of web services. It is believed that
government agencies need to implement SOA, as it is the best possible architectural design pattern suitable for
integrating their e-services. The most common barriers of interoperability of systems (Technical and Semantic) have
proven to be much harder to crack according to a survey conducted in five European countries and the US. Despite
the surveyed counties efforts (UK has issued a technical guidance on the e-government Interoperability Framework
(e-GIF), which was issued in 2000, and updated to version 6.1 in 2005) towards interoperability, research has found
that each one of the six government agencies under study have developed their own set of standards to address the
interoperability, according to the survey the six interoperability frameworks show a common feature: Internet
technologies comprise their core. However, two different approaches can be identified in the enumeration of
standards and believe that the interoperability of e-systems to achieve e-government integration in particular must be
an evolutionary one, implemented using a repeatable and unified methodological approach. Author proposes a
framework to facilitate the e-government service integration based on iterative and voluntary participation of
112
government agencies to publish their services in an integrated system. The Author has presented the Integrated E-
government Service Delivery (IESD) with five components, which is a kind of framework including the elements,
the elements are:
 Service repository
 Service submission and validation
 Public access interface
 Service Description discovery Engine
 Service descriptor repository
Figure 2.2.15.18 IESD Conceptual Diagram [87]
Source: fsanati,jielu}@it.uts.edu.au
IESD framework will use semantic web ontology to achieve semantic interoperability and service delivery level
integration. This task will involve the use of a domain-based ontology, intelligent agent technology and machine
learning techniques to dynamically create required new services groups and process workflows in run time [87].
113
2.3 E-GOVERNMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN: CHALLENGES FOR A TRANSITIONAL
COUNTRY
Mentioned is all about implementation of e-government, positive signs and challenges faced by Kazakhstan. It is
very difficult to transitional country like Kazakhstan to have 24*7 online interactions with government. This
research uses academic journal and newspaper articles; second, reports published by the international organizations
and relevant government bodies; and finally, an examination of the content and usage of e-government portal and
website of the government departments in Kazakhstan. This paper talks about Kazakhstan background where it is
mentioned that it is very rich in natural resources, especially in oil and gas reserves and has a small population size
in comparison to its territory. But half of the population i.e.43 % citizens are living in remote areas which causes low
level of computer literacy.
According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) rating 2008 Kazakhstan is positioned in 66 th place among 70
countries with a score of 3.89 out of maximum 10. Kazakhstan is the only country in the Central Asia region
covered by the EIU. But according to the United Nations “E-Government Survey 2008: from e-Government to
Connected Governance 2008”, Kazakhstan is continually showing strong progress in improving the overall e-
environment as it is in 16 ranks higher than 2005 which is 18 ranks higher than that of 2003.Kazakhstan is ranked
81st out of 192 countries in terms of overall e-government readiness.
AIC (Agency for Informatisation and Communication) report’s on Key Indicators of ICT Development in
Kazakhstan, 2010; use of landline telephone access is just 22.9%,mobile phone use is 102% and no. of computers is
5%,internet access at home is 3.8%, the number of schools with access to the internet is 96.6% where no. of
computer is 1 per 20 school children. Usage of the Internet by individuals is:
1. Search for information about goods, travel, listening to the radio, watching movie, playing games,
downloading pictures, music, video, reading newspapers, job search and applications - 71.8%.
2. Communication (use of email, phone calls, video-conferences) – 81.5%
3. Purchase or order of goods and services – 2.2%
4. Internet-Banking – 2.0%
114
5. Professional development – 34.1%
6. Interaction with government and public institutions – 18.7%
Kazakhstan Government used several measures to improve computer literacy and popularize internet usage among
citizen by:
 Reducing costs for Internet use and computers
 Accessing different channels for Internet access
 Providing free classes and “summer computer schools” and organizing free and subsidized “training of
trainers” classes across regions
 Providing “National Computer” program for low-income families
 Providing 100 % of public schools with computers and Internet access
 Announcing National Internet awards competitions on an annual basis
The e-government policy in Kazakhstan includes three key stages (Presidential Decree, 2004a):
• 1st stage: development of the basic components of e-government infrastructure
• 2nd stage: expansion of the e-government services (of transactional nature) and comprehensive ICT-
enabled re-engineering of government administrative procedures
• 3rd stage: building a full-fledged information society, provision of e-health, e-education, e-culture, e-democracy
and other services.
Lastly, the writer has concluded by giving advice to the government to continue systematic implementation of e-
government along with improvement of public service delivery through face-to-face communication [88].
Kazakshtan was facing multifacted challenges due to the political unbalanced environment, corruption and poor
monitoring and evaluation, lack of customer-focus, low computer literacy, limited access of internet, high digital
devide and technological problems. Kazakshtan government includs three stages in the government policy to reach
existing e-Government rank 28 from 99. Thses stages were basic components of e-Government infrastructure,
reengineering of government administrative procedures, and building full-fledged information society, e-democracy,
115
e-health, e-education and e-culture. Because the Kazakshtan government established a legal framework for e-
government development & implementation, the world e-Government rank was 99 in 2010, and after using the three
stages and legal framewrok the Kazakshtan becomes in 28 position in 2014. The following comprative table show
the e-Government development and implementation status of Egypt, Kazakshtan and Nepal (e-Government
Development world rank).
Country Year 2010 Year 2012 Year 2014
Egypt 86 107 80
Kazakshtan 99 38 28
Nepal 153 164 165
2.3.1 Factors Affecting e-Government Assimilation in Developing Countries:
A conceptual framework was developed for analyzing the assimilation of e-government, in the context of IT
innovation, which developed based on Technological-Organizational-Environmental Framework, Innovation and
Diffusion Theory. This research interests include e-government, e-business, MIS, adoption, innovation, ubiquitous
technology and telecom strategy. Research on e-government has highlighted the multifarious benefits to offer for
citizens, businesses and governments. There has been little research and empirical studies exploring factors that
determine assimilation e-Government in developing countries. Former researchers found that not all e-Government
implementation accomplish with successful programs.
In the real context, implementation of e-Government initiatives requires substantial reform in public organizations,
because of the typical form of a bureaucratic organization with conservative cultures make it resistant to change
from new innovation. There is a rich body of literature on e-Government adoption and implementation, however,
researches on e-Government assimilation is still limited. The existing research, mostly concerned with adoption of e-
Government while they procured and implement a system. Just within a decade, the research on actual practices and
functionalities development become concern of e-Government researchers drawing upon the literature on
Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) Framework as the guiding theoretical lens, we develop a theoretical
model to explain, ‘what are the determinants of e-Government assimilation’, and how it is affected by its
antecedents. The TOE framework, which has emerged as a useful theoretical lens for understanding technology
116
adoption, has been mostly used in the context of e-business. The initial efforts of academics have been devoted to
study, assimilation mostly in e-business area and we try to expand our knowledge frontier to e-Government research
area.
Several research questions arise as follows: Why does e-Government assimilation differ from one organization to
another? What kind of theoretical foundation can be used to study e-Government assimilation? What factors
contribute to e-Government assimilation within the organization? How would these effects vary across different
countries? To answer these questions, we use the perspective of TOE framework bound by Institutional Theory and
Innovation Diffusion Theory, to elucidate how the information system or IT innovation is reproduced and
assimilated within the organization. Even though the TOE framework has been used in various research contexts,
but it has not been used extensively to analyze e-government, particularly in the assimilation process. From an
institutional view, public services are likely to adopt e-Government due to the pressures of regulation and
competition environment. We posit e-Government assimilation dependent factors and also keeping the variables
Technological-Organizational Environmental constructs which is drawn from previous work as the independent
factors. As "The extent to which the use of technology diffuses across the organizational projects or work processes
and becomes routinized in the activities of those projects and processes." To measure e-Government assimilation, we
gather relevant information about IT innovation and evaluate its potential benefits. We use volume to measure a
specific organization process conducted through e-Government.
Diversity represents functional area within an institution which has been automated by the e - government system.
The existence of ICT infrastructure and the ICT expertise appears to be critical to the assimilation of e-government.
Without the availability of technological infrastructure, e-government implementation will be considered as an
unrealistic program. ICT expertise is defined as the organizational level of specialized ICT expertise in e-
government to provide a reliable support and to continuously refine and adjust the organization needs. Organizations
are more likely to adopt e-Government when ICT expertise is available, by reason of the ICT expertise can increase
the organization's tendency to implement technological innovation. Empirical evidence identifies that an
organization whose employees have the necessary skills and technical knowledge are more likely to implement e-
Government applications. The second important context necessary for e-government assimilation is the
organizational context. Top management support will positively influence e-Government assimilation.
117
Organizational compatibility: We utilize the previous study from Grandon and Pearson in the scope of e-Commerce
to be fitted in the e-Government context [89].
Organizational readiness will positively influence e-Government assimilation Extent of coordination: Top
Management will influence e-Government assimilation and they are likely to possess varying interpretations about
the role, responsibility and value of ICT. The use of coordination mechanisms will positively influence the
assimilation of e-Government Regulatory environment identified as coercive pressure on assimilation e-Government
that can arise from government as regulator or policy from professional as well as legislative influences. In the
context of developing e-Government, it requires the formulation of a new policy and regulatory framework. Prior
studies show that regulatory support is a critical environmental factor that tends to affect e-government usage. The
regulatory environment is positively related to e-Government assimilation Competition environment drives e-
Government adoption and assimilation. The competitive environment is positively related to e-Government
assimilation . Some modifications were made to the existing scale to make those more suitable in the context of e-
Government assimilation. Since the target organizations are government institutions which have already
implemented e-Government systems in their institution; then we selected ITTP students at KAIST University who
came from developing countries and has a background as the government officer.
Dependent Variable consists of 3 formative indicators: volume to measure a specific organization process conducted
through e-Government. Depth was measured by asking the respondents to indicate the vertical impact of e-
Government systems on their organization activities, diverse from an operational function until decision making
process Independent Variable: ICT expertise was measured by using two items, awareness of e-Government and
training of e-Government were selected to reflect the organization level of specialized ICT expertise. Extent of
Coordination refers to measure in terms of the use of different types of coordination mechanisms to manage e-
Government program. Regulatory environment extents to entire e-Government law and regulation that support e-
Government initiatives and implementation: it's related to laws and regulation on e-Government initiative, an
incentive provided by the government, the need of organization and adequate legal protection [89].
2.3.2 Towards a Framework for E-Government Development in Nigeria:
E-government is the act of providing the public services electronically by including Information Technology (IT),
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), and other web-based telecommunication technologies. E-
118
government focuses on the provision of government services via the use of information technology where it tries to
improve the relationship between the citizen, businesses, tourist and other government agencies. The major concern
of e-government is to provide government services electronically (use of information technology) to fulfill the
requirement of the citizen.
E-readiness is the stage of preparedness or willingness of the government to take advantage and advancement in the
technological services to provide quality of life to the citizens. E-readiness for e-government is in the various stages:
Europe is in the top spot, Nigeria is in low stage, and Africa is in a very low stage as 66 th in the survey report of
2010. To implement the e-government, the governments have to understand the citizens’ requirements about what
the citizens want and expect from their government. E-government reduces different difficulties of citizens such as
going to the offices to perform the task. E-government enables to do a different task at home, such as renewing
driving licenses, making job applications, viewing ongoing road works, checking car park availability etc.
This paper is about the study of the citizen’s expectation and requirements about e-government services in Nigeria,
where the author's purpose a framework for e-government based on content analysis of existing state government
websites and comparison with the UK council website. This paper mentions the some of the challenges which
government has to face while implementing e-government services in the country. These challenges are technical
issue, privacy and security concerns, citizen expectation, and political challenges. According to the survey report of
2010, e-government activity of Nigeria is low where the most government websites are in the publish stage and a
few government organizations are at the transaction stage. In this paper the author identifies the five factors which
affect the Nigeria to implement the e-government services such as electricity supply, Tele-density, internet diffusion,
adult literacy rate and unemployment rate.
2.3.2.1 Methodology
To develop the framework for e-government strategy for Nigeria, the author focuses on the two factors: 1) content
analysis of existing state government websites in Nigeria and comparison with equivalent provision in the UK
through benchmarking with UK council websites. 2) Analysis of citizens’ requirements for government. For this
study, the authors used 10 state website from Nigeria and 5 council website from the UK because they provide the
similar types of service at the government level. The evaluation of state government website with the council are
done by using the incremental model of development where various component criteria use for accessing the
119
website: privacy and security, online services, accessibility, public outreach/digital democracy, usability, website
content, and adverts and user fees.
2.3.2.2 Analysis:
On the analysis of different criteria, none of the Nigerian website evaluate has a privacy or security policy, just 80%
of website has install cookies whereas 100% of the sites have visible security and privacy in the UK, public
outreach/digital democracy also poor in Nigeria as compared to UK only 40% websites have online feedback and
contacting officials other than webmaster service and 20% has an online poll whereas 40% does not have online poll
and email update service in the UK. Similarly, Evaluation of Nigeria’s website score low in page content, usability,
adverts and user fees, online service, accessibility. As compared to the results of analysis, services provided by UK
websites are better than Nigeria. From the evaluation result, only 30% Nigeria state websites having a second stage
of e-government and they provide services and invites citizens to interact with them. 70% of the state websites are in
the publish stages of e-government in Nigeria. From the result of an online survey, Nigeria’s citizens have a high
degree of expectation towards e-government, whereas citizens in the UK have a large degree of expectation being
met. In the survey question they show interest about the service they want online and asked to rate their country in
the stage of high status from 1(low) to 10 (high).That means, Nigeria and UK citizen show a willingness to engage
with the government through online services to fully participate in the act of governance.
2.3.2.3 Result
From the citizens requirement analysis, the survey shows the citizens are in full support of e-government and the
possibilities of services, and they are agreeing on as many services as possible. The study proposes a model which
included the necessary steps needed to implement the e-government in Nigeria. In the proposed framework, the
framework includes the framework for national e-government, state, e-government and local e-government. In
national e-government, the framework proposed to make an e-minister then it would be easier to implement the e-
government. In framework for state e-government, the study proposes the appointment of a commissioner to oversee
implementation of e-government. In framework for local e-government, the framework proposed a committee or
administrator be appointed by the local government to oversee the implementation. All the level focus on the
improvement, literacy of citizens [90].
120
2.3.3 World e-Government Rankings:
Most of the countries have published a tremendous amount of information online, many going beyond basic
websites to provide national portals that serve as a major starting point for users to connect to government services
in different ministries. The decline should not be interpreted as the degeneration of e-government on a global scale
since the index measures e-government development of countries relative to one another within a given year. A drop
in a country's ranking may serve as a reminder of the need to devote greater resources to improve online services
and expand access to telecommunication infrastructure. High-income countries enjoy the top rankings in the e-
government development index in 2010 as in previous years.
Among the top five countries in the 2010 United Nations E-Government Survey, the Republic of Korea received the
highest score, followed by the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The majority of
positions in the top 20 rankings belong to high-income countries, which is not surprising since they have the
financial resources to develop and roll out advanced e-government initiatives, as well as to create a favorable
environment for citizen engagement and empowerment. Developed countries have a distinct advantage in achieving
higher rankings in the survey, as nearly two-thirds of the weight of e-government development index is allocated to
the telecommunication infrastructure and human capital components, which both require long-term investment.
United Nations E-Government Survey 2010 shows that some developing countries have begun to catch up with
higher-income countries despite these challenges. Bahrain's recent emphasis on citizen engagement and the
electronic provision of government services has propelled the country into the top 15 in e- government development,
somewhat closer to Singapore which is among the global leaders in the provision of electronic and mobile public
services. United Nations E- Government Survey 2010 World e-government rankings Middle Africa The majority of
countries in Middle Africa generally scored higher in the 2010 Survey and improved their respective rankings.
Despite limited resources, a few countries managed to improve their e- government. E-government development
index value Countries. World e-government development ranking 2008 and 2010 United States 0.8510, 0.8644 (2),
2008 and 2010 Canada 0.8448, 0.8172 (3) Sub-regional average 0.8479, 0.8408 Worlds average 0.4406, 0.4514
Canada has a strong online presence with a national portal that offers quick access to government programs and
information on popular services. Many countries in Europe are high income developed countries and this advantage
is reflected in the ranking.
121
The national portal of Belgium has a link called My Belgium that is the single point of contact to government
information and services. Among the island states in the Pacific, Palau and Fiji are the leading countries in e-
government development. The digital divide between the developed countries and developing countries is gradually
closing in the e-government arena. Finally, some countries do not appear in the ranking of the 2010 United Nations
E-Government Survey. A number of countries are engaged in the development of regional e-government strategies.
A country's strength in online service provision is measured against their benchmarks. The growth of online services
is especially strong in the case of middle-income countries. Top 20 countries in online service development Ranks,
Countries, Online service index value, rank Country Online service index value. Some countries have no national
portal or ministry websites for education, finance, health, labor and social services. These countries receive a score
of zero for the online service index. These countries could not be ranked for online services development because
they have no government websites. The Central African Republic and Swaziland received an e-government
development score because the country has sufficient data to calculate the indexes for telecommunications
infrastructure and human capacity. Least developed countries are starting to incorporate many of the online tools that
developed and middle-income countries now use, including videos and social networking tools. The countries in the
Gulf Cooperative Council are working together and sharing their e-government experiences to advance the region as
a whole. All GCC countries were represented at a regional e-government conference in December 2009 in Oman.
The level of public trust in government is higher among advanced e-government countries than in many other
places. Wireless devices such as mobile phones are almost equally popular in developing countries as they are in
developed countries. Most developing countries are still limited in the transnational aspect of e-government. The top
two positions among least developed countries in the online service assessment went to Bangladesh and Angola
[91].
2.3.4 Beijing E-Government Vision and Framework:
According to Beijing summit white paper 2004, E-Government Vision and Framework is to reduce the following
attributes (objects) to make efficient and informatics Government uses technology.

1. Administrative hierarchies,
2. Reform the models of Government Affairs,
3. Optimize the Government Business Process,
4. Clarify the administrative work,
5. Improve the quality of Government services and Government Management, and
6. Enhance the collaboration of internal Departments (G2G) and the interactions between the
Government and Public (G2P) to: established and construct an honest diligent, transparent and
122
effective Government. For the fulfillment of mentioned objects or attributes, the following detail goals
are needed.
7. Enhance the Governmental capabilities for public service from all aspects.
8. Fully improve the Governmental capabilities for urban management, emergency response and social
security management.
9. Improve the Government’s abilities to adjust and control the economy and to monitor and supervise
market from all aspects.

10. Accelerate the sharing and integration of information resources.
11. Strengthen the construction of the information infrastructure.
The reference model of the overall technical framework of Beijing E-Government is presented in the given figure
including network layer, information resource layer, unified support platform layers, the application layer, access
channel, information security system, the standard regulation and the management system. The services are mainly
targeted at enterprises, the public, government and civil servant etc. Following figure display the reference model of
Beijing E-Government Frameworks. In second section researcher has the present overall technical framework of
Beijing E-Government which is given. So, This paper is published by the Beijing Municipal Office of Information in
2004. It mainly describes about the E-Government system that is going to be constructed in the Beijing city. This
paper is divided into three sections. In the first section, it describes about the objects of construction of E-
Government. In the second section the overall technical framework of Beijing E-Government is described and at
least in the third section, the major technical tasks that must be put into action in order to realize the overall e-
Government objectives [92].
This paper aims the construction of “Digital Beijing” by the year 2010. In order to implement e- Government, by the
year 2004, the publicity of governmental affairs based on the network will be carried out completely. By 2005,
handling official business online will be accomplished. And by 2008, government services will be available 24x7
for the public and enterprises. In order to meet the above objects, the paper has pointed following goals that need to
implement by the government: i) Enhance the governmental capabilities for public service from all aspects ii) Fully
improve the governmental capabilities for urban management, emergency response and social security management
iii) Improve the government’s abilities to adjust and control the economy and to monitor and supervise market from
all aspects iv) Accelerate the sharing and integration of information resources v) Strengthen the construction of the
information infrastructure.
123
Figure 2.3.4.19 Reference model of Beijing E-government Framework [92].
Source: Beijing Municipal Office of Informatization May 2004
It mainly includes the network layer, the application layer, the portal layer, the access channel, the information
security system and the standard regulation and the management system.
Users can use different terminal devices in order to use the governmental services through different access channels.
E-government access channels mainly include: internet, government, private network, telephone, TV, e-mail, mobile
phones, information kiosk, etc. E-Government portal is composed of the “Capital Beijing Portal” and government
intranet portal. It is a uniform entry point for all kinds of users to the E-Government system. “Capital Beijing Portal”
is a group of various websites for various Beijing government departments and portals of some public institutions. In
particular E-Government system is constructed by functional departments. Besides the application system which is
only operated within the functional departments, the other application systems also need to utilize to support
functions of unified application support platforms e.g., security services, accessing shared information resources. A
unified application support platform is an open infrastructure independent of the networks and its applications and
124
lies between the application layer and the resource layer of technical framework. It plays a significant role in
forming a connection with the E-Government. It is made up of a foundation component layer and a core service
layer. The foundation component layer is composed of basic function modules for information navigation,
exchanging and sharing. It also includes modules to support application integration and business integration. The
core service layer mainly includes the following basic services:
i) Security services: it offers authentication services, authorization, data encryption and digital signature in
different security hierarchies.
ii) Catalog services: services like registration, upgrade, management of information resources
iii) Navigation services: offers retrieving service and intelligent search engine service
iv) Data obtaining services: obtains catalog information service resources and help users acquire and use the
service resources.
The information resource layer offers various kinds of information resources of government affairs to the unified
application support platform layer. Government information resources are mainly composed of shared information
resources (which is combined with basic information resources, shared business information resources and
comprehensive information resources), catalogue resources made up of data catalogue, service catalogue and user
directory and the internal thematic information resources of each department.
In government facilities section the paper has described about the types of network system through which the
citizens and enterprises will be able to take a government service. Government wired private network is a high speed
information network connecting government departments of all levels. The public network refers to all kinds of
public networks through which the government provides services to the public and enterprises. The government
wireless network mainly includes switches, base stations and mobile stations.
Information security system is a support system to ensure secure operation of e-government, and confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of government administrative information. The standard regulation system ensures the E -
Government meets the related standard of the support system in terms of application design, construction and
operation. The administrative system ensures smooth construction and normal operation in the application of E-
Government [92].
In the last section this paper describes about the major technical tasks to be accomplished to meet the objectives. In
this section mainly four types of major technical tasks are discussed. The first task is the improvement of existing
125
applications. It includes the improvement of websites of all departments and Capital Beijing Portal, important
service systems, crucial application systems across departments, and crucial department information systems. The
second task is the integration of existing and ongoing application systems in order to avoid overlap investment and
pursuing large scale benefit. It includes construction of unified, comprehensive public service platform, integration
of current routine administrative and emergency response systems and integration of enterprise information and
integration of economic and social information. Third task is the construction of a major new application system
which includes construction of the underground pipeline information system, comprehensive public information
service platform, databases, unified catalogue system of urban information resources, construction of E-Government
application support platform of Beijing and construction of urban information infrastructure. And the last one is
enhancing project feasibility research and establishing a series of application construction plan.
Finally, in the conclusion Beijing Municipal Office of Information has tried to include much about the vision and
framework of Beijing E-Government and the technical tasks to be accomplished to meet the goals of e-Government
[92].
The author deals with the motivations for government to adopt e-government for helping to reduce costs, improve
services for citizens and to increase effectiveness and efficiency in the public sector. E-government represents a
fundamental change in the whole public sector structure, values, culture and the ways of conducting business. It is
about a complete change within government and in the relationship between a government and its citizens. As we
know that e-government adoption is surrounded by different push back constraints like political, cultural,
organizational, technological, economical, geographical, demographical and social issues which must be considered
and treated carefully to enable this transformation. Therefore, there is no universal model for e-government adoption
which can be applicable for all countries to ensure success. The main aims of this paper is to investigate the
motivations behind the change towards e-government systems which enforce any country to implement e-
government easily there and also help decision-makers appreciate the success and risk factors in e-government
adoption. Characteristics of e-government are also discussed in this paper and then the motivations for this change
are investigated through empirical case studies from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [93].
According to who is interacting with the government, a common classification of e-government is between
government to business (G2B), government to government (G2G) and government to citizen (G2C). This paper
argues that G2G is the crucial aspect in the adoption of e-governance and change management is the mechanism to
126
enable this remarkable transformation. The main aims are to highlight e-government as a fundamental
transformational in the ways which government agencies carry out their work. It also discusses the differences
between traditional information systems in the public sector and e-government projects. Finally, the motivations for
the change towards the adoption of e-government are enumerated using Saudi Arabia as a case study [93].
The second section, describes characteristics of e-government and its related ICT (Information and Communication
Technologies) equipment to back support the motivations for change towards e-government adoption by the
government bodies. In this section, there is an analysis of the e - government definition from different perspectives
of different authors in order to find out some general framework for the adoption. A brief history of e-government
evolution life-cycle is presented from different authors’ point of view to discover the stages of e-government models
in literature. Some clear differences between e-government and e-commerce are presented there, which is important
to realize the similarity and differences between e-commerce and e-government. This is because a lot of issues must
be considered according to the environment of implementing. Many researchers are confused that e-government is
an information system (IS) or not. So, researcher has tried to remove this confusion by arguing that although e-
government as a term can be classified under the discipline of information systems; there are significant differences
between traditional IT projects in public sector and e-government by the analogies presented and Even though IT
Projects represent one of the milestones towards building e-government, there are many further issues an e-
Government system must consider, such as cooperation between organizations and sharing the data and knowledge.
There is also a description about how to change existing models into required e-government system to enforce us
some of fundamental change from the traditional way to the e - government system. Finally, this section concludes
with detail description about the adoption process demanded by e-government and also pointed out some reasons for
the adoption of e-government. The adoption process as suggested by Spence (1994) goes through five sequential
steps as illustrated in Figure 2.3.4.2 below.
127
Figure 2.3.4.20 The Adoption Process of e-government [93]
128
Source: Brunel University, West London, UB8 3PH - 2006
In section three, analysis about which methodology is based upon a qualitative approach that will be best for
exploratory study in context of Saudi Arabia, where the public are reluctant to participate in any academic survey,
fearing that what they convey could be misinterpreted or distorted and used against their individual interest. There
are a number of reasons why a qualitative approach is appropriate for this kind of study. Among them, Case–study
analysis is a well-known approach for exploratory study. The use of a single case study to identify factors that affect
e-government adoption within the public sector in Saudi Arabia considered to be too limited an approach to be
appropriate for this study. So, multiple case studies might have been more able to generate a diverse set of factors
affecting e-government adoption than the use of a single case study.
Section four offers some brief information about the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) which is the main focus of
this study and will highlight the main characteristics of its e-government initiative. There is a brief discussion about
location, population, economy and culture of Saudi Arabia for the analysis of whether it is in the right place to adopt
an e - government system or not. There will also be the discussion about Information Technology (IT) and the
Internet in Saudi Arabia for the basic requirement of e-government.
Section five, discusses about different motivations by showing different benefits of public and government are
attached to the adoption of e-government in Saudi Arabia for betterment of both at the national and organizational
129
level productivity. The best motivating factors considered here are: political, cultural, organizational, technological,
economical, geographical, demographical and social issues which must be considered and treated carefully to enable
this transformation.
Finally, it concludes with - Despite the rapid implementation of e-government, there is no universal model that can
be applied in all countries. This is because each country has its own circumstances which reflect its environment,
including factors such as the economic, political, cultural and social systems which might influence the adoption of
e-government in the target country, so, the paper presents an overview of e-government characteristics, including its
definition, stages and the differences between e-government and some related concepts. The motivations for change
towards e-government are various, including political, social, economic, cultural and managerial reasons. These
motivations for change towards e-government system represent the milestone for the acceptance of this model [93].
E-government is a natural extension of Technological revolution due to which the new concept of public
administration like transparency, accountability, citizen participation, change the political practice which transitioned
into e-democracy and e-governance.
According to world bank e-government is a better delivery of government services to citizens, business and citizen
empowerment through access to information or more efficient government management due to which the less
corruption, increased transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth and cost reduction may occur. The goals
are:
1. Increasing the Effectiveness and efficiencies of the government sector by time reduction, learning from
experience and accuracy in complexity of various functions.
2. Reduce cost of the government by business process development and improvement, high transparency, reduction
of duplicate processes and the promotion of integration and exchange of data.
3. Customer satisfaction raising by facilitating the use of government services, time reduction and providing
accurate data at a time.
4. Support Economic Development programs through facilitating the transactions between government sectors and
business sectors, cost reduction and increasing the job opportunities.
130
According to Michael Blackmore and Roderick Dutton (2003) An integrated society, where long distances and
borders are not a problem anymore in it, in the contrary, saving time and fast services will be the new trend.
According to Richard Heeks(2002) the e-government makes the possible relationships with different other parties
like citizens, business or any other stakeholders in the economy or society. According to Sami four stages of e-
government implementations are posting the information which means general information and application forms
can be provided online via the website.Second one is two way communications, in which the website allows
informal queries with people. Second last is Exchange of value to take place as government agencies interact
directly with clients on-line, including recording and storing sensitive information. And the last one is Integrated
service and exchange, portal that integrates ranges of government services based on needs and queries, not
depending on agencies or departments.
2.3.5 Facts about Jordan
Jordan has the 89,342 sq km area and the population density is around 66 people per km. Among the different city
Irbid has the highest population density is about 662.4.
One of the key indicators and important in the subject e-government is knowledge of the willingness of households
in the community to take advantage of this service which played a significant role for implementation of e-
governance.
2.3.6 Risk Factors and Risk mitigation matrix
Infrastructure, Experience and knowledge in electronic services are major risk factors for proper implementation.
2.3.7 New Strategy of the E-Government in Jordan
The Jordan Digital strategy goal of government is to deliver government information, services and processes using
information and communication technology to transform the way government engages with people and business
The new aim summarize were, Send high quality services to clients, business and organizations. Developing
government performance and efficiency, Enhance competitiveness, cost reduction and increase of interaction with
government, promotion of ICT sector, improving the e-commerce activities and develop information security were
the new strategy for the development of e-government in Jordan.
131
E-government is growing but how much that will be practical that is major concerns, Risk factors in developing e-
government in Jordan should be identified properly as a result should be looking at it as they are influencing the
success or failure of the project of electronic government. It gives the information on government project in Jordan
along with its view, technical challenge and suggestions to overwhelm over them [94].
The main aim of this paper is to design an architectural view in order to support the implementation of the e -
government system. For which purposed a computer system that would support e-Government activities, with
emphasis on decision making, for a city, region, country or a supernatural entity. They have provided its high level
of description, using UML as modeling language. Firstly, they have established a basic terminology in relation with
e-Government. Then they have carried out the general software architecture at design level. This architecture
consists of the system decomposition in subsystem and database, specifying all dependencies among them.
As a working definition of e-government, they have purposed the set of computer procedures, which shows the
results of the union of e-Administration and e-Politics. Actually, all existing e-Government procedures belong to
either e-Administration or e-Politics, and some of them may belong, simultaneously, to both subsets, as described
below figure 2.3.7.1:
132
Figure 2.3.7.21 e-Government, e-Administration and e-Politics definitions [95]
e-
Governmen
t
e-
Administratio e-Politics
n
The relevant actors of the system will be citizens, politicians, civil servants, private organizations such as
companies, media, NGOs, etc. and political parties, which are special, type of private.
133
For purposes general architecture of the e - governance system they have divided the system into three subsystems:
1. The “e-agency Container subsystem”, which is the set of e-Agencies and, therefore, execute the services
that form e-Procedures.

2. The ”e-Procedure control system” and
3. The “Interface Subsystem”
The system also includes two distributed and redundant databases which have been shown in the figure below:
134
Figure 2.3.7.22 General architecture of the whole system [95]
Actor
135
Source: Universidad Rey Juan Carlos and Royal Academy of Sciences
This is the way how the general architecture of the whole system is represented, this paper also includes the general
architecture of the e-Agency container subsystem, the architecture of the interface subsystem and architecture of e-
Procedure control system in details.
Overall, it can say that the authors of this paper have tried to focus more on terminologies, requirements, and a
general architecture in order to develop a computer system that fully implements e-Government. The architecture is
more generic, scalable and reusable which means that it can be implemented for any country at any level and also
with any political as well as administrative layout. The main theme of this paper is that the authors are not just trying
to find answers of whether the e-Government system is possible to be applicable or not, instead they are trying to
find “is it possible to design a generic, extensible, reusable and highly secure architecture to develop e-Government
system?”
Firstly, they have defined some terms and concept, such as e-Procedure, e-service or e-Agency and later they have
enunciated the functional and non-functional global requirements. But in this paper they have not gone through the
detail description of this outline and they are supposed to get done in their further work. In terms of reducing system
complexity, they have designed an architecture that consists of the decomposition in three parts, with the minimal
coupling between them, enunciating the implied database as well. For each of three system they enunciated its main
characteristics, objectives, operation, dependencies and its relation with the e-Procedure, e-Services, e-Agency
concepts. Furthermore, they have divided them into smaller parts until a suitable complexity level has been
achieved. Also, when they described the operation of e-Procedure control subsystem, they have mentioned a high-
level language to write e-Procedure by humans, and main task of defining this language and its interpreter system in
future will be very important.
In order to achieve the usability requirement, essential to mitigate the “digital divide”, they have proposed a
metaphor for a web-based graphical user interface consisting of a map with public building. These are the concept
how authors have tried to represent a Designing part of General Architecture to support e-Government system.
However, these all concept will be clearly defined by making use of any standards and graphical user interface
design like ISO (International Organization of standardization) and some statistical experiments for measuring
136
obtained efficiencies, which has not been explained in this paper, but the authors have supposed to describe all these
in their further work [95].
The authors relate e-Government and the role of national cultures and its values in Singapore and Brunei and explain
how it assists in economic growth and development by comparing and contrasting these two countries. By
definition, e-Government is the interactive administrative process of the government for serving citizens, supporting
business and strengthening societies. The two factors, culture (the way people do things in that society) and values
(how things should be done) play a vital role in developing and implementing E-Government services. As an
example, English language is used widely in the ICT practices. Singapore and Brunei also commonly use this
language. So, implementation of e-services in these countries will be easy. E-Government has the following key
characteristics:
 Modernizing business process
 Linking transaction accounts in different agencies
 Accountability, transparency and freedom of information
Singapore in this case is making its bureaucracy more responsive and it is said that the country is successful in the
implementation if e-Government in city-state Singapore. Meanwhile, it has yet to be implemented in Brunei
Darussalam. Brunei is a small country with less than 400,000 people, can easily set up ICT infrastructures. E-ready
people are necessary for the implementation of e-Government. So, Brunei has been giving stress on education by
imposing all government and private schools to give computer knowledge starting from the primary classes. But,
Brunei’s main challenge is the lack of human resources in ICT where the help of Singapore’s ICT training bodies
could help. The other important aspect (the guiding principle) is the political will of the nation to give proper
services to its citizens. Brunei’s vision “an e-smart Government in the 21 st century” and its mission “to establish
electronic services to best serve the nation” seem promising and are its guiding principle.
The success of e-Government depends on public adoption and acceptance to get a new way of doing things (an e-
lifestyle), resulting a new culture. Singapore was able to get this by increasing public awareness and IT literacy (for
example e-Learning, e-Entertainment, e-communications and e-Transactions), which Brunei also can implement.
The studies held in 2007 shows that only 31 percent adopt e-Banking in Brunei. But, later in 2009, the percentage
137
increased and people were also using it to pay electricity and water bills using the e - banking system. Also, the
younger generations in Brunei are more engaged in the ICT and e-ways while the senior citizens who were illiterate
find more difficult to cope with new technologies. So, the following suggestions were made for increasing the ICT
usage in Brunei:
 Public awareness
 E-Learning
 Lowering the internet prices
 Taking the advantage of a stable government to improve infrastructure
 Implementing e-Services without going against the Islamic norms
 Reduce the amount of paperwork in government sectors
 Faster processing and coordination among ministries by e-administration
An efficient e-Government is still a challenge to the Bruneians but there is a great possibility of its successful
implementation [96].
Existing systems typically build-using architectures that do not readily support enterprise-wide integration, thus
requiring the development of the new architecture to link on-line government we require Enterprise Architecture
Integration in E-government. EAI shall be successful when government agencies share data and reuse them in their
processes. EAI is an emerging approach to architecture design that’s aimed at linking of such previously separated
and isolated system to give them greater leverage. It supports the processes within an organization and is not directly
visible to general staff or its client and stakeholders. Further research of EAI is to connect all the information
systems between and in an organization in such a way that any application can access any other application in a
transparent way. There is no technology supporting all types of integration. Often, a portfolio of techniques is
required to achieve EAI. These technologies are often denoted as middleware which combines a variety of
integration technologies such as message, brokers, adapters and application servers to build integration architecture.
The benefits of EAI have been classified into 5 categories as follows (Organization, Managerial, Strategic,
138
Technical, and Operational). Police department and Justice Department support the EAI infrastructure which is
given below. If security concern of the data the public key infrastructure (PKI) is useful; this is the main theme of
the paper [97].
EAI is much more than just passing a message from one information system to another. It can need a complete
redesign of the business logic. In the previous example, the two tasks of sending a message to a police and justice
department was integrated into one system. Hence, to conclude in totality, the paper presents that if the system are
isolated then it becomes difficult to access data from such isolated sources, but if the system are integrated into one
system then it becomes easy to access data transparently.
Figure 2.3.7.23 EA Integration in E-Government [97]
Source: tcresswell@ctg.albany.edu
In the past decades, the Internet and communication technology has been growing at a rapid rate. If we compare, not
compare! If we analyses the overall growth of internet technology, it is very high, but still there are – third of
population in the world, which haven’t used phones in their lives. There are 63 countries, even; in the world whose
literacy rate in the internet is very much poorer. They have less than 1% of internet access. Computer literacy is very
low. This study says that they're seeing a gap created in terms of e-governance technology implementation.
139
Developed countries are fully resourceful, so they do not have any problem in implementing e-governance. Rather,
they are comfortable toy are implementing the latest technology and they are capable to research new sorts of
mechanism for implementation over the e-governance system. Developed countries bureaucrats are technically
strong, they passed a huge amount of time in the internet which makes the country even stronger.
Meanwhile, developed countries are far ahead in comparison to the developing countries. The reasons are history
and culture. Most of the developed countries have been settling into a system of stability in socio-political activities
which is a boon for e-governance. In comparison to the developed countries, developing countries are lacking in the
growth of e-governance. The reasons are: they do not have quality bureaucrats, lack of resource, lack of public
awareness towards internet uses and benefits. The authors have provided a conceptual framework for e –
Government implementation which includes the following points:
1. Network Access – Infrastructure Development, Resources and IT Support, Utilization
2. Network Learning – Does an educational system integrates ICTs into its processes to improve learning? ,
Are there technical programs in the community that can train and prepare an ICT workforce?
3. Network Economy – uses of ICT in business & government sectors, public private sector partnership.
4. Network Policy – www ethics, network security, visions & mission
The Authors have done a case study of comparison between US and China.
1. US (e-Government) – citizen centered (not bureaucracy centered), result oriented, market based; innovation
is promoted.
2. China (e-Government) – bureaucracy centered, not fully result oriented, market based, but labor is given
priority instead of innovation.
Culture and Society factors affecting development of e-Government: Developed countries have a long history and
culture of democratic government. They have a transparency in their ruling strategy. In developing countries, due to
lack of transparency in the ruling strategy the countries are facing problems in implementation of e-Governance.
And, due to such type of differences, it may not be feasible for the private sector to play a leading role in e-
Government implementation; instead it may be governments to drive the progress of e-Government implementation.
Therefore, e-Government implementation strategy between developed and developing countries are higher. [98]
From the literature review, the researcher has found the various challenges from the developing and developed
countries about e-Government development and implementation. The India, Pakistan, Srilanka, Singapore, China,
140
Malaysia, Denmark, South Korea, South Africa, and US all have and had challenges of the e-Government
development and implementation [98].
2.3.8 Institutionalism Analysis of Public Participation in E-Governance
Institutionalism
The foundations of governments are the study of institutions. Two theoretical backgrounds behavioralism and
rational choice believe that individuals act autonomously based either on socio-psychological characteristics or
rational calculation of their personal value (Peters, 2005). The internal difference of the institutionalist approach
indicates several supplementary things about contemporary theoretical developments (Ostrom, 1990). Montesquieu
(1989) determines the need for balance in political structures and served as a basis for the American ‘separation of
powers’ policy for the weakening of potentially autocratic governments (Rohr, 1995; Fontana, 1994). Political
thinking has its foundations in the analysis and design of institutions. The Anglo-American political culture assigned
a less significant task to the state than did the Continental tradition, but American institutionalist still were
concerned with the formal institutions of government. The academic study of Woodrow Wilson was famous and
focused on the role of institutions. His famous essay on bureaucracy indicated to what American governments
appeared to be short of the participatory ethos of the United States (Doig, 1983).
Within the rational choice practice there are two standard ways to reflect about institutions. The initial way takes
institutions as exogenous constraints, or as an exogenously given game form. The economic historian Douglass
North, for instance, thinks of them as “the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, the humanly devised
constraints that shape human interaction” (North 1990, 3). An institution is a script that provides the names of the
actors, their behavioral strategies, the order in which the actors choose from them, the information they have when
they make their selections, and the outcome resulting from the combination of actor choices.
In Europe, the rising nature of political science was different from the United States. The difference was that
political science was closely associated with other areas of study and was slower to come forward as a separate area
of investigation. The study of political development process remained a part of other areas of enquiry, usually law in
most Continental European countries. Government was in the process of formation and application of law through
public institutions, with politics a very minor part of the exercise. Legalism is the primary defining characteristic
which develops from old institutionalism as it is concerned with law and the fundamental role of law is governing.
Law includes both the framework of the public sector and a significant way in which government affects the
141
people’s behavior (Pagett and Ansell, 1993). Law figures in the accounts of ‘old institutionalists’ scholars of politics
and therefore its establishment are for an emerging theory of government (Damaska, 1986).
The study of the law as a prominent factor for political knowledge achieved its importance in the Prussian state and
thereafter in Germany. It has been argued that the supremacy of law was significant in socializing a new generation
of the German elite into a way of life built in large part on public responsibility and commitment to the state (Konig,
1993). Wilson’s major study into comparative politics ‘The State” (1998) also had a number of arguments that
broadened on theoretical term. Bismarkian law was crucial to the formation of a particular German pattern of
industrial relations that persisted into the 1990s, and early choices about state intervention shaped American
capitalism as well as the nature of government itself (Sbragia, 1996; Orren and Skowronek, 2002). The old
institutionalists developed a rich and main body of academics. These scholars pointed out many factors that motivate
contemporary institutionalist analysis. In order to understand the new institutionalists, it is crucial to understand not
only the old institutionalists but also the thought that emerged in between the times.
March and Olsen and their associates are clear about the patterns of transform within institutions once they are
formed than they are about the initial formation processes (Brunsson and Olsen, 1993). The reason of change in
institutions is one of the strongest and most influential factors of their statement. The normative institutionalist
literature indicates the existence of several stimuli for change, but focuses on processes of learning as a principal
means for adjustment (Olsen and Peters, 1996; Levinthal and March, 1994). The basic statement is that institutions
recognize and then become accustomed to changing circumstances in their environment though learning. In a
succeeding work Olsen, along with Nils Brunsson addressed the question of change in organizations and institutions
directly.
Public participation and institutional issue:
The implementation of e-Governance has been able to enhance public service delivery, one of the core functions of
governments based on quality, operations and processes. The most important influence of e-Governance on the
application for learner’s license is speeding up of processes and improved quality of service in terms of
responsiveness and consistency. E-Governance delivers information available on government operations and public
services, provides public feedback and allows direct participation by the ordinary people in decision-making (Heeks,
2001; Norris, 2001).
The present emphasize of governments on providing easily accessible online services facilitates the push to e-
participation, in that it presents a confront to governments, whether the public is considered as a consumer or as a
142
citizen. In the case of the user, implementation is focused on services, if the public, the focus is on policies which
promote e-participation and social equality (Roy, 2001). E-Governance is thus a new means of formulating and
implementing policies and decisions relating to administration, services and public participation, using ICT as a tool
for establishing trust in governments and enhanced transparency and public service delivery. Earlier ICT has also
brought new opportunities for improved public participation in decision-making, and has therefore contributed to the
establishment of the bonds between public and governments. Benefits for the government are better and more
efficient services in terms of time, reducing transaction costs and improved transparency and accountability (Sharma
et al., 2012).
The institutional issues affecting e-Governance can be well understood using the structure presented in Figure 1. The
local government can be considered as a service provider. Public will be in touch with the local government as
consumers for services such as birth/death certificates, licenses and payment of taxes. The customers approach the
provider and make a payment for the service. If the quality of the service provided in the market is not enough to
meet the needs of the customers, they will find for other service providers. Thus the ‘exit’ route is used if the service
is found to be undesirable. On the other hand, public as customers will not normally exit, if the service provided by
the local government is found to be unsatisfactory. In order to search for improvements in the quality of service
provided by local government, the customers have to raise voice their complaints. They may express their criticism
against the local governments through individual or group protests. People can also implement the ‘voice option’
through their elected representatives forcing them to obstruct on their behalf. It is also acceptable that the elected
representatives may use their collaborative strategies within the local government office to develop the service
provided to customers. A clear structure to analyze this institutional framework helps to understand the different
routes through which public as customers put forth pressure on local governments. The framework is also useful to
analyze some of the widely used instruments to improve public service delivery in government organizations.
143
Figure 2.3.8.24 Framework for e-Governance and institutional issues
The e-Governance in local governments takes place within the wider institutional environment of such governments.
The rules and procedures, under which government operates, are therefore influenced the pace of computerization.
This will affect employees’ participation in e-Governance efforts. There can also be existing rules regarding the
financial resource allocation, nature of recordkeeping and the division of responsibilities within the local
government offices, and provide the ease in the implementation of e-Governance. Based on the framework shown in
Fig. 1, we can locate three wide sets of components that influence the e-Governance. These components are related
to (a) demand (b) supply and (c) institutional environment. One can anticipate variation in the demand factors
among the different local governments. The local governments and elected representatives are likely to differ across
locations, and this may lead to different demand patterns for e-Governance. It may also be mandatory to look into
factors such as the computer service provided by other organizations functioning within different institutional
environments. Provided such underlying concerns, the study employs a strong methodology and sampling
techniques to account for most of the factors that have an effect on e-Governance in the local governments.
Summary:
Many authors have expressed their view in published papers and articles about the major problems and challenges
for the implementation of the e - government system. Many counties’ articles and papers were reviewed in this
research that most of the papers and articles have not mentioned about the design and development of e-Government
System framework for system implementation. This research was founded the model of e-Government but that has
not verified validated the model and service oriented architectures for demand-driven e-Government and National
144
Enterprise Architecture for e-Government development. The most important component is an Implementation
system framework. Only a few papers were mentioned the importance of e-Government Implementation System
Framework. Some published papers have expressed their view about the framework design and development for e-
Government development and implementation. China, Jorden, Korea, USA, UK, Singapore Malesia, Indonesia
country’s papers were strongly mentioned that the major factor for e-Government Implementation is “Lack of e-
Government Implementation Framework design”. This research found the major challenges in designed system
framework for effective e-Government implementation by literature review..
With this review Nepal is also facing lots of problems or challenges for the development and implementation of the
e - government system for information dissemination in citizen level. This research also includes the literature
reviews all published related papers and journals have not verified using any model. This research has not found
findings challenges verification papers and journals. This research has applied a mathematical model that is a fuzzy
logic centroid model for verification of finding challenges. Till date this research has not found any research using
fuzzy logic model in the field of e-Government area. This research tries to apply a different model for findings’
challenges verification. This research could not produce satisfactory results. Then the researcher studies the Fuzzy
Logic and chooses the fuzzy logic model for the verification of e-Government development and implementation in
Nepal. This is very strong and authentic model for this. This model used to prove the research findings is true or not
which provides the fact figure and their level (%). This model has not used till now in the area of e-Government.
The details of Fuzzy Modeling Approach for Verification and about the Fuzzy Logic and their Member Function
have clearly defined and discussed in Chapter 06 Fuzzy Modeling Approach for Verification. From the literature
review basically China, India, Pakistan, US, Singapore, Indonesia, Denmark, South Africa, Bangladesh and South
Korea challenges and survey research report the following challenges are found in Nepal e-Government
Implementation. Many countries (developed & developing) have not verified the identified challenges which are
affecting for the implementation and development of the e - Government System. The many research paper's authors
have identified the problems, but no modeling for challenges’ verification. So, this research tries to verify finding
challenges using different modeling. Then this research has used fuzzy logic model for the verification of findings’
challenges, which gives accurate failure factors after testing the challenges by the use of the Fuzzy Logic Centroid
Model. So, it is very strong mathematical model that have proved the identified challenges.
145
CHAPTER: 03
Key Research Questions and Motivation
3.1 Key Research Questions
1. What are the factors that address the challenges in e-Government Implementation in Nepal?
2. Why does e-Government fail in Nepal?
3.2 Introduction
The main theme of this research is to identify and investigate the e-Government Implementation factors or
challenges which are influencing the implementation of e-Government system in Nepal and other least
developing countries that they are not successfully implement the e-Government system by the
Government. It has also investigated the dynamic nature of and interrelationships e-Government system.
The following are the research questions that have been identified to achieve the theme or goals:
1. What is the information communication technology, processes and organizational factors influencing
challenges for e-Government implementation in Nepal?

The following section describes in details of how the themes/goals and the questions are formulated from
the literature reviews of chapter 2 (two), surveys, visit of many related organizations, discussion and also to
what degree or amount and size, the literature itself review provides an answer to the stated-questions.
Study One: Research question (RQ) 1
146
It was important to identify and establish the degree of the real-world problem, including current information,
communication, technology, processes and organizational factors influencing challenges to implement of e-
Government in Nepal and other developing countries. When responding to these challenges requirements, research
question RQ 1 is used to discover the actual realty for the development and implementation of the e - government
system. So, this first research question aimed for finding the real-world problems with citizen centric e-Government
services. This question tries to investigate the development and implementation of problems and it involves
investigating the current e-government service status also and the outlined in a research paper I and II. Therefore,
the first research question RQ 1is formulated as:
1. What is the information communication technology, processes and organizational factors influencing
challenges of e-Government implementation in Nepal?
Study Two: Research question (RQ) 2
Similarly, it is important to find out the failure factors and the verification, degree about including problems or
factors which are directly or indirectly affected for the implementation of e-Government in Nepal. It also tries to
investigate the root problems and the design and reality gap. It is imperative to investigate, identify, develop and
design system to provide the service to citizens. It measures, technical and non-technical, that could appropriately be
integrated into the maturity steps of eGIS, and helps to propose technical solutions (framework) using software
engineering (system design). The identified challenges and verifications provide by this RQ 2 are outlined in
research paper III and IV. Therefore, the second research question RQ 2 is formulated as:
The Table 3.2.1 below basically summarizes the presentation of this section. The table 3.2.1, have mentioned the
linkage between research study, research question, and the corresponding research paper. According to the research
questions, the titles of the published research papers which are published in international journals.
Table 3.2.27 Corresponding Research Papers
Research
Questions Corresponding research papers
Research Study
1 1 I
II
2 2 III
IV
147
3.3 Motivations and Problem Area for the Current Research
1. Basically, this academic research has focused on the developing and least developing countries that
have implemented and tried to implement the e-Government system, which provide the services to the
citizens. According to the literature review, it is clear that there are many factors which affects e-
Government implementation in some developing countries. All these least developing countries are in
total failure and mix-failure position.

2. Based on the research study that has been described in chapter two, all researchers conclude that the
research has conducted in the area of e-Government, which has been focused on the determining and
influencing factors for the implementation of the e - Government System. Then, this research in this
date is therefore is very limited regarding the considerate of whether finding factors or challenges in e-
Government implementation system change by after a while. Many evidences and implementation
factors are in chapter two” literature review”, have been found that there is an impact of time on the
effective nature of factors which affect the adoption of new technologies because there have mainly
focused on two major issues they are Information Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure and
e-Government Implementation System designed. Again, this study allows the researcher to increase or
achieve an enhanced/improved and richer understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. By
literature review, some researchers have stated that most of the existing research on the factors or
challenges that are facing e-Government Implementation in developed and developing countries have
focused on the technological, infrastructures, readiness, political stability, coordination, motivation use
of software engineering and financial barriers.

They have asserted that despite some developing countries that are still facing such kinds of barriers;
some countries have made noticeable progress in the communication area which makes these factors
challenges not common or widespread as before.

The literature review the identifies similarities, to some degree between e-Government existing
traditional implementation system and improved technological implementation system . Basically, this
research tries to present the challenges or factors which have been affecting e-Government
implementation. So, this research may be important to find out and investigate the factors or challenges
148
which affect for the implementation of the e - Government System in Nepal and other developing
countries because, this research has presented a dynamic view for implementing the system
A deep study of literature reviews has identified ICT infrastructure which is a very poor index for the
implementation in Nepal, and SAARC countries. In the ICT sector of Nepal, there have been big gaps
in the comparison of other developed and least developing countries. ICT plays major role to make the
success and failure of information systems. It is very crucial part to study the influencing factors.
Without ICT/IS (Information System), it is very much crucial part to study the influence of social,
economic, technical, cultural and political environment. So, the factors that have identified in this
study, which might not be prevalent in the context of Nepal. Hence, the major focus of this research as
it finds the dynamic nature of the challenges/problems that affect e-Government implementation in
Nepalese context.
3. This research is in the context of Nepal that has displayed the existing results for the implementation of
the e - government system in the comparison of other SAARC countries and South Korea, Singapore,
Japan, Finland, United Kingdom and United State also. Nepal has already prepared a master plan
(eGMP 2006) for the implementation of the e - Government System. In the master plan there find
technological part missing. So, Nepal has no motivation to researcher in conducting the research in this
context or an Area. Because, no such kind of system has been designed for e-Government
implementation. So, this research provides “what kind of factors or challenges that affect to implement
the e-Government? What kinds of system, framework and model need to implement the e-Government
in Nepal?” And this research also provides excellent solutions or outcomes. So, this research provides a
strong motivation to other researchers and government to design and implement the e-Government
system for citizen-centric services.

Chapter three states a key Research Question, which provides many answers to a stated research
question “1. What is the Information Communication Technology(ICT), Processes and Organizational
factors influence and challenge e-Government Implementation in Nepal?” Remaining a research
questions need to be empirical work to take place before an answer can be found. This question’s
answer gives a true answer which provides proper and strong solution for the implementation of the e -
government system in Nepal and other developed and developing countries.

4. The literatures reviews results e-Government Master Plan (eGMP 2006.8), e-Government in Nepal has
set the vision of ‘valuable networking Nepal’ through citizen-centered services, transparent services,
networked government and knowledge based society and rural community. The Literature review results
149
also provides to researchers and others top level goals that are customer-tailored services, transparency
and prompt services and networked, knowledge-based government and favorable Information
Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure and legal framework. According to literature review
results in the comparison of SAARC countries and also global comparison, Nepal’s rank is very poor,
the buying capacity and cost of service are satisfactory, but need enhancements, need government
stability for effective policy formation, implementation of e-Government Master Plan and more factors
need to be explored accessed, planned and implemented.

5. After study of lots of literature, this research has motivated to develop the e-Government maturity
models, which are very important for the development and designing of e-Government
implementation. The maturity model helps to those countries that are developed and developing
countries that have not success to implement the system. The following main five types of maturity
models provide to researcher and designers for the development of e-Government implementation
system.
1. Publish – information available online
2. Interact – two-way communication
3. Transact – transaction handled online
4. Integrate – process system and organizational integration
5. Transform – entirely new services delivered cross-agency through a centralized enterprise
portal.
The deep study of literature reviews, all new researchers can formulate the following types of e-
Government service model using ICT channels to change the right way citizens and businesses that are:
“citizen government” includes:

Citizens: International Governance, Local Government, Regional and State Government and National
Government.
This is very much helpful service delivery model for this research to design e-government implementation
model for developing and these developing countries. Because this type of model can interact with
government to facilitate:
 Citizen participation in decision making to government planning.
 Increased accessibility of information, which makes empowering citizens and civil society with
knowledge.
 Transparency, growing the openness of government process and procedures, reducing
intermediaries.
 Intensification of urban and rural civil society and community to generate significant citizens
argue.
150
Again, this research work has provided five stage model to research, design team and implementation
organizations. The five stage models are:

 Rising / up-and-coming
 Enhancing
 Interactive
 Transactional
 Combination
Before developing the e-Government system, the developer or system designer follows the mentioned
stages model. Then, the literature reviews basically motivate to relate researcher for the displayed the
following model of services:

 Government to Government (G2G): for information sharing and transformation.
 Government to Employee (G2E): e-Education, e-Application, e-Payroll.
 Government to Business (G2B): e-Custom, e-Transaction, e-Payment.
 Government to Citizen (G2C): Passport, Citizenship, Taxes, and other related information.
As per research questions, many literature reviews are mentioned in this research thesis, it provides future
needs and gap analysis techniques, which is very important to develop and design architectural frameworks
and models. It helps for the great potential of improvement of e-Government research effectiveness,
indication of potential vision for e-Government research according to policy options to link to practices and
proposed framework which may become a dynamic working tool. The literature reviews result provides the
design-reality gap framework that helps to measure any differences that exist between the projects’ initial
design development expectations implementation realities. Richard Heeks [4] comments seven dimensions
which are large gaps are found in between, design and reality, these highlight the key and specific problem
areas for the implementation project. So, significant design-reality gaps are identified in relation to –
Management systems and structures, Staffing and skills, objectives and values and information system.
Another motivation is that if the Nepal Government follows this research to implement the e-Government
system to simplify and improve democratic government and business aspects of governance. Chapter four
discusses about the research methodologies which is used in this research and strongly justified by the use
of mathematical models for verification and validation of the findings and use of each for validation of
outcomes or solution which ones applied to answer the other one research question (2. Why does e-
Government fail in Nepal?). After that, the final or ultimate goal of this research work can be achieved.
When responding to these challenges, it is vital that citizen centric transformation services become an
essential division of the ages steps, so that to bridge the transformation service gap; as a result, providing
151
and transforming e-government services before it is too late. The diagram below presents a diagrammatic
overview of this research problem area and motivation.
Figure 3.3.25 Research Motivation and Problems Area
In the above diagram 3.3.1, the box to the left shows the areas of focus, eGIS and IS/IT for transformation of citizen
centric services for explanatory services risks and threats posed to e-government services implementation. The box
in the middle shows the passing services integrated system for dissemination services (eGIS integrated with IT/IS
citizen centric services); and the box to the right, shows the probable all citizen centric results (transformation,
prompt and secured e-government services).
152
CHAPTER: 04
Research Methodology, Process, and Data Analysis Procedure
4.1 Introduction
This chapter addresses the methodology, procedures and instruments that will be used by the researcher to gather
data and analyze them. The researcher also describes the method that will be used to select samples and the data
collection instruments that is used. The design of the research has described in detail in the last two sections of this
chapter. Actually, this research’s main aim is to examine the implantation’s challenges of the e-government system
through a survey and discussion of the concerned authority. The study investigates manners in which factors are
there for e-government development and implementation, affect to provide a more efficient and effective citizen-
centric service and the extent of the e-Government implementation in Nepal. This research also looks for challenges
that were encountered during the implementation of e-Government initiatives. The study is projected to develop an
e-Government implementation framework, model and place Nepal in a standing among peer country. The figure
4.1.1 mention above depicts the process of research, which has been followed the step by step to accomplish the
research.
153
Figure 4.1.26 Research Process
154
Data Generation Methods
Data Analysis
Strategy
According to the research questions and objectives, the quantitative and some qualitative data are important to find
out the real development and implementation of the e - government system in Nepal and other developing countries.
For that the research operated four types of data generation methods which include interview, questionnaire,
observation, and documents that provide valuable quantitative and some qualitative data for analysis to identify the
core problems. So, both these types of data gathered by the use of survey questionnaire (for quantitative data) and
interview and observation (for qualitative data/information). So, the research has implemented survey techniques,
interviews for quantitative and qualitative data generation.
155
The primary data, literature review and secondary data are parallel for related data collection. Such as, research
questions and objectives ask three types of data to identify the actual problems to retrieve the best recommended
outcomes. The primary data which was collected to survey techniques (questionnaire) to select the required
respondents. Using this technique which provides true problem domains or influencing parameters to reach in the
effective or strategic outcome for the development and implementation of e-Government in Nepal. Secondary data
available from different sources which was used to identify the e-Government development and implementation,
degree of success rate and failure rate that has been used to compare with research findings’ domain verification
results and literature review also provides existing implementation and development obstacles and their probable
solution and recommendation. So, these three data gathering steps that have used on the basis of research questions
and identified objectives. The study identified the influencing parameters (problems domains) through gathered data
analysis which helps to fulfill the research objectives and for resultant framework.
156
4.2 Theoretical Framework
This research is going to implement the quantitative and qualitative theory because needs both types of data and
information to find out the major problem or challenge for the implementation of the e - Government System. So,
both types of data and information were collected using survey techniques for primary, secondary data collection
and literature review. It was used for reliable & true data collection and analysis. According to research questions
& objectives to identify the implementation problems, gaps. The survey & literature reviews were provided the
relevant data for it.
The research thesis approaches, research questions which are presented earlier in terms of implementation factors
and challenges, operational effectiveness and process efficiency as brought about by survey and other researchers
that are discussed in this chapter. In order to explain the major challenges of the e-Government implementation that
is implied in this thesis, this research actually presents the theoretical and architectural framework that are
conceptual framework and service delivery framework with e-Government model with verifications and validations.
The first chapter shows that the two level survey that are Technical Survey, and user level non-technical survey will
be used to gather data and other related information from the ministry that are currently involved in the e-
Government initiatives. Next the research will conduct interviews to special target groups of government executives
to extract the challenges that are currently faced in terms of organization, process and technology. Then this research
aims to collect evidence of the e-Government development and design in Nepal as compared to peer countries such
as SAARC nations, and South Korea. Finally, the analysis and findings will be used to draw a conclusion for the
proposed e-Government implementation framework.
As the objective of the study is to understand e-Government Implementation Status of the country, to identify the
implementation problems, gaps and recommend some applicable way-outs. Hence, this study will evaluate the
current implementation status of the various components related to e-government the service providers and the
beneficiaries or the end-users. This study will comprise of- literature review, secondary information collection and a
questionnaire survey. The survey provides relevant data for solving the identified problems by selecting respondents.
4.3 Literature review:
The studies will first collect available information in the literature review regarding the various relevant information
related to e-government such as: ethics, norms, uses and criticism from various national/international researchers
157
and experts. The literature reviews are one of the most important part which provides several related information to
meet the research goal and objectives.
4.4 Secondary information collection:
The study will collect and present the current problems status and trend of e-government in the developing and
developed countries and some reference countries as an example from both developing and developed worlds. Such
information will provide a comparative scenario. The study will also evaluate the proclaimed goal and objectives of
the government of Nepal in its budget speeches, planning reports and in its various sectoral plans. Information was
collected from secondary sources regarding the trend and current usage rate, available infrastructure and quality of
service as assessed by previous researches if any. One discussion seminars were conducted to get policy level inputs
required for the study. These discussion seminars were conducted from high level officers of the government and
others concerned experts in this field. The secondary data and information were collected by the use of questionnaire
survey form that forms basically filled by selecting respondents from different ministries and other related
organizations.
4.5 Questionnaire survey:
To assess the actual condition of the electronic media in the country and its quality a questionnaire survey was
conducted to reflect the conditions as far as possible. For the survey following categories of informants was
approached. As service providers the government agencies (ministries, departments, Central bank, CBS and sectoral
offices) and private service providers (NTC, World link, Ncell, UTL, Mercantile, etc.) was approached. At the end-
users, universities, NGOs software development companies were approached along with a small sample of domestic
user of the electronic media (20-30 users). This survey will enumerate approximately 60-70 questionnaires in total.
For different informant categories different questionnaire and checklists were used. After developing the two types
of questionnaires that were technical and user level questionnaires. Then both questionnaires were tested two/two
government’s level respondents which was pre-tested. The respondents were responses very well and were received
very good results and agreed to provide all data. Then after long discussion with research supervisor print and
produced the forty technical and thirty three user level questionnaire according to the number of targeted
respondents and were distributed them one by one. It takes eight months time (long time) to complete as a pilot/final
tested or primary data collection. These were performed successfully with thirty four technical and thirty three user
level respondents for technical and non-technical data.
158
The following were the reasons to select the particular respondents:
a. Focused on e-Government, which implemented by Government.
b. e-Government was the Government’s program.
c. Citizens were not aware of this system.
d. Till date it was not implemented and only based on bureaucrats and it was the Government service oriented
system.
e. It was necessary to know about the Government’s (ICT, e-Government environment) infrastructure.
So, these were the reasons to select the particular (Government Civilian) respondents.
The information expected in the survey from the supply side was consist of current status, goal & objectives, gaps
and suggestion/recommendations. From the user side mainly the quality of information, ease of accessibility, also
collect information regarding the current use rate, available infrastructure and reliability were asked. Survey
questionnaire is mentioned in ANNAX -II.
4.6 Tools:
Two different tools will be used for information collection from the field, one developed for service providers and
the other for the users.
Tool 1: Contents of the questionnaire for service provider (ICT Equipment, Internet/Connectivity, Human
Resources, Plan and ICT Development and Policy)
Tool 2: Content of Users (Use, Level, Quality, and Assessment)
4.7 Data management and Report writing:
Collected information during the literature review, secondary information collection, and sample survey will be
compiled and organized for writing the dissertation report. Information collected from the secondary sources and
from the survey will be entered into the computer for tabulation and analysis. All quantitative information and most
of the qualitative information which can be quantifiable will be entered in database Or EXCEL.
These data will be crossed checked and the final analysis will be done in simple computer sheet EXCEL. Using an
Excel sheet of basic tables and excel statistical formula was generated.
CASE STUDY:
159
Case study is an ideal methodology when a holistic, in-depth investigation is needed [Feagin, Orum, & Sjoberg,
1991]. According to Researcher Robert K. Yin defines the case study research method as an empirical inquiry that
investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and
context are not clearly evident; and which multiple sources of evidence are used. Case study method is thus a
method of study in which researcher is expected to play comparatively more important role as compared with any
other method of study.
According to Robert E. Stake, Helen Simons, and Robert K. Yin [2006], who have written about the case study
research and suggest techniques for organizing and conducting the research successfully. The introduction of the
case study research draws upon their work and proposes given steps that should be used: Determine and define the
research questions, Data gathering, Prepare to collect the data and Collect data in the field, Evaluate and analyze the
data, Prepare the report.
HOW TO UNDERTAKE CASE STUDY RESEARCH?
According to Yin [Yin, R., 1984. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage Publication, California] there are
three types of case study research, exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Researchers in business related subjects
sometimes limit case studies of the exploratory use. For example, pilot case study can be used as a basis for
formulating questions or hypothesis testing. The descriptive case study is an attempt to describe, like what happen to
a product when it is launched. Explanatory research can be useful for example to study processes in companies. In
my research I am going to subscribed descriptive case study where observations are conducted in four organizations
and reporting them. The entire process of undertaking the case studies research is as shown below:
 Preliminary Stages – Select case, Design & Pilot Research Question
 Field Work & Analysis Stage – Conduct Case Study, Data Analysis, Writing Cases
 Conclusion Stage – Cross Case Analysis, Draw Conclusion, Modify Theory
The first stage of the research will do with an extensive literature on the subject studied by computer and manual
method. In Second stage of research it collects of data and information using different ways, analysis and writing
cases. The third stage of research is conclusion stage where includes cross case analysis, draw conclusion etc.
4.8 Determine and Define the Research Questions:
In this step the researcher establishes the focus of the study by forming the questions about the situation or problem
to be studied and determining a purpose for the study. In this research, the research question is “What are the ICT,
160
Processes and Organizational factors influence challenging e-Government Implementation in Nepal? “ The case
study method to answer this question. So, I am trying to determine the causes and effects of the identified problems.
Because, we cannot solve a problem that we cannot determine the cause of!. The following are consisting
components that are: 1. Resources (materials, using ICT infrastructures, Human resources etc.). 2. Processes. 3.
Organizational part. This case study helps us to identify the affected/ influencing factors which are directly involved
to implement the e-Government in the context of Nepal.
4.9 Prepare to Collect the Data:
In this step, as per the research prepares to collect data by contacting some concerned organization to be studied to
gain their cooperation, explain the purpose of the study, and assemble key contact information. For the data
collection in this part will use direct field observations, interviews, interactions with concerned organization’s
leadership, and others working in human resources, making notes as individual visit, audio record conversations and
video-record key meetings. For this we can develop a closed-ended questionnaire and the data/information can be
collected from directing involved persons with the system to get qualitative data. And also arrange to visit board of
director and other concerned officers to collect the actual information which may be the failure factors of
implementing the e-Government in Nepal.
4.10 Data gathering:
The designated data gathering tools are used systematically and properly in collecting the evidence. This case study
helps us to identify the affected/ influencing factors which are directly involved to implement the e-Government in
the context of Nepal. To find out the concrete answers to mentioned questions, we should use the case study method
by the use of direct field observations, interviews, survey, interactions with concerned organization’s leadership
(Government Department, Ministries, District Government Offices), and others working in human resources. By this
way can decide which alternative is the best one to successfully implement e-Government in the country. I will
develop a closed-ended questionnaire and the data/information will be collected from directing involved persons
with the system to get qualitative data.
4.11 Data Analysis Technique and Tool:
Collected data can be sorted many ways. We can analyze the data using any one tool among giving tools (software)
that are: Atlas Ti, NVIVO, or Transana, MAT-Lab, Excell. It depends on the nature of the data. It can be
161
categorized, tabulate, and recombine data to address the initial propositions or purpose of the study, and conduct
crosschecks of facts and discrepancies in accounts, focus, short, repeat interviews may be necessary to gather
additional data to verify key observations or check a fact.
4.12 Prepare the report:
Analysis result reports were prepared by the use of this method.
Similarly, the data were analyzed to know the existing system about e-Government implementation, thus improving
its performance. In this part semi structured interviews were conducted with the key persons who plays a key role in
e-Government implementation, to know the importance of e-Government implementation. It can also help in
analyzing the positive and negative impact of implementing e-Government in Nepal. Another most important part is
that the analysis of case study of e-Government was providing an in-depth understanding. It was more reliable and
accurate. Because, it is necessary to find out the ICT, Processes and Organizational factors influence and challenge
e-Government implementation in Nepal. So, Case study method is an appropriate method to identify and understand
the existing system and environment of e-Government Implementation in Nepal. I have plans to use this method
which focuses on existing systems (ICT, Processes and Organizational factors) that are influencing the
implementation of e-Government in Nepal.
4.13 Quality Indicators and Methods of Data Collection:
Data collection and gathering is a vital part of the problem identification and their solutions. It is necessary for
research, problem analysis and for the potential results. For data collection and information gathering, data
collection indicators play a major role to produce real findings (challenges/factors) and solution for the
implementation of the e - government system. There are some indicators which can provide measurement rate of
each and every identified factors (challenges), they were affected for the implementation of citizen centric e-
Government system in the developing and least developing countries, has not the design developed the e-
Government implementation system for efficient administration for improved services and more equal participation
of citizens (e-participation). So, the collection of e-Government statistical information faces various issues or
challenges (i.e. Failure factors), with statistical feasibility, cost of collection of data, trouble from selected
respondents. So, several types of problems, make out from this difficulty in discovering and comparing government
section across the country. The most important part of the data collection indicators facilitate to the researcher to
make a priority of findings factors or the challenges / problems and their outcome. According to United Nation
162
Economic Commission for Africa, Partnership Measuring ICT for Development “Framework for Set of E-
Government Core Indicators”, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/partnership/material/Framework_for_a_set_of_E-
Government_Core_Indicators_Final_rev1.pdf [100] used to identify the real and affected problem, which help to
measure and verification of the findings. For the core indicators presented, different government agencies and
different strategies may be used to collect the data. Any method which is used for the collection of data, the
following e-Government core indicators should have.
 Statistical feasibility
 Designed to enable international comparability
 Design and development of information transformation system architectural framework
 Substantively relevant
 Consistent, thereby enabling reliable evidence of change over time
 Understandable and accessible to policymaker and other data users
 Not so complex as to limit their collection and use
 System modeling.
So, this research has applied the mentioned indicator for the collection of related data which are based on key
research questions. For the data collection process, this research has divided into four different groups on the basis
of the e-Government core indicators.
Group 1:make use of ICT (utilization of computers)
Group 2:accessibility and availability of ICT in government and other related organization (website, internet,
intranet etc.)
Group 3:ICT used by government (rate of website, internet and other ICT devices)
Group 4:Delivery of citizen centric e-Government services to citizen and businesses (citizens accessible website)
All of these four dividing groups of the e-Government’s core indicators recommended the survey method techniques
for the collection of e-Government related data into two levels that are (a) Technical Level (b) User Level.
Supplementary Information:
This research has emphasized in the collection of supplementary information for the identification of e-Government
implementation system challenges (problems) with the discussion of ministry level higher personnel. The collected
information seems eleven different problems, Visible problems help in the identification of major challenges
163
(problems) for the development and implementation of an e - Government System for transformations of
Government services to the citizens of Nepal. And it also helps to other developing and least developing countries.
The following are the visible problems which have identified by the discussion of Governments’ higher personnel
(involved in e-Government development and implementation).
Visible problem of e-Government System implementation in Nepal:
1. Unable to design technological development required for bringing information in public when designing
the infrastructure of e-Government.

2. Unable to decide type of information that has to be brought among top to bottom level (public).
3. Unable to clarify the perception over the reason behind the establishment of e-Government.
4. No improvement on effects, efficiency, quality service or transformation required for developing uses of
present e-Government.
5. A failure to design law and order strong and effective enough for establishing & implementing e-
Government.
6. The inability of the government to take the required steps for implementing e-Government.
7. Failure of the prepared master plan for establishing & implementing e-Government by performing
necessary assessments.
8. Failure to involve expertise from related universities when establishing & implementing.
9. Unable to form a team of expertise to prepare strategy for establishing & implementing e-Government
along its benefit.

10. Unable to manage budget & different institution by the government for the establishment and
implementation of e-Government.
11. Unable to prepare sufficient awareness programs about the utilization of the e - Government System.
On the basis of eleven identified visible problems, have easy to apply the primary data collection techniques in
different ministries, departments, universities and related companies.
4.14 Uses Tools and Techniques:
This research is using different techniques for data collection, compilation, analysis. The techniques which had
formulated on the basis of research questions. One of them survey methods is very usable techniques for the
collection of data in different concerned organizations at different levels. Lots of discussion, have developed the
questionnaire form. There are two levels questionnaire forms that were technical level and user level. The second
techniques of information collection are discussed, which have used these techniques with different level personnel
of different organizations that are ministries, departments, universities. So, this research is used following three
techniques for e-Government system implementation related data collection and information gathering.
Type 1. Discussion of different level personnel
164
Type 2. Survey method
2.1 Technical Level
2.2 User Level
Among two of them Type 2 method is a very effective technique for data collection and gathering information from
different ministries, departments and universities. Using this technique collects very reliable and actual data. After
compilation and general analysis the data has reflected the real and true figures for the implementation of the e -
government system. There were two levels questionnaire formulated technical level and user level. Such, Type 1 is
a discussion technique which is based on research questions. The discussion result also reflects the gap between
system, citizen and government.
Type 2 methods, have selected 34 different organizations that are 22 - ministries, 2 - educational institutes, 1 -
government department, 1 - National Information Technology Center. Thirty four respondents were selected from
these organizations according to the organization’s facilities and their function. In this level, all respondents are
technical officers and department chief and they all are involved in Information Technology related works. Twenty
four users were selected who have directly involved in Information Technology (IT). All respondents are users and
they have used IT devices (computer and other interrelated devices). So, this method is very difficult task. It takes
lots of time for data collection and information gathering due to some administrative and technical reasons. At least
eight months time spent to collect data and gathering e-Government related information. So, this is a very
challenging job. The Type 1 technique is not easy. Anyway, all higher level personnel are friendly behavior, so it was
very easy to gather information from mutual interaction.
4.15 Respondents Selection (for survey by using interview techniques through a questionnaire):
Two types of survey questionnaire are selected; those are technical level questionnaire and a user level
questionnaire. This research was selected government and non-government senior technical officers, and they all
were involved in ICT. All selected organizations are separate IT department with technical officers and user level
workforce. 40 technical level respondents have selected for data collection. Out of 40 respondents, 34 respondents’
interviews have succeeded to complete. In user level had selected 33 respondents. Out of 33 respondents, 24 user
respondents’ interviews succeeded to accomplish using a questionnaire. But it is a very difficult task arises several
problems for selection of technical and user level respondents. In this selection, all respondents were selected from
165
civil servants, academics and private company’s employee. In an interview time some respondents have raised
questions about the questionnaire. After some times, it has been solved and interviews were completed.
About questionnaire (survey for interviews):
In the Technical Level Questionnaire there includes 4 sections with 43 different questions:
Section 1: e-Government Implementation (Service Providers)
Section 2: e-Government Services and Benefits
Section 3: Government Department Capabilities
Section 4: Public-Private Partnerships for e-Government
Number of Targeted Respondents: 40
Number of completed Respondents: 34 (see APPINDEX – II)
In the User Level Questionnaire there was included only one section with 29 different questions:
Section 1: e-Government Implementation Services
Number of Targeted Respondents: 33
Number of completed Respondents: 24 (see APPINDEX – II)
All questionnaires’ questions are in equal value and they are related to the e - Government System on the basis of
two key research questions. The two levels’ questionnaire gathering compile data after analysis are shown the major
six types of challenges or factors to formulate the reliable, validated and usable efficient tested solution or outcomes
to the government for the development, design and implementation of e-Government System in the context of
Nepal.
4.16 Selection and Justification of Research Methodology for this research:
The main thought of this PhD research is to identify the un-success nature of, interrelationships factors or challenges
that directly influenced e-Government System Implementation in Nepal. For the achievement of this thought or
aim, the researcher has needed to increase the differing views and opinions of the key workforce; they are engaged
in the e-Government system development and implementation in Nepal at different ways at times. This research
mainly utilizes qualitative research, interpretive barriers or stand, and survey method which has used to analyze the
gathered data. The following are the main sections, which can provide justification for the selection.
1. Foundation/Rational of Adopting Interpretive Stand:
166
For achieving the research objectives and answers of the two key research questions has done through the selected
respondents exposes the individual understanding. Each respondent answers reflect the influences in e-Government
Implementation. Therefore an interpretive stand is the most suitable or fitted one for this research. So, it is very
important to know in detailed understanding of meaning that has assigned regarding the design and implementation
process of the e - Government System. This approach provides to researcher bigger and better factors to find out the
real pictures, that influence and impact e-Government System Implementation. By this approach the researcher can
assessed to discover the current situation of e-Government Implementation which is the critical aim of the
researcher. The researcher covers of the all affected factors of e-Government design, development and
implementation without assigning the situation or finding solutions and designing the most reliable framework for
the development and implementation of e-Government in Nepal.
2. The Rationale of Acceptance Qualitative Research:
There is a big gap seems in design and reality on the basis of literature reviews. On the basis of literature review,
identifying what factors are influencing e-Government System Implementation in Nepal. So, this research attempts
to discover the factors or challenges by engaging in-depth analysis of what these factors or challenges are how they
have changed over time from the different respondents’ perspectives and opinion. Therefore, findings of this type for
this challenge is possible only for using qualitative research, because researcher success to collect the necessary
well-off or prosperous information and approaching into the dynamic types of factors or challenges in Nepal. So, the
qualitative research has been frequently inductive and interpretive (understandable), such as findings are expressive
or evocative (descriptive).
According to Strauss & Corbin (1990) [101]; Creswell (2005) [102]; a data analysis consists of analyzing texts,
developing themes, and finally stating the meaning of the findings, a result that this research has used to achieve
with regard to analyze the interview, and developing concept etc. Thus, for maintained the causes, the qualitative
research method with an interpretive underlying principle or justification that was select a most valuable for
achieving the aims of this research.
4.17 Justification of Selected Techniques for Data Collection:
Sequentially, to study the lively nature of challenges reflects e-Government Implementation in Nepal. So, the
researcher plans to collect sufficient data and gathering the enough concerned information to gratify or assure the
objectives of this research. In this research survey method, the individual respondent interviews have considered to
167
be a better way of capturing the required data and information. So, the individual respondents’ interview techniques
are one of the important sources of gathering the information and related data for qualitative research to provide
detailed data to the researcher by focusing directly on the related subject under study.
This technique allows the researcher to explore complex issues and in great depth (Rubin and Rubin, 2005) [103].
The interview format provides facility and encourages to researcher for the seeking of additional information and
tailoring of questions to respondents’ answers (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) [104]. Interviewing allows to researcher to
uncover a great understanding of the topic, if required, thus as the researcher can seek the clarification and also ask
the in a number of different areas to reduce the gaps (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). [104] Thus with the use of this
techniques survey interview gives the chance to researcher to correct any kinds of errors that occurs in the interview
as well as it encourages trust between the researcher and respondents. So, this technique allows to researcher to
receive rapidly the facts under the study. The main cause of this research is found very difficult situation to conduct
the interviews outside of the Government Offices in Nepal. In this research, the researchers apply unstructured
interviews, because different text indirectly related questionnaires included in the format. In order to gather the
relevant data from the stakeholder (different types of organizations’ respondents) in Nepal. As well as in the
interview time the different types of documents that have been provided by the Government to the researcher that
was related to e-Government. So, the announcement about e-Government that has published by newsletters and
related website has researched.
4.18 Research Methodology and Relationships to the Research Questions:
The main goal of this research is to discover and formulated the failure factors that are influencing to develop
implementing e-Government System in Nepal that have achieved from formulated objectives (in Chapter 3). For the
achievement of the defined goal and their objectives that needs to answer the questions. So, this research totally
follows the related with two research questions. The qualitative research method initiates and starts with literature
reviews of e-Government areas. Because, the qualitative research method offers the capability techniques to
investigate and the ground evaluation of the challenges that are affected for the implementation of e-Government in
all global countries (developed and developing countries). In order to research, these techniques facilitate to the
researcher answering the first research key question: What are the Information Communication Technology,
processes and Organizational factors influencing challenging e-Government Implementation in Nepal?
168
In addition, an analysis approach is necessary to read and understand the reality of the e-Government System
situation in Nepal. The analysis approach provides the knowledge of reality that can be achieved only during the
interactions and discussion with stakeholders or respondents engaged in the e-Government initiative. So, this type of
knowledgeable initiatives facilitated the researcher to answer the second research key question: Why does e-
Government fails in Nepal? Here includes the factors within the Nepalese context.
The most important stage of this research exists of foundation and/or instruction the data in the findings and is
materialize from the research with the research questions that are observed pragmatic (imperial) work. In the context
of Nepal, research on e-Government Implementation challenges that are influencing for the development and
implementation. In the context of Nepal, the Government has already prepared e-Government Master Plan (eGMP)
2006.8, but that has not been implemented till date because there has not been researched before preparation of the
master plan. So, this may be the reasonable causes for the failure of implementation of e-Government in Nepal. That
has not mentioned probable and feasible information to facilitate to Government whether the factors or challenges
that has affected to implementation of e-Government.
4.19 Data Analysis Stages to this Research:
The following are the specific detail list of the different processes of data analysis that has used to this open type of
research. Mainly in this research, the researcher has used following four procedures for data analysis steps.
1. Literature Used
2. Data Comparison
3. Sampling
4. Discussion
These are the basic techniques which have applied to data collection and their analysis.
1. Literature Used: In the first stage of this research, researcher has used all literatures that are technical and
non-technical which has concerned and related to this research. The researcher was reviewing the literature
and gather the potential information and point that helps to analyze and find out the challenges or factors
affected for the implementation of the e - Government System in Nepal. More than 100 different authors,
researchers’ literatures, books and published papers are reviewed in this research works to gathered
information.
169
2. Data Comparison: In the second stage, has researched different kinds of report like UNDP e-Government
Reports, World Internet Report, Nepal Telecommunication Authority Management Information System
(MIS) report, are used for potential data collection of e-Government. This type of data and information has
been collected for the purpose of analysis to identify the failure factors, and comparison of e-Government
data to know about the situation of e-Government Implementation. After analyzing this type of data, some
help to provide the researcher to compare and verify identified factors or challenges. United Nation
Development Program UNPAN e-Government reports’ show the e-Government Index, e-Government
world ranked and others e-Government related index reality of Nepal e-Government System
implementation. By the use of this report, the researcher has successfully published the papers (e-
Government Implementation comparison between South Asian Association Regional Countries- SAARC)
which clearly present the actual condition of Nepal’s e-Government implementation system. Thus, this type
of information strongly helps to depict the failure or success factors of e-Government Development and
Implementation in Nepal and other developing countries.
3. Sampling: Sampling is a strong and standard data collection and information gathering procedure that
guides for the data collection and the data analysis during different types of research and projects. This
procedure provides a meaningful data and information for finding the realities and factors with the help of
analysis results. Author Glaser stated “ The theoretical sampling is the process of data collection for
generating the theory whereby the analyst jointly collects and analysis the data and decides what data to be
collected next and where to find them, in order to develop a theory as it emerge. This process of data
collection is controlled by the emerging theory, whether substantive or found”. [105] The common process
or method of sampling is to use for comparative analysis the data which are collected in order to get rules
from the collected raw, facts and figures (data). During this research period, it is using this method for the
selection of respondents and data collection process; which is a meaningful process to analyze data and find
out the challenges or factors for the implementation of the e - Government System in Nepal. Again, this
type of process can be applied by the developed and developing countries. So, this process uses to guide the
researcher for further and additional data collection and information gathering that provides proper
processes for modification and change data and information collections. The researcher can be closed the
process, when the required condition or aim of the research has been achieved. That depends on the nature
and size of the research or project.

170
4. Discussion: The discussion technique or process is a kind of information gathering procedure of e-
Government System implementation situation. The main objectives of this technique or process are :
 Understanding the component or the factors of e-Government development and implementation
 Differentiate the level of performance
 Review the existing system behavior
 Try to identify the related factors
 Used to compare with findings which are produced by analysis.
In this process, the researcher can applied two ways:
1. Individual discussion
2. Group discussion
In this research, to investigate the reality of e-Government implementation system has used individual
discussion techniques the researcher. The researcher selects the individual e-Government or Information
communication technology (ICT) personnel from each organization. Before asking the questions,
researcher prepared the oral type of some questions which questions are totally based on e-Government
system development, implementation and ICT infrastructures situation of Nepal that is based on two key
research questions. Before starting of discussion, the researcher presents proposed the formulated questions
to an organization’s selection higher level personnel. All questions are based on two key research questions.
This research presents all formulated questions with two key research questions to individual respondents.
Thus, researchers can have collected the data and information about e-Government development and
implementation in the country to achieve the objectives and goals of the research. It means researchers can
do collect all factors which are affecting for the development and implementation of e-Government. It is
very difficult task to collect the actual situations which are facing. The researcher should provide lots of
time to respond to get the proper answers in concerned. The researcher should write the capture discussion
points as soon as possible. So, it is a very important technique to collect the valuable information for the
supports of real factors findings.
This research has used the tradition (institutional) and Innovation Diffusion theories which was important
to know the originality of existing system and their information transmission situation according to TOE.
And to clarify, explain the reality which has found in the research. The Institutional & Diffusion theory has
171
been used in this research to answer the research question which is “What are the factors that address the
challenges in e-Government Implementation in Nepal”.
Common method bias and generalizability: This research may have some limitations. The survey is based
on a convenience sample of IT users, which is only one of various existing e-government system. So the
generalizability of the study is limited. The survey data in this study have some common method bias. The
possibility of the existence of the common method bias cannot be completely eliminated. Since e-
government in Nepal is still in the developing stage, further research on e-governance should be performed
as per the emergent technology. Moreover, additional research is necessary to evaluate the generalizability
of the research framework and findings. Due to the nature of this fast developing technology and
application, further investigation is needed to understand e-government development in Nepal.
5. Interviews: Interviewing is a vital skill for any researcher. It is one of the most important techniques to
collect and gather information to achieve the objectives and research proposes. This technique provides
those kinds of data that helps to identify the factors, challenges and also analyzes result create the solutions
for identifying problems or factors/challenges. According to Seidman, I (1998) “An interview is a
conversation between one or more people where questions are asked by the interviewer to elicit facts or
statements from the interviewee. Interviews are a standard part of researcher and others need to collect the
fact for analysis and reporting, but are also employed in many other situations, including qualitative
research interviewing, when considered as a method for conducting qualitative research, is a technique used
to understand the experiences of others”. [106] Interviewing differs from other methods of data collection
in that it is often more exploratory in nature, and allows for more flexibility. Interviewing stems from the
desire to know more about the people around us and to better understand how the people around us view
the world we live in: “At the heart of interviewing, research is an interest in other individuals’ stories
because they are of worth.” Seidman, I (1998) [106].
The researcher applies the closed, fixed-response interview process, that all interviewees are asked the
same type of questions to all respondents choosing the same set of questionnaire forms. Because the format
which this research have chosen is very useful for those have no practiced in interviewing process or
technique. So, in this research uses the closed, fixed-response interview method to collect the data from
selected respondents to get facts for analysis to find out the reality (factors/challenges) for the development
172
and implementation of e-Government system in Nepal as well as other developing countries. During the
collection of data using this process, takes lots of time to convinced filled the interview questionnaire form
and also clarified of questionnaire form. This process plays a major role to attempt the research objectives
according to two key questions. This process provides sufficient data to identify the failure factors or
challenges by the analysis procedure. Thus, in this research, interviews are conducted by the researcher and
are conducted in ministries, departments, universities, private organizations and metropolitan. [See
Appendix 01] In this research individual interview in the secondary step (S1) that were semi-structured to
maintain the freedom to look at the responses of participants in details. The interview questionnaire
centered around the identification of factors and challenges. In this research, we're asking the same type of
questionnaire for the collection of data through respondents of different organizations about the
development and implementation of the e - government system in Nepal.
CHAPTER: 05
Findings
5.1 Introduction:
This research has originated in chapter three with originating research questions and objectives. The main aims of
the research is to discover and to explore the information, communication and technology (ICT), processes and
organizational factors are influencing and challenging e-Government development and implementation in Nepal. It
means, to identify the major factors or challenges for the development and implementation of the e - government
system in Nepal.
The realistic or useful members of this research aim is achieved during the 4 year period using the outcome of the
literature review, discussion and findings or performance measurements indicators and qualitative survey for the
identifications of challenges or factors. In this research the factors are resulting principally, through asking
respondents questions about the respondent’s perspective in the e-Government development and implementation in
the context of Nepal
This research main contribution is to identify the main real factors or challenges that are directly affected to the
development and implementation of the e - Government System and provide the probable solutions for the design
173
and development and implementation of e-Government efficiency. So, the main aim of the survey is to inform
design and improved the understanding of policy makers’ choice and prioritized in their e-Government program
undertaking. So, it is a useful tool for Government, internal and external researcher and representatives of civil
society and other related sectors to achieve a bottom level (deeper) understanding of the comparative or relative
position of a country in the area of e-Government system. So, the collected data analysis result has been contributed
to the e-Government design, development and implementation.
In the context of Nepal, according to two main research key questions with five research objectives on the
discussion of National level concerned authority, literature studies, study of e-Government Master Plan 2006.8
(eGMP), qualitative survey collected data analysis, United Nation E-Government Survey reports, existing e-
Government performance measurement’s indicators and various other information sources that are successfully
identified the six different challenges or factors they were directly affected for design, developed and implemented
the e-Government System. Such as many other data are collected from various Management Information System
(MIS) published reports and many more websites.
According to all analyzed data’s result the main obstacles or challenges that are affecting for development and
implementation of the e - government system in Nepal has been founded. Nepal has a very low rate in comparison of
other seven South Asian Association Regional Countries (SAARC). Such as e-Government development and
implementation, performance measurement indicators also give the very low rate. So, in this research mainly
focuses on questionnaire survey collected data analysis and literature review results are helped to identify the root
factors or challenges that were effecting for implementation and development of the e - Government System in
Nepal. It is playing a major role to fail the e-Government implementation in Nepal.
These research findings also highlight e-Government success and failure amount or rates that are ‘where are we
now?’ and ‘what are situation and positions?’, and ‘where does the government want to get use’. It means the current
realities of the situation, the model, system design, and situation of infrastructures. This chapter presents the e-
Government success and failure rates that depends on the size of the gap which exists between realities and system
design by information technology engineering aspects.
174
In the context of Nepal, Analysis of e-Government survey signifies or point to seven dimensions which is
summarized by the STAMHIG acronyms which are necessary for providing an appropriate or recognize the reality
– design gap.
The following figure shows seven dimensions.

Figure 5.1.27 Design Gap Reality
System Design Government Motivation

(Stable)
Technical E-GOVERNMENT Human Resource

Coordination SYSTEM
Awareness Infrastructure
Figure 5.1.28 Dimension of e-Government System
Summarized Opinions of Participants:
The researchers were identified the following summarized opinion of the survey’s participants (the respondents).
 No design infrastructure (framework) for e-Government established and implementation (above 80%
survey participants' opinions).
 Awareness, Motivations and Technical Coordination is very poor for the development and implementation
of citizen centric e-Government System (opinion of 66% participants).
 Very poor ICT infrastructure (TI, OS, Broandband, IT-Computers, and digital devices: opinion of 50%
participants).
175
 Lack of skilled manpower and technical personnels which was the major causes of poor ICT
infrastructures. And another causes are the no stable governments (opinion or view of 50% survey’s
participants).
5.2 Finding Challenges
In this research, used the following core indicators to check and proven the identified problems or challenges. The
indicators are:
1. Development and Design of citizen centric e-Government system using software engineering process.
2. Available of ICT facilities in Government organizations (Computer, Internet, LAN, MAN, & WAN website
and portal).
3. Use of ICT for e-Government system implementation (Internet, Networks, Computer and Government
website).
4. Availability of ICT and e-Government training and growth of e-Government employee (use of computer,
internet, website and network).
5. Availability of qualified government IT staff and developer of e-Government (workforce/human resources).
6. Technological skills (awareness and literature) availability among citizens, leaders (public awareness).
7. Supply of Government services to citizens’ use the e-Government System (Accessibility of Government
service to citizens).
8. Budget and expenditure of each activity beginning of the e - Government project to end of the project
[100].
5.3 Indicators used in e-Government
This research uses the 29 indicators to check the identified problems or challenges that were affected for the
development and design of the e - Government Implementation. So, by the help of this 27 th measured the
performance rate of e-Government implementation in Nepal. “What kinds of rate are achieved”. The researcher
176
measured the rate of e-Government Implementation , which provides us to actual or reality of six findings
challenges. These indicators are used in e-Government Implementation phase. The indicators are as follows.
1. Existing information communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and development of infrastructures.
2. Implementing the e-Government system.
3. Study of e-Government Master Plan (eGMP) 2006.8
4. Political Stability and stable government.
5. Constraints of e-Government System.
6. Use of ICT infrastructure that are hardware/software.
7. Comparative rate of e-Government information and transformation.
8. Use of computer by concerned organizations.
9. Use of Internet by concerned organizations.
10. Use of website by concerned organizations for information exchanges.
11. Internet distribution rate.
12. Use of software engineering process for the design of e-Government System.
13. Human resource availability for the implementation and e-Government system.
14. Availability of reliable telephone, internet and connectivity (online)
15. Availability of reliable telephone, internet and connectivity (online).
16. Use of Tele-center for information access and transformation (sending and receiving services).
17. Accessibility of Government services by citizens through e-Government System.
18. Rate of benefits of citizen using e-Government.
177
19. Service availability by citizen (received).
20. Proportion (ratio) of communication line and internet services for system.
21. Proportion of enough existing e-Government System
22. Proportion of existing website and their services.
23. Proportion of e-Government implementation and rank (world and SAARC).
24. Public Private Partnership route for e-Government implementation.
25. Proportion of outsourcing partner rate.
26. Organization for transforming the services to citizens (efficient).
27. Policy for e-Government development and implementation.
28. Status of awareness and motivation of e-Government development & implementation.
29. Amount of required qualification of Government IT staff and development of e-Government [100].
From this core indicator is measured the findings six factors or challenges that have been found by the literature
reviews result, qualitative survey data analysis and other available information by comparison approach/techniques.
The findings are:
1. No System Designed using Software Engineering Process
2. Poor ICT Infrastructure
3. Lack of Technical Coordination
4. No Stable Government
5. Lack of Awareness/Motivation
6. Insufficient Human Resource (workforce)
178
Table 5.3.28 Failure Factors or Challenge Value [Source: Candidate Research Survey Data]
Challenge Factors/Challenges Rating Value by
Number (CN) Respondents (RVR)

1 No System Designed using Software Engineering Process 83.33
2 Lack of Technical Coordination 66.67
3 Lack of Awareness and Motivation 66.67
4 Poor ICT Infrastructure 50.00
5 No Stable Government 50.00
6 Insufficient Human Resource (Workforce) 50.00
So, this research has identified the mentioned six core factors or challenges that are directly affecting for the
development and implementation of the e - Government System in Nepal. By the data analysis results table 5.3.1
shows the reality means failure factors or challenge value.
179
Figure 5.3.29 Challenges of Implementing e-Government
5.4 Challenges/Factors and Opportunities
As shown in Table 5.3.1 the six key or core challenges that the Nepal Government is facing the development and
implementation of e-Government and other developing countries are also facing the same problems. So, this
research’s main theme is to explore, address and classify the factors or challenges into six categories which are the
major problems or challenges of e-Government development and implementation in Nepal.
180
Figure 5.4.30 Challenges or Factors and Opportunities
These are the factors for failure of e-Government System Implementation in Nepal and other developing countries
same as in Nepal. So, these challenges and opportunities must be addressed by the e-Government initiatives of
Nepal Government and other developing countries’ Governments.
5.5 Data Analysis
In this research, to reach the research objectives, and to get the answers of two research key questions, the analysis
result performed by following steps which show the actual Nepal’s’ e-Government development and implementation
situation. The steps are:
Step I: United Nation e-Government Survey analyzed report shows the index and ranks of related components of
the e - Government System.
Step II: The trend analysis is performed for the telecommunication infrastructure, online service, internet
penetration rate and human capital.
Step III: The gap has analyzed which determine the gaps between eight South Asian Association of Regional
Countries (SAARC) e-Governments.
Step IV: This research analyzes the collected data for the identification of core factors or challenges which has
affected for the development and implementation of the e - government system in Nepal. And this research
has used secondary data and information for the comparison between other seven SAARC countries for
proven of identifying challenges or factors.
181
5.6 e-Governments Situation in SAARC Countries
According to the United Nation Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the research has achieved comparative
analysis of Nepal and other seven South Asian countries.
Table 5.6.29 E-Government Index of Eight SAARC Countries [46]
Year
2005 2008 2010 2012 2014

Countries
Afghanistan 0.1490 0.2048 0.2098 0.1701 0.1900
Bangladesh 0.1762 0.2936 0.3028 0.2991 0.2757
Bhutan 0.2941 0.3074 0.2598 0.2942 0.2829
India 0.4001 0.3814 0.3567 0.3829 0.3834
Maldives 0.4321 0.4491 0.4392 0.5494 0.4813
Nepal 0.3021 0.2725 0.2568 0.2664 0.2344
Pakistan 0.2836 0.3160 0.2755 0.2838 0.2580
Sri-Lanka 0.3950 0.4244 0.3995 0.4357 0.5418
Source: United Nations E-Government Development Knowledge Base, http://www.unpan.org/egovkb
Table 5.6.30 E-Government World Rank of SAARC Countries [46]
Year
2005 2008 2010 2012 2014

Countries
Afghanistan 168 167 168 184 173
Bangladesh 162 142 134 150 148
Bhutan 130 134 152 152 143
India 87 113 119 125 118
Maldives 77 95 92 95 94
Nepal 126 150 153 164 165
Pakistan 136 131 146 156 158

182
Sri-Lanka 94 101 111 115 74
Source: United Nations E-Government Development Knowledge Base, http://www.unpan.org/egovkb
The result of above Table 5.6.2 shows Nepal’s e-Government development and implementation achievement which
is 9.64 %. That means this is very poor as e-Government development and implementation is in failure stages. So,
this result also privileges to the following identified challenges for e-Government development and implementation
in Nepal.
Challenge Factors/Challenges Rating Percent to 100% (divided into 3 classes)
Number Value by
(C) (Pv)
(n) Respondents
(RVR)
n1 No System Designed using Software 83.33 C1=>( n1)/1
Engineering Process
= 83.33 Pv1=83.33
n2 Lack of Technical Coordination 66.67 C2=>( n2+ n3)/2
n3 Lack of Awareness and Motivation 66.67

= 66.67 Pv2=66.67
n4 Poor ICT Infrastructure 50.00 C3=>(n4+ n5+ n6)/3
n5 No Stable Government 50.00

=50.00 Pv3=50.00
n6 Insufficient Human Resource 50.00
(Workforce)
Here,
183
n1 = No System Designed, n2 = Lack of Technical Coordination, n3 = Lack of Awareness & Motivation,
n4 = Poor ICT Infrastructure, n5 = No Stable Government, n6 = Insufficient Human Resource (workforce)
Then, C = {n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6}
So, by categorizing the similar type of values, which are determined by A1, A2 and A3;
{n1}, {n2+n3}, {n4+n5+n6} = A1, A2, A3
So, A1 = {n1} -------------------------------- (i)
A2 = {n2 + n3} -------------------------------- (ii)
A3 = {n4 + n5 + n6} -------------------------------- (iii)
Then, by evaluating the equation (i), (ii) and (III)
Pv = {A1, A2, A3}
= {83.33, 66.67, 50.00}
These three values are converted into 0 to 1 range using floating point. Then,
= 0.83, 0.66, 0.50 which is converted into 0 to 1 range for
verification using fuzzy centroid model.
5.7 e-Readinesses for Measuring the Identified Challenges
E-Readiness is a first tool to measure the capacity of the population to use ICTs by looking at how many citizens
have the skills and how they are currently used. The e-Readiness index is a kind of tool to identify the factors or
challenges are affecting to implement and development of the e - government system in the country. Nepal has a
very poor index in e-Readiness. Nepal has very low rank achieved in e-Readiness that is the 150th rank position in
the world and index was 0.2725. In comparison, of SAARC countries' e-Readiness position of Nepal has 7 th out of
eight positions. It is very difficult to implement e-Government in the country. This analyze results of e-Readiness
can proved and highly recommended identifying challenges which are the true challenges for the development and
implementation of e-Government in Nepal [38].
184
Second, measuring tool is e-Government implementation index and achieved rank. As per UNPAN analyzed result,
Nepal has performed very poor index (0.2664 in 2012) and rank is 164 very low rank. From this result, everyone can
say that Nepal is a failed country for the development and implementation in the e - Government System to
exchange government services to citizens. This parameter also proves the identified problems are authentic or valid [
46].
Third measuring parameters or tools is online service index is very low. Nepal has achieved 28.76 indexes in online
service. It is also shown as the identified six challenges that are the valid and the major factors of e-Government
development and implementation in Nepal.
Fourth measuring tool is the Information Communication and Technology (ICT) infrastructure which is also very
poor in Nepal. The ICT infrastructure index of Nepal is 0.4521 and ranks are 164. So, this is also the authentic result
which results can proved for six identified challenges of e-Government System development and implementation in
Nepal.
Such as e-Participation index, Internet penetration rate, Human Capital index, Telephone user rate are also the
measuring tools, which are very poor for the development and implementation of the e - Government System in
Nepal. So, the analyzed results are used for identifying challenges validation. These all are very important
parameters of this research for the checking and validation. In Nepal the development and implementation of the e -
Government System is very difficult because the reasons of its development status. It means there is no used of
software engineering design process, which is very important for the development and design of system architecture
frameworks. So, primary data collection survey analysis results also displayed the “No System Designed”
challenges in first priority by 83.33%.
The following comparative result of the electronic government infrastructure of Nepal with SAARC countries
provides the actual or reality of e-Government System implementation in Nepal. This comparative result evaluated
the mentioned six probable challenges which are affecting for the implementation and development of e-
Government. So, the SAARC comparative analyzed result proves that Nepal’s ICT infrastructures is very weak and
poor to develop and implement of the system. The following measuring check list’s activities analyzed results
visualized the actual statuses that are very poor for the development and implementation of the e - Government
System in Nepal.
185
 Telephone Communication Infrastructure in Nepal
 E-Government Index Value and Rank
 SAARC e-Government Development Rank
 Online Service Index
 Existing ICT Infrastructures Index
 Internet User and Penetration Rate
 Human Capital Index
 E-Participation Index
This research uses the above mentioned measuring activities to examine and proven the research finding challenges
of Nepal e-Government System Implementation. This research is used these activities to compare with identified
challenges which are accurate or not. But this measuring check list activates proved the finding challenges are
accurate and authenticated.
Figure 5.7.31 e-Government Index Value of SAARC countries
186
Data Source: United Nation e-Government Survey [31]
This research analyzes using the index value which has published by United Nation e-Government Survey Report.
This analyzed index value is indicating the research findings’ presented e-Government System Implementation
challenges are true which are shown in figure 5.7.1. The above figure 5.7.1 displayed the actual implementation
value that is very low (0.2664) in comparison to other SAARC countries.
Identifying the e-Government Challenges validation that the e-Government rank is a measuring component. This is a
research contribution to proof the research finding validation. Because, this rank presented that Nepal’s e-
Government System is going down each year. So, the following figure 5.7.1 also provides the findings’ favorable
result because the e-Government development and implementation rank is 164 in the world that is very low shown
in figure 5.7.2.
Figure 5.7.32 e-Government World Rank of SAARC countries
187
Figure 5.7.33 e-Government World Rank of SAARC countries
About online services in the comparison of SAARC countries Nepal has very low index that is 0.2876. Nepal has
assisted in 7th position. So, could not use the online service sufficiently. So, on the basis of Figure 04 this research
can say the identified challenges are the appropriate challenges which are affecting to develop and implement the e-
Government System in Nepal.
Figure 5.7.34 Online Service Index Values of SAARC countries (2012)
188
Data Source: United Nation E-Government Survey [31]
According to Internet World Stats (2012) reports, Internet users of Nepal have very poor for the implementation of
the e - Government System in Nepal. Because the Internet is a major component that play effective role in
information dissemination. So, following analysis results proves that the research identified challenge are the
authentic failure factors for the implementation of the e - Government System in Nepal. The percentage rate is
calculating the use of following formula.
IPR = Number of Internet Users (NIU) / Total Population *100
Here, IPR = Internet Penetration Rate
Total Population (TP) = 29890686
Then, Number of Internet Users (NIU) = 2690162
= 2690162/29890686 * 100
= 9.00%
So, This is the existing situation of internet penetration.
Figure 5.7.35 Internet Users Penetration Rate (2000 – 2012)
189
Data Source: Internet World Stats, Usage and Population Statistics [107]
By these comparative studies, Nepal can have succeeded to achieve only 9.00% in e-Government development and
implementation. So, this research identifies that Nepal is a failed country for the development and implementation of
the e - Government System. These research findings of six challenges are the major factor which is affecting the
development and implementation of the e - Government System in Nepal.
The following are secondary data analyzed values which give the authentic and real scenario of Nepal e-
Government System Development and Implementation (NeGSDI). This implementation rate is compared with the
challenges (which has identified by primary data analysis) which is verified by the use of the Fuzzy Logic Centroid
Model. The implementation rating value is:
Internet user in Nepal —> 9% ≤ 35%
E-Government Implementation —> 8.24% ≤ 35%
Figure 5.7.36 e-Government Success and Failure Rate use World Internet Stat and UNPAN analyzed result
(NEPAL) [31, 107]
The report on the e-Government Development provides the most realistic aspect. So, the mentioned rate represents
the unsuccessful to the development and implementation of the e - Government System. So this research findings
190
secondary result shows that Nepal is listed in failure countries on the basis of under 35% which values is the total
failure value.
5.8 Finding outcome of Literature Review and Published Reports
According to a literature review and UNPAN report 2014 the research has found the following analyzed outcome or
results which show the maintained position, rank and achievement level of e-Government System Development of
Nepal and other SAARC countries and South Korea and China from Asia. Nepal has achieved a very lower EGDI
index in 2014 than 2012 (0.2664 and 0.2344) between seven SAARC countries and very poor that is 7 th rank has up
hold in 2012 and 2014 at SAARC regional countries. This study has presented the actual performance level of EGDI
of Nepal shown the following table 5.8.1 and figure 5.8.11 in % ratio.
Table 5.8.31 E-Government Development Index, E-Participation Index, Information Communication

Technology and Network Readiness in %
S.No. Country EGDI 2014 % EPI 2014 % ICT 2014 %

1 Afghanistan 7.18 4.64 7.66
2 Bangladesh 10.41 9.88 9.27
3 Bhutan 10.69 11.93 12.59
4 India 14.48 21.20 11.82
5 Maldives 18.18 9.28 21.95
6 Nepal 8.85 9.94 10.74
7 Pakistan 9.75 11.26 9.81
8 Srilanka 20.46 21.87 16.16
Data Source:Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nation E-Government Development, Database,
United Nation E-Government Survey 2014/ World Internet Stats 2014.
191
Figure 5.8.37 Ratio of E-Government Development Index % in 2014 (EGD, EP, ICT)
On the basis of illustrated figure 5.8.1 Nepal has achieved very poor result, 8.85% which is the success rate. It is a
very poor rate than other six SAARC countries except Afghanistan. This rate is very nearest rate or value of research
finding value which is 9.84%. The EGD rank is as follows in figure 5.8.2 shown six years 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010,
2012 and 2014.
Figure 5.8.38 Nepal e-Government Development Rank – 2014 in SAARC Nations
United Nation E-Government Survey 2014,
192
Figure 5.8.39 Position of Nepal e-Government Index (6 years)
United Nation E-Government Survey 2014.
Table 5.8.32 Nepal e-Government Index 2004 - 2014
e-Government Index of Nepal (2004 – 2014)

Year e-Government Index
2004 0.2807
2005 0.3021
2008 0.2725
2010 0.2568
2012 0.2664
2014 0.2344
Source: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nation E-Government Development, Database, United
Nation E-Government Survey 2014.
The fluctuating major root cause is poor HCI, TII, OSI and ICT. The above table 5.8.1, figure 5.8.1 shows the
analyzed development results EGD, EP, and ICT of Nepal which is very low and poor result in the implementation
of the e - Government System in Nepal. In the comparison of other seven SAARC countries (except Afghanistan).
Presented table 5.8.3 Network Readiness situation of Nepal which is low and poor for the development and
implementation of e-Government System in Nepal and same as other developing countries.
193
Table 5.8.33 NTR rate obtained by Nepal comparison of SAARC Nations
S.No. Country NTR 2014 %

1 Afghanistan 0.00
2 Bangladesh 15.22
3 Bhutan 17.44
4 India 18.25
5 Maldives 0.00
6 Nepal 14.64
7 Pakistan 15.78
8 Srilanka 18.67
Data Source: World Internet Stats – 2014
In the comparison of difference of EGDI 2014, Nepal is very low position except Afghanistan. So, Nepal could not
achieve good result in the e - Government System. The following table 5.8.4 and figure 5.8.4 represent the actual
position of Nepal e-Government System Development & Implementation.
Table 5.8.34 Nepal EGDI 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries
Country EGDI Difference 2014

Afghanistan 2.57
Bangladesh -0.66
Bhutan -0.94
India -4.73
Maldives -8.43
Pakistan -0.90
Srilanka -11.61
194
Figure 5.8.40 Nepal EGDI 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries
This research has presented another comparative table 5.8.5, 5.8.6, 5.8.7 and figure 5.8.5, 5.8.6, 5.8.7 which shown
the real position of e-Government System Development and Implementation like EPI, ICT and NTR . The analyzed
result certified that the Nepal Government could not develop effective, efficient & sustainable e-Government system
for citizen centric service because the EPI, ICT and NTR analyzed values shown the existing system is very low
and poor in the comparison of SAARC countries.
Table 5.8.35 Nepal EPI 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries
Country EPI Difference 2014

Afghanistan 5.30
Bangladesh 0.06
Bhutan -1.99
India -11.26
Maldives 0.66
Pakistan -1.32
Srilanka -11.93
195
Figure 5.8.41 Nepal EPI 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries
Table 5.8.36 Nepal ICT 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries
Country ICT Difference 2014

Afghanistan 3.08
Bangladesh 1.47
Bhutan -1.85
India -1.08
Maldives -11.21
Pakistan 0.93
Srilanka -5.42
196
Figure 5.8.42 Nepal ICT 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries
Table 5.8.37 Nepal NTR 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries
Country NTR Difference 2014

Afghanistan 14.64
Bangladesh -0.58
Bhutan -2.80
India -3.61
Maldives 14.64
Pakistan -1.14
Srilanka -4.03
197
Figure 5.8.43 Nepal NTR 2014 Difference in the comparison of SAARC countries
Data Source:World Internet Stats 2014.
The table 5.8.8 and figure 5.8.8 represent the considerable (significant) outcome level, which comes from the
analyzed result by UNPAN published report 2014 that proved Neapl Government System Development is very poor
and low. Nepal has achieved 8.85 in EGD, 9.94 in EPI and 10.74 in ICT. The average achievement rate is 9.84
which is the very nearest results with a research finding outcome or result that was 9.84. So, the proved outcome can
be considered because the research finding achievement level is similar to the above mentioned achievement level.
So, Nepal e-Government situation is very poor and is in failure countries.
Table 5.8.38 EGDI, EPI, ICTI and NTR Achievement Level and Comparision % of SAARC Nations
Afghanista Banglades Maldive Pakista Srilank

n h Bhutan India s Nepal n a
EGDI 7.18 10.41 10.69 14.48 18.18 8.85 9.75 20.46
EPI 4.64 9.88 11.93 21.20 9.28 9.94 11.26 21.87
ICT 7.66 9.27 12.59 11.82 21.95 10.74 9.81 16.16
NTR 0.00 15.22 17.44 18.25 0.00 14.64 15.78 18.67
198
Figure 5.8.44 EGDI 2014 Achievement Level of SAARC eight Nations
Data Source: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nation E-Government Development, Database,
World e-Government Rank and Achievement Level of Nepal
According to the presented condition of e-Government rank of Nepal is going down every year. According to 2004,
Nepal was achieved 132 rank, 126 ranks in 2005, 150 ranks in 2008, 153 ranks in 2010, 164 ranks in 2012 and 165
ranks in 2014. So, the research can prove that the Nepal Government could not hold or achieved satisfy result in e-
Government Development & Implementation sector. The following table 5.8.9 and figure 5.8.9 clearly displayed the
position of Nepal.
Table 5.8.39 Nepal e-Government World Rank (position)
Nepal e-Government World Rank

Year Rank
2004 132
2005 126
2008 150
2010 153
2012 164
2014 165
199
Figure 5.8.45 World e-Government Rank of Nepal 2004 – 2014
United Nation E-Government Survey 2004 -2014.
Nepal e-Government Progress Line
By analyzing result shown very poor (unsatisfactory) progress line of Nepal e-Government that has presented in the
following figure 5.8.10, the year of 2004 – 2014. In 2005 Nepal EGD progress was better than 2004 but 2008
onward the EGD progress line is very poor. The following figure 5.8.10 displayed the 6 years progress line on
Nepal e-Government System.
Table 5.8.40 Nepal e-Government Progress Line
Nepal e-Government Progress Line

Year Rank
2004 0.0
2005 6.0
2008 -24.0
2010 -27.0
2012 -38.0
2014 -39.0
200
Figure 5.8.46 Nepal e-Government Progress Line 2004 – 2014
United Nation E-Government Survey 2004 -2014.
The main reason of fluctuate e-Government development every year is that the Nepal Government could not include
in Government’s priority to this sector, awareness or understand about the importance of e-Government, Leader and
leadership commitment, System design and gap. Because, OSI, TII, HCI, EPI, ICT and NT Readiness slowly,
slowly fluctuated every year. The next challenges are lack of skilled human resource and awareness and
coordination in this sector (e-Gov.). The main challenge is no system framework designed. The Nepal Government
has not introduced the system framework and their supporting structure eGSAS in the eGMP guideline report.
So, the following table 5.8.11 (A), 5.8.11 (B) and figure 5.8.11shown the reality of e-Government Development of
SAARC Nations with the two Asian countries (South Korea and China). The figure 5.8.11 represents the true level
of EGDI, EPI, ICT & NTR. So, the comparison figure 5.8.11 displayed the poor e-Governmen Development
conditions of Nepal.
201
Table 5.8.41(A) SAARC Nation & Two Asian Countries Situation of e-Government – 2014
Country EGDI OSI TII HCI

Afghanistan 0.1900 0.1811 0.1472 0.2418
Bangladesh 0.2757 0.3465 0.0941 0.3866
Bhutan 0.2829 0.2441 0.1755 0.4290
China 0.5450 0.6063 0.3554 0.6734
India 0.3834 0.5433 0.1372 0.4698
Maldives 0.4813 0.3622 0.3952 0.6865
Nepal 0.2344 0.1575 0.1684 0.3774
Pakistan 0.2580 0.3228 0.1174 0.3337
S.Korea 0.9462 0.9764 0.9350 0.9273
Srilanka 0.5418 0.6535 0.2341 0.7376
Table 5.8.12(B) SAARC Nation & Two Asian Countries Situation of e-Government – 2014
ICTI NT
Country EGDI EPI (10) Readiness
Afghanistan 0.1900 0.1373 1.57 0.00
Bangladesh 0.2757 0.2922 1.90 3.21
Bhutan 0.2829 0.3529 2.58 3.68
China 0.5450 0.6471 4.39 4.05
India 0.3834 0.6275 2.42 3.85
Maldives 0.4813 0.2745 4.50 0.00
Nepal 0.2344 0.2941 2.20 3.09
Pakistan 0.2580 0.3333 2.01 3.33
S.Korea 0.9462 1.0000 8.81 5.54
Srilanka 0.5418 0.6471 3.31 3.94
Figure 5.8.47 EGDI. EPI, ICTI and NTR Readiness Position comparison result of SAARC Nations -2014
202
Data Source: Data Source:Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nation E-Government Development,
Database, United Nation E-Government Survey 2014/ World Internet Stats 2014.
Nepal EGDI, EPI, ICT and NTR difference in the comparison of Other seven SAARCH countries
According to tables 5.8.12 & figure 5.8.12 represents the overall differences of EGDI, EPI, ICT and NTR between
SAARC nations which shown very low results. So, in this area seems the major challenges for the fluctuation of e-
Government Development, the development rank within the period of 9 years. Not only this research all other
researchers can say “Nepal e-Government Development and Implementation is unsatisfactory level”. Because, no
proper System Framework and EGSAS for the development and implementation of effective e-Government System
to provide the government services to the citizen, business and other stakeholders.
Table 5.8.42 SAARC Nations Difference Level Area of EGD, EPI, ICT and NTR.
EGD 2014 EPI 2014 ICT 2014 NTR 2014
Country Difference Difference Difference Difference
Afghanistan 7.18 4.64 7.66 0.00
Bangladesh 10.41 9.88 9.27 15.22
Bhutan 10.69 11.93 12.59 17.44
India 14.48 21.20 11.82 18.25
Maldives 18.18 9.28 21.95 0.00
Nepal 8.85 9.94 10.74 14.64
Pakistan 9.75 11.26 9.81 15.78
Srilanka 20.46 21.87 16.16 18.67
Data Source: Data Source: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nation E-Government Development,
Database, United Nation E-Government Survey 2014/ World Internet Stats 2014.
203
Figure 5.8.48 EGDI, SPI, ICTI and NTR Comparision – 2014
It is calculated by the use of following formula.
EGD Difference = EGDI (Country)/Sum of EGDI*100
Main comparison outcome Result of Neapl E-Government Development with SAARC Countries – 2014
Table 5.8.43 EGD 2014 Achievement Level SAARC Countries
Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Srilanka

EGDI 7.18 10.41 10.69 14.48 18.18 8.85 9.75 20.46
EPI 4.64 9.88 11.93 21.20 9.28 9.94 11.26 21.87
ICT 7.66 9.27 12.59 11.82 21.95 10.74 9.81 16.16
NTR 0.00 15.22 17.44 18.25 0.00 14.64 15.78 18.67
204
Figure 5.8.49 2014 EGD Achievement Level of SAARC Countries
The research successfully presents the actual achievement level of e-Government Development of Nepal and other
SAARC seven countries. In the comparison of SAARC countries, Nepal has success to achieve only 8.85 percent in
e-Government Development. This value is very low because the country cannot maintain success rate for the
development and implementation of e-Government. It is very similar to research survey analyzed proved value that
was 9.84 percent. The root cause is “no systematic framework designed”. It is an essential or steering system
(framework) for development and implementation of the e - government system in Nepal. The study identified that
the published eGMP report has not proposed and designed the system framework. So, this study tried to compare
different analyzed success and un-success rate that is the major outcome/results. According to finding outcome rate,
the study has strongly proposed/recommended a system framework as a major or considerable solution.
So, the success and un-success value (rate) and their comparison finding rates has presented as shown the table
5.8.14 and figure 5.8.14 which proves the Nepal e-Government Development is totally un-success level, it is below
35% (according to Richard Heeks). This study has also presented the success and un-success comparison level of
205
three countries that are Nepal, India and Bangladesh. It is also proved the e-Government position of Nepal has a
very low condition. The research has compared achieved a level rate of Nepal e-Government Development which
are shown below table 5.8.14 and figure 5.8.14.
Table 5.8.44 e-Government Development Position of Nepal – 2014
e-Government Development Position of Nepal 2014

R. Finding % World I. Stat UNPAN EGD EPI ICT
Success 9.84 9.00 8.85 9.94 10.74
Unsuccess 90.16 91.00 91.15 90.06 89.26
United Nation E-Government Survey 2014/ World Internet Stats 2014/Candidate Survey Report.
Figure 5.8.50 e-Government Development Position of Nepal – 2014
United Nation E-Government Survey 2014/ World Internet Stats 2014/Candidate Survey Report
Table 5.8.45 Nepal’s e-Government Development position between two countries (India and Bangladesh)
Country/Years 2005 2008 2010 2012 2014
206
India 0.4001 0.3814 0.3567 0.3829 0.3834

Nepal 0.3021 0.2725 0.2568 0.2664 0.2344
Bangladesh 0.1762 0.2936 0.3028 0.2991 0.2757
United Nation E-Government Survey 2005 – 2014
Figure 5.8.51 Nepal’s e-Government Development position between two countries (India and Bangladesh)
Evaluated Finding (success and un-success) results’ position of Nepal
The following are the major findings of e-Government Development and Implementation position of Nepal. The
figure 16 allocated the actual or true analyzed results or position which has proved by analyzed of secondary data,
literature review and primary data (research survey). The e-Governement Development success rate is very low. All
analyzed data results show the similar types of rate (success and un-success) which rate has proved that the Nepal is
in included in failure country (according to Richard Heeks). Because all success rates and their position value are
below in 35%, which value is the total failure rate.
The figure 5.8.17 depicts the success rate value and their difference. By the research survey reports show 9.84%
success rate and 9.46% rate shown by the secondary data, literature review. The difference level is 0.384. The main
challenges are no design framework, poor ICT infrastructure, Lack of human resource, Lack of training and
207
awareness, unstable Government and lack of technical coordination. The mentioned challenges have effected to
developed and designed the e-Government implementation system in Nepal. Finally, the finding outcome has
already proved by the Fuzzy Centroid Modelling tool. So, the study has already been proved that the existing e-
Government system is very poor. If Government wants to reduce this problem for the development and
implementation of the e - government system, the Government should have strongly applied or used the research
proposed or recommended “e-Government System Framework”.
Figure 5.8.52 Evaluated Findings (outcome) of e-Government Development in Nepal
208
Figure 5.8.53 Primary Data & Secondary Data Analyzed Result and their difference
Table 5.8.46 SAARC countries' e-Government Index, related index and World, SAARC Rank - 2014
Country OSI HCI TII EPI EGDI Internet Mobile Tel. World EPI OSI SAARC Achieving
(e) Users Subscriber Subscriber / Rank Rank World Rank Rate in SAARC
% /100 100 Rank Countries
inhabitants inhabitants (AR=e/∑e*100)
Afghanista
n 0.1811 0.2418 0.1472 0.1373 0.1900 5.45 60.35 0.05 173 152 173 8 7.18
Bangladesh 0.3465 0.3866 0.0941 0.3992 0.2757 6.30 62.82 0.62 148 84 148 5 10.41
Bhutan 0.2441 0.4210 0.1755 0.3529 0.2829 25.43 75.61 3.64 143 92 143 4 10.69
India 0.5433 0.4698 0.1372 0.6275 0.3834 12.58 69.92 2.51 118 40 118 3 14.48
Maldives 0.3622 0.6865 0.3952 0.2745 0.4813 38.93 165.63 6.84 94 117 94 2 18.18
Nepal 0.1575 0.3774 0.1684 0.2941 0.2344 11.15 59.62 3.08 165 110 165 7 8.85
Pakistan 0.3228 0.3337 0.1174 0.3333 0.2580 9.96 67.06 3.24 158 97 158 6 9.75
Srilanka 0.6535 0.7376 0.2341 0.6471 0.5418 18.29 96.33 16.35 74 33 74 1 20.46
At the end this mentioned success and un-success rate, which are the failure findings of e-Government System
development in Nepal. So, this research has presented the proved failure challenges and their solution “how to
develop and implement the Nepal e-Government System”.
5.9 Discussion:
The United Nation e-Government Development Knowledge Base (unpan.org/egovkb) have presented e-Government
Index and e-Government Rank in their annual report, which is mentioned in this chapter and clearly the total
209
achievement of Nepal e-Government implementation rate is very low that is 9.64% achieved rate and 90.36% ,which
has not achieved, this result provides the privileges with the research’s identified six challenges for the e-
Government development and implementation [46]. According to Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Division for Public Administration and Development Management Unit, UN E-Government Survey 2008, 2010,
2012 & 2014, the e-Readiness seems very low rank. The index of e-Readiness is 0.2725 which was achieved by
Nepal. In the comparison of SAARC nations’ e-Readiness position of Nepal is in the7 th Position out of eight
countries’ positions and exists same rank in e-Government implementation and index is 0.2664 in 2012, and the
world rank was 164. Now in 2014 the rank is in 165 and indexes is very low, than 2012 is 0.2344. This result
verified the finding six challenges which value proved the challenges are authentic and valid then ICT re in is
another measuring tool which was used to check the findings challenges, shows very poor ICT infrastructure in 2012
& 2014 and index were 0.4521. So, this was another compared reasons that the challenges are true and valid for e-
Government development and implementation in Nepal [38]. Internet World Stats (2012) analyzed / factors. Internet
and online services played a major role for effective e-Government system implementation. So, Nepal has achieved
9.00% e-Government Implementation. This analyzed result also proves that the research identified six challenges are
the valid challenges/factors [31]. According to Internet World Stats, Usage and Population Statistics, Internet user
penetration rate analyzed report privilege the comparative results which are nearly connected with six
challenges/factors which say the values of challenges are true that has affected to e-Government System
implementation in Nepal.The value is 9% of Internet Users in Nepal and 8.24% of E-Government Implementation
rate [107]. According to United Nation Economic Commission for Africa, Partnership Measuring ICT for
Devlopment ”ramework for set of E-Government core indicators and other twenty-nine basic indictaors were used
to checked, verified and compared the identified six challenges that were for the design and development of e-
Government system and the report clarly mentiond all developing and least developing countries should have follow
the core and basic indicators for the development and design of e-Government system implementation. So, this
research has used the indicators to measure the findings challenges [100]. Prof. Subhash Bhatnagar also expressed
his view in “Building Bolcks of e-Government: Lesson from Developing Countries” [22] and Prabhu datt Dwivedi
papers “Challenges of e-Government Implementation in India” [68], Hajed Al-Rashidi in “ Examining Internal
Challenges for E-Government Implementation from System User Perspective” [71], and Wang Jianhua paper of “e-
Government of China: Performance and Prospect” [72] , that they all have presented the similar types of problems
which Nepal is facing for the development and implementation of e-Government System for citizen centric
210
Government services transformation. So, they have mentioned the reality of challenges which all developers and
least developing countries are facing to implement the e-Government system. The authors have recommended a
strong e-Government System Framework and e-Government domains should have designed and development for the
implementation of an e - Government System for proper Government information dissemination. This research
findings six major challenges/factors are authentic and reliable that are the major obstacles for the development and
implementation of effective e-Government System in Nepal. According UNPAN Survey reports of
Telecommunication Infrastructure, Human Capital, Online Services and existing ICT Infrastructure and Internet
User Penetration rate and e-Government value is very low [25] and it shows the Nepal e-Government has some
causes or factors (related to identified challenges/factors) which affected to established and implement the e-
Government System.
5.10 Summary:
The research highlighted the challenge/factors which were discovered by different techniques. The research
highlighted six challenges and other analyzed accomplishment and not accomplishment values which are presented
in graphs that are the finding results were seen in Nepal e-Government Implementation System for dissemination of
Government services to citizen and other stakeholders. This research was focused on the national level concerned
authority, survey collected data analysis, eGMP 2006.8, UN e-Government survey report and existing e-Government
performance measurement indicators and various other sources use data identified the six challenges or factors
according to research key questions and objectives for the development and implementation of e-Government
system. The researcher were mentioned the findings and their seven dimensions, gaps and e-Government achieved
(success) and not achieved rates that the country is facing now and exact situation and positions. In this chapter
presented using eight core and twenty nine basic indicators to checked and proven the identified six
problems/factors and other analyzed values which was directly affected to the development and implementation of
e-Government system in Nepal. Again to reach the research objective and answers of key questions that the
following five steps which was presented and to know the actual reality and situation of e-Government development
and implementation. Then it shows that the Nepal Government successes to achieve only 9.84% of e-Government
system development and implementation. The following formula identified to proof an validated the discovered
challenges which were true or false. The formula is:
Internet Penetration Rate (IPR) = Number of Internet User (NIU) / Total Population (TP) *100
211
So, the research main contribution was to identify the major and true challenges/factors that are directly affected for
the development & implementation of the e-Government System which provides a probable solution of the e -
Government System. This research another important contribution is to find out the ICT, EPI and NTR situation in
Nepal compared with SAARC region’s countries. ICT, EPI and NTR development rate are lower than other
SAARC countries, because e-government and other related development index and value is very low.
CHAPTER: 06
Fuzzy Modeling Approach for Verification
212
6.1 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic
6.1.1 Definitions
Fuzzy Logic is a mathematical logic that attempts to solve problems by assigning values to an imprecise spectrum
of data in order to arrive at the most accurate conclusion possible. Fuzzy logic is designed to solve problems in the
same way that humans do: by considering all available information and making the best possible decision given the
input [109].
Fuzzy logic is often applied by advanced trading models/systems that are designed to react to changing markets. The
goal of this type of system is to analyze thousands of securities in real time and to present the trader with the best
available opportunity [110].
Fuzzy logic is a branch of artificial intelligence that deals with reasoning algorithms used to emulate human
thinking and decision making in machines. These algorithms are used in applications where process data cannot be
represented in binary form. Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic; it deals with reasoning that is approximate
rather than fixed and exact. Compared to traditional binary sets (where variables may take on true or false values),
fuzzy logic variables may have a truth value that ranges in degree between 0 and 1. Fuzzy logic requires knowledge
in order to reason. This knowledge is provided by a person, who knows the process or machine (the expert), is stored
in the fuzzy system. Fuzzy logic has been extended to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may
range between completely true and completely false. Furthermore, when linguistic variables are used, these degrees
may be managed by specific functions. Irrationality can be described in terms of what is known as the fuzzjective.
EXAMPLE
Figure 6.1.11 illustrates one representation of age (i.e., young, middle age, and old) based on the number of years a
person has been alive. In this representation, the exact moment that someone passes the age of 35, he or she is
considered middle-aged. Illustrate (a) a fuzzy logic representation of this same set of ages, and (b) how the
representative would change if the age is divided into four ranges: young (up to 35 years), middle age (35–55 years),
mature (45–65 years), and old (more than 65 years). Then we have the following cases:
213
Figure 6.1.1.54 Age representation graph.
(a) Figure 6.1.1.2 shows a triangular fuzzy representation that describes the age ranges. In this graph, a person who
is 45 years old is perfectly middle-aged, while a person who is 50 years old is 50% middle-aged and 50% old.
Figure 6.1.1.55 Fuzzy logic age ranges.
(b) Figure 6.1.1.3 illustrates the fuzzy logic representation of the four age groups: young, middle age, mature, and
old. In this chart, a person who is 50 years old is 50% middle-aged and 50% mature [113].
214
Figure 6.1.1.56 Fuzzy logic graph using four age groups.
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic; it deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact.
Compared to traditional binary sets (where variables may take on true or false values); fuzzy logic variables may
have a truth value that ranges in degree between 0 and 1. Fuzzy logic has been extended to handle the concept of
partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false [114]. Furthermore,
when linguistic variables are used, these degrees may be managed by specific functions. Irrationality can be
described in terms of what is known as the fuzzjective [115]. A type of logic that recognizes more than simple true
and false values. With fuzzy logic, propositions can be represented with degrees of truthfulness and falsehood. For
example, the statement, today is sunny, might be 100% true if there are no clouds, 80% true if there are a few clouds,
50% true if it's hazy and 0% true if it rains all day.
Fuzzy logic is a superset of Boolean (conventional) logic that handles the concept of partial truth, which is a truth
value between "completely true" and "completely false”. Fuzzy logic is multi-valued. It deals with degrees of
membership and degrees of truth. Fuzzy logic uses the continuum of logical values between 0 (completely false)
and 1 (completely true).
215
For example, let a 100 ml glass contain 30 ml of water. Then we may consider two concepts: Empty and Full. In
Boolean logic there are two options for an answer, i.e. either the glass is half full or glass is half empty. In fuzzy
concept one might define the glass as being 0.7 empty and 0.3 full.
Logic has two meanings: first, it describes the use of valid reasoning in some activities; second, it names the
normative study of reasoning or a branch thereof. In the latter sense, it features most prominently in the subjects
of mathematics, philosophy, and computer science. Firstly Logic was studied in several ancient civilizations,
including India, China, Persia and Greece. In the West, logic was established as a formal discipline by Aristotle, who
gave it a fundamental place in philosophy. The study of logic was part of the classical trivium, which also included
grammar and rhetoric. Logic was further extended by Al-Farabi, who categorized it into two separate groups (idea
and proof). Later, Avicenna revived the study of logic and developed relationship between temporal is and the
implication. In the East, logic was developed by Buddhists and Jains [120].
Fuzzy Logic is used directly in very few applications. Most of the applications of fuzzy logic use it as the underlying
logic system for decision support systems. In Fuzzy Relations, triples showing the connection between two sets
(a,b,#): a is related b with degree #. Fuzzy relations are set themselves. Fuzzy relations can be expressed as metrics.
216
Example: Color-Ripeness relation for tomatoes (Fuzzy Relation Matrices) [112].
R1(x, y) unripe semi ripe ripe
Green 1 0.5 0
Yellow 0.3 1 0.4
Red 0 0.2 1
The term "fuzzy logic" was introduced with the 1965 proposal of fuzzy set theory by Lotfi A. Zadeh. Fuzzy logic
has been applied to many fields, from control theory to artificial intelligence. Fuzzy logics had, however, been
studied since the 1920s, as infinite-valued logics - notably by Łukasiewicz and Tarski [120].
The term “logic” is used quite a lot, but not always in its technical sense. Logic, strictly speaking, is the science or
study of how to evaluate arguments and reasoning. Logic is what allows us to distinguish correct reasoning from
poor reasoning. Logic is important because it helps us reason correctly — without correct reasoning, we don’t have
a viable means of knowing the truth or arriving at sound beliefs [121].
Fuzzy Logic Approach
Fuzzy Logic is an approach to computing based on “degree of truth” rather than the usual “true or false” (1 or 0)
Boolean logic on which the modern computer is based. The idea of fuzzy logic was first advanced by Dr. Lotfi
Zadeh by the University of California at Berkeley in the 1960s [118]. Fuzzy Logic includes 0 and 1 as extreme cases
of truth (or “the state of matters” or “facts” but also includes the various states of truth. To proof any value always
used 0 to 1. According to Lotfi A. Zadeh the following figure 6.1.1.4 shows the utilization of Fuzzy sets.
Figure 6.1.1.57 Young, middle-aged and old fuzzy sets

217
The figure 6.1.1.4 quantized ages quantified into three different levels that are young, middle-aged, and old using
fuzzy sets (0 to 1) in granulated (refine).
Fuzzy logic is an extension of classical logic and uses fuzzy sets rather than classical sets. There are a few different
explanations of what fuzzy logic is, so rather than add our own explanation, we will quote one explanation put forth
by Lotfi A. Zadeh, the father of fuzzy logic. Zadeh says, "In its narrow sense, fuzzy logic is the logic of approximate
reasoning which may be viewed as a generalization and extension of multi-valued logic. But in a broader and much
more significant sense, fuzzy logic is coextensive with the theory of fuzzy sets, that is, classes of objects in which
the transition from membership to non-membership is more gradual rather than abrupt. In its wider sense, fuzzy
logic has many branches ranging from fuzzy arithmetic and fuzzy automata to fuzzy pattern recognition, fuzzy
languages, and fuzzy expert systems" [118].
The use of fuzzy logic for creating decision support and expert system has grown in popularity among management
and financial decision-modeling experts. Still others are putting it to work in pattern recognition, economics, data
analysis, and other areas that involve a high level of uncertainty, complexity, or nonlinearity. There are presently
numerous applications that incorporate fuzzy logic control. Some of the most prominent applications are
electronically stabilized camcorders, autofocus cameras, washing machines, air conditioners, automobile
transmissions, subway trains, and cement kilns. A mathematical logic that attempts to solve problems by assigning
values to an imprecise spectrum of data in order to arrive at the most accurate conclusion possible. Fuzzy logic is
designed to solve problems in the same way that humans do: by considering all available information and making
the best possible decision given the input [119] .http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fuzzy-logic.asp
The Fuzzy Logic tool was introduced in 1965 by Lotfi Zadeh. It is a mathematical tool for dealing with uncertainty.
It offers to a software computing system the important concept of computing with words’. It grants a technique to
deal with vagueness and information granularity. The fuzzy theory provides a mechanism for representing linguistic
constructs such as “many,” “low,” “medium,” “often,” “few.” Basically, the fuzzy logic provides an inference
organization that enables proper human reasoning capabilities that machines do not have. On the other hand, the
traditional binary set theory describes crisp events, events that have two options: one or zero. It uses probability
theory to explain whether an event is about to happen, measuring the chance, with which a given event is expected
218
to come about. The premise of fuzzy logic is based leading the concept of relative graded connection and so are the
functions of awareness and cognitive processes.
It is important to keep in mind that there is a close connection between Fuzziness and Complexity. As the complexity
of a task, or of a system for performing that task, exceeds a certain limit, the system must unavoidably become fuzzy
in nature. Zadeh was initially an engineer and systems scientist, who was concerned with the fast turn down in
information afforded by common mathematical models as the complexity of the target system increased. The
problem is to estimate the level of risk involved in a software engineering project. For the sake of simplicity, we will
arrive at our conclusion based on two inputs: project funding and project staffing.
The first step is to convert the crisp input into a fuzzy one. Since we have two inputs we will have 2 crisp values to
convert. The first value is the level of project staffing. The second value is the level of project funding.
Suppose our inputs are project_funding = 35% and project_staffing = 60%. We can a get the fuzzy values for
these crisp values by using the membership functions of the appropriate sets. The sets defined
for project_funding are inadequate, marginal and adequate.
The sets are defined for project_staffing are small and large.
Thus we have the following fuzzy values for project_funding:
μfunding=inadequate(35)=0.5
μfunding=marginal(35)=0.2
μfunding=adequate(35)=0.0
The following is a visual representation of this procedure:
219
Figure 6.1.1.58 Fuzzy value of Project Funding
The fuzzy values for project_staffing are shown below.
μstaffing=small(60)=0.1
μstaffing=large(60)=0.7
The following is a visual representation of this procedure:
Figure 6.1.1.59 Fuzzy value of Project Staffing
Now that we have the fuzzy values we can use the fuzzy rules to arrive at the final fuzzy value. The rules are as
follows:
220
1. If project_funding is adequate or project_staffing is small then the risk is low.
2. If project_funding is marginal and project_staffing is large then the risk is normal.
3. If project_funding is inadequate, then the risk is high.
The testing finding value is risky or not that chose the centroid method (Centre of Gravity-COG) to find the final
non-fuzzy risk value associated with our project. This is shown below.
Where COG = Center of Gravity
The result is that this project has a67.4% risk associated with it given the definitions above.
Center of gravity (COG):
There are several defuzzification methods, but probably the most popular one is the centroid technique. It finds the
point where a vertical line would slice the aggregate set into two equal masses. Mathematically, this center of
gravity (COG) can be expressed as:
Centroid defuzzification method finds a point representing the center of gravity of the fuzzy set, A, on the interval,
ab. _ A reasonable estimate can be obtained by calculating it over a sample of points.
Center of gravity (COG):
221
Sugeno fuzzy inference:
Mamdani-style inference, as we have just seen, requires us to find the centroid of a two dimensional shape by
integrating across a continuously varying function. In general, this process is not computationally efficient. _
Michio Sugeno suggested to use a single spike, a singleton, as the membership function of the rule consequent. A
singleton, or more precisely a fuzzy singleton, is a fuzzy set with a membership function that is unity at a single
particular point in the universe of discourse and zero everywhere else.
Sugeno-style fuzzy inference is very similar to the Mamdani method. Sugeno changed only a rule consequent.
Instead of a fuzzy set, he used a mathematical function of the input variable. The format of the Sugeno-style fuzzy
rule is:
IF x is A
AND y is B
THEN z is f (x, y)
where x, y and z are linguistic variables; A and B are fuzzy sets on the universe of discourses X and Y, respectively;
and f (x, y) is a mathematical function.
The most commonly used zero-order Sugeno fuzzy model applies fuzzy rules in the following form:
IF x is A
AND y is B
THEN z is k
222
Where k is a constant.
In this case, the output of each fuzzy rule is constant. All consequent membership functions are represented by
singleton spikes.
Sugeno-style rule evaluation
Sugeno-style aggregation of the rule outputs
Weighted average (WA):
Sugeno-style defuzzification
223
Sugeno-style Inference Method (SIM) beside the final output value on the rule output with the highest membership
function grade. This method is mainly used with discrete output membership functions. The COG and SIM are the
two most common Defuzzification methods. The final output value from the fuzzy controller depends on the
defuzzification method used to compute the outcome values corresponding to each label. The defuzzification
process examines all of the rule outcomes after they have been logically added and then computes a value that will
be the final output of the fuzzy controller.
Membership or characteristic function
 1 if x A

 ( x )  
Aa value that might
Fuzzy sets are actually functions that map
 0 if x A
 be a member of the set to a number between zero and
one indicating its actual degree of membership. A degree of zero means that the values are not in the set, and a
degree of one means that the value is completely representative of the set. So, the definition of fuzzy set: if X is the
universe of discourse and x be any particular element of X, then a fuzzy set Ᾱ defined an X may be written as a
collection of ordering pairs [117].
Ã = {(x, µÃ(x)) : x  X}
Where each pair {(x, µÃ (x)) is called a singleton.
Operations on Fuzzy Sets: Intersection (figure from Klir & Yuan)
224
Figure 6.1.1.60 Operation on Fuzzy Sets [112]
Membership Functions
Definition: a membership function of a fuzzy set A on the universe of discourse X is defined as µ A:X → [0,1],
where each element of X is mapped to a value between 0 and 1. This value, called membership value or degree of
membership, quantifies the grade of membership of the element in X to the fuzzy set A.
Membership functions allow to graphically represent a fuzzy set. The x axis represents the universe of discourse,
whereas the y axis represents the degrees of membership in the [0, 1] interval. Simple functions are used to build
membership functions. Because there are defining fuzzy concepts, using more complex functions does not add more
precision [110].
Below is a list of the membership functions, will use in the practical section of this tutorial.
225
1. Triangular function: defined by a lower limit a, an upper limit b, and a value m, where a < m < b.
2. Trapezoidal function: defined by a lower limit a, an upper limit d, a lower support limit b, and an upper
support limit c, where a < b < c < d.
There are two special cases of a trapezoidal function, which are called R-functions and L-functions:
 R-functions: with parameters a = b = - ∞
226
 L-Functions: with parameters c = d = + ∞
[110]
During fuzzification, a fuzzy logic controller receives input data, also known as the fuzzy variable, and analyzes it
according to user-defined charts called membership functions (see Figure 6.1.1.8). Membership functions group
input data into sets, such as temperatures that are too cold, motor speeds that are acceptable, etc. The controller
assigns the input data a grade from 0 to 1 based on how well it fits into each membership function (e.g., 0.45 too
cold, 0.7 acceptable speed). Membership functions can have many shapes, depending on the data set, but the most
common are the S, Z, , and  shapes shown in Figure 6.1.1.9 Note that these membership functions are made up of
connecting line segments defined by the line’s end points. Each membership function can have up to three line
segments with a maximum of four end points.
Figure 6.1.1.61 Membership function chart
227
Figure 6.1.1.62 Membership function shapes: (a) S, (b) Z, (c) , and (d) 
The grade at each end point must have a value of 0 or 1. As shown in Figure 6.1.1.10, a membership function’s
shape does not have to be symmetrical; however, it must comply with the previously discussed specifications. Figure
6.1.1.11 illustrates some incorrect membership function shapes.
Figure 6.1.1.63 Asymmetrical membership functions
228
Figure 6.1.1.64 Incorrect membership function shapes
Example: [111]
The membership function describes the membership of the elements of the base set in the
fuzzy set , whereby for a large class of functions can be taken. Reasonable functions are often
piecewise linear functions, such as triangular or trapezoidal functions.
The grade of membership of a membership function describes for the special element
, to which grade it belongs to the fuzzy set . This value is in the unit interval . Of
course, can simultaneously belong to another fuzzy set , such that characterizes the grade of
membership of to . This case is shown in Figure 6.1.1.12
Figure 6.1.1.65 Membership Grades of x0 in the Sets A and B: µA(x0) = 0.75 and µB(x0) = 0.25
In the following, a set of important properties and characteristics of fuzzy sets will be described.
Having two fuzzy sets and based on , then both are equal if their membership functions are equal,
i.e.
229
(1)
The universal set is defined as
(2)
The height of a fuzzy set is the largest membership grade obtained by any element in that set, i.e.
(3)
A fuzzy set is called normal when , and it is subnormal when .
The support of a fuzzy set is the crisp set that contains all the elements of that have nonzero
membership grades in , i.e.
(4)
An illustration is shown in Figure 6.1.1.13
230
Figure 6.1.1.66 Some characteristics of a Membership Function
The core of a normal fuzzy set is the crisp set that contains all the elements of that have the
membership grades of one in , i.e.
(5)
The boundary is the crisp set that contains all the elements of that have the membership grades
of in , i.e.
(6)
Having two fuzzy sets and based on , then both are similar if
and (7)
If the support of a normal fuzzy set consists of a single element of , which has the property
(8)
This set is called a singleton.
The type of representation of the membership function depends on the base set. If this set consists of
many values, or is the base set a continuum, then a parametric representation is appropriate. For that
function are used that can be adapted by changing the parameters. Piecewise linear membership functions
are preferred, because of their simplicity and efficiency with respect to computability. Mostly these are
trapezoidal or triangular functions, which are defined by four and three parameters, respectively. Figure
6.1.1.13. Shows a trapezoidal function formally described by
231
(9)
Which migrates for the case into a triangular membership function. For some applications the
modeling requires continuously differentiable curves and therefore smooth transitions, which the
trapezoids do not have. Here, for example, three of these functions are mentioned, which are shown in
Figure 6.1.1.14.
Figure 6.1.1.67 (a), (b) & (c) Membership functions with Smooth Transitions (Eqs.(10) to (12))
These are the normalized Gaussian function (Figure 14 (a)
(10)
The difference of two sigmoidal functions (Figure 6.1.1.14 ( b)
(11)
And the generalized bell function (Figure 6.1.11.14 (c)
(12)
Example:
Membership function of fuzzy logic
232
Figure 6.1.1.68 Dom Degree of Membership [112]
Types of Membership Functions are: (1) Linear (Trapezoidal); (2) Triangular: (3) T-function; (4) S-function; (5)
L-function; (6) Gauss function; and Sinusoidal.
6.1.2 Historical Development
The precision of mathematics owes its success in large part to the efforts of Aristotle and the philosophers who
preceded him. Their efforts led to a concise theory of logic and mathematics. The “Law of the Excluded Middle,”
states that every proposition must either be True or False. There were strong and immediate objections. For example,
Heraclitus proposed that things could be simultaneously True and Not True.
Plato laid a foundation for what would become fuzzy logic, indicating that there was a third region (beyond True and
False) where these opposites “tumbled about.” （非此即彼）The modern philosophers, Hegel, Marx, and Engels,
echoed this sentiment. Lukasiewicz proposed a systematic alternative to the bi-valued logic of Aristotle.
In the early 1900’s, Lukasiewicz described a three-valued logic. The third value can be translated as the term
“possible,” and he assigned it a numeric value between True and False. Later, he explored four-valued logics, five-
valued logics, and declared that in principle there was nothing to prevent the derivation of an infinite-valued logic.
Knuth proposed a three-valued logic similar to Lukasiewicz’s. He speculated that mathematics would become even
more elegant than in traditional bi-valued logic. His insight was to use the integral range [-1, 0, +1] rather than
[0, 1, 2]. Lotfi Zadeh, at the University of California at Berkeley, first presented fuzzy logic in the mid-1960's.
Zadeh developed fuzzy logic as a way of processing data. Instead of requiring a data element to be either a member
233
or non-member of a set, he introduced the idea of partial set membership. In 1974 Mamdani and Assilian used fuzzy
logic to regulate a steam engine. In 1985 researchers at Bell laboratories developed the first fuzzy logic chip [112].
In 1923, the philosopher Bertrand Russel referred to this situation when he wrote: “All traditional logic habitually
assumes that precise symbols are employed. It is therefore not applicable to this terrestrial life, but only to an
imagined celestial existence”. Mathematicians, logicians and computer scientists are trying to model uncertain,
imprecise or vague concepts.
Fuzzy logic has existed since the ancient times, when Aristotle developed the law of the excluded middle. In this
law, Aristotle pointed out that the middle ground is lost in the art of logical reasoning—statements are true or false,
never in-between. When PLCs were developed, their discrete logic was based on the ancient reasoning techniques.
Thus, inputs and outputs could belong to only one set (i.e., ON or OFF); all other values were excluded.
Fuzzy logic breaks the law of the excluded middle in PLCs by allowing elements to belong to more than just one set.
In the cool air example, the 650F temperature input belonged to two sets, the cool set and the cold set, with grade
levels indicating how well it fit into each set. The origins of fuzzy logic dated back to the early part of the twentieth
century, when Bertrand Russell discovered an ancient Greek paradox that states:
 A Cretan asserts that all Cretans lie. So, is he lying? If he lies, then he is telling the truth and does not lie. If
he does not lie, then he tells the truth and, therefore, he lies.
 In either case—that all Cretans lie or that all Cretans do not lie—a contradiction exists, because both
statements are true and false. Russell found that this same paradox applied to the set theory used in discrete
logic. Statements must either be totally true or totally false, leading to areas of contradiction.
 Fuzzy logic surmounted this problem in classical logic by allowing statements to be interpreted as both true
and false. Therefore, applying fuzzy logic to the Greek paradox yields a statement that is both true and
false: Cretans telling the truth 50% of the time and lie 50% of the time. This interpretation is very similar to
the idea of a glass of water being half empty or half full. In fuzzy logic the glass is both—50% full and
50% empty. Even as the amount of water decreases, the glass still retains percentages of both conditions.
 Around the 1920s, independent of Bertrand Russell, a Polish logician named Jan Lukasiewicz started
working on multi-valued logic, which created fractional binary values between logic 1 and logic 0. In a
1937 article in Philosophy of Science, Max Black, a quantum philosopher, applied this multi-valued logic to
lists (or sets) and drew the first set of fuzzy curves, calling them vague sets. Twenty-eight years later, Dr.
234
Lofti Zadeh, the Electrical Engineering Department Chair at the University of California at Berkeley,
published a landmark paper entitled “Fuzzy Sets,” which gave the name in the field of fuzzy logic. In this
paper, Zadeh applied Lukasiewicz’s logic to all objects in a set and worked out a complete algebra for fuzzy
sets. Due to this groundbreaking work, Zadeh is considered to be the father of modern fuzzy logic.
 Around 1975, Ebrahim Mamdani and S. Assilian of the Queen Mary College of the University of London
(England) published a paper entitled “An Experiment in Linguistic Synthesis with a Fuzzy Logic
Controller,” where the feasibility of fuzzy logic control was proven by applying fuzzy control to a steam
engine. Since then, the term fuzzy logic has come to mean mathematical or computational reasoning that
utilizes fuzzy sets [113].
The modern study of the set theory was initiated by George Cantor (1845 -1918) and Richard Dedekind in 1970s.
After the discovery of paradoxes in informal set theory, numerous axiom systems were proposed in the early
twentieth century, of which the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms, the axioms of choice, are the best known.
According to Cantor, “a set is a collection of defined distinguishable object-either of perception or of through to be
conceived as a whole”. Intuitively, a set is a well defined collection of objects.
Beginning with the work of zero around 450 BC, mathematicians had been struggling with the concept of “infinity”.
The modern understanding of “infinity” began during 1867 – 71, with Cantors’ work in number theory. Contorian
set theory also called “naive” set theory became widespread due to the utility of Cantotian concepts such as one-to-
one correspondence among sets, his proof that there are more real numbers than integers, and the “infinity of
infinity” (Cantor’s paradise), the power set operation gives rise to. Around 1990, Cantorian set theory gives rise to
several contradictions called antinomies or paradoxes. For example:
Cantor’s Paradox (1899): What is the cardinal number of the set of all sets? Russell’s Paradox: The set of all sets that
are not members of themselves.
Currently, set theory is a major area of research in mathematics with many interrelated subfields such as (i)
Combination set theory, (ii) Descriptive set theory, (iii) Fuzzy set theory (by Lotfi Zadeh in 1965), (iv) Inner model
theory, and (v) Rough set theory (by Zdzislow Powlak in 1982). The fuzzy set was first introduced by Prof. Lotfi
Zadeh of University of California at Berkeley in the year 1965. He motivated by his realization of the fact that
people base their decisions on imprecise, non-numerical information.
235
 The conventional set theory (crisp set theory) imposes rigid boundary on the set membership of an element.
 Fuzziness refers to vagueness and uncertainty in particular to the vagueness related to human language and
thinking. E.g.,
o “. . . The set of tall people.”
o “. . . The set of rich people in Nepal”.
o “. . . The set of intelligent participants in IWAM 2014”.
 Probability gives us an indication about the likelihood an event will occur, whether it is going to happen or not,
is not known. Fuzziness is an implication to what degree something belongs to the class.
Currently we find applications of fuzzy logic in Artificial Intelligence, Automata Theory, Computer Science,
Control Theory, Decision Making, Expert Systems, Medical Diagnosis, Neural Networks, Pattern Recognition,
Social Sciences, and Many Others.
Significance (Fuzzy Logic):
Following are the general observations about fuzzy logic:
 Fuzzy logic is conceptually easy to understand.
The mathematical concepts behind the fuzzy reasoning are very simple. Fuzzy logic is a more intuitive
approach without the far-reaching complexity.
 Fuzzy logic is flexible.
With any given system, it is easy to layer on more functionality without starting again from scratch.
 Fuzzy logic is tolerant of imprecise data.
Everything is imprecise if you look closely enough, but more than that, most things are imprecise even on
careful inspection. Fuzzy reasoning builds this understanding into the process rather than tacking it onto the
end.
 Fuzzy logic can model nonlinear functions of arbitrary complexity.
You can create a fuzzy system to match any set of input-output data. This process is made particularly easy
by adaptive techniques like Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS), which are available in
Fuzzy Logic Toolbox software.

236
 Fuzzy logic can be built on top of the experience of experts.
In direct contrast to neural networks, which take training data and generate opaque, impenetrable models,
fuzzy logic lets you rely on the experience of people who already understand your system.
 Fuzzy logic can be blended with conventional control techniques.
Fuzzy systems don't necessarily replace conventional control methods. In many cases, fuzzy systems
augment them and simplify their implementation.
 Fuzzy logic is based on natural language.
The basis of fuzzy logic is the basis for human communication. This observation underpins many of the
other statements about fuzzy logic. Because fuzzy logic is built on the structures of qualitative description
used in everyday language, fuzzy logic is easy to use [116].
6.1.3 Operation of Fuzzy System
Figure 6.1.3.69 Operation of Fuzzy System
6.1.4 Existing System of ICT
The following table 6.1.4.1 shows 66.67% (24 respondents) challenge for e-Government development and
implementation is poor. Nepal’s ICT infrastructure is poor means there is no strong ICT infrastructure for e-
Government implementation. The research survey report also presents the existing ICT are not modified and
237
updated. So, the existing infrastructure system can say, very poorly developed in concerned ministries and others
Government offices.
Table 6.1.4.47 Result of Existing ICTs Infrastructure
S.No. Existing System of ICTs % of Grading Out of 37 respondents

1 Poor 66.67 24
2 Good 30.56 11
3 Very Good 0.00 0
4 Excellent 2.77 1
Source: Ph.D., Technical Survey Report 2011 (e-Government Implementation)
Figure 6.1.4.70 Status of Existing Information Communication and Technology System in Nepal
6.1.5 Finding Challenges for the Implementation of e-Government in Nepal
The Figure 6.1.5.1 presents the real challenges of e-Government Implementation in Nepal [8]. The major challenge
of e-Government Implementation is Design of System. The research identifies “no system designed” to establish the
e-Government infrastructure. The second most common challenges are Technical coordination and
Awareness/Motivation. The survey analysis presents the two challenges, which are very common in developing
countries. The e-Government Master Plan (eGMP) has not covered this challenge in the context of Nepal. And the
third very common challenges are ICT Infrastructure, Human Resources and Stable Government. In the context of
238
Nepal there is no strong ICT infrastructure, skill Human Resources and Stable Government for the development and
implementation.
Figure 6.1.5.71 Challenges of e-Government Implementation in Nepal
So, the following are the major challenges or failure factors for the development and implementation of the e -
Government System.
1. e-Government System Design
2. Technical coordination
3. Awareness and Motivation
4. ICT infrastructure
5. Stable Government
6. Human Resource
The research can say there is no system design procedure (software engineering) used, because 83.33% respondent
expressed their experiences in research survey.
239
6.1.6 Applying Truth Values for the verification of finding challenges
A basic application might characterize sub-ranges of a continuous variable. For instance, a e-Government
Implementation System challenges verification measurement has several separate membership functions defining
particular verification ranges needed to verify properly. Each function maps the same verification value to a true
value in the 0 to 1 range. These truth values can then be used to determine how the result should be controlled.
The figure 6.1.6.1 represents the finding truth values (challenges) into three different areas that are A1, A2 and A3.
These are three level verification values of problems that are low level value (0.50), middle level value (0.66) and
high level value (0.83) where includes six finding challenges. The A1 denoted three challenges same values, A2
denoted two challenges same values and A3 denoted only one challenge which holds main challenge which
represents a very high challenge in Nepal.
Figure 6.1.6.72 e-Government Finding Challenges in Fuzzy Logic Sets
6.1.7 Applying the Fuzzy Centroid Model (model rules using fuzzy logic)
By the use of this model rule: to find the x*, the centroid, Then divide the aggregate output into area for better
understanding. So, we can find the centroid x* by using the following formula.
x* = ∑A x / ∑ x
Applying the Fuzzy Centroid Model (FCM):
Firstly, all finding challenges value should be determined by fuzzy. To find the x*, see the aggregate fuzzy sets as
shown in CASE I.
240
Here we divide into four different sections that are CASE I, CASE II, CASE III and CASE IV. Because, we divide
the aggregated output that is result of verification into areas for better understanding verification of true results and
output. So, I have used four cases for verification of findings categorized by different sections. Those are: CASE I,
CASE II, CASE III and CASE IV. By the use of FCM, it can produce best or probable results and is easy to finalize
to make the decision about the nearest results, which is the appropriate results and also easy to find an appropriate
deliverable solution for the implementation of e-Government System in Nepal and other e-Government
Implementation failure countries (developing countries).
The following are the modeling values [Table 6.1.7.1] and computational data (values). The research has already
identified the six different challenges (problems), are determined by the following types and fuzzy values shown in
Table 6.1.7.1.
Table 6.1.7.48 Challenges Types and Fuzzy Values
Type Challenges Survey value in % Fuzzy Value
Type 1 Design the System 83.33 0.83
Type 2 Technical Coordination 66.67 0.66
Type 3 Awareness/Motivation 66.67 0.66
Type 4 Human Resources 50.00 0.50
Type 5 ICT Infrastructure 50.00 0.50
Type 6 Stable Government 50.00 0.50
The Table 6.1.7.2 mentions six types of challenges which are categorized into three sections that are A1, A2 and A3.
In every section there includes similar types of challenges are denoted. The following figure shows the values and
their fuzzy weighted.
Table 6.1.7.49 Challenge Values and their Fuzzy Values set
Denoted Segment Sections Challenges Types Value in % Fuzzy Values Set
A1 Type 1 83.33 0.83
A2 Type 2, Type 3 66.67 0.66
A3 Type 4, Type 5 Type 6 50.00 0.50
241
The hierarchical structure variables of challenges range are as shown in the following figure 09.
Figure 6.1.7.73 Hierarchical Structure Variables of Challenges Range
The Figure 6.1.7.1 II Hierarchical Structure describes the distance/range of the challenges values which help us to
convert the values into fuzzy values.
6.1.8 e-Government Implementation Verification Using Fuzzy Modeling
Verification Categorized:
A1, A2 and A3 = Types (T) / Number of Types
Then
0.83 Fuzzy Weightage
0.66 Fuzzy Weightage
 0.50 Fuzzy Weightage
CASE I:
242
Table 6.1.8.50 Type Section of Fuzzy Model for CASE I Verification
Fuzzy Variables Number of types include in Average % of types Fuzzy Weightage

Section variables
A1 1 83.33 0.83
A2 2 66.67 0.66
A3 3 50.00 0.50
Let A1, A2 and A3 are three fuzzy variables as shown in the figure 6.1.8.16 which holds three different values. The
Case I for the verification of identifying segments (types).
So, the figure 6.1.8.1 states the aggregate of the fuzzy weighted for the three segments which are denoted by A1, A2
& A3.
Figure 6.1.8.74 Case I Test Using the Fuzzy Centroid Model
Using following formula we can successes to find out the level of x*.
x* = ∑ A x / ∑ x …………… (1)
Here, the variable of:
A = Calculated individual Area of segments
x = Segments Area
x* = Centroid level
Then compute by (1)
x* = ∑Ax/∑ x
243
= 7.8891/9.10
= 0.8669
CASE II:
Table 6.1.8.51 Type Section of Fuzzy Model for CASE II Verification
Section variables
A1 2 66.67 0.66
A2 1 83.33 0.83
A3 3 50.00 0.50
The figure 6.1.8.2 states the aggregate of the fuzzy weighted for the three segments which are denoted by A2, A1 &
A3.
Figure 6.1.8.75 Case II Test Using the Fuzzy Centroid Model
Then it is computed by (1).
x* = ∑Ax/∑ x
= 8.2994/9.20
= 0.90156
CASE III:
244
Table 6.1.8.52 Type section for Fuzzy Model for CASE III verification

Section variables
A1 3 50.00 0.50
A2 2 66.67 0.66
A3 1 83.33 0.83
A1.
Figure 6.1.8.76 Case III Test Using the Fuzzy Centroid Model
Case III is computed by (1).
x* = ∑Ax/∑ x
= 11.00415/8.80
= 1.2505
CASE IV:
Table 6.1.8.53 Type Section of Fuzzy Model for CASE IV Verification
Fuzzy Variables Number of types include in variables Average % of types Fuzzy Weightage
Section
A1 1 83.33 0.83
245
A2 3 50.00 0.50
A3 2 66.67 0.66
A3.
Figure 6.1.8.77 Case IV Test Using the Fuzzy Centroid Model.
A2.
Then, Case IV is also computed by (1).
x* = ∑Ax/∑ x
= 6.17305/9.60
= 0.64303
So, we can prove the given challenges by using of fuzzy control centroid modeling techniques through MAT lab.
The given four verified test cases using the fuzzy centroid model are presented into percent, which can be
determined by the following formula.
P = x* X 100
Here, p is a percentage which we get by the converting the value x* by 100. So, we can calculate the percentage
value by the following ways to different four cases, verification results which of fuzzy centroid model verification.
CASE I : p1 = x* X 100 = 0.8669 X 100 = 86.69%

246
CASE II : p2 = x* X 100 = 0.90157 X 100 = 90.16%
CASE III : p3 = x* X 100 = 1.2505 X 100 = 125.05%
CASE IV : p4 = x* X 100 = 0.64303 X 100 = 64.30%
Table 6.1.8.54 Verification Results in %
Case Percentage (p1 to p4) Test result by
I p1 86.69%
II p2 90.16%
III p3 125.05%
IV p4 64.30%
The figure 6.1.8.5 shows the verifications’ priority among the four CASES which have 0.00 to 1.00 ranges.
Figure 6.1.8.78 Verification Priority among Four CASES (Range 0.00 to 1.00)
The figure 6.1.8.5 of CASE II shows 0.9016 which is true or strong challenge for the implementation of the e -
government system in Nepal. This result says that Nepal Government has not designed strong system. In the
comparison of verification result and world e-Government rank of Nepal also present the very poor result, because
Nepal e-Government rank in 2012 is 164. It is very poor rank, which has been proved from by fuzzy centroid results.
247
The given figure 6.1.8.6 shows 90.16% of the system has not come up. According to Richard Heeks, Nepal is in
failure countries list.
Figure 6.1.8.79 Verification in 100 Percent
Figure 6.1.8.80 e-Government Implementation Index Rank of Nepal
248
Figure 6.1.8.81 Nepal e-Government Progress Line
The figure 6.1.8.8 also displays the e-Government Implementation progress line. In this figure 6.1.8.8, shows the
progress results from 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010 and 2012. In 2004 Nepal was in 132 positions in the world and in
2005 the progress goes up and become 126 in rank. Then from 2008 it goes down (-24), the rank was 150, in 2010
again go down the rank was 153, in 2012 the rank was 164 and in 2014 it was 165 rank.
The fuzzy centroid result also verifies in SAARC countries. Nepal is in 7 th rank for the implementation of e-
Government. The figure 6.1.8.9 shows the Nepal’s situation of e-Government in SAARC countries from 2004 to
2012.
249
Figure 6.1.8.82 e-Government Implementation Rank in SAARC
In the context of Nepal, e-Government System Implementation is very low. Only 9.84 % e-Government System
Implementation work has been done by Government. If Nepal Government wants to achieve e-Government System,
must be designed strong system using software engineering tools. The research result recommend the system
framework for the development and implementation of the e - Government System in Nepal, which is very good and
standard solution. So, we can say that the verification of CASE II 90.16% is an authentic challenge to the
implementation of the e - Government System in Nepal. By UNPAN published electronic report presented only
8.94% (by analysis) development has been successively achieved by the Government. This research says that Nepal
Government has no such kind of information and design system using the software engineering process for the
development of the e - Government System.
250
Figure 6.1.8.83 Succes and Failure Rate of e-Government System in Nepal
Figure 6.1.8.84 Status of existing information, communication Technology System for e-Government System
in Nepal
251
6.1.9 Table of Verified Challenges with the Comparison of another Analyzed Results
The following table presents the actual verified challenges which are affecting for the implementation of e-
Government implementation in Nepal.
Table 6.1.9.55 Comparison value of E-Government Development and Implementation in Nepal by Different
Analysis Results
Finding UNPAN World Total Using
Verified Internet Stat %

Success Rate in Percentage (%) 9.84 8.94 9.00 9.26 Fuzzy Logic Centroid Model
Un-success Rate Percentage (%) 90.16 91.06 91.00 90.74 Analysis of Secondary Data
Total Percentage (%) 100.00 100.00 100.00 100 Analysis of Secondary Data
In the Table 6.1.9.1 depicts the comparison of UNPAN analyzed, World Internet Stat analyzed and findings verified
result shows the actual conditions of Nepal e-Government system development and implementation. The following
equation shows the success and failure rate e-Government System in Nepal.
The equation is: EGSR = {sr1+sr2+sr3}/ns ----------------------------- (1) success rate
EGFR = {fr1+fr2+fr3} /nf -------------------------------- (2) failure rate
Therefore, by the equation of (1)
= {9.84+8.94+9.00}/3
=27/3
= 9.26 ------------------------ (3)
Then equate by the equation of (2)
= {91.16+91.06+91.00}/3
= 272.22/3
= 90.74 ---------------------- (4)
So, by the equation (3) and (4)
TFC (Total Failure Country) = (EGSR < 35) , (EGFR >35) = Failure
This research can say that Nepal is a failed country for development and implementation e-Government System.
So, this research comparison result gives that Nepal has been succeeded to achieve only 9.26%. It is extremely poor
implementation and also development achievement of e-Government. Such that 90.74% not succeeded to achieve
an e - government system in Nepal. So, the verification of finding challenges using fuzzy logic centroid model gives
100 percent true results. According to Richard Heeks the verified result is in below 35% that is only 9.84%. So,
252
Nepal is a failed country listed in the development and implementation of the e - Government System. And this
research provides the standard solution and outcome on the basis of identifying challenges which meet the research
objectives and gives the answers of the two key questions which is the guide of the Nepal Government and other
developing countries for the development and implementation of citizen centric e-Government system in Nepal.
6.1.10 Theoretical and Practical Contributions
The research was approaching the two research questions which were presented beginning of findings for the
verification. The study basically used Fuzzy Logic Centroid Model to verify the six findings challenges. The Fuzzy
Centroid Modeling (FCM) was reliable tool which was used in this study and helpful to identify outcome (solution)
that was the framework. The five verified challenges which are affecting for the implementation of e-Government in
Nepal that have compared to another analyzed results. The comparison results are as shown below.
Research Verified World Internet Stat UNPAN Analyzed Average Achieved
Result (%) Analyzed Resul (%) Result (%) Result (%)

Success rate 9.84 9.00 8.94 9.26
Un-success rate 90.16 91.00 91.06 90.74
Here the researcher used two different analyzed and verified results using primary, secondary data. This research
chapter provides theoretically and practically the true results, which contributes the situation of e-Government
implementation system extremely poor. The proof result and other compared results show the achievement of e-
Government that the success rate is 9.26% and the un - success rate is 90.74%. The above table 6.1.8.8 the research
shows the e-Government progress line of Nepal.
So, this study is based on gathered primary data through participants’ survey and secondary data from literature
study and other data sources. So, this study mainly focused on conceptualizing the construction of an efficient
system of e-Government. The research was developed the e-Government system technical and non-technical reason
for the innovations of proper technology, which has sustained and materialized for the implementation of the citizen
centric system. The main contribution is a fuzzy centroid model tool used to proof the six challenges by verifying
technique. The other contribution was the fuzzy logic concept is a tool to find out the degree of truth or falsity of
finding challenges and to prove the identified the outcome of this research. So, theoretically this research argument
work on the system (technical) implementation by developing stage in the country. Practically, this study or work to
be significantly usefulness to Nepal government another developing and least developing countries. Government can
take benefits from an understanding of “how the challenges introduced and managed to best benefit a large number
of researchers and system designer (planners)”. So, this kind of practices could able to shift to better collaborate
253
with one another and more successfully get involved in improvement. The major contribution of this study is
verified the identified challenges/factors which are directly affected to the development and implementation of e-
Government system and to provide the probable solutions for the implementation of the implementation of the e -
government system. Then other contribution of this research highlighted the rate of factors that about the situation
and position of e-Government implementation and gap between design and reality. This research chapter contributes
core and basic indicators to check and proven the identified challenges. Using Fuzzy Logic approach, to know about
the “degree of truth” applying truth values for the verification of finding challenges has been the contribution of this
study chapter. The main practical contribution is model rule which was applying first time in this area to prove the
problems using the following formula: x* = ∑ A x / ∑ x used in four cases which provides the true prioritized
challenges.
Theoretically, the research have used the different types of texts, conceptual and other related materials. So, consists
conceptually together with their definitions and reference to relevant literature, analyzed UNPAN, Report and other
related documents. This research has used the theoretical approach to address the research questions to describing
and generalizing the key variables (challenges) which is directly influenced for the implementation of the e-
Government system in Nepal. In this theoretical technique were used for qualitative data collection and analysis of
field level research that was considered a method (survey) to gather the qualitative data for true results. In this
approach some time was considered participant observation for data collection. It is necessary to know about the
participants’ culture and attitude.
Practical approach is another technique or method which was used for discussion and gathers opinion with focus
high level groups and connected organization’s personnel to know the actual and reliable problems for the
development and implementation of the e-Government system asking some reliable questions. The techniques were
very useful to check the availability for time and place for interviewing about the situation of the e-Government
system development. Basically, this research were applied the practical approach to collect the quantitative data. It
was applied based on the author’s, researcher experience about the e-Government problems, according to research
objectives & key questions.
6.1.11 Summary
In this chapter highlighted to six findings challenges verification using the fuzzy centroid model (FCM) tool. It has
been used to find out the degree of truth, of research finding challenges. In this chapter, used fuzzy logic, which
254
attempts to solve the problems by assigning values for accurate conclusion and possible discussion. Illustrated
different kinds of example to describe the use of valid reasoning in some activities.
In this chapter study has applied fuzzy logic, which is an approach to computing degree of truth/ true or false.
Basically, the researcher tries to introduce two major approaches that are fuzzy logic tools and verification of the
identified challenges using the fuzzy logic tool (center of gravity – COG) through a membership function of a fuzzy
set which covered all problems’ areas (universe of discourse). The value of each identified challenges which have
Changed in 0 or 1. Three main components exist in operation of fuzzy system that are the Input Membership
Function (Fuzzification), Rules/Interfce (Rule Evaluation) and Output Membership Functions (Defuzzification).
So, the study has presented the situation of the existing system of ICT, Findings of Challenges for the
implementation of e-Government in Nepal.
The existing system of ICT conditions is as follows, which are: poor – 66.67%, good – 30.56%, very good – 0.00%
and excellent – 2.77%. The six types of challenges which are categorized into three section A1, A2 and A3 including
similar types of challenges. That is A1 = 1 = 83.33 => 0.83
A2 = 2 = 66.67 => 0.66
A3 = 3 = 50.00 => 0.50 and the hierarchical structure
variables of challenges range are also presented. With the fuzzy set value (fuzzy weighted) verified by four cases or
states. In all cases/states the aggregate of the fuzzy weighted for three segments which is denoted by A1, A2 and A3.
Each segment has three areas that are calculated by giving formula: x* = ∑ A x / ∑ x is modified
mathematical form Arithmetic Mean in usual statistic. The state (case) II shows 0.9016 (90.16) which is true or
strong challenges for the implementation of the e-Government System in Nepal. This type of verification process
can use/applied by other countries for their identified challenges. So, the fuzzy logic approach is one of best
practices/process to verify any kinds of domain based problems and challenges values.
CHAPTER: 07
Recommendation
7.1 Frameworks
The development technology trend in e-Government implementation is a part and the rights of citizens to transform
government services using ICTs in the context of Nepal. The materialization of information, communication and
technology (ICT) that has been provided government services for high speed, efficient and better communication of
255
public information’s means the processing of data and exchange and utilizations of all kinds of information that are
based on citizen centric. So, electronic government has established as a very fast and effective technology and also a
mechanism for growing government productivity and efficiency, which mechanism used to provide services to the
citizens (citizen centric services). This research attempts to identify and explores the major or key challenge which
is influencing for the implementation and development in Nepal, factors make a failure country in e-Government
system in Nepal.
So, the purpose of this research is to develop strategies and frameworks for the development and implementation of
e-Government services in Nepal and other developing countries which are facing such kinds of problems. They can
have used this research as a guide/a manual. This research’s solution or output helps to reduce the gap between
reality and design. For adopting of e-Government system the research has proposed the solutions that are the better,
effective and efficient solutions.
So, the results of this research are validated. Verification findings of this research study provide the generic model
and frameworks for the development and implementation of e-Government system mentioning findings and their
result or solutions can be used by e-Government in developing countries as a guide when developing /adoption of e-
Government services.
The following proposed strategic and framework are the validated outcome or proposed solution of verified
findings. This proposed model and frameworks becomes from verified challenges which would be the best
outcome/solutions.
 Proposed e-Government Strategy
 Proposed e-Government Relationship
 E-Government Delivery Framework
 E-Government Domains
 E-Government Connectivity
 E-Government Interoperability Frameworks (e-GIF): Policies, business drivers and technology
 e-GIF : the following are the e-GIF of organizational and technological aspects
 e-Government Application Model
This research develops the efficient and strong a conceptual framework in the context of Nepal the conceptual
framework has framed on the basis technological aspect, which gives a strong and permanent system for t the
256
establishment and implementation of e-Government system in Nepal. Therefore, this research has identified factors
which determine if the citizens will adopt e-Government services, it means adding Governments in accessing that is
required for adoption. This research highlights “No System Designed”. So, in the context of Nepal No system design
makes by the use of software engineering process for the development of the e - government system. The major
output or solution has provided to the Government that is a conceptual framework. This conceptual framework
provides a better solution to develop an e - government system and to increase public participation use of e-
Government.
The research proposes seven different stages that is used for the development and designing e-Government
framework for implementation of systems in the context of Nepal and other developing countries. The government
strategy play vital role before design and developing the system and implementation. E-Government principle can
also be used for inter e-Government system relationship. According to e-Government strategy Nepal and other
developing countries use the basic government information accesse concept and designed the system for 7/24 hours
citizen centric services. The most important part is e-Government principle classes that was formed by e-
Government strategy relating to citizens, trust, security, accessability, usability, cooperation, sutainabilityility. Other
elements for the implementation of e-Government are related to C2A, A2B, C2B, A2C, B2C, B2B and C2C. For
the development and implementation of e-Government system in Nepal and other developing countries, elements of
e-Government system architecture play important role for the distributions of effective, and efficient services. E-
Government system architecture help to develop the service delivery framework thatis considered for the
development of a successful e-Government. So, this study also provides the components (domains) which are the
vital parts of e-Government system framework to dessiminate the citizen centric services with the help of e-
Government connectivity for information exchang.Above mentioned models are important for proposed five layers
framework. Proposed figures show the clear components for the recommanded framework functionality which
makes strong citizen relationship, organizational capability and security for the good Governance. So, the e-
government implementation system framework very successful framework for the development and implementation
of e-Government system in Nepal and other developing countries following the seven models. In summary, Nepal
and other developing countries used the proposed e-Government Implementation System Framework compsising
citizen, Business, and other stakeholders which can achieve effective and efficient government services on the basis
of seven proposed models. That was included in final proposed e-Government System Framework.
257
7.2 Weighting of Finding Problems & Proved Result
Figure 7.2.85 Weight of finding Problems and Proved Results
91.16 % value has been proved by Fuzzy Centroid Modeling. The three problems’ values 83.33, 66.67 and 50 comes
from similar values. This research highlights to System Design and Development (Framework) Challenges (83.33%)
which is a major factor to implement e-Government. So, this research recommends a framework for the
implementation of e-Government in Nepal and other developing countries.
7.3 Research Finding Challenge’s Solutions
7.3.1 e-Government Delivery Framework:
• E-Government Delivery framework consists two layers with an action plan:-
– Service Deliver Layer: includes two components that are e-Government goals and e-Government
Attributes.
– Foundation/Base Layer: include ICT governance, standards, policies & law/order for providing six
different components
• The action plan of Service Delivery Layers is:
• e-Government Future Project
• e-Government Current Project
• e-Government Existing Project
• Then the action plan of Base/Foundation :
• Future e-Government Foundation Projects

258
• Current e-Government Foundation Projects
• Existing e-Government Service Foundation
7.4 Proposed e-Government Strategy
The advanced / modern, safe, expandable, usable and flexible (user friendly) ICT infrastructure are the vital and
primary components of e-Government System development and implementation. Again, ICTs plays major role in
transformation of required or citizen centric information on the basis of top-down-approach. Nepal Government has
not proper e-Government strategy for the development and implementation of the e - Government System. So, this
research has proposed an effective and strong e-Government Strategy, which serves a valuable guideline for the
development of the fundamental/basic infrastructure.
Basically, this research provides the following e-Government strategies with three system components. If
Government follows the proposed strategy, that can achieve the system development to implement the strategy
phases. The strategies are Business, Information, Data, Application and Technology Infrastructures. The following
figure 7.4.1 shows the five strategies, approaches and their cover components.
259
Figure 7.4.86 Proposed e-Government Strategy
This research also proposed three system components for system materialization. According to this proposed e-
Government strategies that the Government can be applied to develop and designed the system through the software
engineering process. Therefore, these strategies visualize the implementation of all Governments’ citizen centric
services over a five year period. On the basis of this strategy proposed elements of e-Government System
Architecture, public value of e-Government, e-Government domains, connectivity and the main components is a
system framework which is most important and vital for the development and implementation of the e - Government
System. So, this research proposes a system framework to establish the e-Government System using software
engineering process. In the context of Nepal, it has not demonstrated in e-Government Master Plan (eGMP) that was
prepared in 2006.
260
So, this research can have contributed the design keeping the following guiding principles of e-Government system
in the context of Nepal and other developing countries.
 E-Government focused on generating Simple Moral Accountable, Responsive and Transparent
(SMART) Government;
 E-Government endorse and promotes of citizen centric services
 E-Government always transforming processes
 E-Government capacity building within the Government
 E-Government in Network and Integrated Government
 E-Government in citizen centric
 E-Government in multi-channel delivery of public service
 E-Government in convenient access of information to citizens
 E-Government in development and addition of private and public private partnership (PPR)
The Nepal e-Government strategy is based upon the basic information accesses concepts, design system based using
software engineering processes (base components) and efficient open standards, that serve all kinds of services as
guidelines for the development and implementation of e-Government services. This research disclosed the following
principles classes which are the necessary classes for the development of system and dissemination of information,
and it can provides 7/24 hours citizen centric services. The important principles class are close to citizen, trust,
security, transparency, accessibility, usability, cooperation, sustainability, interoperability.
Figure 7.4.87 e-Government Principles Classes
261
7.5 Proposed e-Government Relationship
This research proposes an important class which provides by e-Government strategy that is e-Government
relationship shows in figure 7.5.1. This is the contribution of this research which are the principle classes of relations
between three classes A, B and C.
Figure 7.5.88 Proposed e-Government Relationship
In this figure 7.5.1 shows three different classes that are Administration (A), Citizens (C) and Business (B) with nine
stages of transactions for information communication. Here the administration represents the Government. So,
Administration (e-Government) of the Government is interacting, conducting business and delivering the
Government services to citizens and business companies electronically by the use of Information Communication
Technology (ICT). By the proper and effective ICTs, which is enabler to transform the government information or
services in the realization of e-Government applications, involved A2A (G2G), A2C, A2B; B2B, B2A, B2C and
C2C, C2A, C2B transactions. This figure helps to Government and other related organizations for the designing of
the e - Government System in Nepal and this can be used other developing countries. The e-Government
(Administration A) is one of the motivating forces for ICT strategy development and implementation. All other
factors such as citizens, business and other stakeholders have been benefited by winning implementation of ICT.
Because ICT is a medium which play a major role to make a good governance. So, the e - Government relationship
262
plays vital roles achieve the objectives and goals of the e - Government System in Nepal and other developing
countries also.
7.6 Proposed Elements of e-Government System Architecture
The elements of e-Government system architecture is the contribution of this research to design and development of
e-Government Systm. This research presents the four elements of e-Government System Architecture which has
shown in the following figure 7.6.1. This research contribution has suggested to the Government that should have
incorporated the four elements of e-Government System Architecture which has necessary for unified processing the
system. The government should have applied the given four elements for the development of the e - Government
System in Nepal. So, the four elements are a Business Process (e-Commerce, e-Services), Data Management, Data
and Information Technology (IT).
This first element is Business process that defined as the electronic delivery of government information, programs
and services often over the electronic medium Internet as well as the conditions of services. The second element is
the data management, which have used of Information and Technology (IT) to improve the data management of
Government and the third element is the Data (raw) which is the vital element of e-Government system
administration where various types of data should have stored in data management after processing for accessing of
the reliable and necessary information. The final element is IT which is the heart of the e-Government System and
have used this element processing government information (services) to citizen and other concerned stakeholders
through computer, telecommunications, and application software that have used disseminate the government
processing information or services. In this figure 7.6.1 shows an outer facilitator which is known as a cloud. This has
used for fast services transformation or dissemination.
263
Figure 7.6.89 Proposed Elements of e-Government System Architecture
So, this research proposed the four elements of e-Government System Architecture for the design and development
of an e - Government System for the distributions of services very efficiently and effectively. Finally, this research
suggests the Government (Nepal, and other developing countries) to use the four elements of e-Government System
Architecture for the designing and developing of an e - Government System with the help of Software Engineering
Process (SEP) to make effective and efficient electronic government in Nepal.
7.7 e-Government Delivery Framework
The another contribution of this research is e-Government Delivery Frameworks including two layers that are
service delivery layers and foundation / base layer. After verification of findings this research suggests a Delivery
Framework to Government for the design and development of the e - Government System. So, there are primarily
two layers which should be considered for the development of a successful e-Government. The following figure
7.7.1 shows the e-Government attributes to achieve the e-Government goals for existing, current and future e-
Government services and projects in the service delivery layer.
264
Figure 7.7.90 e-Government Delivery Framework
For the development of the e - government system, the Government should apply delivery framework, there are
three elements exist into the service delivery layer that they are future e-Government project, current e-Government
project, and existing e-Government service based on improving information and service for citizens, control and
decrease the cost price and expenditure, enhanced effectiveness equipped operational efficiency , economic
development and information accessibility. To achieve the goals should have conduct mentioned projects. It should
have the following attributes that are e-Information processing, e-Transactions, e-Data Transformation and
exchanges online citizen centric service and information online and enterprise information dissemination. Such as
this framework provides the foundation or base layer where includes future e-Government foundation projects,
current e-Government foundation initiatives and existing e-Government service foundation. These three elements or
components which has used to develop information communication technology (ICT) to make the good governance,
standard, policies and law/order for the development and implementation of the e - government system. This basic
layer should have used for interoperability, stability, electronic information user interface, information electronic
records management, information authentication, information security and protection, and information privacy
which helps to make a reliable e-Government system for accessing the citizen centric services. So, in the context of
Nepal, this delivery framework is based on developing the standard system using conceptual and system using
265
conceptual and system frameworks for effective and reliable e-Government System. So, this research suggests to
Government to follow this framework as a guide and tools.
7.8 e-Government Domains
The research finding provides the following contribution, which is an important component to developed e-
Government system. The domains are the vital parts and components of the e - government system to disseminate
the citizen centric services. To make an e-Government Domains that there consists of four domains that are
Organizational Domain, Technical Domain, Information Domain, and User Domain
Figure 7.8.91 e-Government Domains
So, there are four domains exists e-Government System and it is called entities.
Organizational Domain : Managed exchanging services / information system.
Technical Domain: all kinds of technical resources that are hardware, software, internet, website,
tele-communication.
Information Domain: Information storage components which are necessary part for processing
information stored using portal / Database.
User Domain: Access interface which is used for the accessing the information by citizens,
business and other stakeholders with the help of computer, mobile, TV and Tele
Center.
266
7.9 e-Government Connectivity
The most basic case in system integration for information exchange is six (6) independent information accessing
areas of e-Government information exchanging system. The basic six areas have been covered through (by) e-
Government connectivity.
Figure 7.9.92 e-Government Connectivity (Coverage Areas)
So, these are the coverage area of e-Government implementation system that must be directly connected to
Government to Government (G2G), Government to Organization (G2O), Government to Employee (G2E) which is
denoted by x1 and Government to Institute (G2I), Government to Business (G2B) and Government to Citizen
(G2C), which is denoted by x2. Here eGS is e-Government System.
Then, G2G, G2O, G2E = x1, G2I, G2B, G2C=x2
So, eGS=x1+x2; …… Connectivity
So that, This research provides the coverage areas and their connectivity ‘how e-Government provides the services
to each other’. It is vital components of e-Government implementations, which Government should have followed
for the designed and development of the e - Government System in the country. Before designing and development
of system should have mentioned this architecture for the development of implementation of system framework.
The connectivity frame has shown in the figure 7.9.1. So, this research has suggested to design an architectural
267
system framework using this connectivity means the covered the areas which support to make a successful system.
For the value, cost and benefits, connectivity is most basic case in system integration of six dependent areas x1 and
x2.
7.10 E-Government Interoperability Frameworks (eGIF): Policies, business drivers and
technology
This research main aim is to provide the basic standards that all the agencies which are relevant or the e-
Government strategy implementation. This framework is the vital components to allow the interoperability between
information system from different agencies in order to provide government services to citizens, businesses in an
integrated manner.
Figure 7.10.93 e-Government Interoperability Frameowrks (eGIF)
So, this research suggests to apply eGIF to fulfill following aims which are very important for successful
implementation of the e - Government System in Nepal The main aims of this eGIF are:
 To facilitate the faultless flow of information across the government / public service institutions.
 To fit/set the convenient standard using secure sound supported products.
 To provide the support, guidance and toolkits to facilitate the standard to be met.
 To provide a long term approach that is capable to accommodate and adjustment.
268
The above mentioned figure 7.10.1 represents mainly three key components that are policies/business,
methodologies/ standards /architecture and implementation (model project). In the context of Nepal these key
components act to provide a faultless, convenient standards, support, guidance, toolkits in long term approach where
e-Government system capabilities to accommodate and adjust.
The research provides the following eGIF of organizational and technological features or phases to implement
efficient systems for information dissemination. The following figure 7.10.2 depicts the eGIF of organizational and
technological aspects. This framework has designed according to findings challenges which has verified by the
fuzzy centroid model. On the basis of this framework conceptual and system frameworks has been designed to
implement the e - Government System. In the giving figure 7.10.2 including the four aspects that are Government
Strategy, technology strategy, Technical capabilities, and Operational Capabilities. These four phases of egg
framework come out on the basis of six findings challenges.
Figure 7.10.94 eGIF organizational and technological aspects
7.11 e-Government Application Model
e-Government Application is used to improve and enhance electronic service transactions and contribute to national
e-Government System continuity and carry-on rule and guidelines. The success of e-Government mainly uses in
countries wherever application should have installed in place very carefully which is used for the protection of
citizen’s rights and government authorities and business. e-Government Applications examines e-Government
concepts, principles and types of applications. It also discusses how an e-Government system is built and identifies
design considerations. So, this research provides a type of e-Government application model for the exchanging of e-
269
Government services between government, citizens, business and other organizations and stakeholders. This model
uses an interface using computer application and mobile application. This model provides this opportunity for
government developed the related application according to services need. And this model provides user friendly
interface handling the system to e-Government system users. Basically, it is used to participate to access and inquiry
and feedback by users (citizens & stakeholders). So, it gives a friendly platform to users to access the required
information and other necessary inquiry using internet services.
Figure 7.11.95 e-Government Application Model
The figure 7.11.1 is mentioned e-Government users and government who provides the citizen centric information.
This model contains two basic components that are e-Government users and government system including the
interface. This application model shows the government, citizens, businesses and other organizations they have en
users can give the feedback about the system implementation of informational communications. Again, this model
facilitates computer and mobile application for information communications. So, this is a essential model of the e-
Government system. Nepal Government and other developing countries have not used this application model for
e-Government system development and implementation. This research suggests to Government to apply this model
to make and present efficient, usable government (good governance). If the Government uses this model, the
Government can implement successful citizen centric e-Government System.
This research contributes four components which are very important to construct e-Government system framework
for the implementation of citizen centric government services. The four components that should have comprised
with the e-Government framework. So, this research result has suggested to government followed the four necessary
270
components before designing and developing the e-Government system. The following figure 7.11.2 shows the four
major components.
Figure 7.11.96 The Four Components that comprise the e-Government Framework
 Customer Relationship Management: means, method and technologies, which is necessary to identify
customers, know what they want and continuously improve, citizen services provided by the Government.
 Organizational Capability: It means people, policies, plans and processes which are needed to support the
government. E-Government rules and regulations implementing plans and processes of dissemination of
information to users (peoples), all implementation rules and regulation should develop according to people’s
requirements.
 Security and Policies: It means an approach which has delivered to developing and implementing security,
procedures, acts and plans of authentication and security. This component provides data and information
security and their authentication such that makes the policies for e-Government implementation, services
control and lings (operations).
 Enterprise Architecture: it is a kind of method which is used to determine the current and desired
relationship between processes and information technology. Among provided four components, enterprise
architecture are a vital component for e-Government System Framework development.

271
If the Nepal Government followed the figure 7.11.2 components of a framework to designed and development of an
e - government system that Government can implement the e-Government system successfully. And citizens can
take more and more benefits by the use of the e - government system. It also makes e-Government Service
benefitable, accuracy, transparency and democracy.
7.12 Data and Information Flow within e-Government System (Center level to Village level)
Data and Information flow is the flow of data and information through an information system, modeling its process.
So, the data and information flow in an information theoretical context is the transfer of information through an
entity (variable) to another entity (variable) to the given process. This research provides a data and information flow
model or information to the government. The following figure 7.12.1 search provides a data and information flow
model or information to the government. The following figure 7.12.1 depicts the information flow or transformation
from center to village level. The research identifies the four level entities connection with data and information
warehouse. On the basis of finding and verifying of challenges of e-Government Implementation system in the
context of Nepal, the figure 7.12.1 shows in top ministries, regions, districts and villages are the entities of data and
information flow within the e-Government system. There are the external entities which should have used to
exchange the data and information through data and information warehouse. This figure 7.12.1 also shows the flow
of information from the center of village level with the help of the e - Government System where have used
information communication technology. The four entities are categorized into two communication levels that are in
high level and low level. High level entities are ministries and district level that is denoted by x and low level
entities are districts and villages are denoted by y.
So, x = x1 € x2 and y = y1 € y2
Then, x € y;
from x to x, y to y and x to y.
Therefore x = x; y = y; x = y … (1) which are allowed to exchange information,
So, x € y ∩ z (data and information warehouse).
All entities are connected with a warehouse (z). The research result recommended to use data and information flow
model to design and developed the e-Government System. On the basis of equation (1) this research results the
design model in appropriate for the development and implementation of the e - Government System in Nepal.
272
Figure 7.12.97 Data and Information Flow within e-Government System (Center to Village Level)
If the Government has designed and developed e-Government system according to this data and information flow
model that the citizens, business and other stakeholders have more and more access to information about the
processing and functioning of e-Government system in the country. This figure 7.12.1 shows a data and information
center in the cloud based technology for government services dissemination. All national level information databases
(contents) existed into the National Data Center (warehouse) and all mentioning entities have connected with e-
Government System. Then Government can provide the successful service system to citizens make a good
governance.
7.13 e-Governments Delivery Framework for Information Processing and Accessing System
(Government)
The main aims of the e-Government delivery framework to cooperate collaborate and integrate information across
different ministries, departments in the center (national), regional, district and villages. This research study provides
273
e-Government service delivery as an information transformation gateway. This system uses for system flexibility,
accessibility, quality and security.
Figure 7.13.98 e-Government Delivery Framework for Information Processing and Accessing System
(Government)
In the context of Nepal, the Government can be used this research of for the proposed delivery framework, but the
e-Government Master Plane (eGMP) have not mentioned this framework component layer which should have used
for delivery services to citizens. This research demonstrated a framework with two layers that are:
 Foundation Layer denoted by a capital A
o Contains two entities that are e-Government Goal and e-Government Attributes associated with
the project (future, pipeline, current and existing) which is denoted by capital P1
 Delivery Layer denoted by capital B
o Contains an entity that is e-Government attributes associated with a prospect (upcoming) project
and present foundation plans (initiatives) which is denoted P2
Information Technology (IT) /Information Communication (IC) /Information Management (IM) policy, regular
customary and authority are the foundation layer where includes privacy, information security, authentication
274
record /documentation management, interface and interoperability for the development of upcoming project and
initiatives of the present foundation plan. The figure 7.13.1 depicts another most important components/entity of this
framework which component/entity has used to deliver processed or analytic information. This layer consists of the
following goals which are developed services for citizen, include or reduce the implementation cost, developed the
operational efficiency, easy information access to citizen for citizen centric services with given e-government
attributes consisted electronic transaction, electronic services, online citizen centric information and electronic
information data exchanges. This layer covers the future, pipeline, current and existing projects for citizen centric
(one of the essential attributes of modern government service delivery mechanism which is the capacity to offer
citizen-centric outlook or services of the Government model. So, this study is found that the methodological
technicalities of service integration, combination and in particular, the requirements of software engineering process
for services integration which have been overlooked. This e-Government Service Delivery Framework is the
recommendation of this research study which has a multilevel modeling framework for the analysis and design of
life-event within the government service integration based upon the standard of thought and concept. So, the
proposed e-Government service processing and accessing purpose. The following are mathematical relationship of
two layers with their sets.
[A1 ® P1] ∩ [B1 ® P2] € S
Then, here P1 is the specific set of A and P2 is another set of B. Such as P1 and P2 are connected with S, then it is
called multilevel framework. So, Both A and B are associated with each other to process the information and
accessing system that is denoted by S. So, both layers belong to the system (S). All developing countries who have
not established e-Government System and existing system (old) can use this framework for the implementation of
successful e-Government System.
275
7.14 Proposed Architectural Structures of the e - Government System
The e-Government System Architectural Structure (eGSAS) helps with government to implement an e - government
system that holds to e-Government rules and strategy, ensured that the e-Government environment can have good
design and function and helped architects from all over the administrations to find a basic understanding of e-
Government and its realization. So, e-Government has a single information transformation. The implementation of
e-Government system to transfer information and data that has necessary structures which shows the different levels
for the implementation of system for government service. These kinds of services, if the government wants to
provide the citizen-centric service to top-to-down vise versa levels that have required an Architectural Structure of
the e - Government System.
The following figure 7.14.1 depicts the Architectural Structures which have used for the implementation and
development of the e - Government System in Nepal and other developing countries that they are in under-
construction phase. Now in the context of Nepal, this research recommended four elements layers or tires of
Government that have used very carefully to transformation of stored data and information. The four tires are:
1. N: National Level Government
2. R: Regional Level Government
3. D: District Level Government
4. L: Local Level Government
1. National Level (N)
This figure 7.14.1 shows the N level entity/tire (components) which is a central or National level where consists
all kinds of government data which has processed through the central database center and that processes
information delivered to second Layer. The second layer element is Regional Level elements.
2. Regional Level ( R)
The second layer is the Regional Layer which layer has five regions. The national layer elements delivers the
processing information to second layer elements. By the help of cloud based technology with strong network
regional level elements accessed and delivered information to third layer that is districts government offices
which all are under five regions. The five regional level information portal which has been connected with
central and National level database warehouse and has existed ministry’s level individual database
domain/portal for all kinds of ministry level information and services as a storage device.
276
3. District Level
The District level system can access all public services and related information by regional level system from
the national database center via regional level government organizations. So, all districts have connected
network with regional system or portal by cloud based technology. District level call center accessed the
government data by regional level channeled by central level.
4. Local Level
This figure 7.14.1 has suggested to the government for the establishment of call centers in Local Government
level that is a village development committee. By the help of local level government call center, all citizens,
business and other stakeholders can access the government services and other related required information and
data through telecenter, local cyber, mobile, TV.
The structure of connectivity of the architectural structure layer’s elements or entities:
Table 7.14.56 National, Regional, Districts & Local Government
National Government Regional Government District Government Local Government

N2N, R2R, D2D, L2L,
N2R, R2D, D2L, L2N,
N2D, R2L, D2N, L2R,
N2L R2N D2R L2D
By statistical nonparametric method the research proves the illustrated (proposed) architectural structure of e-
Government system, the connectivity of five layers of contain elements are N, R, D, L => S.
The group elements of connectivity:
NNNN NRDL RRRR RDLN DDDD DLNR LLLL LNRD
The sequence of connecting elements is:

277
N, N, N, N, N, R, D, L, R, R, R, R, R, D, L, N, D, D, D, D, D, L, N, R, L, L, L, L, L, N, R, D
The connectivity of elements would use the following symbols, they're contained four occurrence elements layers
µ1=N, µ2=R, µ3=D, µ4=L
Therefore, µ1=8, µ2=8, µ3=8, µ4=8
In this case the values of µ1, µ2, µ3, and µ4 must be 8 times, accessibility for efficient and effective e-Government
implementation nationwide. The research shows the five layers elements of the given architectural, architecture of
an e - government system has equal participation and the same range of connectivity and accessibility.
So, System (S) = {µ1↔µ2↔µ3↔µ4}……………….. (1)
This equation (1) allowed to access and transformation of information by citizens because all elements of layers are
connected to each other. It can prove that:
{N belongs to RDL}, {R belongs to NDL}, {D belongs to NRL},{L belongs to NRD} U System
= N{R,D,L},R{N,D,L},D{N,R,L},L{N,R,D}
= {N} + {R} + {D} + {L}
Therefore, S = {NRDL} All layers of elements have the same relationship which allows for transformed
information from N entity (element) to L entity (element) which has existed in mentioned layers.
This research proved that the given elements of layers are connected to each others, which is the best practices for
the development and implementation of e-Government System Architectural Structure. This architectural structure
fundamentally provides a disciplined approach, to know ‘how the elements (entities) enterprise communicates,
change and function together as a whole.
278
Figure 7.14.99 Proposed Architectural Structures of the e - Government System
So, the figure 7.14.1 has presented the environment of proposed architectural structures of e-Government system.
The government should have given importance to this system. Because it is a reliable, efficient, usable and flexible
architectural structure system to make good governance and then the citizen can achieve more and more benefits to
increase the standards of citizens. The proposed structures use through network environment by the cloud based
supported technology for fast accessing. It can say this is a vital outcome of this research. So, the main function of
this system is to facilitate for transforming and exchanging the information to citizens means' local level through the
respective given channel.
7.15 e-Government Implementation System Framework
For the development of e-Government System must have a framework for implementation of e-Government
framework provides a uniform or homogeneous set of software apparatus for the new development and running e-
Government applications. All the developed and some developing countries are applying the e-Government system
framework for effective operations of application for dissemination of government services and required information
279
to citizens using different framework layers. This framework provides general elements and set of the usual
templates which are naturally required to implement or developed a system, reduced replica (duplicated) work.
Basically, the system framework has expected to help or support member areas or locations for saving time and cost
in developing the new e-Government applications.
So, the e-Government development is frequently defined in different context and from various perspectives. This
has been controlled processes which should have implemented right-through the entire structure of public
administration. E-Government framework is a process which builds or generate methodological, technological,
organizational and personnel conditions for the efficient and effective application/purpose of ICTs in public and
government administration, and a controlled process of ICT application. In the context of Nepal no have such kind
of e-Government framework build for the development of the e - Government System. The e-Government System
Framework should have developed or construct on the basis of country’s geographical infrastructures. So, this
research proposed the constructed e-Government System in the context of Nepal.
So, based on the collected data analysis and verification the research presents a modern cloud based e-Government
framework for effective and efficient implementation of citizen centric government e-Services. Therefore, this
research suggests the following types of e-Government System framework which has permeated systematic
approach in taking all plans, idea and scheme in the modern cloud based e-Government implementation. The e-
Government framework consists of five elements layers which have shown in the figure 7.15.1 below. In this figure
7.15.1 upper section layer which access layer consists of user of e-Government Services, Receiving and Sending
Channels that is data and information communication devices. Second section of layers which is e-Government
Layer consists of Portal for information that is Government Integrated sign on portal. Third layer section is the
application layer consists of processing application with an interface. In the fourth section of the layer is Information
and Data System layer consists of Government Data sources through different organizations. Such as in fifth section
or lower layer which is Infrastructure layer consists of information dissemination network infrastructure that is a
foundation which has used to process and transformation of information in the access layer of user of e-Government
Services sending and receiving sections.
280
Figure 7.15.100 e-Government Implementation System Framework
Consist of follow five layers in e-Government System Framework shown in Table 7.15.1. They are:
Table 7.15.57 Framework Layer, Variables and Medium
Framework Layer Variables Medium

1. Access Layer Citizens PCs
Businesses Mobile
Employee Telecenter
Institution Call Center
Government, Departments DTV
Other Stakeholders Web
2. e-Government Layer Central e-Government portal All citizens and stakeholders
Numbers of website
3. Application Layer Information Document Management System (IDMS) Data Systems
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) - Database
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) - Data warehouse
Web Service Application (WSA)
Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
281
Firmware (FW)
4. Information & Data Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC) Government Data sources
System Layer
through different organizations
5. Infrastructure Layer Server Networks
LANs
Intranet
Internet
Extranet
WANs, MANs
On the basis of the e - Government System, IT is enabling administrative process between Citizen and Government
(G2C), among Government Institutions (G2G), Government and Business (G2B) which presenting the given figure
7.15.2.
1. Access Layer: Includes two variables that are Government Users (Recipient of Government Services) and
Data communication Devices (Channel/Medium). Government users can access the various types of
services using data communication channel or devices. Government service users are citizens, businesses,
and employee, institutions, Government, Departments and other stakeholders. Service medium or channel
that has been using services access point is PCs, Mobile, Tele-center, Call Center, DTV, and Web. Access
Channels are critical components of e-Government.
2. E-Government Layer: Portal for information dissemination. Includes number of websites known as a web
portal. So, this layer uses for integrating digital data of various organizations into a web portal. This has
been used to provide the highest quality of services, better access to Government resources, So, it enables
to provide all kinds of better services to users.
3. Application Layer: Processing Application with Interface. Consist various Information Technology and
processing component applications which have used data processing and data integration. The main
functions of being layer are knowledge sharing and information processing using ICT applications and
tools. This layer makes a strong base to construct e-Government Portal which is mentioned in e -
Government layers. It provides real time communication between systems at both data and process level.
Information Document Management System (IDMS), Customer Relationship Management (CRM),
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Web Service Application (WSA), Enterprise Application Integration
(EAI), Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Firmware (FW) is included.
4. Information and Data System Layer: It is a Government Data Source has managed through different
organizations. The main variable is Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC) which should have
282
established with different organization’s data and information domain sources. All citizen centric
information stored into this integrated data center. By the functions of this center users can access the
citizen centric government services (information).
5. Infrastructure Layer: Information dissemination network infrastructures that are foundation of e-
Government Implementation System, which have shown in figure 7.15.1. Building information of nation
requires information communication technology infrastructure which can flow and communicate all needed
information to citizens and other stakeholders. So, this layer mainly focuses on technologies that should
have to build before e-Government services offered. Server, LANs, Intranet, Internet, Extranet, MANs and
WANs are the variables of this framework’s Infrastructure (Foundation) layer. The information
dissemination medium is Network.
Figure 7.15.101 e-Government IT enables administrative process
This figure 7.15.2 shows the transactions between citizen, government and business for communication of
information that are G2C, G2G and G2B. This system framework covered the following types of government
services that are G2G, G2E, G2I, G2B, and G2C.
283
7.16 Conceptual Framework of e-Government System in Nepal
A conceptual Framework, which has used in an e - Government System for development is a tool that the developer
team of Government used as a guide for the development of the e - government system. E-Government conceptual
framework is a group or a set of ideas which has used to make a complete system conceptual structure. A conceptual
framework enables to find the links or connectivity between presents entities which has been used within the
framework. So, conceptual framework of the e - government system has structured from a set of entities with their
attributes. Most of the designer and developer have used a conceptual framework because it clarified connectivity of
system information flows according to requirements. This conceptual framework plays major role in the
development and implementation of citizen-centric e-Government system in the country. So, by the help of
conceptual framework the development team can decide about the type of information communication technology
(ICT) infrastructure, resources, and connectivity are necessary to build the e-Government system to disseminate the
Government services to top-to-bottom level. This research strongly proposes a conceptual framework for evaluating
transforming the information and services which are public value of e-Government from the perspective of the
citizen. This research proposed the following conceptual framework of the e - Government System for Nepal that is
shown in figure 7.16.1.
The figure 7.16.1 illustrates the environment of e-Government service accessibility, usability and accountability. In
this figure 7.16.1 included four functional entities (dimensions) in a whole e-Government system as a conceptual
framework which has been considered for delivery of public service achievement of outcomes, development of trust,
trust and effectiveness of public organizations mean top-to-bottom level of public institution by the use of entities.
The entities are citizen/business/institution, Virtual Information Access Space of Government, Authentic Space
Government and Government to Government (G2G) connectivity. This e-Government System conceptual
framework has provided better and faster communication for efficient, processing of data and exchange and
utilization of information from the users (citizens/businesses and government). Propose a conceptual framework that
includes the critical success factors influencing e-Government plan and implementation for exchanging information
for developed and developing countries. Basically the result shows that the citizen value of the Nepal citizen-centric
services are far from satisfactory due to the lack of designing a system using software engineering process, poor ICT
infrastructure, lack of coordination, unstable government, and lack of awareness. To reduce the gap between design
and reality that the proposed conceptual framework is a vital part of the e-Government system for the dissemination
of government services and related information.

284
Figure 7.16.102 Conceptual Framework of e-Government System in Nepal
The given figure 7.16.1 shows the first entity (dimension) is Citizens/Business/Institution (Informatics Users) which
has linked with Government Virtual Information Access Space with several information access and transformation
attributes like mobiles Internet, Computer, Fax, Telecenter, and Cyber Center which has used to request and access
services. The second entity/dimension is the Government Virtual Information Access Space consists of different
services or information portals which are Citizen Portal for citizen-centric services processing and dissemination,
Government Portal for Government to Government (G2G) information processing and accessing, Civil Service
Portal for Government employees processed information which can accessed by Civil Servant only, Business Portal
for commercial business processed information which is used to access by businesses and other commercial trade
house and another portal is Website of other Institution that can help to access and exchange the processed
information. So, these domains are interlinked to each other. Third entity or dimension is Authentic Space
Government, contains an integrated processing of shared information with combined high resolution
application/interface that the interface and application users can receive the e-services according to their required
285
service request. Another vital entity or dimension is Government to Government connectivity which has used to
request and received / access the related services and information by all ministries and other government
organizations and their employees. So, this type of framework provides services to everybody, every-time, every
place, and every type of information. Nepal Government can have followed this research proposed conceptual
framework for e-Government System development and implementation. Because, Nepal is in as a developing
country with a majority of citizens are living in rural areas with low e-Readiness, poor ICT literacy, very poor ICT
infrastructures and information, no householder internet penetration. As a result, Nepal has not designed this type of
conceptual framework for the e - Government System till date. The proposed conceptual framework of the e -
government system can successfully deliver every type of government services electronically for effectively creating
public value for citizens. Confidently, this research suggested to government to imply this conceptual framework
delivering public services through e-Government. The importance of information availability by the use of this
framework to citizen’s choice, cost saving, and quality of services, citizen/stakeholder satisfaction and take-up of e-
Government services. Using this framework, Nepal Government successfully achieved their goal to provide
benrfitable public related governmental services. This is the main aim of this research. This conceptual framework
of the e - Government System suggests to Government applied the following service delivery framework for
effective e-Government transaction services implementations. Based upon figure 7.16.1 which suggested the
following figure 7.16.2 consists two layers interlinked with e-Government Implementation potential plan for action
by cloud based e-Government System. There contains Citizen Services Provider Layer with e-Government objects
with e-Government attributes which is connected with services. Another is an Information Transformation
Foundation Layer which includes information technology and information management system (ITIMS) interlinked
with future and present basement program. The major role which provides e-information and e-services through
cloud based e-Government system supported by figure 7.16.1 proposed conceptual framework.
286
Figure 7.16.103 e-Government Service Delivery Framework
7.17 E-Government Framework for Control, Coordination and Integration
The following figure presents the framework for control, coordination and integration for e-Government system
implementation of government services delivered. The government implements the e-Government system to
disseminate the reliable government service to citizens and other stakeholders. The government should have applied
this framework to control, coordination and integration of system for citizen-centric services. So, this research has
floated this framework for government for efficient and effective e-Government System.
In this suggested figure 7.17.1, there exist five units with their functional elements. In the top section of this figure
7.17.1 contains database and data warehouse and in the second section contains e-Government portal with the
connection of required element which have used for function of system to access the information. In the third section
placed between four functional units that has controlled, coordinate, integrated and security units and in the fifth
section consists users unit which has used for system operation for delivering the government services and other
required information.
287
Figure 7.17.104 e-Government Framework for Control, Coordination and Integration
Data Warehouse is a stable and predictable source of data used in decision making because it is a system of
software, hardware and communications which has developed and optimized for information analysis. Basically, the
data warehouse system allows two users to access the key data independently. Datawarehouse also use to ensure for
data integrity and security which has mentioned because each and every department and organizations represents by
the functional data warehouse. It has used to locate the problem with functional data warehouse which has easy to
maintain the functional data warehouse by the Government.
So, the main objective of a data warehouse is to store in system, data and processed information which originates
from multiple applications across the organizations. This has been used for sorting the data which have to support or
help for information reporting needed by an organization; multiple users and multiple applications. There consist
internal logical files, external inputs and external outputs and inquiries. This research says ‘Data Warehouse
Architecture is to integrate corporate data. The massive amount of data exists in the data warehouse.
288
Database: The main purpose of database to satisfy as many applications which has used in the e - government
system for process data accessed. The prime role of database builds to store retrieved (access) and organize
information. Mainly database has been used for information, transaction and stored.
Portal: Portal is a kind of search engine is used to permit users to search the contents that are government services
and information. In this given figure 7.17.1 shows the e-Government portal containing different sites that have been
used by different types of users (citizen, enterprise, business, government etc.). So, the suggested portals are a
gateway for government service supplies to receive the different types of required services. For example a tender
portal which has use to an online tender system like: received notification of the tender, accessed tender forms and
filled by online, submit a tender proposal with form by online procedures. This is the function of portals. All the
services which have been provided by the government related to users which can have access the information from
different portals through different professional users. In this figure 7.17.1 consists a cylindrical symbol of section
which have been used to control the flow of information, coordination with system and data information integration,
and shown a rectangle box contain security that has been covered all four units or sections for security purpose.
The third section which has shown in figure 7.17.1 that is the control, coordination and integration. This is a general
control system which has used three basic control types.
1. Access control – is used to control the citizen (users) access to physical/ digital components/entities of an e-
Government system including security guard and passwords. So, it should have included in e-Government
system framework.
2. Communication Control – is used to control the access information under computer networks. That has been
controlled all types of e-Government services including encryption and firewalls.
3. Other Technology Controls – have used to control all the e-Government system mechanism for viruses, power
and fire issues.
The suggested figure 7.17.1 framework shows another section that is coordinated, which means coordinate to all
section operation of mechanism and functionality and selected sites of selected services or information by user
demands and value. It helps to users for functional and operational coordination which makes very effective and
efficient and strong e-Government System to disseminate the e-Government service to citizens level through the
network layer. The function of integrity is to prevent information from illegal/unconstitutional function of integrity
is to prevent information from illegal/unconstitutional changes or adjustment that, make sure the information or
services have relied upon and has precise/correct and complete and complete. Another prime functional element
289
which plays a major role to protect the delivered information of e-Government services and system that is Security.
Before providing the services to users that all the functional elements must have secured that services have been
provided by Security element. This element covered mainly three functional sections which has shown in the figure
7.17.1. They are database/data warehouse, e-Government portals and Network layers. So, the service and
information security is the key factors as the readiness of the citizen and other stakeholders, to use e-Government
services which have been depend on the trust that have on the data and information security of the e-Government
services. Using the security element all the data, information, and service has been secured or protected. This has
been used for implementation and system operating control and to be managed organization’s used to protect and
secured the processed information. In this section there exists the set of security to protect the e-Government
services that are:
1. Authentication – capability to identified ‘who is accessing and retrieving and what types of services’.
2. Authorization – used to provide right access to resources.
3. Confidentiality – used to manage illegal and authenticated access of services by authenticated users.
4. Integrity – used to protect information and services which have used by unauthorized users, that they can't
change and modified.
5. Traceability – is capable to sequentially manage interrelated transactions to a user or by the system.
6. Non-repudiation – used to protect the intervening person/users or system.
So, another section of this framework is the network layer which is responsible for routing the packets (information,
services) delivered and it provides the functional and procedural services which have been used for transferring data
sequence from a source to a destination host that is database and data warehouse through related e-Government
portal. Each and every type of information or services that have communicated through a network which has
associated with it a logical addresses. In this e-Government control, coordination, and integration framework of
Network layer consists mainly two types of networks that are (1) Government Private Network and (2) Public
Network.
The Government, Private Network that has used by ministers, Departments and Offices (G2G) and the Public
Network has used by citizens, institutions and stakeholders through Internet, Television, and Telephones. The prime
functions of this network layer are to transport government service packets from sending to receiving hosts and
network layer protocols in every host and router. The fifth section of the framework which has displayed in giving
figure 7.17.1 that is user section includes different users that they have used e-Government System for the accessing
290
of Government Service and other required government information via network layers which can categorize types of
service and information for the sending of concerned parties. Because the first section database and data warehouse
have been connected with the identified different types of e-Government system’s portals.
So, this research strongly suggests to the Government to apply this framework producing the efficient results and
more and more citizens and other stakeholder participation. This framework plays the prime role to control,
coordinated, integrity of e-Government System implementation for the dissemination of Government services and
required information to citizens and other stakeholders.
Figure 7.17.105 Overall Functional Mechanism
Z = x1 € x2 ӯ m1 € m2 ⇒ EGS (Outcome)
Here Z is the Access services by users, which is denoted for outcome (EGS)
Then, x1 is the users, which belong to x2 network layer for processed the information services (packets).
And, capital ӯ represents the security of information; coordination, control and information integration and the
figure 7.17.2 represent the overall mechanism which has included in the figure 7.17.1 framework of control,
coordination, integration and security which has implies to e-Government System that provides the services outcome
to the citizen.
291
7.18 Use Case Diagram for the Implementation of e-Government System Framework
Figure 7.18.106 Use Case Diagram for Implementation e-Government System Framework
292
7.19 Validation of Proposed Framework
Framework Diagram and their layers
Figure 7.19.107 e-Government System Framework
7.19.1 Function of Proposed e-Government Framework’s Layers
Nepal no framework designed and used for the development of the e-Governmnt System.So, this research proposed
the e-Government Framework with internal layers and their functional variables (components) with the medium. In
proposing framework has included five important and essential layers. Technologically, this should have mentioned
the five layers, layer’s services and their connecting channels. So, the layers show the system’s connectivity and
technical coordination of transformation services. If any problems occurred in the system is very easy to detect the
error areas and make sure to maintain and managed the fault layer’s system’s components and mediums.
1. Access Layer: Access Layer is used to access the Government services where includes all kinds of users
like citizen, business, employee, institution, Government Departments and other stakeholders. It has clearly
293
mentioned in these layers that has been used by PCs, Mobile, Tececenter, call-center, TVs and web. But
India, China and Bangladesh have not included the Access layer in their system framework offline and
online medium an route of transformation which has used for products, services and information by duplex
(multiple) technologies. So, The Access layer used to control and managed the Government users. So, it is
important to provide and find out the Government Services and information in the public sector for
coordination using the different medium.
2. E-Government Layer: This layer and their variables are essential for the integrated sign on portal for e-
Government Service’s transformation. This layer basically used for integrated digital of many organizations
into web portal of e-Government service. This layer is essential to improved access to Government
resources, reduces service processing costs and provide the highest quality service. Because, the E-
Government Layer’s of web portals are up & coming as the major key to create electronic transaction and
interaction between G2C, G2G, G2E, & G2B. This layer allows scatter information sources to be linked.
The linked portal which has used to reduced the overhead and improvement of information flow. It plays
the role to identify and contact with relevant organizations for information providing which helps to reduce
time consuming. So, this layer allows for citizen to reduce the unwieldy process in a step. Because, sign
portal does not sufficient for information transformation. It shows the clear participation of a central e-
Government portal and their integrated sign on portal. The proposed framework fulfilled all mentioned
necessary requirements to the citizens. The layer used to fulfilled the following reasons:
 Difficult to determine which the features & applications are most appropriate to develop a high
operation (function) e-Government portal.
 Technically providing integrated services can only be realized if all the authorities of the citizens are
interconnected.
3. Application Layer: Application Layer is an integration layer because various types of application
and their operational medium has used in this layer. So, the application and their variables which have used
to process the information and transformation interface. If the layer do not clearly identified in the
framework that the boundary of application and components which are in and out may have costly and time
consuming due to different computer environment in citizen centric organizations. So, it is essential to
294
include in framework to upgrade the applications in the future and operation achieved full communication
and their process. This layer have used as the interface for the processing of data and information.
4. Information and Data System Layer: The Information and Data System is a key layer t it is essential
to depict in the framework because the different organization’s domain should have developed and
established in a central database center to store the data and information for processing & accessing
through application layer’s application components or variables. The domains has not included in the
framework that the users should not have processed the Government information. Then it is very
difficulties to find out the related data sources domains for data and information processing, accessing.
5. Infrastructure Layer: Infrastructure Layer is the essential key layer which have used for the
communication and transformation of information using technologies, there exist several variable
components for the dissemination of government information thorough network medium. This layer used to
reach to all of the part of citizen sector globally through different kind of physical devices which shown in
this layer. Used all protocols between communication system includes into this layer. So, the layer focused
on technologies which have used or placed before e-Government services could be offered reliably &
efficiently to the citizens and other stakeholders. So, this layer is potential to support and integrate the
operations of information system and application. This is a foundation layer of system framework
connected to another layer for data and information filter and communication by the connected variables
(components). This layer is necessary for standard and protocol for data communication to sign on users.
Because, Server, LANs, Internet, Intranet, Extranet, MANs and WANs are the main technologies that
support the provision of user friendly and innovative online services involving the transmission of data of
various formats (text, graphics, audio & video). So, the proposed e-Government Framework clearly
designed the infrastructure layer which is very easy to understand & uses the transmission line technically
exist in this environment. Because, this layer is a client server system approach layer. The proposed layer is
an essential key foundation layer. Without this layer can’t communicate any services to anybody.
295
7.19.2 E-Government System Framework Validation Single Layer Neural Network (perceptron) Using
Linear Equation:
For the validation and verification of proposed e-Government System Framework has used the following
computational equation which gives validated values (success rate) for the implementation of the e - government
system in the context of Nepal. The given equation proved the proposed e-Government system framework is a valid
framework for the development of the e - government system in Nepal. So, the following is the equation which gives
the accurate value to validate the framework where consists five layers and 24 variables. Each layer consists
minimum one variable and maximum seven variables according to their functionality. Each and every layer has a
medium for the function of the variable.
Linear equation of the framework can be written as:
Success_rate (r) = λ0+ λ1L1 + λ2 L2 + λ3 L3 + λ4L4 + λ5 L5 -------------- (1)
This equation can be used as a neural network model for single layer (Perceptrom). Here is given equal weightage =
0.20 to all the five layers and λ0 indicates the present success rate in the context of Nepal’s scenario.
Further, the value of L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5 can be found using equation (1) as a recursive function i.e.,
L1 = w10 + w11v11 + w12v12 + ……………. w1av1a --------------------- (2)
L2 = w20 + w21v21 + w22v22 + ……………. w2bv2b --------------------- (3)
L3 = w30 + w31v31 + w32v32 + ……………. w3cv3c ----------------------------- (4)
L4 = w40 + w41v41 + w42v42 + ……………. w4dv4d ----------------------------- (5)
L5 = w50 + w51v51 + w52v52 + ……………. w5ev5e ------------------------------ (6)
Here, w10, w20, w30, w40, w50 are the initial weight of different layers which are taken as zero. [ Because, there were
no existence of these layers initially]
Then, a, b, c, d and e indicates the number of variables used in L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5 respectively.
Single layered neural network or perceptron for the (research) success rate shown in the figure below:-
296
Figure 7.19.2.108 Validation success rate ( r ) of proposed e-Government system Frame of Nepal
7.19.3 Proposed e-Government Framework Layers Validation Algorithm:
success_rate (λi where i€w and i € [0,5], lj where j€n and j € [1,5])
{
success_rate = λ0+ λ( )L1 + λ( )L2 + λ( )L3 + λ( )L4 + λ( )L5
return success_rate
}
λi( wj where j € w and j € [0,5], vk where k € n and k € [1,n]
// n = {a, b, c, d, e} where a,b,c,d,e are no. of variables in L1, L2, L3, L4, & L5.
{
n
λi = Σ vxwx+w0
x=1
return λi
}
297
7.19.4 Survey Data Framework Validation:
It was very important challenges for the validation and verification of e-Government System Framework. The
research used survey data that the data were collected from forty (40) IT related respondents had knowledge about
the framework. Then, with the help of linear equation that were computed the value of validation for proposed
framework. The following five different tables show the compiled survey data. The survey has been done having
forty respondents from IT sector, have knowledge of the framework.
A survey has been done having forty respondents from IT sectors who are playing major role in the development and
designed the system using layers. The Survey was based on the guts feeling of respondents about the importance of
different variables of different layers. We have taken the average of points of importance given by the respondents to
calculate the weight (w) of different variables and thus calculated the values of different layer (L). The 1 to 10
numbers were given to choose according to layers’s variable. So, the research successfully achieved expected data
for validation and verification of proposed e-Government system Framework in the context of Nepal for the
designed and development of the e - Government System. The main reasons of this survey area:
1. The was no option for validation and verification of e-Government System Framework.
2. This research mainly focuses on e-Government System Implementation situation of Nepal.
3. The survey questionnaire totally based on IT personnel who have knowledge and the importance of
system frameworks.
The survey was conducted to collect the reality of e-Government System Framework by the IT respondents.
The First Layer (L1)
Table 7.19.4.58 The first layer variables and their values given by respondents
Citizens Business Employees Institutions Government Departments Others

6 5 2 4 9 9 1
6 7 8 8 5 5 1
5 9 7 6 7 3 8
7 3 5 5 5 7 1
8 6 4 7 5 3 6
5 4 6 5 5 4 1
9 7 8 9 5 7 6
10 6 7 7 7 6 6
9 7 6 6 6 5 1
6 5 5 5 5 5 5
8 6 6 6 7 6 6
6 1 3 3 4 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9 8 8 8 7 7 7
298
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 2 2 2 2 2 2
8 6 6 7 7 7 7
6 6 7 7 6 6 8
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
9 8 3 5 10 1 1
5 8 3 4 1 3 7
5 7 6 2 4 1 2
7 3 6 5 6 2 5
7 4 1 4 7 6 8
10 5 2 4 7 7 4
9 9 8 1 1 1 1
6 5 4 4 4 4 4
7 6 1 2 3 2 2
8 1 1 1 2 5 5
8 4 6 6 6 6 6
9 8 8 8 8 8 4
7 1 1 1 1 1 2
9 8 8 8 8 8 8
6 1 4 8 2 6 3
6 1 1 1 1 2 4
5 1 10 7 1 2 5
4 10 1 5 5 1 6
6 5 6 2 3 7 1
7 5 4 3 6 2 1
2 2 3 1 1 3 1
Sum 264 198 185 185 187 172 159
of(wij)
Second Layer (L2)

Table 7.19.4.59 The second layer variables and their values given by respondents
Central e- Government Number of Websites Central e- Government Number of Website

10 1 10 6
9 2 2 7
9 5 1 5
10 7 7 5
10 6 6 4
7 6 2 3
9 6 5 3
8 7 1 2
8 6 5 1
9 7 4 3
9 6 5 6
9 6 2 2
8 8 5 5
9 6 9 5
9 9 7 9
9 7 2 4
9 7 5 1
299
10 6 8 8
10 6 8 7
10 7 5 4
Sum of(wij) 280 211
Third Layer (L3)
Table 7.19.4.60 The third layer variables and their values given by respondents
IDMS CRM ERP WSA EAI EDI Firmware

3 6 4 3 3 4 4
3 7 3 4 7 4 8
2 3 2 5 4 6 3
1 7 6 1 4 5 1
4 5 4 3 4 6 8
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 2 2 3 4 3 3
1 1 1 2 3 3 3
3 3 3 4 5 5 6
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 3 5 5 6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 3 3 3 3 5
3 4 1 6 5 8 8
3 3 3 3 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 3 3 4 4 5
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 4 6 1 7 3 8
5 1 3 5 4 3 2
8 3 5 2 3 5 2
3 2 6 1 3 1 5
2 4 1 5 8 6 4
5 7 5 4 5 8 7
5 1 2 3 2 2 1
3 5 7 8 7 9 1
4 7 4 6 4 1 3
1 2 3 2 1 3 4
7 7 8 8 7 5 6
2 3 4 1 7 8 1
4 3 3 3 5 5 7
1 2 7 2 5 7 3
2 3 6 2 4 2 4
7 3 1 4 3 2 3
7 2 9 4 1 4 6
4 3 4 3 4 3 4
3 2 3 2 3 3 3
3 4 3 4 5 5 6
Sum of 136 143 153 137 167 169 168
300
(wij)
Fourth Layer (L4)
Table 7.19.4.61 The fourth layer variables and their values given by respondents
GIDC GIDC
10 8
10 7
10 5
10 7
10 6
9 8
9 7
8 7
8 9
9 6
9 6
9 7
8 7
9 8
9 7
9 7
9 7
10 9
10 9
8 9
Sum of(wij) 329
Fifth Layer (L5)
Table 7.19.4.62 The fifth layer variables and their values given by respondents
Servers LANs Internet Intranet Extranet MANs WANs

5 4 6 6 6 4 4
7 3 3 3 4 4 2
2 3 2 5 4 6 3
5 6 4 2 3 2 2
6 5 7 4 5 6 6
2 3 5 4 5 5 5
3 3 4 4 4 2 2
5 6 4 7 7 6 6
9 7 6 6 6 5 1
9 5 3 5 5 5 5
8 6 6 6 7 6 6
8 1 3 3 4 4 5
9 1 8 1 1 1 1
9 8 8 8 7 7 7
9 5 5 5 5 5 5
8 2 2 7 2 7 2
8 6 6 4 7 4 7
301
7 6 7 2 6 6 8
7 2 2 6 2 2 2
9 8 3 5 10 1 1
7 8 3 4 1 3 7
5 7 6 2 4 1 2
7 3 7 8 6 2 5
7 4 1 4 7 6 7
10 5 2 7 7 7 4
9 9 8 1 1 1 1
6 5 4 8 4 4 4
7 6 1 2 3 3 3
8 1 1 8 2 5 5
8 6 6 6 6 6 6
9 8 8 8 8 8 4
7 1 1 1 1 1 3
7 8 7 8 7 8 6
6 1 4 8 2 6 5
6 1 1 9 1 2 4
5 1 8 7 1 2 4
4 8 7 5 4 1 5
5 4 6 2 3 8 1
7 4 3 5 5 2 1
5 4 6 2 4 1 5
Sum 270 184 184 198 177 165 162
of(wij)
Fuzzy weight of different variable wij (i is the layer's number and j is the variable's number ) = Sum of weight of
different variables/(40*10)
wj=Σwij / (40*10) ………. (2)
Therefore from the first layer (Access Layer) L1 using equation (2) we have,
w11= 0.6600 w12 = 0.4950 w13 = 0.4625 w14 = 0.4625 w15 = 0.4675 w16 = 0.4300
w17 = 0.3975
Then, by the equation (1), we have
L1 = w10+v11*w11+v12*w12+v13*w13+v14*w14+v15*w15+v16*w16+v17*w17
= 0+1/7*0.6600+1/7*0.4950+1/7*0.4625+1/7*0.4625+1/7*0.4675+1/7*0.4300+1/7*0.3975
= 0.481243
Similarly, the second layer (e-Government Layer) L2 using equation (2) we have,
w21 = 0.7000 w22 = 0.5275
302
L2 = w20+v21*w21+v22*w22 = 0+1/2*0.7000+1/2*0.5275 = 0.6137500
Such that the third layer (Application Layer) L3 using equation (2) we have
w31 = 0.3400 w32 = 0.3575 w33 = 0.3825 w34 = 0.3425
w35 = 0.4175 w36 = 0.4225 w37 = 0.4200
Then, computing by the equation (1), we have
L3= w30+v31*w31+v32*w32+v33*w33+v34*w34+v35*w35+v36*w36+v37*w37
= 0+1/7*0.3400+1/7*0.3575+1/7*0.3825+1/7*0.3425+1/7*0.4175+1/7*0.4225+1/7*0.4200
= 0.3832143
Then, from the fourth layer (Information & Data System Layer) L4 using equation (2) we have
W41 = 0.8225
L4 = w40+v41*w41
= 0+1/1*8225 = 0.8225000
And, from the fifth layer (Infrastructure Layer) L5 using the equation (2) we have
W51 = 0.6750 w52 = 0.4600 w53 = 4600 w54 = 0.4950
W55 = 0.4425 w56 = 0.4125 w57 = 0.4050
Similarly, using equation (1), we have
L5 = w50+v51*w51+v52*w52+v53*w53+v54*w54+v55*w55+v56*w56+v57*w57
= 0+1/7*0.6750+1/7*0.4600+1/7*0.4600+1/7*0.4950+1/7*0.4425+1/7*0.4125+1/7*0.4050
= 0.4785714
The values of different layers (five layers):
Our hypothesis : We have given the equal importance to each of the variables and layers. And, therefore, we will
assume the values of vij to be 1/i, for all vijs. Similarly, for the weights of different layers too, we will consider
them similar and therefore, for all λi we have λi= 1/5=0.2.
Therefore,
L1= w10+v11*w11+v12*w12+v13*w13+v14*w14+v15*w15+v16*w16+v17*w17 = 0.481243
L2= w20+v21*w21+v22*w22 = 0.6137500
L4= w40+v41*w41 = 0.8225000

303
Hence, We have different fuzzy weights of our five layers obtained from the survey data. Our framework equation,
r = λ0+L1λ1+L2λ2+L3λ3+L4λ4+L5λ5 ……………………..Framework Equation
It can be used now to calculate the value of r, where λ0 is the present status of success in the e - government sector.
The value r can be interpreted in two ways:
i. The success achieved in e-Government after the use of this framework.
ii. The necessity of framework in the context of Nepal. (L1λ1+L2λ2+L3λ3+L4λ4+L5λ5)
The value of r:
r = 9.84 + 0.2*(0. 0.481243+0.6137500+0.3832143+0.8225000+0.4785714 ) = 10.396
Table 7.19.4.63 Framework layers’ variables and their weight
Variables (v)
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7
Layers (L)
L1 264 198 185 185 187 172 159
L2 280 211
L3 136 143 153 137 167 169 168
L4 329
L5 270 184 184 198 177 165 162
Therefore the mathematical validation of proposed e-Government System Framework shown the validation values
in following tables 7.19.4.7.
Table 7.19.4.64 Mathematival Validation Table of e-Government proposed Framework
Layer's Name Sum of Weight (wij) of Variable's

Layer's Variables (vij) Weight wij
264 0.66000 w11
198 0.49500 w12

Access Layer 185 0.46250 w13
185 0.46250 w14 L1 0.482143
187 0.46750 w15\
304
172 0.43000 w16
159 0.39750 w17
280 0.70000 w21 L2 0.613750

e-Government Layer
211 0.52750 w22
r = λ0+L1λ1+L2λ2+L3λ3+L4λ4+L5λ5= 10.39604 0.556 (55%)
136 0.34000 w31 Success Rate of Proposed System Framework= 0.556
143 0.35750 w32 Success Rate of Proposed System Framework= 55.604%

Application Layer 153 0.38250 w33
137 0.34250 w34 L3 0.383214
167 0.41750 w35
169 0.42250 w36
168 0.42000 w37
Information & Data System

329 0.82250 w41 L4 0.822500
Layer
270 0.67500 w51

184 0.46000 w52
184 0.46000 w53
Infrastructure Layer 198 0.49500 w54 L5 0.478571
177 0.44250 w55
165 0.41250 w56
162 0.40500 w57
7.19.5 Validated Value of e-Government System Framework Five Layers
Table 7.19.5.65 Final Validation value of Framework Layers of e-Government of Nepal
Layers Value Framework Success System Framework(λ0) Proposed System

Rate ( r ) Framework(λ0)
L1 0.482143
L2 0.613750
L3 0.383214 10.39604 0.55 55%
L4 0.822500
L5 0.478571
Interpretations:
i. The first interpretation :
305
To the data, which generated from the survey, using the Single layer neural network (Perceptron) we have found
the value of r = 10.39604 which is in addition 0.55 to the current success rate of e-Government. From this value
of r, it can conclude that the overall development in e-Governance after the implementation of the proposed
framework, keeping all the other attributes (Human Resources, Technical Co-ordinance, ICT infrastructure,
Stable Government, Awareness, Motivation) same as of the present, it will achieve an increment in e-
government success by 0.55 percent.
ii. The second interpretation:
The fuzzy value of λ0+L1λ1+L2λ2+L3λ3+L4λ4+L5λ5 which we obtained 0.55 suggest that 55 percent of
professionals engaged in Information Technology, feels a factor which is playing a vital role in the negation of
Design of the system. And thus this Framework is an essential part of the successful implementation of the e -
government system in Nepal. So, from the Survey and the result obtained by the use of Single layer neural
network (Perceptron).
Used Notation (Parameter and Variable) Descriptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
306
7.20 Summary:
In this research, the study recommended the solution/outcome, according to key research questions and objectives.
The recommendation proposes the Framework for the development and implementation of e-Government service in
Nepal and other developing countries and also helps to reduce the gap between design and reality. The main
outcome of this research study is the e-Government implementation system framework, which becomes from
verified challenges. The proposed framework is one of the best outcomes for the development of the e-Government
system in the country. Because the proposed e-Government System Framework validated by related respondent’s
survey analysis data from single layer neural network (perceptron) using a linear equation. The proposed framework
is validated by using framework inside’s layers. The success rate of the framework is 55%, which proved success
result of recommended Framework is valid to implement the e-Government System in Nepal. So, Nepal
Government and other developing countries used this framework for the development and implementation of e-
Government.
According to these models this research recommended a framework for implementation of an e-Government system
which provides a uniform or homogenous set of software apparatus for the new development & running e-
Government applications. The recommended framework is based on the collected data analysis and verification the
research which presents a modern cloud based e-Government framework for citizen centric services. The
recommended e-Government system framework is a five element layer based where consists access layer in the
upper section with variables and the medium that is receiving and sending service channels with communication
medium. The Second section is an e-Government layer consists with central e-Government portal and numbers of
website as the variables with citizens and stakeholder medium. The third section consists application layer with
necessary variables for information processing with an interface and the medium data system (database, data
warehouse). The fourth section of the framework is Information & Data system layer with a GIDC variable and the
medium is Government data source through different organizations and the fifth section which is a foundation layer
that is an infrastructure layer where consists server, LANs, Internet, Intranet, Extranet and WAN variables which has
implemented network medium. On the basis of the five layers e-Government system, IT is enabling administrative
process between G2C, G2G and G2B.
So, the proposed framework plays the prime role to control, coordinate, integrity of e-Government system
implementation for the transformation of Government services. In this part provides an overall functional
307
mechanism that provides services outcome to the citizens. At the end of this part or chapter has mentioned a use case
diagram which delivered overall interaction between citizens and the system.
Conclusions
Conclusion 01:
This research study is particularly developed to provide an analysis of the current e-government status in Nepal and
to support the government in pursuing its objective towards e-government transformation. Thus, it offers an
innovative framework from a government practitioner's viewpoint and in light of the existing literature in the field.
The recommended framework is an amalgamation of learning from various e-governments initiatives across the
globe. It defines a comprehensive approach addressing technology, strategy and the broader approach to realizing e-
government transformation. It proposes many innovative models to support the visualization of numerous
dimensions of transforming e-government. This research article is structured as follows.
 First, a short literature review on the concept of citizen Centricity in e-government applications is provided.
 Next, some recent statistics on the progress of e-government with a focus on the Nepal is presented,
covering some of the recent efforts of the government of the Nepal in terms of its strategy, e-services and
distribution, and recent developments.
The research and development methodology is outlined thereafter, and subsequently the proposed framework is
presented and discussed. The research concludes with the presentation of some key thoughts and considerations
around success factors and improvement opportunities.
This research has contributed a strong e-Government System Framework for the development and implementation
of e-Government in the context of Nepal. The research recommends an authentic framework and model to Nepal
Government and other developing countries, who have not developed and implement the e-Government System.
This research basically recommends the following model and framework which are the validated outcome. And this
is the proposed solution is very strongly recommended solution which are the results of verified findings. So, this
proposed model and framework are which becomes from verified challenges which are the best recommended
solution for the development and implementation of the e - Government System in Nepal. The other recommended
model and framework are:
 e-Government Strategy
 e-Government Relationship
308
 e-Government Delivery Framework
 e-Government Domain
 e-Government Connectivity
 e-Government Application Model
 e-Government System Data and Information Flow (center to village level)
 e-Government Information Processing and Accessing System Delivery Framework
 e-Government System Architectural Structures
 e-Government System Conceptual Framework
 e-Government Service Delivery Framework with Control, Coordination, Integration and Security
Conclusion 02:
This research which is investigating the detailed solutions to e-government integration problem, and pointed out
that the solutions seem to be consumed by technologies and governmental system requirements. The research
findings and their verification result have indicated that formation of service deliverable framework architecture and
system framework must be focused and represent the generic model, which is mostly about producing an added
value of delivering a better and more reliable service for the citizens, business and institutions. Considering the
complexity of integrating e-government services, particularly the ones developed in their advanced relevant
transitional stages, e-service integration, which requires a fully renowned and repeatable methodological approach to
make sure the well-organized and reliable, unfailing dissemination of e-government citizen centric services towards
an incorporated life-event determined system. Then, proposed an implementation framework, e-government
relationship, e-government delivery framework, e-government domain and connectivity for service integration,
which helps to make a strong system that has very simplicity to the citizens and other related users. This study
predicts that the proposed system can fulfilled all the demands for development and information deliver aspect. The
findings of this research have an important impact on the efficiency and success of future citizen centric e-services
addition, by providing a combined procedural or methodological approach to citizen centric e-services delivery.
Future research initiatives must especially focus on evaluation of Electronic-System Implementation Management
methodology with a particular attention to interoperability connected problems of citizen centric e-services addition
task or assignment of e-Government life-cycle. Validating the proposed implementation of system framework by
309
developing an included e-government service delivery system can provide a proof of concept for all our theoretical
findings in this research.
The primary focus of this research is to find out the challenges that are apparent as being the most challenging with
regard to e-government system development implementation according to citizen’s perspective. E-government
development and implementation in each and every area has faced some vital challenges which have big gaps in
reality and design. The brief discussion of the findings of this research with regard to the main research question and
objectives are as follows.
When accomplishing this research and concludes that the e-Government System Framework is the most important
challenging for development and implementing the e-Government to disseminate the citizen-centric services.
Without appropriate designed of e-Government System Framework, it is not possible to implement the citizen
centric e-government system in Nepal and other developing countries. At First it is necessary to have a strong and
appropriate designed e-Government System Framework with efficient ICT infrastructure to implement e-
government. Without having a strong and efficient developed ICT infrastructure and technical coordination is not
possible to set up the system. Again in the context of Nepal, without having stable government, motivation and
awareness among the political leaders and users of the e-government system, it is not possible to developed and set
up an effective e-government implementation system. Then, the leaders and users (citizens) must have enough
knowledge about the e-government system and its provided services. There is not any alternative to increase the
computer literacy in order to make and implement the effective e-government. Then the government should have
taken strong and essential and crucial steps to increase the awareness among the users (citizens) level like- arranging
basic training, special training session and compulsory computer course subject must have read in school from
beginning about Information Communication Technology (ICT) the e-Government System. According to this
research there are mainly six major challenges and their probable solutions (outcomes) on which the government
should have looked and followed about to make the e - government system effective.
310
Limitations of research
The finding provides the only technical system environment for the development and implementation of e-
Government in Nepal. The solution has not supported to software development part of e-Government. It has limited
in system re-engineering. This cannot be used for the theoretical part of e-Government and this study found
verification does not hold up for an application development part. The findings in this research have been affected
by the lack of hypothetical result in the e-government acceptance research area. Attempt complete so far to develop
technical systems connecting to the implementation of e-government in developing countries is at present not well
planned and structured. However, construction a conceptual framework at the beginning helped to reduce the effect
of the lack of theory and established the theoretical basis for the research. Additional, the development of the e-
government implementation framework as a concluding outcome which has contributed to the hypothetical building
and testing. In spite of the several benefits of qualitative research and the richness obtain from the gathered facts and
figures, and use of other approaches could have helped in identifying more other ethical, social, economic and other
related factors and achieving the nearer & deeper understanding. Another limitation, it has not been used
quantitative techniques , but can use quantitative techniques which would provide: e-government acceptance rates;
statistical assessments of e-Government usage; and by the use of the quantitative technique basically shows the
probability, correlation between challenges or issues. Although, this would imply more forceful and robust research
result, it is not appropriate to time limitations. As the result this research identified the significant factors of e-
government implementation in Nepal’s public sector for citizen-centric information, and developed the
comprehensive framework by the help of identifying domain as a powerful instrument or tool that has assisted in the
development and implementation process of e-government in the context of Nepal and other developing countries.
The innovation of this research can be seen as a considerable contribution to the body of understanding (knowledge)
and its suggestions are essential for all the researchers and the e - Government developer and their policy makers
who are willing to make a change of e-Government services.
 The research was conducted in Nepal, and restricted to the public sector of Nepal.
 The small number of examined concerned organizational studies at the Governmental organizational level
who can adoption of the e - government system.
Reference
311
[1] UNESCO, “Chapter 1: Introduction to e-Government and Overview of the Toolkit”, E-GOVERNMENT
TOOLKIT for DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 2005.
[2] Mark A. Forman, “e-Government: Using IT to transform the effectiveness and efficiency of Government”,
presentation dated: 15, June, 2005, p.4. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEDEVELOPMENT/
Resources/ Forman Egov(6_05).ppt
[3] Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Public Administration and Development
Management, “UN E-GOVERNMENT SURVEY 2008”, From E-Government to connected Governance,
United Nations, New York 2008.
[4] Richard Heeks, “Implementing and Managing eGovernment”, AN INTERNATIONAL TEXT, SAGE
Publications, London. Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, 2006.
[5] Richard Heeks, “Implementing and Managing eGovernment”, AN INTERNATIONAL TEXT, SAGE
Publications, London, 2006.
[6] Government of Italy, Ministry of Innovation and Technologies, United Nations, Department of Economic
and Social Affairs, “Plan of Action, E-Government for Development”, – May 2002 (page: 15, 16, 19, 20,
21)
[7] Thomas F. Gordon, Fraunhofer FOKUS, “E-Government – Introduction”, Tel: +49 30 3463 7219, E-mail:
gordon@fokus.fhg.de, http://www.ercim.eu/publication/Ercim_News/enw48/intro.html, January, 2002.
[8] Abdelbaset Rabaih and Eddy Vandijck, ETRO Research Group, Virje Universitiet Brussel, Beligium,” A
Startegic Framework of e-Government: Generic and Best Practice”, ISSN 1470 – 439X (pp 241 – 258)-
2009.
[8] Rabaiah, A, and Vandijck, E. “A Strategic Framework of e-Government: Generic and Best Practice
Electronic Journal of e-Government Volume 7 Issues 3, 2009, (pp241 – 258), ISSN 1479-439X.
[9] Nag Yeon Lee and Kwangsok Oh, APCiCT Asian and Pacific Training Center for Information and
Communication .Technology for Development, “Academy of ICT Essential for Government Leaders”,
Module 3, e-Government Applications, Republic of Korea, http://www.unapcict.org (pp. 17-22, 24, 27,29,
35-41, 2013
[10] Dr. Subarna Shakya, Prasasan, Sarbjanik Prasasan Sambandith Patrika, “e-Government Implementation
in Nepal: Opportunities and Challenges”, Barsa 40, Anka 3, Purnaka 112, Ashad 2066.
312
[11] Dr. Clay G. Wescott, Senior Public Administration Specilist, Asian Development Bank (ADB), Manila,
Phillipines, “ E-GOVERNMENT IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION”, 2001.
United Nations. Internet Site: www.unpan.org.
[13] Subash Bhatnagar, Indian Institute of Management, Amedabad – 380015, ‘Egovernment: Lesson from
Implementation in Developing Countries”, UNCRD, Autumn 2002.
[14] Government of Italy, Ministry of Innovation and Technologies, United Nations, Department of Economic
and Social Affairs, Plan of Action, “E-Government for Development – May 2002” page: 7 ,
9,10,22,23,24,25,2628 &29.
[15] eGovt Toolkit, Chapter 1: Overview -> Chapter 1: “Introduction to e-Government and Overview of the
Toolkit”, 2005.
[16] Syed Faizan H. Zaidi, Sahithi Siva, Ph.D, Farhi Maris (2); Landon Metropolitan University, Holloway
Road, London, UK(2), Zayed University Dubai, UAE, “Development and Validation of Framework for
Assessing the Performance and Trust in e-Government Services”, International Journal of Applied
Information Systems (IJAIS)-ISSN:2249-0868, Foundation of Computer Science FCS, New York, USA,
Volume 7 – No. 4, June 2014.
[17] Korea IT Industry Promotion Agency, Nepal Government “Nepal eGMP, e-Government Master Plan
Consulting Report”, For Government of Nepal by Korea IT Industry Promotion Agency, 2008.
[18] Y.N. Chen, H.M. Chen, W.Huang, “E-Government Strategic in Developed and Developing Countries: An
Implementation Framework and Case Study”, R.K.H. Ching Publish in Journal of Global Information
Management, 14(1), 23-46, January-March 2006, 23.
[19] Saleh Alshomrain, Department of Information System, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology,
King Abdueddah, Saudi Arabia, “A Comparative Study on United Nations E-Government Indicators
between Saudi Arabia and USA”, Journal of Emeging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences,
ISSN 2079-8407, Vol. 3, No. 3, March 2012.
[20] Google Search, World Internet Usage & Population Statistics – 2009, “World Internet Usage & Population
Statistics”, Report Image.
313
[21] Ranjana Mukherjee, Consultant, Public Sector Group, PREM Network and Arsala Deane,
Consultant,Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region,
PREM notes Public Sector “Staff incentives and project implementation: lessons from e-Government”, The
World Bank, October 2005, Number 101.
[22] Subhash Bhatnagar, Consultant, Public Sector, PREM and Arsala Deane, Consultant, Public Sector, PREM,
“Building blocks of e-Government: lessons from developing countries”, PREM notes, Public Sector, The
World Bank, August 2004, Number 91.
[23] Adegboyega Ojo, Tomasz Janowski and Elsa Estevez, “Determining Progress Towards e-Government –
What are the Core Indicators?”, United Nations University UNU – IIST, International Institute for Software
Technology Macau, April 2007, UNU-IIST Report No. 360.
[24] Google search, “World Internet Usage and Population Statistics-2009”, Report Image.
[25] United Public Administration Program, Division for Public Administration and Development Management
(DPADM), UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) “United Nations E-Government
Development Database”,www.unpan.org/DPADM/.../eGovernment Development Database (UNeGo...),
2010/11.
[26] Government of Italy, Ministry of Innovation and Technologies, United Nation, Department of Economic
and Social Affairs, Plan of Action, “E-Government of Development”, - May 2002 (page: 15,16,19,20,21).
[27] Anu Paul, Varghese Paul, School of Computer Science, MG University, Kottyam, India, School of
Information Technology, Cochin University, Kochi, India, “A Framework for e-Government
Interoperability in Indian Perspective”, International Journal of Computer Information Systems and
Industrial Management Applications. ISSN 2150-7988 Volume 6(2014) pp. 582-591.
[28] Zakaria I. Saleh, Rand A. Obeidat, Yaser Khamayseh, Yarmouk University, Department of Management
Information System, Jordan, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer
Science, Jordan, “A Framework for an E-Government Based on Service Oriented Architecture for Jordan”,
I.J. Information Engineering and Electronic Business, DOI: 10.5815/ijieeb.2013.03.01 -2103.
[29] Toshio OBI, Director, Institute e-Government Waseda University, “The 2008 Waseda University World e-
Government Ranking Released”.
[30] Internet World Stats, “WORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS”, June 30, 2012.
www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
314
[31] United Nation, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), “E-Government Survey 2012”,
United Public Administration Program, Division for public Administration and Development Management
(DPADM),
[32] Nepal, “eGMP, e-Government Master Plan Consulting Report 2006.8”, For Government of Nepal by KIPA,
Korea IT Industry Promotion Agency, Page: 138.
[33] United Public Administration Country Studies (UNPACS) E-GOV – Rehion Data – 2014 “ E-Government
Development Index”, Asia and Sub-Regions (2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014).
[34] Nepal, “e-GMP, e-government Master Plan Consulting Report, 2006.8”, For Government of Nepal by
KIPA, Korea IT Industry Promotion Agency.
[35] Nepal Telecom Central Office, 2009, “Management Information System, M.I.S.”, Nepal Doorsanchar
Company Limited, Operational & Maintenance Department 2009.
Management United Nations, “e-Government Survey 2008”, From E-Government to Connected
Governance, United Nations New York – 2008.
[37] United Nations E-Government Development Knowledge Base, http://www.unpan.org/egovkb, 2008.
Management “United Nations e-Government Survey 2008”, From E-Government to Connected
Governance, United Nations New York – 2008.
[39] Mmamolefe R. Kgasi, Tshwane University of Technology, Department of End User Computing, Pretoria
South Africa, Billy M. Kalema Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Informatics, Pretoria,
South Africa “Assessment E-health Readiness for Rural South African Areas”, Journal of Industrial and
Intelligent Information Vol. 2, No. 2, June 2014.
United Nations, New York 2008.
[41] E-GOVERNMENT TOOLKIT for DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, UNESCO 2005.
[42] e-Government in Turkey, e-Government Factsheets, “Country Profile History Strategy Legal Framework
Actors Who’s Who Infrastructure Services for Citizens Services for Business, Edition 11.0 – 2014
315
[43] Mmamolefe R. Kgasi and Billy M. Kalema, Tshwane University of Technology, Department of End User
Computing, Pretoria South Africa, Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Informatics, Pretoria,
South Africa, “Assessment E-health Readiness for Rural South African Areas”, Volume 2, No. 2, June
2014.
[44] M. Mozammel Hoque Chowdhury, A.K.M. Zaidi Satter, Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Department of Business Administration,
Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh,” Citizen Perspective E-Governance Model for
Developing Countries: Bangladesh Context”, Volume 2, Issue 3 – 2014.
[45] International Telecommunication Union Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland, “Measuring the
Information Society Report - 2104”, The ICT Development Index, ISBN 978-92-61-15291-8, pp. 35-85.
[46] United Nations E-Government Development Knowledge Base, http://www.unpan.org/egovkb.
United Nations, New York 2008. www.unpan.org
[48] Rebhi Baraka, Suhail Madouh, Faculty of Information Technology, Islamic University of Gaza; “SOA-
BASED FRAMEWORK FOR THE PALETINIAN E-GOVERNMENT CENTRAL DATABASE”
presentation-2012
[49] Toshio OBI, Director, The Waseda University, “World e-Government Ranking Released – 2008”, Institute
e-Government Waseda University, Page: 8 [Dimension & Indicators].
[50] Tatyana Podgayetskaya, Wolffried Stucky, University of Karlsruhe, D-76128 Karlsruhe, “15 th International
Workshop on database and Expert Systems Applications”, (DEXA’04)1529-4188/04, 2004.
[51] Hilary Mullen, Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College, David Sanford Horner, University of
Brighton, “Ethical Problems for e-Government: An Evaluative Framework”, @Academic Conferences Ltd,
ISSN: 1479 – 439X. Electronic Journal of e-Government Volume 2 Issue 3 2004 (187 – 196)
[52] Syed Faizan H. Zaidi, London Metropolitan University, Holloway Road, London, UK; Sahithi Siva, Ph.D,
London Metropolitan University, Holloway Road, London, UK; Farhi Marir, Zayed University,
Dubai,UAE, “ Development and Validation of a Framework for Assigning the Performance and Trust in e-
Government Services”, International Journal of Applied Information Systems (IJAIS) – ISSN : 2249-0868,
Foundation of Computer Science FCS, New York, USA, Volume 7– No. 4, June 2014.
316
[53] Ibrahim H. Osman, American University of Beirut, Olayan School of Business Lebanon; Abdel Latef
Anouze, American University of Beirut, Olayan School of Business, Lebanon; Zahir Irani, Brunel Business
School, Brunel University, UK; Habin Lee, Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK; Asım Balcı,
Türksat, Selçuk University, Turkey; Tunç D. Medeni, Türksat, Middle East Technical University, Turkey;
Vishanth Weerakkody, Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK, “NEW COBRAS FRAMEWORK
TO EVALUATE EGOVERNMENT SERVICES: A CITIZEN CENTRIC PERSPECTIVE”, tGov
Workshop’11 (1GOV11), March 17-18, 2011, Brunel University, West London, UB83PH.
[54] NATIONAL PLANNING COMISSION SECRETARIATE, CENTRAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS,
“STATISTICAL POCKET BOOK, NEPAL 2008, GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL”, KATHMANDU,
NEPAL.
[55] Benat Bilbao-Osorio, Soumitra Dutta, and Bruno Lanvin, Insight Report, The Global Information
Technology Report – 2014, Rewards and Risks of Big Data, “ The Networked Readiness Index Ranking”,
2014 World Economic Forum.
[56] Kanishka Karunasena, RMIT University; Hepu Deng, RMIT University, “Testing and Validating a
Conceptual Framework for Evaluating the Public Value of e-Government using Structural Equation
Modelling”, Association for Information Systems AIS Electronic Library (AISeL), Australasian (ACIS), 1-
1-2010.
[57] European Commission Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology Unit
F.4 Knowledge Base, “e-Government Benchmark Framework 2012-2015”, Method paper July 2012, A
study prepared for the European Commission DG Communications Networks, Content & Technology.
[58] Government of India, Department of Information Technology, Ministry of Communications and
Information Technology,” Quality Assurance Framework”, For eGovernance Applications -
Version 1.0 June 2010 Page 2 of 43New Delhi – 110 003.
[59] Dr. Subarna Shakya, “Establishment of Government Integrated Data Centre in Neapl”, STRATEGIC
FACILITIES, ISSUE & JUN/JUL 2009.
[60] Zakareya Ebrahim, Brunel University; Zahir Irani, Brunel University; Sarmad Al Shawi, Brunel
University,” A Strategic Framework for E-government Adoption in Public Sector Organisations”, Americas
317
Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), AMCIS 2004 Proceedings, Association for Information
Systems Year 2004.
[61] Beijing Municipal Office of Informatization, “Beijing E-Government Vision and Framework”, Sister City
Program Technology Summit White Papers, June 24-25, 2004.
[62] Dr. Emad El Din Eid, Professor, El-Zarka Academy Egypt, Eng: Mostafa Mohamed Abd El-Razek,
Executive Manager, Advanced Solution and Consultant (ASCON), “E-GOVERNMENT THEORY &
IMPLEMENTATION CASE STUDY EGYPTIAN E-GOVERNMENT MODEL”, The International
Conference on Administration and Business, ICEA-FAA 2009, 14-15 NOVEMBER 2009,
http://conference.faa.ro, The Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest.

[63] Hazri Kifle and Patrick Low Kim Cheng, “e-Government Implementation and Leadership – the Brunei
Case Study”, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei, University of South Australia, Australia, ISSN
1479-439X (pp 271 – 182), @Academic Conference Ltd. www.ejeg.com, 2009.

[64] Hilary Mullen, Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College, Hilary.Mullen@bcuc.ac.uk, David Sanford
Horner, University of Brighton, D.S.Horner@brighton.ac.uk, “Ethical Problems for e-Government: An
Evaluative Framework”, ISSN: 1479-439X, @Academic Conference Ltd. (pp 187-195), www.ejeg.com.
[65] Neeraj Sethi and Vijay Sethi, “E-government Implementation: A Case Study of Dubai e-Government”,
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, aneerja@ntu.edu.sg, 2000.
[66] Marc M. Lankhorst, Wijnand L.A. Derks, “Towards a Service-Oriented Architecture for Demand-Driven e-
Government”,Telematica Instituut, PO Box 589, 7500 AN Enschede, the Netherlands.
{marc.lankhorst,wijnand.derks}@telin.nl, DOI 10.1109/EDOC.2007.27, IEEE, Computer Society.
[67] M.Alshehri, PhD Candidate in School of ICT, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia,
Mohammed.Alshehri2@student.griffth.edu.au, S. Drew, Senior Lecturer in the School of ICT, Griffth
University, Brisbane, Australia, s.drew@griffth.edu.au;, “CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS” IASK E-
ALT2010 (pp. 79-86).
[68] Prabhudatt Dwivedi, School of Management, Krishna Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Muradnagar, Ghazibad, India; Ganesh P. Sahu, School of Management Studies, Motilal Nehru National
Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India, “Challenges of E-Government Implementation in India”,
prabhudatt_d@yahoo.co.in, (pp. 210 – 215), 2008.
[69] Chowdhary Golam Hossan, Senior Lecturer, East West University, 45 Mohakhali Dhaka 1203,
hossan@iuj.ac.jp; Md Wahidul Habib, PhD Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Jadavpur

318
University Kolkata 700032, India, wahidul123@india.com; Prof. I. Kushchu, Mobile Government
Consortium, UK Visiting Fellow, Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighto, UK,
ik@mgovernment.org “Success and Failure Factors for e-Government Projects Implementation in
Developing Countries: A Study on the perception of Government Official of Bangladesh.
[70] Ali Rokhman, Post Graduate Programin Administration Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Visiting
Academic Staff, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Technology Sydney,
alriokhman@unsoed.ac.id, “E-Government Adoption in Developing Countries; the Case of Indonesia”,
Volume 2 No. 5, MAY 2011, ISSN 2079 – 8407, Journal of Emerging Trend in |Computing and Information
Science, @2010-11 CIS Journal, All right reserved, http://www.cisjournal.org .
[71] Hajed Al-Rashidi, School of Information Systems, Computing and Mathematics, Brunel University, West
London, Hajed.Alrashidi@brunel.ac.uk, ”Examining Internal Challenges to E-Government Implementation
from System Users Perspective”, European and Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems 2010
(EMOIS2010).
[72] Wang Jianhua, Chief Editor, UNPAN Asia and Pacific Center, Professor, Shanghai Academy of Social
Sciences, China; “e-Government of China: Performance and Prospects” Presented to Capacity-building
Workshop on Back Office Management for e/m-Government in Asia and the Pacific Region, Shanghai,
China, 27-28 May 2008.
[73] Abdullah AL-Shehry, The School of Computing, DeMontfort University, UK, Alshehry@dmu.ac.uk,
Simon Rogerson, The School of Computing, DeMontfort University, UK, srog@dmu.ac.uk, N. Ben
Fairweather, The School of Computing, DeMontfort University, UK, nbf@dmu.ac.uk, Mary Prior, The
School of Computing, DeMontfort University, UK, mprior@dmu.ac.uk, “THE MOTIVATION FOR
CHANGE TOWARDS E-GOVERNMENT ADOPTION: CASE STUDIES FROM SAUDI ARABIA”:
eGovernment Workshop ’06 (eGOV06), September 11 2006, Brunel University, West London, UB8 3PH.
[74] Edwin Lau, Project Leader OECD E-Government Project, Organization for Economic Co-Opeartion and
Development (OECD), “CHALLENGES FOR E-GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT”, 5th Global Forum
Reinventing Government, Mexico City, 5 November 2003.
[75] Architecture for delivering pan-European e-Government services, Version 1.0, Architecture for pan-
European eGovernment Services,PEGS Infrastructure – Architecture, “Technical description of target eGov
319
infrastructure for delivering PEGS Specific contract based on ENTR/02/20-EGOVERNMENT” (Contract
IDA.20040539).
[76] Ali M. AL-Khouri, Emirates Identity Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE, “AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH FOR
E-GOVERNMENT TRANSFORMATION”; International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains
(IJMVSC) Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2011.
[77] Tamara Almarabeh and Amer AbuAli, Computer Information System Department, University of Jordan, Al-
Jubeiha, 11942, Amman, Jordan, E-mail: t.almaraabeh@ju.edu.jo; Philadelphia University, Jerash, Jordan,
E-mail: drabuali@yahoo.com; “A General Framework for E-Government: Definition Maturity Challenges,
Opportunities, and Success”, European Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-216X Vol.39 No.1
(2010), pp.29-42, © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010, http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm.
[78] Gajendra Sharma, Xi Bao and Wang Qian, School of Public Administration and Law, Dalian University of
Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Gaoxinyuan District, Dalian and 116023, Chian, “Public Attitude,
Service Delivery and Bureaucratic Reform in e-Government: A Conceptual Framework”, Information
Technology Journal 2012 ISSN 1812 – 5638/DOI: 103923/itj.2012@2012 Asian Network for Scientific
Information.
[79] Dr. Pallab Sahs, National University of Singapore, Institute of Systems Science, “Leveraging Enterprise
Architecture for Government Transformation: Innovations in Singapore”, E-Government Architecture
Expert Council Meeting, Agency of the Expert Council Meeting, Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for
Information & Communication Astana, Kazakhstan, May 21st & 22nd, 2009.
[80] Carlos Grima-Izquierdo, “Designing a General Architecture to Support eGovernment”, Department of
Statistics and Operation Research, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Madrid, Spain). Email:
carlos.grima@urjc.es David Ríos Insua, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos and Royal Academy of Sciences
(Madrid, Spain). Email: david.rios@urjc.es;
[81] Hiba Mohammad, Computer Information System Department, University of Jordan, Al-Jubeiha, 11942,
Amman, Jordan, E-mail: h.khadrawi@ju.edu.jo ; Tamara Almarabeh, Computer Information System
Department, University of Jordan, Al-Jubeiha, 11942, Amman, Jordan, E-mail: tmarabeh@yahoo.com ;
Amer Abu Ali, Philadelphia University, Jerash, Jordan, E-mail: drabuali@yahoo.com , Tel: +962-
65355000, Ext: -22603; “E-government in Jordan”, European Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-
320
216X Vol.35 No.2 (2009), pp.188-197, © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009,
http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm.
[82] Dr. Clay G. Wescott is Senior Public Administration Specialist, Asian Development Bank (ADB), Manila,
Philippines. “E-Government in the Asia-Pasific Region”, published as Clay Wescott, Marilyn Pizarro, and
Salvatore Schiavo-Campo, URLs cited were all accessed on 7 September, 2001.
[83] Manish Pokharel, PhD Student of Korea Aerospace University; Seung-Jun Choi, Brigadier General of the
Republic of Korea Air Force; Bong-Jae Lee, PhD Student of Korea Aerospace University; Jong-Sou Park,
Professor, PhD Student of Korea Aerospace University; “A Noble Enterprise Architecture to enhance the
Non-Functional Properties”, Korea Knowledge Information Technology Society, Feburary 2013.
[84] Hanifa Shah , professor of information systems, head of the Informatics and Knowledge Management
Group, and a strategic IT consultant to Britvic Soft Drinks, h.shah@staffs.ac.uk.; Mohamed El Kourdi,
doctoral student in the Faculty of Computing, Engineering, and Technology at Staffordshire University and
a member of the Informatics and Knowledge Management Group, “Frameworks for Enterprise
Architecture”, Contact him at m.elkourdi@staffs.ac.uk., published by IEEE Computer Society, 1520-
9202/07, IT Pro 2007.
[85] KatariinaValtonen, Ville Seppanen, and Mauri Leppanen, University of Jyvaskala, “Government Enterprise
Architecture Grid Adaptation in Finland”, Proceedings of the 42 nd Hawaii International Conference on
System Science – 2009”.
[86] Marijn Janssen, School of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan
5, NL-2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands, Tel. +31 (15) 278 1140, Marijnj@tbm.tudelft.nl ; Kristian Hjort-
Madsen, National IT and Telecom Agency & IT-University of Copenhagen, Holsteinsgade 63, 1260
Copenhagen, Denmark, Tel: + 45 (28) 582 582, khm@itst.dk, “Analyzing Enterprise Architecture in
National Governments: The cases of Denmark and the Netherlands “,Proceedings of the 40th Hawaii
International Conference on System Sciences – 2007.
[87] Farzad Sanati, Jie Lu, Faculty of Information Technology, University of Technology, PO Box 123,
Broadway NSW 2007. Email:{fsanati,jielu}@it.uts.edu.au; Xianyi Zeng, The ENSAIT Textile Institute, 9
rue de l'Ermitage 59100 Roubaix, France, Email: xianyi.zeng@ensait.fr, “A Methodological Framework for
E-government Service Delivery Integration”.
[88] Saltanat Janenova, PhD student in Social Policy, “E-GOVERNMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN:

321
CHALLENGES FOR A TRANSITIONAL COUNTRY”, School of Social and Political Studies, University
of Edinburgh, UK, sjnenova@gmail.com; S.A.Janevova@sms.ed.ac.uk, 12-14 May 2014.
[89] Boni Pudjianto, School of IT Business – KAIST ICC Campus – Daejeon South Korea, boni@kaist.ac.kr;
Zo Hangjung, School of IT Business – KAIST ICC Campus – Daejeon South Korea, joezo@kaist.edu;
“Factors Affecting e-Government Assimilation in Developing Countries”, 2012.
[90] Darren Mundy and Bandi Musa, University of Hull, Scarborough, UK, Independent Researcher, UK,
d.mundy@hull.ac.uk, bandimusa@yahoo.com; “Towards a Framework for eGovernment Development in
Nigeria”; ISSN 1479-439, Academic Conferences Ltd. Electronic Journal of e-Government Volume 8, Issue
2 2010, (pp 148-161), available online at www.ejeg.com.
[91] United Nation E-Government Survey – 2010; “World e-Government Rankings”, Chapter 4, page 50 – 82.
[92] Beijing Municipal Office of Informatization May 2004, “Beijing E-Government Vision and Framework”;
Sister City Program Technology Summit White Papers, June 24-25, 2004, Copyright @ 2004 by the Sister
City Program of the City of New York.
[93] Abdullah AL-Shehry, The School of computing, DeMonfort University,UK, Alshehry@dmu.ac.uk ;Simon
Rogerson, The School of Computing, DeMontfort University, UK, srog@dmu.ac.uk; N.Ben Fairweather,
The School of Computing, DeMontfort University, UK, nbf@dmu.ac.uk; Mary Prior, The School of
Computing, DeMontfort University, UK, mprior@dmu.ac.uk; “eGovernment Workshop ’06 (eGOV06)”,
September 11, 2006, Brunel University, West London, UB8 3PH.
[94] Hiba Mohammad, Tamara Almarabeh, Amer Abu Ali, Computer Information System Department,
University of Jordan, Al-Jubeiha, 11942, Amman, Jordan, E-mail: h.khadrawi@ju.edu.jo; Computer
Information System Department, University of Jordan, Al-Jubeiha, 11942, Amman, Jordan, E-mail:
tmarabeh@yahoo.com; Philadelphia University, Jerash, Jordan, E-mail: drabuali@yahoo.com, Tel: +962-
65355000, Ext: -22603.
[95] Carlos Grima-Izquierdo,Department of Statistics and Operation Research. Universidad Rey Jeuan Carlos
(Madrid, Spain), Email: carlos.grima@urjc.es; David Rios Insua, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos and Royal
Academy of Sciences (Madrid, Spain), Email: david.rios@urjc.es; “Designing a General Architecture to
Support eGovernment”, 2008.
[96] Dr. Patrick Kim Cheng Low, Dr. Mohammad Habibur Rahman, Dr. Mohd. Nabil Almunawar, Dr.
Fadzliwati Mohiddin, Mr. Sik-Liong Ang, MBA, “Core Value, e-Government Implementation and Its
322
Progress in Brunei”, University Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei,E-Leader Singapore 2010.
[97] Marijin Janssen, School of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan
5, NL-2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands, marijnj@tbm.tudelft.nl; Anthony Cresswell, Center for
Technology in Government, University of Albany-SUNY, 187 Wolf Road, Suite 301 Albany, NY 12205,
tcresswell@ctg.albany.edu; “Enterprise Architecture Integration in E-Government, 2005.
[98] Y.N. Chen, Western Kentucky University, USA; H.M. Chen, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China; W.
Huang, College of Business, Ohio University, USA; R.K.H. Ching, California State University, USA; “E-
Government Strategies in Developed and Developing Countries: An Implementation Framework and Case
Study”; Journal of Global Information Management, 14(1), 23-46, January-March 2006, 23.
[99] Manish Pokharel, Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering , The Graduate Shool,
Korea Aerospace University, “Electronic Government Master Plan Framework and Project Prioritization
with Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process”, Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy – 2011.
[100] United Nation Economic Commission for Africa, Partnership Measuring ICT for Development,
“Framework for Set of E-Government Core Indicators”, http://www.itu.int/ITU-
D/ict/partnership/material/Framework_for_a_set_of_E-Government_Core_Indicators_Final_rev1.pdf,
2011.
[101] Strauss, A. and Corbin, J., “Basics of Qualitative Research, Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques”,
Sage, London (1990)
[102] Crosswell, J.W. (2005) “Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative &
Qualitative Research (2nd Edition)”, Upper Saddle River, NT: Pearson.
[103] Rubin, H.J., & Rubin, I.S. (2005), “Qualitative Interviewing: The art of hearing data (2 nd Edition)”,
Thousand Ooks, CA: Sage Publications.
[104] Strauss, A.L. & Corbin, J. (1998), “Basic of Qualitative research techniques and procedures for developing
Grounded Theory”, USA, Sage.
[105] Glaser, B. (1978), “Theoretical Sensitivity: advances in the methodology of grounded theory”, Mill Valley,
CA: Sociology Press.
[106] Seidman, I (1998), “Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the
social. Sciences”, New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
[107] Internet World Stats Usage and Population Statistics – 2012 (www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm)
323
[108] Muhd Rosydi Muhammad, “Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology”, Department of
Information Systems, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIMU) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
mrosydi@iimu.edu.my, ICCIT 2012.
[109] Investopedia; http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fuzzy-logic.asp,
[110] Mamdain’s eMath Teacher: Mamdain’s Fuzzy Inference Method, “Membership Functions”,
http://www.dma.fi.upm.es/java/fuzzy/fuzzyinf/funpert_en.htm,
[111] Christian Schmid 2005-05-09 “Membership functions”, http://www.atp.ruhr-uni- bochum.de/rt1/syscontrol/
node117.html,
[112] Gao Xinbo, ‘Fuzzy Theory”, Electrical and Electronic Department, Xidian University.
[113] Giuseppe Mazzini, FUZZY LOGIC Universidade Federal do Vale do So Francisco, “FUZZY LOGIC
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN”, Industrial Text & Video Company, 1-800-752-8398, www.industrialtext.
com,www.univasf.edu.br
[114] Novák, V., Perfilieva, I. and Močkoř, J. (1999), “Mathematical principles of fuzzy logic Dodrecht”,:
Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-8595-0
[115] Ahlawat, Nishant, Ashu Gautam, and Nidhi Sharma (International Research Publications House 2014),
"Use of Logic Gates to Make Edge Avoider Robot", International Journal of Information & Computation
Technology (Volume 4, Issue 6; page 630) ISSN 0974-2239 (Retrieved 27 April 2014).
[116] http://radio.feld.cvut.cz/matlab/toolbox/fuzzy/fuzzyin2.html , “Fuzzy Logic Toolbox”
[117] Dr. Sudhir K. Pundir, Dr. Rimple Pundir, “Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications”, Academic Counsellor,
IGNOU,Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, MUZAFFARNAGAR (U.P.); C.C.S.
University, MERRUT (U.P.) UGC MODEL CURRICULUM, Pragati Prakashan.
[118] Lofti A. Zadeh, “Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy System”, University of California, Berkeley, United
State.
[119] Definition of ‘Fuzzy Logic’, http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fuzzy-logic.asp
[120] Novák, V., Perfilieva, I. and Močkoř, J. (1999), ”Mathematical principles of fuzzy logic Dodrecht”, Kluwer
Academic. ISBN 0-7923-8595-0; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic, Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,
324
[121] Austin Cline, “Introduction to Logic & Arguments”, Regional Director for the Council for Secular
Humanism and a former Publicity Coordinator for the Campus Freethought Alliance,
http://atheism.about.com/od/logicalarguments/a/introduction.htm
[122] Bhargava A. K., “Fuzzy set theory, fuzzy logic and their applications”, ISBN 81-219-4194-6, S. Chand
New Delhi, Paper, 2013.
[123] UNPAN – United Nation Public Administration Network, Public Services,” Network Readiness – 2014”,
United Nation e-Government Survey Report – 2014
[124] Internet Usage Statistics, The Internet Big Picture, “World Internet Users and 2014 Population Stats “,
Internet World Stats, Web Site Directory.
[125] Abdelbaset Rabaiah and Eddy Vandijck, ETRO Research Group, Virje Universitiet Brussel, Belgium, “A
Strategic Framework of e-Government: Generic and Best Practice”, ISSN 1479-439X pp241-258,
Electronic Journal of e-Government Volume 7 Issue 3 2009.
[126] Beijing Municipal Office of Informatization,” Beijing E-Government Vision and Framework”, Sister City
Program Technology Summit White Papers, June 24-25, 2004.
[127] Anu Paull1, Varghese Paul, “A Framework for e-Government Interoperability in Indian Perspective”,
School of Computer Science, MG University, Kottyam, School of Information Technology, Cochin
University, Kochi, India-2009.
[128] Stuart Russell & Peter Norvig, Pearson Education Series in Artificial Intelligence , “Artificial Intelligence
A Modern Approach”, First India Reprient, 2001.
[129] Brunsson, N. and J.P. Olsen. 1993. The reforming organization. London: Routledge.
[130] Damaska, M.R. 1986. The faces of justice and state authority: A comparative approach to the legal process.
Yale University Press.
[131] Doig, J. 1983. “If I see a murderous fellow sharpening a knife cleverly…” the Wisonian dichotomy and
public authority’. Public Administration Review, 43, 292-304.
[132] Durkheim, E. 1992. Professional Ethics and Civic Morals, Trans. Cornelia Brookfield, London: Routledge.
Fontana, B. 1994. The invention of the Modern Republic. Cambridge University Press.
325
[133] Heeks, R. 2001. Building e-Governance for Development: A Framework for National and Donor Action. i-
Government Working Paper Series, No. 12. Manchester: Institute for Development Policy and
Management, University of Manchester.
[134] Konig, K. 1993. Bureaucratic integration by elite transfer: the case of the former GDR. Government, 386-
396.
[135] Krasner, S. (1984). Approaches to the state: alternative conceptions and historical dynamics. Comparative
Politics, 16, 223-246.
[136] Laver, M. and W.B. Hunt. 1992. Policy and Party Competition. London Routedge.
[137] Levinthal, D.A. and J.G. March, 1994. The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 95-112.
[138] March, J. G. and J. P. Olsen (1984) The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life,
American Political Science Review 78, 738–49.
[139] North, D. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
[140] Olsen, J. P. and Peters, G. (1996) Lessons from Experience: Experiential Learning in Administrative
Reforms in Eight Democracies. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
[141] Orren, K. and S. Skowronek. 2002. In Search of American Political Development. Draft ms.
[142] Ostrom E., 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions of Collective Action
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
[143] Norris, P. 2001. Digital Divide? Civic Engagement, Information Poverty and the Internet in Democratic
Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[144] Padgett, J.F. and Ansell, C.K. 1993. Robust action and the rise of the Medici.
The American Journal of Sociology , 98, 1259 - 319.
[145] Peters, G. 2005. Institutional Theory in Political Science: The New Institutionalism. 2nd edition.
[146] Rohr, J.A. 1995. Founding Republics in France and America: A Study of Constitutional Governance.
Lawrence: University of Kanas Press.
[147] Roy, Jeffrey. 2001. E-participation from the perspective of the public service. Center of Governance,
University of Ottwa at HRDC Workshops.
326
[148] Sbragia, A.M. 1996. Debt Wish: Entrepreneurial Cities, U.S. Federalism, and Economic Development.
University of Pittsburgh Press.
[149] Sened, I. 1991. Contemporary theory of institutions in perspective, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 3, 379-
402.
[150] Sharma Gajendra, Bao Xi and Qiang Wang. 2012. E-Government: Public Participation and Ethical Issues.
Journal of E-Governance, 34(2): 195-204.
ANNEX – I: Research Publications
Research Publications:
1. Failure Factors of e-Government Implementation in Nepal
Purusottam Kharel and Subarna Shakya
E-mail: pkharel@ku.edu.np, sshakya@wlink.com.np
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol.6 No.18 (2011)
© Research India Publications; http://www.ripublication.com/ijaer.htm
2. e-Government Implementation in Nepal: A challenge
Purusottam Kharel, Subarna Shakya
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2012 ISSN: 2277 128X
Available online at: www.ijarcsse.com
3. Comparative Study of Electronic Government Infrastructure of Nepal with SAARC
Nations
ISBN: 978-1-4673-4969-7 ©2013 IEEE Thiland Section
The International Conference on E-Technologies and Business on the Web [EBW 2013]
327
Purusottam Kharel, Kathmandu University, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Dhulikhel,
Nepal, pkharel@ku.edu.np; Subarna Shakya, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Lalitpur,
Nepal , drss@ioe.edu.np; Manish Pokharel, Kathmandu University, Department of Computer Science &
Engineering, Dhulikhel, Nepal, manish@ku.edu.np
4. E-Government Implementing Challenges Verification using Fuzzy Logic
2014 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC)
Purusottam Kharel, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering,
Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal, pkharel@ku.edu.np; Subarna Shakya, Institute of Engineering,
Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, drss@ioe.edu.np; Kanhaiya Jha, Department of Mathematic,
School of Science, Kathmandu Univeristy, Dhulikhel, Nepal, jhakn@ku.edu.np; Manish Pokharel,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Kathmandu University,
Dhulikhel, Nepal, manish@ku.edu.np
5. Proposed Framework Development for e-Government Implementation in Nepal (Accepted Research
paper)
The Third International Conference on Informatics and Application (ICIA2014) – SDIWC; Universiti
Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) Kuala, Terengganu, Malaysis (October 8-10, 2014).
328
ANNAX – II Survey Questionnaires
Questionnaire
Problem and Prospect of e-Government Implementation in Nepal
Technical Questionnaire
2010
Purusottam Kharel
Ph.D. Candidate
Kathmandu University
School of Engineering
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Section 0: Person filling in questionnaire
8. Department/Ministry
9. Contact Details Name
Designation
329
Official Address
Telephone Number
Mobile Number
E-mail
Date
Section 1: e-Government Implementation (Service Providers)
1. e-Government is not being implemented according to amp 2006.8. What are the problems of implementing
the e-Government system? Specify three most probable problems.
1
2
3
4
[As stated by E-GOVERNMENT TOOLKIT for DEVELOPING COUNTRIES UNESCO 2005, E-Government is
the use of information and communication technology (ICTs) to promote more efficient and cost effective
government, facilitate more convenient government services, allow greater public access to information, and
make government more accountable to citizens. As stated by, UN E-GOVERNMENT SURVEY 2008, E-
Government is being deployed not only to provide citizens' services, but for public sector efficiency purposes,
improving transparency and accountability in government functions and allowing for cost savings in
government administration. ICTs are changing the way the government does business for the people. In this
context, e-Government is seen to be a lever for the transformation of government. According to Richard Heeks,
E-Government is the use of IT by public sector organizations. E-Government is therefore not just about the
internet. And e-Government has been with us for many decades; long before the terminology of ‘e-Government’
was invented. E-Government means office automation and internal management information systems and expert
systems, as well as client-facing web site.]
330
2. Does the e-Government Master Plan (eGMP) 2006.8 follows the following enterprise architectural steps for
the development & implementation of e-Government? Write “Yes” or “No” or “Don’t Know” in below
blank box.
Yes No Don’t Know
1 Development and Design (Software/Hardware Architecture)

2 Conduct e-Readiness Assessment
3 Identify realistic goals
4 Get the bureaucracy to by – in and develop a change management strategy
3. ADB, KOREAN Government Economic Development Corporation Fund (EDCF) has provided $55 million
to Nepal Government for the implementation of e-Government. Yet it has not implemented. In your
opinion, what could be the reasons’?
Reason 1
Reason 2
Reason 3
Reason 4
Reason 5
4. Government is strongly trying to establish an e - Government System for the last few years. But due to
political instability, there are no proper and effective rules and regulations. Do you agree with this?
1.
2.
If Yes, please suggest for 3.
4.
regulation
If No, please suggest why do 1.

2.
you disagree with it, giving 3.
4.
some examples
5. In your opinion, what are the broad level gaps/constraints existing in Nepal preventing successful
implementation of e-Government?
1
2
3
4
6. There can be many reasons or constraints in the successful implementation of e-Government in a country.
Some of these constraints can be a lack of vision/policy, regulations, underdeveloped ICT infrastructure etc.
331
We would like to understand which of the following constraints exist and are of importance for e-
Government development in your country. Please fill in the table below to highlight the gaps.
Parameter Importance of the Is it a Severity of the
(key success factor for the development parameter in e-Government constraint in constraint/gap
of e-Government) development your case? (Please rate on
(Please rate on a scale of 1 to (Y/N) a scale of 1 to
5)* 5)**
Regulations
 Data privacy/protection
 Integration
 Interoperability
Policy
Priority
Vision
Absence of a national e-Government
strategic plan
ICT infrastructure
Broadband status
Planning
Implementation
Financial resources
Awareness among citizens
Government resistance due to secrecy
issues
Resistance to change from government
employees
Capacity building/training programs for
government employees
* (1 = Extremely Important, 2 = Very Important, 3 = Important, 4 = Not Very Important, 5 = Not Important)
** (1 = No Constraint, 2 = Minor Constraint, 3 = Sizeable Constraint, 4 = Major Constraint, 5 = Very Severe
Constraint)
7. What are the main constraints in the implementation of e-Government? Please mark in the box below.
Poor Infrastructure Leadership & Leadership’s ICT Acts ICT Awareness of Citizen
commitment
332
8. If you think that the Governments’ e-Government Implementation is not working properly in Nepal, please
mark in the box below indicating the problem.
No Government Lack of Poor ICT Poor Leader No awareness Poor Implementation No
Commitment Budgets Infrastructures Ships in e-Govt. Team Problem
9. Are there plans and policies already in place to facilitate e-Government?
Yes
No
Don’t Know
10. Who are the key decision makers of e-Government in the ministry, department, institutions, organizations,
company? Please provide the name and designation of the key persons.
S. Company/Industry Association/Ministry,
Name of the person Designation
No. Department etc.
1
2
3
4
11. Are you satisfied by the existing ICT infrastructures for the implementation of e-Government System?
Yes
No
If ‘No’ should we develop totally new ICT infrastructure or modify existing ICT infrastructure?
Modification of Existing System is Sufficient

Developed the new System
12. Existing system of ICTs is:
Excellent Very Good Good Poor Very Poor
13. Are the concerned personnel following the software engineering process for the development of e-
Government in concerned authorities?
Yes
No
Don’t’ Know
14. Is available Human Resource sufficient for the implementation of e-Government?
Yes
No
15. Is an existing telephone/Internet facility sufficient for e-Government Implementation in the context of
Nepal?
333
Yes
No
16. Is there a reliable and affordable internet/connectivity available to support e-Government?
Yes
No
17. Several Tele-centers are currently working in the country. Do you think they are providing satisfactory
services to the people?
Yes
No
18. If the services of such Tele-center is not satisfactory. What are your suggestions for the improvement?
1
2
3
4
5
6
19. Most of the Tele-center has failed for information distributions to citizens. Specifies the reasons in the box
below.
Reason 1
Reason 2
Reason 3
Reason 4
Reason 5
Section 2: e-Government Services and Benefits
20. In your opinion, can e-Government provides all kinds of information to citizens?
Can
Cannot
If it cannot provide all kinds of information to citizens, what will be the reason?
Reason 01
Reason 02
Reason 03
21. Can e-Government system provide all kinds of information to citizens?
Can
Cannot
22. Can you specify the major benefits for citizens using e-Government System?
Benefit 1
Benefit 2
Benefit 3
334
Benefit 4
Benefit 5
Benefit 6
23. How would you rate the e-Government to change the living standard of citizen in the context of Nepal?
Very High High Average Low Very Low
24. What kinds of services can be accessed/received by the citizens?
1
2
3
4
5
Section 3: Government Department Capabilities
25. Is there enough communication line and Internet services in your organization for the implementation of e-
Government?
Yes
No
26. Are the existing systems sufficient in your institution for the development and implementation of e-
Government?
Yes
No
27. Are there enough ICT equipments (Internet, Broadband, PC/laptops, telephone, fax) available in the
department/office?
Yes
No
28. Are there enough ICT applications (software) available in the Department/Office/Organization?
Yes
No
29. Do you have any facilities/equipments being used in the office? (Like: Online applications, E-tender
system, E-tax system, E-voting system, & E-payment system etc.). If yes, please specify the system.
Yes
No
30. What kinds of Human Resource are available in your institution for the implementation of e-Government?
Please provide the number.
335
No. of High Level HR No. of Mid Level HR No. of Low Level HR
31. Do you have your institutional website?
Yes
No
32. Do you know about URL?
Yes
No
33. Are you able to provide services to citizens through e-mail?
Yes No
If ‘Yes’ specify the type of services provided to citizens:
Service 01
Service 02
34. What numbers of the following facilities are available in your institutes/organization?
No. of Telephone No. of No. of No. of E- NTC NTC ADSL/ Private
(landline) CDMA Internet users mail Users Landline CDMA
Section 4: Public-Private Partnerships for e-Government
35. e-Government now is a high priority area for the governments in almost all developed as well as
developing countries. Governments are making huge investments in e-Government development &
implementation. Is your Company/Industry/Department/Institution looking at it as a business opportunity in
future? If yes, please elaborate on the attractiveness of e-Government for your Company/Industry/
Department/Institution.
1
2
3
4
36. How would you rate the economic viability (for private sector) of e-Government, if implemented with the
help of the private sector through Public Private Partnership route?
Very High [5] High [4] Average [3] Low [2] Very Low [1]
37. Please mention the companies/industries which are interested in partnering with the local or regional
governments for implementing e-Government projects through the Public Private Partnership route?
336
1
2
3
4
5
38. The e - Government implementation creates opportunities for technical outsourcing by the government. Is it
possible in being an outsourcing partner by the government?
Yes No
39. List out the name of companies/industries/institutions/organizations who are directly included in the e -
Government Implementation to provide the services to the citizens efficiently?
S. No. Name of the companies/institution/organization

1
2
3
4
40. In your opinion, what are the broad level gaps/constraints existing in Nepal for successful implementation
of e-Government? Please mention below box.
1
2
3
4
41. Please fill in the table below to indicate your interests in various types of e-Government services.
Type of Service type Interested in Order of Importance
service partnering with the (Please rate the services on a scale
(G2B/G2C) government for this of 1 to 5 on the basis of your level
service through of interest, 1 being very much
PPP interested and 5 being not
(Yes/No) interested)
Tax related
Social Benefits related
Property related/Land Records
Agriculture related
An education based
G2C Health based
Tourism related
Tax related (corporate tax, VAT,
G2B
customs)
337
Type of Service type Interested in Order of Importance
service partnering with the (Please rate the services on a scale
(G2B/G2C) government for this of 1 to 5 on the basis of your level
service through of interest, 1 being very much
PPP interested and 5 being not
(Yes/No) interested)
Corporate compliance related
(registration of companies,
property related, environment
clearance, etc.)
e-Procurement
Auctions
Treasury Automation
42. Does Nepal have a policy for using Public Private Partnership (PPP) model in implementing e-Government
projects?
Yes
No
43. What, if any, are the constraints or bottlenecks for the involvement of private sector in e-Government
projects?
338
Questionnaire
Problem and Prospect of e-Government Implementation in Nepal
User Level Questionnaire (Non-Technical)
2010
Purusottam Kharel
Ph.D. Candidate
Kathmandu University
School of Engineering
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Section 0: Person filling in questionnaire
10. Department/Ministry
Name
Designation
Official Address
11. Contact Details
Telephone Number
Mobile Number
E-mail
339
Date
Section 1: e-Government Implementation Service
1. Do you know about the e-Government System of Nepal?

Yes
No
2. Is there IT facilities available in your Organization/Office/Ministry/Department?

Yes
No
If ‘Yes’ how many computers are available in your Organization/Office/Department/Ministry?
3. What kind of computers does your Organization/Office/Department/Ministry use?

P PI PII PIII PIV Dual Core Core-2 Dual
4. Which operating system do you use?
5. Do you have server facility in your Organization/Office/Department/Ministry?

Yes
No
6. Do you have Internet facility in your Organization/Office/Department/Ministry?

Yes
No
If ‘Yes’ what is the Internet used for?
7. Specify the numbers of computer which are used for e-Government services.
8. Which one system have you used for the daily official transaction (documents exchange)?
e-Mail Typewriter Handwritten Computer Type Fax If any other Specify
9. Specifies the number of telephone line that are used for information exchange.
10. How many computers are connected to the telephone line?
340
11. How many computers have you connected to the Internet?
12. Which of these do you use for internet service?

ADSL WIRELESS TELEPHONE CABLE VSAT Others
13. Do you use Public Service Line?

Yes
No
14. Which of these Services do you access?

National Identification System (NID)
Passport Registration System
Health
Vehicle
License
Agriculture
Post
Tax
Education
Voting
Pension
Insurance
Custom
Procurements
Business
Employment/e-recruitments
Tourism
If any others specify
15. Do you access any Governmental Website?
Yes
No
16. How do you work with public sectors?

Agent Through By Telephone From Online By Post If any other specify From all
341
17. In your opinion, is the existing system sufficient to fulfill the basic needs of citizens?
Yes
No
If ‘No’ why not specified the reasons.
Reason 1
Reason 2
Reason 3
18. Do you think e-Government is being implemented?
Yes
No
If ‘Not’ state the cause responsible for failure of e-Government implementation.
Cause 1
Cause 2
Cause 3
19. What are the weak points seen during e-Government implementation?
1
20. Do you think e-Government is an appropriate system to provide service to citizens?

Yes
No
21. Can you provide proper services to citizen by implementing e-Government?

Can
Cannot
22. Have you received any training regarding e-Government?

Yes
No
23. Have you received any ICT training in the past?

Yes
No
If ‘Yes’ specify the name of training.
1
2
342
24. How many employees are working regarding ICT in your Organization/Office/Department/Ministry?
25. How many of them are aware about e-Government?
26. Who is the chief of Information Communication Technology (ICT) and e-Government in your
Organization/Office/Department/Ministry?
Name Position
27. Do you use the Internet to exchange the information?

Yes
No
If ‘No’ mention the system you use.
28. Do you have coordination with Tele-Centre for the exchanging of Information?
Yes
No
If ‘Yes’ specify the numbers of Tele-Centre.
29. Are you able to provide services to citizens through e-mail?

Yes
No
If ‘Yes’ specifies the type of services provided to citizens:
Service 01
Service 02
343

Strategic Frameowrk For The Implemntation of E-Government - Nepal Case

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Strategic Frameowrk For The Implemntation of E-Government - Nepal Case

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Strategic Framework for the Implementation of e-

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in

Computer Science & Engineering

Strategic Framework for the Implementation of

e-Government: Nepal Case

he always encouraged me and always asked me about my PhD research progress.

Centroid Model). Thanks a lot Professor Dr. Jha.

me to accomplish the PhD research in time.

have supported and suggest me to accomplish the PhD study in time.

support were to bring me to this point.

factors/issues/challenges of and their reliable solutions of e-Government implementation system in Nepal.

system in all the developing countries.

frameworks as an outcome and recommendations with a conclusion.

Keywords: e-Government, e-Government System Framework, eGSAS, Fuzzy Centroid Model

1.2 E-Government in Nepal................................................................................... 3

1.3 Infrastructure for e-Government in Nepal...........................................................3

1.5 Challenges and Opportunity of e-Government Implementation in Nepal...................8

1.6 Research questions........................................................................................ 10

1.7 Resarch Objective......................................................................................... 11

1.8 Research Approach....................................................................................... 11

1.9 Research Outcomes....................................................................................... 15

1.11 Thesis structure (chapters outline)...................................................................16

CHAPTER: 02 Literature Review................................................................................... 19

2.1 Literature Review......................................................................................... 19

2.1.1 Difference between Developed, Developing & Least Developing Countries:...........27

2.1.2 Core e-Government Readiness Indicators.......................................................30

2.1.3 E-Government Priorities within the Framework..............................................33

2.1.4 World Internet Usage.................................................................................35

2.1.5 Current Status of e-Government in Nepal......................................................38

2.1.6 Current Status of Network..........................................................................40

2.1.7 E-Government Ranked of South Asia Countries - 2008.....................................42

2.1.9 Infrastructure Data of South Asian Countries (SAARC) - 2008...........................43

2.1.11 Measurements Tools for E-Readiness of E-Government:...................................45

2.1.12 Objective of e-Government of Nepal Government:...........................................46

2.1.13 Infrastructure for e-Government in Nepal:.....................................................47

2.1.14 ICT Workforce Current Status:....................................................................47

2.1.15 E-Government Readiness of South Asia - SARC (includes 8 countries):................48

2.1.16 E-Government Ranked of South Asia Countries (SAARC).................................49

2.1.18 Success Factors of e-Government..................................................................50

2.1.19 Business Process Support............................................................................ 51

2.1.20 Module or Elements of e-Government Implementation Program in Nepal............52

2.1.21 Introduction to Nepal................................................................................. 59

2.1.22 Software Architecture.................................................................................60

2.1.23 Challenges of e-Government Implementation in Nepal......................................62

2.1.24 Nepal’s Position on E-Government Index.......................................................63

2.1.25 E-Government planning methodology...........................................................64

2.2 E-GOVERNMENT THEORY & IMPLEMENTATION CASE STUDY EGYPTIAN E-

2.2.1 e-Government Implementation and Leadership – The Brunei Case Study............67

2.2.2 Ethical Problems for e-Government: An Evaluation Framework........................70

2.2.3 E-Government Implementation: A Case Study of Dubai e-Government................72

2.2.4 Towards a Service-Oriented Architecture for Demand-Driven e-Government........75

2.2.5 Implementation of e-Government: Advantages and Challenges..........................77

2.2.6 Challenge of e-Government Implementations in India......................................79

2.2.7 E-Government Adoption in Developing Countries: The Case of Indonesia............82

2.2.8 Examining Internal Challenges to E-Government Implementation from System Users

2.2.9 E-Government of China: Performance, Problems and Prospects.........................85

2.2.10 Challenges for e-Government Development:...................................................88

2.2.11 Architecture for delivering pan- European e-Government services:.....................93

2.2.12 Enterprise Architecture and Frameworks:......................................................96

2.2.13 Elements of Enterprise Architecture:...........................................................102

2.2.14 External and Internal Barriers to E-government Implementation.....................107