GEOSTATIONARY

AND
NON-GEOSTATIONARY
SATELLITE
BY : INTAN YASMIN WHAHIDAH BINTI MOHD YUSLA [ 4 OMAR KHAYYAM ]
01 INTRODUCTION
SATELLITE
A satellite is a moon, planet or
machine that orbits a planet or star.
For example, Earth is a satellite
because it orbits the sun. Likewise,
the moon is a satellite because it
orbits Earth. Usually, the word
"satellite" refers to a machine that is
launched into space and moves
around Earth or another body in
space.
02CHAPTER1

GEOSTATIONARY
SATELLITE !
Geostationary (GSO) satellites occupy an orbital
position 36,000 km above the earth, and remain in
a stationary position relative to the Earth itself. The
world's major existing telecommunications and
broadcasting satellites fall into this category.
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The concept of geostationary satellite communications systems is generally
credited to the futurist Arthur C. Clarke. Mr. Clarke wrote an article in 1945
stating that communications signals could be transmitted to and from Earth
by a relay station launched into orbit at a distance of about 22,300 miles
(36,000 kilometers) above the Earth’s equator. From that altitude, the
satellite would travel at the same rotational rate as Earth and would appear
to remain fixed over a location on the ground below, thereby providing a
stationary platform for the continuous relay of communications signals. In INTRODUCTION &
addition to geostationary spacecraft, a few commercial satellite
communications systems operate from low Earth orbits (typically several HISTORY OF
hundred miles above Earth). The lower orbit significantly reduces the delay
that is created as the signal travels between Earth and the satellite. This
GEOSTATIONARY
approach is particularly advantageous for global mobile telephone services SATELLITE
in which signal delays during two-way communications can be disruptive
and confusing. Unlike geostationary satellites, low Earth orbit satellites do
not remain in a fixed position in the sky relative to Earth. As a result, the
satellite must have the capability to hand off the signal to another satellite
or a local ground-based gateway once it passes beyond direct view.
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ADVANTAGE AND USES OF GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE

01 02 03
High coverage One groud segmentis No problem with
area. enough for the frequency
satellite monitoring. changes.

04 05 06
World wide operational
telecommunications
Alarm system- Community used for
systems for telephones, detection of rocket communication and
TV and digitised launches. weather-observation.
transmission lines.
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GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE!

GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE AND

GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT [GEO]
A circular geosynchronous satellite which is placed at 0°
angle to the equatorial plane is called a geostationary
satellite. It appears to be stationary at a fixed position of
the sky throughout the day by a ground observer.
The orbit in which a geostationary satellite is placed is
called a geostationary orbit (GEO). It is placed 35, 800 km
above the earth’s equator and has an orbital period equal
to the sidereal day.

USES OF GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE

• Weather reports about a particular region
• Weather forecasting
• Terrestrial reports of a geographical area
• Spy networks

EXAMPLE GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE

• Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
(GEOS) of USA
• INSAT of India
• Himawari of Japan
• Fengyun of China
• Meteostat of Europe
08CHAPTER2

NON-GEOSTATIONARY
SATELLITE !
Non-geostationary (NGSO) satellites occupy a
range of orbital positions (LEO satellites are
located between 700km-1,500km from the
Earth, MEO satellites are located at 10,000km
from the Earth), and do not maintain a
stationary position, but instead move in relation
to the Earth's surface.
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Until the late 1980s, satellites in non-geostationary orbit had limited
use for communication applications because, in general, these systems
are more complex and, since geostationary satellites met most
requirements anyway, not much effort was spent on their
development. Molniya orbit was used in the former Soviet Union for
providing services to very high-latitude regions where geostationary
orbit (GSO) systems were not very reliable. However, since the INTRODUCTION &
beginning of the 1990s there has been considerable interest
throughout the world in the use of various types of non-geostationary
HISTORY OF
orbits. In this chapter, we will discuss the reasons behind the revival of NON-
this interest, considerations in design of a non-geostationary
constellation with an example, and various types of network-related
GEOSTATIONARY
issues. We will then give examples of some of the more technically SATELLITE
interesting emerging non-geostationary systems.
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ADVANTAGE OF NON-GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE

01 02 03
Less booster power Less delay in Reduced problem
required. transmission path. of encho in voice
communication.

04 05 06
Suitability for providing
Lower cost to build
services at higher
and launch satellite
latitude.
NGSO.
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USES OF NON-GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE

01 02
Surveillance of Military data
earth surface. gathering.

03 04
Earth resource data Lower cost to build
gathering . and launch satellite
NGSO.
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LEO and MEO satellites

– Low Earth Orbit and Medium Earth Orbit respectively
– both come under the mantle of non-geostationary-orbit (NGSO)
satellites.
LEO satellites orbit at an altitude below 2,000km/1,243 miles above
mean sea level, while
MEO satellites orbit in the region between LEO and
GEO (geostationary) satellites – 2,000-35,800km/1,243-22,245 miles.
13 GEOSTATIONARY AND NON-GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE
GEOSTATIONARY
SATELLITE
q In orbit called Geostationary Earth
Orbit
q Moves around Earth in the same
direction as Earth rotation
q Orbital Period, T=24 hours. Same
as Earth’s period of rotation.
q Always above the same
geographical location
NON-GEOSTATIONARY
SATELLITE
$35
q In lower or higher orbit than GEO
orbit.
q Orbital period is shorter or longer
than 24 hours.
ü Lower than GEO : less than 24h
ü Higher than GEO : more than 24h
q Above different geographical
location at diff times.
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INTAN YASMIN WHAHIDAH BINTI MOHD YUSLA
DC224369
4 OMAR KHAYYAM

THANK YOU !