CHAPTER 20 Rizal and the Revolution of 1896 As stressed in the previous chapter, Rizal demonstrated the real essence of community leadership and practical nationalism in Dapitan. Within a span of four years, he had learned to love Dapitan and its people. Nonetheless, the swift change of events led him to leave for Cuba. This chapter is an exposition of the other developments in the life of Rizal, while he was an exile in Dapitan and how these affected his decision to volunteer as a medical surgeon in the Spanish Army in Cuba in 1896. Rizal’s Plea for the Lifting of His Rustication Order Rizal’s political ideas did not change even if he was an exile in Dapitan. This point was evident in the reforms he identified, which have to be implemented in the country by the Spanish government. For Rizal, the granting of these reforms, which were the same reforms sought by the propagandists in peninsular Spain, will definitely redound to making the Philippines the happiest country in the world. Carnicero, who was then the politico-military commander of Dapitan sympathized with Rizal and assured him of possible support from Carnicero’s friends in Madrid. Nonetheless, he told Rizal the possibility of friars’ obstruction to the granting of these reforms.Aware that Rizal had come to love Dapitan, and that Rizal ang Camnicero became good friends, Despujol directed Carnicero to convince Rizal, to put down into writing his intention of staying in Dapitan, Thus, on . October 25, 1892, Rizal sent Despujol his correspondence. In this letter, Rizal stated his intention of staying in Dapitan to devote himself in agriculture provided he would be given full freedom, with the assurance that he would not abuse the same (Guerrero, 1998). Despujol, however, turned down Rizal’s appeal for the lifting of his banishment order. Rizal, therefore, threatened the governor-general that he would be writing his friends in Madrid of the banishment order, should it not be lifted. Responding to the threat, Despujol ordered Carnicero to ensure the no letters coming from Rizal would reach their destination. Meanwhile, Federico Ochando replaced Despujol as governor-general on May 24, 1893. In like manner, Juan Sitges replaced Carnicero as the” politico-military commander of Dapitan. The relationship between Sitges and Rizal was entirely different from what the latter had with Carnicero, At the start of Sitges’ stint at Dapitan, rumors spread that Ochando ordered Sitges to shoot Rizal the moment he attempts to escape. Rizal’s movement in Dapitan was, therefore, closely monitored. As a proof, Sitges required Rizal to report to his office thrice a day. Moreover, Rizal was prohibited from leaving the town or walking beyond the street of Dapitan without permission from the new politico-military commander. Later on, the relationship between the two changed from bad to good. The control of the national government by Ochando was short-lived. Ramon Blanco soon took over the reins of the colonial government as governor-general. At this point, Rizal reiterated his appeal for the lifting of his deportation order to Governor-General Blanco. Rizal justified his appeal by asserting that there was injustice in his rustication in Dapitan as there were no evidences to support the charges imputed on him by the government. Thus, he averred that his unjust detention had resulted into his separation from his home and family. To strengthen his plea, Rizal argued that the accusations against him will not be considered a crime if he were a Spanish citizen. He sent his letter of reconsideration of his situation to Governor Blanco on February 13, 1894. Owing to Blanco’s involvement in the Muslim campaign, he did not reply to Rizal’s correspondence. Meanwhile, Blanco visited Dapitan in November of the same year. Blanco called for Rizal on board his vessel. In the course of their conversation, Blanco promised Rizal that he would be relocated either at Vigan or La Union. He even suggested that Rizal should go to Spain owing to his poor health. Rizal was quite happy with the outcome of his audience 298 Chapter 20: Rizal and the Revolution of 1896with Blanco. Thus, in February 1895 Rizal sought the permission of Blancos in opening an agricultural settlement: at! Sindngan Bay, Nonetheless|s Rizal did not receive any reply for this. yd Attempts to Win Back Rizal to Catholicism A os cost While in Dapitan, attempts were made by the Catholic Church through the Jesuits to win back Rizal) to the: fold ofthe Church. Efforts exerted? by Fr. Obach, the parish priest of Dapitan; Fr. Villaclara, the parish pHest) of Dipolog; and Fr. Sanchez, his former teacher at Ateneo, failed’ Fr. Pablo? Pastells, the Superior of the Jesuit Order, continued the work ofthis! predecessors, He sent Rizal a:series of letters’ convincing Rizal of thé! flaws of his religious views, which led to a religious'debate between Rizal and Pastells. In the end Rizal was not persuaded as the debate ended in stalemate. Fr. Juan Ricart attributed the failure of the Jesuits could be attributed to Carnicero, who entertained Rizal’s political and religiotis!? views. ad yout { orit-yd The arrival of Josephine Bracken in Dapitan aggravated the situation?? In his love for Josephine, Rizal requested Fr. Obach to officiate a charch” wedding to legalize his union with the young Irish lady. Nonetheldsmtwot conditions were given by Fr. Obach for him to solemnize Rizal’s marriages with Josephine: retraction of Rizal’s religious errors; and'a genérali confession. Since Rizal did not concur with these requirements, no2hurelt! wedding took place. got The friars were closely monitoring what the Jesuits werdiasiti ed Having known of the failure of the Jesuits, the friars attempted twiwvini2 back Rizal to Catholicism (Guerrero, 1998). One strategy they employed was bribery. They offered Rizal a professorial chair in a university, :@ landed estate, and 100,000 PhP on the condition that Rizal would repudiate his Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterism, Maria, Rizal's sister ‘urged Rizal to accept the offer. Rizal responded by sayings “what my right hands left hand will not undo.” ws bsol yvsott i 1 | aoizaimunos A second strategy applied by the friars was the use: of a'spytd ap! Rizal. Pablo Mercado, whose real name was Florencio Namanan oftCagayarid de Misamis, was sent by the friars ito:Dapitan ito ‘spy oni! the acfivitiesft: Rizal (Zaide & Zaide, 1999). Namanan agreed to work for thefriarsoduel? to the promise of the Recollects that he shall be conferred the title, friar curator of the Recollects should he:succeed in his mission—that ofSeculring letters and other articles that would show that Rizal-was a separatist» Hot then went to Dapitan and offered himself as/a courier df Rizalfsylttterst and writings for the patriots in Mahila. Since Rizal was an intelligentymants Chapter 20: Rizal and the Revolution Gt 1896\299 &and could not recall any relative having the surname of Mercado, he was able to detect that Pablo Mercado was an impostor and had him arrested by Commander Juan Sitges. Attempts to Rescue Rizal from Dapitan Rizal’s friends in Manila and Europe learned about Governor Blanco’s suggestion for Rizal to leave the country. The Grand Regional Council of the Philippine Masonry reacted to this by generating funds for Rizal’s trip to Spain. Members of the said council were so eager to see Rizal leave the country, as his presence is a threat to the existence of masonry. With Rizal around, they feared that the friars would always be blaming the masons for all agitation for change in the Philippines. While the masons wanted Rizal to leave the country for good, for their personal advantage, his friends in Europe had other purpose in mind. They had to rescue Rizal at all cost. Paez, for instance, was commissioned by the propagandists to find a suitable vessel in Hong Kong or Singapore to rescue Rizal but failed in chartering one. Basa and Regidor, however, worked out a more rational scheme to rescue Rizal. Based on Basa’s plan, he would be working for Rizal’s release through his friends among the ministers in Madrid. But for Regidor, it would be wise to work out for Rizal’s freedom in Manila. The problem, nonetheless, was no one would intercede with Blanco on this matter. Regidor, therefore, finally arrived at a solution: ESCAPE FROM DAPITAN. If Rizal would not escape, the alternative was to work for his election as a deputy in Spanish Cortes. If this would not be acceptable to Rizal, then the other option was to ensure the election of Marcelo del Pilar to the Cortes and let him work for Rizal’s liberation. The last attempt to rescue Rizal came from the Katipunan. Based on the Katipunan’s plan, Rizal had to be kept in the Philippines for him to freely lead the revolution. Bonifacio, the Supremo of the Katipunan commissioned Pio Valenzuela to be his emissary to Rizal. So on July 21, 1896, he arrived at Dapitan posing as a companion of Raymundo Mata, 4 blind man who shall be seeking Rizal’s medical assistance. Valenzuela informed Rizal of the plan of the Katipunan and the need for his support to the revolution. In the course of the conversation between Rizal and Valenzuela, the former clearly expressed his rejection of the plan for a bloody revolution of the Katipunan. His disapproval of the scheme rested on two grounds: the unpreparedness of the people; and the lack of funds and weapons. Rizal 300 Chapter 20; Rizal and the Revolution of 1896further stressed the point that pursuing the revolution would tantamount to national suicide, Rizal expressed his gratitude for the concern of the Katipunan for his welfare, Nonetheless, he was not persuaded by Valenzuela to escape Dapitan as he had given his word to the Spanish authorities. Meanwhile, Blanco approved Rizal’s letter requesting the opening of a settlement along Sindangan Bay. Rizal, however, had dropped the idea as he was considering the possibility of leaving for Spain, as suggested by the governor-general. Regidor took last option to free Rizal from Dapitan. He requested Blumentritt to persuade Rizal to volunteer as a doctor for the Spanish army in Cuba. As the advice came from his best friend, Rizal acceded to the scheme. Dofia Teodora and Don Francisco did not favor Rizal’s decision, as the latter will be risking his life since the revolution is raging on in Cuba that time. Despite the expressed disapproval of his parents, Rizal applied as a volunteer doctor to Cuba through Governor Blanco on December 17, 1895. Inasmuch as no reply from Blanco came, he was no longer expecting that his application would be approved. Six months after, however, Blanco suddenly acted favorably to his letter. The said correspondence reached Rizal on July 30, 1896. This letter stated that a safe conduct pass shall be given to Rizal to come to Manila and upon reaching Spain, shall be given assignment to the army operations in Cuba. At first Rizal thought of no longer accepting the appointment. Later he backed down. This change of decision stemmed from his thinking that if he rejects the appointment and the revolution of the Katipunan breaks out, he would be suspected of desiring to stay in the country to spearhead the revolution. In the words of Guerrero (1998), Rizal opted to run a race with Bonifacio’s revolution, Adios Dapitan Rizal left Dapitan on July 31, 1896 on board the steamer Esparia. He arrived in Manila on August 6, 1896. From the steamer that ferried him from Dapitan, Rizal was transferred to the cruiser Castilla, where he stayed for almost a month, pending the availability of a vessel bound for Spain. Although no longer an exile, Rizal was detached from the rest of the world, as no one was allowed to see him except his family. His frequent visitor, however, was Josephine, the beautiful Irish lady with whom Rizal gave his name and heart. ‘Chapter 20: Rizal and the Revolution of 1896 30.1The Revolution Breaks Out’ The discovery of the Katipunan, as a result of Teodoro Patifio’s disclosure of the organization’s secrets to Fr, Mariano Gil on August 19, 1896, resulted in mass arrests of Katipuneros and non-Katipuneros in Manila. Bonifacio summoned all the leaders for a meeting to work out the steps the society will take to cope with the crisis. On August 23, the historic Cry of Pugadlawin took place wherein Bonifacio asked the Katipuneros if they were ready to fight the Spaniards whatever be the cost (Agoncillo, 1990). All those who attended the assembly at Pugadlawin expressed their willingness to fight to the last. Upon hearing the response of his men, Bonifacio ordered them to take out their cedulas and tore them to pieces, shouting “Mabuhay ang Pilipinas.” This event marked the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against Spain. Although held incommunicado at the steamer Castilla, Rizal learned of the outbreak of the revolution and the skirmishes that had erupted around Manila through the newspapers he was able to read. On August 30, 1896, Governor Ramon Blanco issued a gubernatorial decree declaring a state of war in Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Manila, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and Tarlac and placing them under martial rule. On the same date, Rizal received the letters of recommendation to Azcaraga and the colonial minister, which absolved him from the insurrection that was then raging on. Rizal Sails to Spain For Cuba On September 3, 1896, Rizal boarded the steamer Isla de Panay, which shall ferry him to Barcelona, Spain. He was so happy. He felt that he succeeded in his race against the revolution, spearheaded by the Katipuneros. Before leaving the country, Rizal wrote his sisters (Pecson, 1975): At Bay, September 2, 1896 Iurge you to take care of, to serve, and to love our parents, as you would your children later to take care of, serve, and love you in your old age. May you live united and forgive one another's asperities and slight faults — the natural thorns of life — because it is a displeasure for ‘parents to see that their children are not living in harmony. Afterwards, when our parents are dead, we shall miss them greatly and we shall be sorry for not having served them while they lived. vnient indi Qasatiaed GeO:Without his knowledge, the sinister plan of Blanco was already in place at the very moment he left Manila for Spain. Coded telegrams and confidential messages for Rizal’s arrest were exchanged between Blanco and the Ministers of War and Colonies. While the ship was sailing the Mediterranean Sea, the captain of Isla de Panay informed Rizal that he received an order through a telegram from the Minister of War that the former has to be arrested and detained in captain’s cabin. This shocked Rizal so much By October 3, 1896, Rizal reached Barcelona. He was heavily guarded and detained as a prisoner at the steamer Isla de Panay. On October 6, at 3:00 in the morning, he was informed that he would be taken to Fort Monjuich, the prison citadel of the city. Upon arriving at the fort, General Despujol, the governor general who decreed his deportation to Dapitan, told Rizal that he would be shipped back to the Philippines on board the ship Colon. Thus, on the same date, he left Barcelona for Spain. At this point, Rizal had realized that he had lost race against the revolution in the Philippines. . Rizal could have not suffered this fate if only listened to the suggestion of Don Pedro Roxas, a fellow passenger at the Isla de Panay, Don Pedro advised him to take advantage of the protection of the British law, while their ship was temporarily docked at Singapore. Rizal, however, did not heed the said advice on his belief that Governor Blanco was a friend, considering that he allowed him to go as a free man to Spain to become a medical surgeon of the Spanish Army in Cuba. Rizal’s friends in Europe learned of what happened to him and decided to come to his rescue. Regidor and Lopez transmitted telegrams to an English lawyer in Singapore, Hugh Fort to rescue Rizal by means of a writ of habeas corpus (Guerrero, 1998). This, however, failed as Chief Justice Lionel Cox did not grant the writ of habeas corpus, as the steamer Colon, carrying Spanish troops, a war vessel, was not within the jurisdiction of Singaporean authorities based on existing international law. The steamer arrived in Manila on November 3, 1896 (Zulueta, 2004). Under tight security, Rizal was brought and incarcerated at Fort Santiago. Meanwhile, the Spanish authorities commenced their expedition of fishing all evidences that can be used against Rizal. Those who sympathized with Rizal were harassed and tortured.ca “10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. CHAPTER REVIEW . Did Rizal change his political ideas as a result of his exile in Dapitan? Why, or why not? . Why did he work for the lifting of his deportation order during Despujol’s regime? What was Despujol’s response to Rizal’s plea? How was Rizal affected by the sudden replacement of Carnicero by Sitges as politico-military commander of Dapitan? . How did Rizal convince Blanco to have his rustication order lifted? What was the outcome of his appeal for reconsideration of his case? . What was.the result of the meeting between Governor Blanco and Rizal in Dapitan? . How did the Jesuits try to win Rizal back to the fold of Catholicism? Did they succeed along this line? Why, or why not? . What strategies were employed by friars to win Rizal back to his old faith? Were these strategies effective in convincing Rizal to go back to Catholicism? . Why did the masons in Manila want Rizal to leave the Philippines? . What plans to rescue Rizal were conceived by Paez, Regidor and Basa? How did the Katipunan try to save Rizal, while he was in Dapitan? Why was Rizal against the planned revolution of the Katipunan? Why did Rizal decide to volunteer as a medical surgeon to the Spanish army in Cuba? What was the effect on Rizal of Blanco’s approval of Rizal’s application as a volunteer physician to Cuba? Was Rizal accorded freedom upon his arrival in Manila, from Dapitan? Support your answer? Did Rizal succeed in running a race against the revolution spearheaded by Bonifacio and the Katipuneros? Support your answer.; 1 t 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 ' ' 1 ' 1 ' ' ' ‘ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' ' ' ' 1 t ' ' ' ' ‘ 1 ' Name Course and Curriculum Year Date ___ EXERCISE 20 Score Rating A. TRUE-FALSE. Write TRUE, if the statement is true; FALSE, if it is false. RIGHT MINUS WRONG. 1. Rizal believed that the granting of reforms in the country was the key to the people’s happi- ness. 2. The Jesuits succeeded in winning Rizal back to the fold of his old faith. 3. Despujol lifted his decree, which rusticated Rizal to Dapitan. 4, Rizal volunteered his services to the Spanish army at the height of the revolution in Cuba to run a race against the revolution orchestrated by the Katipunan. 5. The meeting between Rizal and Blanco in Dapitan led to the latter’s assurance of Rizal’s relocation at Vigan or La Union. 6. The masons in Manila wanted Rizal leave the country for his personal welfare and safety. 7. Blumentritt succeeded in convincing Rizal to volunteer as medical surgeon to the Spanish army in Cuba. 8. Rizal was already a free man upon his arrival in Manila. 9. Rizal favored the impending revolution to be staged by Bonifacio and the Katipunan. 10, Escape from Dapitan was the key to Rizal’s freedom as:an exile from Regidor’s viewpoint. Chapter 20: Rizal and the Revolution of 1896 307B, To what does each of the following refer? ll. 12. 13. IU 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. The governor-general who approved Rizal’s application as a volunteer physician to Cuba The event, which signaled the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 ‘The prison citadel in Barcelona where Rizal was taken as prisoner on October 6, 1896 . The Spanish vessel that shipped Rizal back to the Philippines as a prisoner of the Spanish government . Bonifacio’s emissary to Rizal in Dapitan The British lawyer who tried to rescue Rizal in Singapore through a writ of habeas corpus Rizal’s friend who planned to rescue Rizal through his minister friends in Madrid The friars’ agent sent to spy on Rizal’s activities in Dapitan ‘The successor of Despujol as governor-general of the Philippines The politico-military commander of Dapitan blamed by the friars for Rizal’s firm stand not to embrace his old faith C. Provide the necessary details to complete the following topics. Rizal’s Most Precious Possessions He Gave Josephine 21 22 Reasons for Rizal’s Disapproval of the Planned Revolution of the KKK 23 24 B08 Chapter 20: Rizal and the Revolution of 1896Bribes Offered To Rizal For Him To Repudiate His Religious View and the Noli Me Tangere 25 26 The First Eight Provinces That Rose Up In Arms Against Spain 27 31 28 32 29 33 30 34 D. Answer the following questions briefly but concisely. 35-42 Rizal succeeded in racing against the revolution staged by the Katipunan. Prove or contradict this statement 43-50 What value did Rizal manifest in his letter to his sisters before he left the country for Cuba? Support your answer. Chapter 20: Rizal and the Revolution of 1896 309.CHAPTER 21 The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizal The arrival of the steamer Colon in Manila on November 3, 1896 brought too much jubilation on the part of the friars and the Spaniards, as the leader of the revolution could now be made to answer for a crime he committed against the Spanish government. Under heavy guard, Rizal was brought to Fort Santiago pending the prosecution of his case. He was held incommunicado for almost four weeks in his detention cell. In the mean time, the Spanish authorities were very much preoccupied with the gathering and fabrication of evidences to be used against him. The Preliminary Investigation Colonel Francisco Olive, the Judge Advocate of the Spanish military tribunal, summoned Rizal to appear before him on November 20, 1896. Desiring to clear his name from the accusations imputed on him, Rizal appeared before the Judge Advocate. There were two kinds of evidences presented by the Olive to Rizal during the preliminary investigation of Rizal (Palma, 1949): documentary; and testimonial. The documentary evidences were culled from the following: the letters of Antonio Luna, Marcelo del Pilar, Carlos‘ Oliver, and Rizal himself; poems Kundiman andHymn to Talisay; and transcript of speeches of Emilio Jacinto and Jose T, Santiago. On the other hand, the testimonial evidence against Rizal consisted of oral statements of people who had been associated with him, like Jose Dizon, Deodato Arellano, Pio Valenzuela, Timoteo Paez, and Pedro Laktaw. The five-day investigation Rizal went through was very exhausting and ruthless. Nonetheless, Rizal responded systematically to all inquiries made by the Judge Advocate but was not given the opportunity to cross examine witnesses against him. Nor was he allowed to offer any formal defense to counter all accusations against him. Six days after the preliminary investigation, Colonel Olive transmitted his report of the case to Governor Ramon Blanco for appropriate action on November 26, 1896. Blanco, then, appointed Captain Rafael Dominguez as a Special Judge Advocate to evaluate the case. After a careful scrutiny of Olive’s report, forwarded to him by the governor-general, he concluded that a prima facie case exists against Rizal. He, then, endorsed his summary of charges against Rizal to Nicolas dela Pefia, the Judge Advocate General, for legal opinion and adjudication. After reviewing the brief prepared by Olive, Pefia concurred with Olive on his assessment of the case. As a prima facie case against Rizal for the complex crime of rebellion through illegal association existed, Pefia made the following recommendations to Governor Blanco on December 8, 1896). (Zulueta, 2004); (1) that the accused be kept under the custody of law; (2) that accused be brought to trial; (3) that an order of attachment be issued against his property; and (4) that the accused be defended in court by an army officer. The Arraignment of Rizal On December 8, 1896, Rizal was informed by the Judge Advocate General to choose his counsel as his arraignment was set on December 11. A roster of military officers was presented to him, where he could select his defender. After going through the list, Rizal chose Luis Taviel de Andrade, the brother of Jose Taviel de Andrade who was his bodyguard during his six-month stay in Calamba four years ago. ‘The information of charges was read to Rizal on December 11, 1896, in the presence of his defense counsel: He was accused of the complex crime of rebellion as he was the principal organizer and the living soul of the insurrection, the founder of societies, periodicals and books dedicated to the fomenting and propagating the ideas of rebellion (Palma, 1949). He 312 Chapter 21: The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizalpleaded not guilty to the crime charged against him and did not even question the jurisdiction of the military tribunal on his case. Dominguez submitted the transcript of the arraignment proceeding to Malacafian Palace on December 13, 1896, By this time, General Camilo de Polavieja relieved Governor Blanco. With Blanco as governor, Archbishop Nozaleda and the Dominicans felt that Rizal would be absolved from the accusation against him (Guerrero, 1998). Their gut feeling stemmed from the fact that Blanco did not believe that Rizal was a traitor. With Polavieja into the gubernatorial office, Rizal’s fate had been sealed (Zaide & Zaide, 1999), The Trial of Rizal Rizal’s case was turned over to Dominguez and Alcocer on December 19, 1896 for prosecution. The trial commenced on December 26 at the Halls of Banners of Cuartel de Espafia. Two days prior to the trial, the court martial was constituted, with Colonel Jose Togores as president and the following as members: Ricardo Mufioz Arias; Manuel Reguera; Santiago Izquierdo; Manuel Escribano; and Fermin Rodriguez. Enrique de Alcocer was designated as prosecutor. The trial started with the reading of the charges against the accused by Judge Advocate Dominguez. This was followed by a detailed presentation of Rizal’s case by Alcocer, which culminated in his call on the members of the military tribunal to render a decision by imposing death penalty on the accused. Alcocer’s argument rested on Rizal’s admission of the founding of La Liga, which to his mind had something to do with Bonifacio’s revolution. Thus, Alcocer averred that: In a crime founded on rousing the passions of the people against governmental powers, the main burden of guilt is on the man who awakens dormant feelings and raises false hopes for the future (Guerrero, 1998). After the Alcocer’s passionate speech, Taviel de Andrade took the floor to present his defense of Rizal. Taviel de Andrade’s defense was based on the rule of evidence and the law applying the Penal Code of Spain in the Philippines. Believing that the prosecution was biased on Rizal, he defended Rizal by saying that penalties can only be imposed on an accused through any of the following means; ocular inspection; confession of the accused; credible witnesses; expert opinion; official documents or conclusive evidences (Guerrero, 1998). As none of these conditions existed, Rizal was not guilty of the crime charged against him. Moreover, as oral testimonies used against Rizal were given by those who were interested in ascribingleadership of the revolution to Rizal, these were biased and should not be used against the accused. After Taviel de Andrade’s brilliant defense, Rizal was asked by the judge advocate whether he had something to add to what his counsel had presented. Rizal stood up and presented his own brief, (Zulueta, 2004; Guerrero, 1998). 1 2 10. I am not guilty of rebellion as I even advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in revolution. . The revolutionists used by name without my knowledge. If I were guilty, I could have escaped from Singapore. . If had a hand in the Katipunan revolution, I could have escaped Dapitan and should have not built a house there. . If were the chief of the revolution, why did they not consult me on their plans? . I was not the founder of La Solidaridad and the Associacion Hispano-Filipino. . I had nothing to do with the introduction of masonry in the Philippines. Serrano had a higher degree than I had. If I were the head, since when does an officer permit himself to be promoted to a captain general? The La Liga did not live long. It died a natural death after my banishment to Dapitan. . If the La Liga was re-organized nine months later, I was totally unaware of it. It was true that I wrote the statutes of the La Liga. The La Liga, however, is a civic association whose purposes are unity and development of commerce and industry. While it was true that there were some bitter statements in my letters, it was because they were written when my family was being persecuted, being dispossessed of their houses and lands; and my brother and brother-in-law were rusticated without due process of law. 814 Chapter 21: The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizal11. It was not true that the revolution was inspired in one of my speeches at the house of Doroteo Ongjungco, as alleged by the witnesses whom I would like to confront. My friends knew very well about my vehement opposition to an armed rebellion. 12. Why did the Katipunan send an emissary to me in Dapitan, who was a total stranger to me? Because those who knew me were cognizant that I would never sanction any violent movement. 13. My life in Dapitan had been exemplary, as evidenced by my productive activities for the welfare of the people. Even the politico- military commanders and missionary priests could attest to this. On the same day, the verdict of the military court, signed by Jose ‘Togores, was submitted to Governor Polavieja, who referred the same to Nicolas de la Pefia, the Judge Advocate General, for comments. De la Pefia concurred with the decision made by the court. He found Rizal guilty beyond reasonable doubt and therefore, should be condemned to death by firing squad at the place and time to be chosen by the governor-general. Polavieja approved De la Pefia’s recommendations on December 28, 1896. He, then, decreed Rizal’s execution on December 30 at 7:00 o'clock in the morning at Bagumbayan Field. This decree runs as follows (De Ocampo, 1956): Manila, December 28, 1896 Conformably to the foregoing opinion, approve the sentence dictated by the Court Martial in the present case, by virtue of which the death penalty is imposed on accused Jose Rizal Mercado, which shall be executed by shooting him at 7:00 o'clock in the morning of the 3oth of this month in the field of Bagumbayan. For compliance and the rest that may correspond, let this be returned to the Judge Advocate, Captain Don Rafael Dominguez. Rizal’s Trial and His Alleged Guilt Rizal’s trial was a clear case of mistrial — a very clear confirmation of the injustice of the Spanish Regime (Zaide & Zaide, 1999). It was a deliberate effort to condemn Rizal to death for the following reasons: 1. Rizal was a civilian but was tried by a military tribunal; 2. Rizal was already condemned guilty even before the trial; Chopter 21: The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizal 31.5,3, All allegations against Rizal were accepted by the court but not the arguments and evidence in his favor; 4. Rizal was not allowed to confront witnesses against him nor his counsel to cross-examine them; and 5. Evidences to convict Rizal did not have any bearing on his alleged commission of the complex crime of rebellion. Considering Rizal’s defense for the crime imputed on him raises the question of whether he was guilty or innocent? As pointed out by Guerrero (1998), Rizal was neither guilty nor innocent. Evidences used by the military court were not sufficient to warrant the finding of guilty and the concomitant imposition of death penalty. Moreover, Rizal was really innocent of the accusation that he was the moving spirit behind the revolution started by Bonifacio and the Katipunan. A very clear proof of Rizal’s innocence can be gleaned from the manifesto he wrote at Fort Santiago on December 15, 1896. This manifesto, as translated by Palma (1949) is presented below. My Countrymen: On my return from Spain, learned that my name had been used as a war cry among some who were in arms. The news painfully surprised me, but believing it was all over, I kept silent over what I considered irremediable. Now I hear rumors that the disturbances continue, and lest any persons should still go on using my name in bad or good faith, to remedy this abuse and to undeceive the unwary. [hasten to address you these lines so that the truth may be known. From the beginning, when I had news of what was being planned, I opposed it, fought it, and demonstrated its absolute impossibility. This is the truth and witnesses to my words are still living. I was convinced that the idea was highly absurd and, what was worse, would bring great suffering. I did more. When later, in spite of my counsels, the movement broke out, I spontaneously offered not only my services, but my life, even my name so that they might use them in the manner they saw fit to suppress the rebellion, for, convinced of the evils that would befall them. Iconsidered myself fortunate if, at any sacrifice. Icould prevent such useless misfortunes. This is equally of record. My countrymen: I have given proofs, more than anybody else, of desiring liberties for our country and I still desire them. But I place as a premise the education of the people so that by means of education and of 3.16 Chapter 24: The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizallabor they might have a personality of their own and make themselves worthy of liberties. In my writings Ihave recommended redemption. Ihave also written that reforms, to be fruitful, have to come from above, that those that come from below are irregular and unstable. Imbued with these ideals, I cannot but condemn this absurd, savage uprising planned behind my back, which dishonors us, the Filipinos, and discredits those who may advocate our cause. Iabhor its criminal methods and disclaim alll participation therein, pitying from the bottom of my heart the unwary, who have allowed themselves to be deceived. Return then to your houses, and may God forgive those who have acted in bad faith. The Last Remaining Hours on Earth The verdict of death sentence was read to Rizal on December 29, 1896 (Romero et al, 1978). At the outset, Rizal refused to sign it owing to his innocence and objection to his being labeled as a Chinese mestizo. Later, realizing that the law required it, he affixed his signature on the notification of the court’s decision. With only twenty fours remaining on earth, Rizal sent a note to his family, as he wants to see them before his execution, The day proved to be a hectic one for him as visitors come and go: members of his family; journalists; his defense counsel; Jesuits and other friars who were convincing Rizal to go back to the fold of Catholicism. While busy attending to his visitors, he took time to write his last letter to his best friend and confidante, Blumentritt. The letter runs this way (National Centennial Commission, 1962): When you receive this letter, Ishall be dead. I shall be shot tomorrow at seven o'clock, but Iam innocent of the crime of rebellion. Iam going to die with a clear conscience, Farewell my best, my dearest friend, and never think ill of me. Later in the afternoon, his mother, together with Maria, Trinidad, Narcisa, his niece Angelica, and his favorite nephew, Mauricio, visited Rizal. First to see him was his mother. Dofia Teodora, who was then crying, approached Rizal to embrace him but the cell guard separated them, Rizal knelt and kissed his mother’s hand. After a brief silence between them, Rizal asked Dofia Teodora to secure the permission of the authorities for his family to bury his dead body. She, then, left the cell afterwards. As his mother could not accept Rizal’s fate, she even tried seeking executive clemency for her son. Nonetheless, her attempt to secure such pardon from the governor-general proved futile. Chapter 21: The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizal 31°After his mother, Rizal’s family members came one at a time. As a person who is to pass away, he tried to give each one of them something that would make them remember him. He gave a wicker chair to Narcisa, while Angelica, his niece, received a handkerchief from him. To/Trinidad, Rizal gave an alcohol burner and told her that something important was inside it. It was inside this alcohol burner where Rizal had placed his last poem, which came to be entitled later as Mi Ultimo Adios or My Last Farewell, Only Maria, however, was not given a gift by Rizal as nothing was left for her. Josephine came later for a brief visit. Rizal kissed her before she left. Josephine was in tears, knowing that Rizal would soon leave her. Knowing that his message and poem could be kept for posterity, Rizal then rested, fecling that his mission was over. One by one, his memory of the distant and immediate past flashes back to him. His tranquility, however, was disturbed by the footsteps and voices outside his prison cell. Meantime, the Jesuits came back to see Rizal to convince him to retract his alleged religious errors and return to the fold of Catholicism. Rizal’s last day was indeed an exhausting one for him. The Execution of a Hero Rizal woke up early in spite of the physical and mental fatigue he had the previous day. After taking his breakfast at 5:30 in the morning, he took time to write two letters: one for his family; and the other one for Paciano. His first letter is presented below (National Heroes Commission, 1964): To My Family, Task you forgiveness for the pain I cause you, but some day I shall have to die and it is better that Idie now in the plenitude of my conscience. Dear Parents, brother, and sisters, give thanks to God that I may preserve my tranquility before my death. I die resigned, hoping that my death you will be left in peace. Ah! It is better to die than to live suffering. Console yourselves. Tenjoin you to forgive one another the little meanness of life and try to live united in peace and good harmony. Treat your old parents, as you would like to be treated by your'children later. Love them very much in my memory. 3.18 Chapler 24: The Trial and Martyrdom of RizalBury me in the ground. Place a stone and a cross over it — my name, the date of my birth, and of my death. Nothing more. If later you wish to surroynd my grave with fence, you can do so. No anniversaries. I prefer Paang Bundok. Have pity on poor Josephine. Rizal’s second letter, which was addressed to Paciano runs as follows (National Heroes Commission, 1964): My Dear Brother, Ithas been four and a half years that we have not seen each other or have addressed one another in writing or orally. Ido not believe this is due to lack of affection either on my part or yours, but because knowing each other so well, we had no need of words to understand each other. Now Iam going to die, it is to you I dedicate my last words to tell you how much I regret to leave you alone in life bearing all the weight of the family and of our old parents. I think of how you have worked to enable me to have a career. I believe that I have tried not to waste my time. My brother: If the fruit has been bitter, it is not my fault, it is the fault of circumstances. I know that you have suffered much because of me. Lam sorry. Iassure you, brother, that I die innocent of this crime of rebellion. If my former writings had been able to contribute towards it, I should not deny absolutely, but then I believe I expiated my past with my exile. Tell our father that Iremember him, but how? Iremember my whole childhood, his tenderness and his love. Ask him to forgive me for the pain Icause him unwillingly. Your Brother, Jose Rizal Josephine arrived at 5:30 in the morning, accompanied by Josefa. With tears in her eyes, she embraced Rizal. Rizal reciprocated by embracing her and giving her, his last gift, the book of Thomas Kemphis, entitled Imitation of Christ. Chapter 21: The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizal 319.After watching Josephine walk out of his cell, Rizal wrote his last letter to his father. This letter is presented below (National Heroes Commission, 1964): My Beloved Father, Pardon me for the pain I repay you for sorrows and sacrifices for my education. I did not want or prefer it. Goodbye, father, goodbye... Jose Rizal Rizal also prepared a letter for his mother but he was not able to complete it. The trumpet sounded at 6:30 in the morning, signaling the beginning of Rizal’s death march. The Death March and Execution of Rizal The death march began at exactly 6:30 in the morning. Rizal sported a black suit and vest with a black hat. Although his arms were tied behind his back, he walked serenely as if nothing would happen to him. Behind him were Lieutenant Taviel de Andrade, his defender, Father March, and Father Villaclara. Marching behind them, with pomp and precision, was a platoon of Spanish soldiers. Spectators lined along the street from Fort Santiago to Plaza del Palacio, in front of the Manila Cathedral; then to Malecon Street (now called Bonifacio Drive) until the participants in the death march, reached Bagumbayan Field. A mammoth crowd of Filipinos and foreigners was able to inch closer to the cordon formed by the Spanish soldiers to take a last glimpse of Rizal. Upon arriving at Bagumbayan Field, Rizal bid goodbye to Lieutenant Luis Taviel de Andrade, the two priests who accompanied him in the march and finally, to Josephine. Before proceeding to the designated place where Rizal was supposed to stand, Dr. Felipe Castillo, a military physician, checked his pulse and found it normal. Before the execution, Rizal requested the commander of the cavalry that he be shot facing his executioners considering that he was not a traitor. The request, however, was denied as the Spanish officer had a standing order from higher authorities that Rizal should be shot at the back. 320 Chepter 21: The Trial and Manyrdom of RizalThe trumpet sounded again signaling the commencement of the execution. As the commander shouted Fuego or Fire, the guns of the firing squad rang out in a row. Rizal slowly turned his back to the firing squad, faced the sea and fell to the ground. The military band played the Marcha de Cadiz, Spain’s national hymn. Shouts of Viva Esparia (Long Live Spain) and Muerte A Los Traidores (Death to the Traitors) could be heard all over the place at exactly 7:03 in the morning. It was all over. Rizal had been executed, Rizal had died but he lives in the hearts of the people, as a niartyr to Filipino freedom (Capino et al, 1977). His leadership — being direct, enlightened, liberal, democratic, progressive, compassionate and peaceful — was the crowning glory of his service to.the Filipino people. This kind of leadership that he manifested can be gleaned from his writings and personal examples. Here lies his excellence as an individual, a man with a purpose and conscience. Rizal’s Mi Ultimo‘Adios This poem was the longest, untitled poem written by Rizal dn December 29, 1896. According to Coates (1968), this poem is remarkable for it achieves four separate purposes. * Itis a poem of farewell. + Itis an appeal to the Filipinos, not forget him. * Itis Rizal’s last will and testament. * Itis Rizal’s autobiography. The poem as translated by Derbyshire, cited by Zulueta (2004) is presented below. MY LAST FAREWELL Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress’d Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost! Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life’s best And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest ‘Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost. On the field of battle, ‘mid the frenzy of light, Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed; The place matters not - cypress or laurel or lily white, Chapter 21: The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizal 321.Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom’s plight, ‘Tis ever the same, to serve our home and country’s need. I die just when I see the dawn break, Through the gloom of night, to herald the day; And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take, Pour’d out at need for thy dear sake, To dye with its crimson the walking ray.. My dreams, when life first opened to me, My dreams, when hopes of youth beat high, Were to see thy lov’d face, O gem of the Orient sea, From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free; No blush on thy brown, no tear to thine eye. Dream of my life, my living and burning desire, All haill Cries the soul that is now to take flight; All haill And sweet it is for thee to expire, To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire And sieep in thy bosom eternity’s long night. If over my grave, some day thou seest grow, In the grassy sod, a humble flower, Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so, While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath’s warm power. Let the moon beam over me soft and serene, Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes, Let the wind with the sad lament over me keen; And if on my cross a bird should be seen, Let it trill there its hymn of peace of my ashes. Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky, And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest; Let some kind soul o’er my untimely fate sigh, And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high, From thee, O my country, that in God I may rest. Pray for all those that hapless have died, For all who have suffered the unmeasured pain; . For our mothers that bitterly their voices have cried, For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried; And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain. ‘22 Chapter21: The Trial and Martyrdom of RizalAnd when the dark night wraps the graveyard around, With only the dead in their vigil to see; Break not my repose or the mystery profound, And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn resound, “Tis I, O my country, raising a song to thee. When even my grave is remembered no more, Unmarked by never a cross or a stone; Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o’er’ That my ashes may carpet thy earthly floor, Before into nothingness at last they are blown. Then will oblivion bring to me no care; As over thy vales and plains I sweep; Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air, With color and light, with song and lament I fare, Ever repeating the faith that Ikeep. My Fatherland adored that sadness to my sorrow lends, Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good-bye! Igive thee all; parent and kindred and friends; For I go where no slaves before the oppressor bends, Where faith can never kill, and God reigns e’er on high! Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away, Friends of my childhood in the home dispossessed! Give thanks that Irest from the wearisome day! Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend, that lightened my way; Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest! As pointed out earlier, the poem was without title and authorship. When presented to Basa and Ponce in Hong Kong, they concluded that it was written by Rizal. The first title used by Ponce for this poem was Mi Ultimo Pensamiento (My Last Thought). Nonetheless, when it was published * in the La Independencia, its title was changed to Mi Ultimo Adios (Osias, 1948). Close reading of the poem reveals Rizal’s spirit of fairness and justice, as no stanza is given over to condemnation, no phrase to recrimination, no word to hatred despite the oppression and injustice he suffered. The poem was Rizal’s farewell to his native land, which he described as Dear Fatherland, Clime of the Sun Caressed, Pearl of the Orient Seas, Beloved Filipinas and My Fatherland. To this venerated and adored land, Rizal gladly offered his life for the good of his country. Chapter 21: The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizal 323, —From the analysis made by Osias (1972), the whole poem depicts Rizal, the supreme patriot. Mi Ultimo Adios is an epic poem expressive of idealism, morality and spirituality. Here Rizal bid his parents, goodbye showing that he was dying young. He.even expressed his grief leaving his parents, brother, and sisters, whom he considered his childhood friends in the lost paradise. He, likewise, bid farewell to Josephine—his dulce extranjara, a friend, a wife and a source of delight. . . ‘The last stanza of the poem articulates Rizal’s inspiring faith. According to Osias (1972), Rizal asserted his Masonic and religious fervor in this portion of Mi Ultimo Adios. Rizal clearly indicated here that death has no sting. Thus, he faced death calmly for he was aware that the spirit is immortal since he was going to a world where there are no slaves where faith does not slay, and where God reigns supreme. The last line of the poem bequeaths Rizal’s philosophy of life: In death there is rest. On the Issue of Rizal’s Retraction One of the controversial issues about Rizal was on the question of whether he died a Catholic or a Mason. The assumed retraction of our national hero continues to intrigue historians, as well as students. Some are arguing that Rizal retracted his Masonic views and embraced his Catholic faith before he died. On the other hand, there are those that retraction is a lie considering that Rizal, throughout his life was a free and rational thinker. ‘The two versions of Rizal's retraction document, cited by Hessel (1965) in a paper he presented at Silliman University, are shown below. Text of the Retraction Discovered by Fr. Vicente’ Text of Retraction As Reported by Father Balaguer Garcia in the Archives of the Archdiocese in 1935) with His Notarial Seal of August 8, 1919 Me declare catolica y en esta religion en que naci y me eduque quiero vivir y morir. Me retracto de todo corazon de cuanto en mis palabras, escritos, impresos, y conducta ha habido contrario ami cualidad de hijo de la Iglesia Catolica. Creo y profeso cuanto ella ensefis y me someto a cuarto ella manda, Abomino de la Masoneria, como enemiga que es de la iglesia y como sociedad prohibida por la Iglesia Puede el Parelado Diocesano, como Autoridad Superior Eclesiastica hacer publica esta manifestacion espotanea mia para reparar el escandalo que mis actos hayan podido causar y para que Dios y los. hombres me perdonen. Me declare catolico y en esta religion en que naci y me eduque quiero vivir y morir. Me retracto de todo corazon y conducta ha habido contrario a mi cualidad de hijo de la Iglesia. Creo y profeso cuanto ella enseiia; y me someto ‘@ cuarto ella manda. Abomino dela Masoneria, como enemiga que es de la Iglesia, y como ‘sociedad prohibida por la misma Iglesia Parelado |diocesano como autoridad Superior eclesiastica, hacer publica esta manifestacion, espontanea mia [para reparar el escandalo que mis actos hayan [podido causar y para que Dios y los hombres Ime perdonen. Manila, 29 de Deciembre 1896 El Jefe del Piquete ElAyudante | Esta retraccion en firmaron con el Dr. Jose Rizal, el Sefior Fresno Jefe del Piquete y el Sefior Moure, Uplaze: Juan del Fresno BloyMoure _[ayudantedelaPlaa, nn MOU 324 Chapler 21: The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizal,The Roman Catholic Church is, of course, the greatest exporient of the view that Rizal died a Catholic and retracted his Masonic views. Evidences used by the Church to prove the veracity of its claim, as well as those who share the same belief, are summed by Father Cavanna (1956) cited by Hessel (1965): 1. The Retraction document is the chief witness to the reality of the retraction itself, since its discovery in 1935, The burden of Proof rests with those who question the retraction. Rizal recited and signed the prayer book entitled Acts of Faith, Hope and Charity. This book was offered to Rizal after his signing of the retraction document according to Father Balaguer. Part of what Rizal signed states, I believe in God the Father, I believe in God the Son, the Holy Ghost, Threé Distinct Persons, and only one true God..... I believe that the Roman Pontiff, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Visible head of the Church, is the Pastor and Teacher of all Christians; that He is infallible when He teaches doctrines of faith and morals to be'observed by the Universal Church and his definitions are in themselves binding and immutable; and I believe all that the Holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church believes and teaches, since God who can neither deceived nor be deceived, has so revealed it; and in this faith I wish to live and die. The testimony of the press at the time of the event, of eyewitnesses, especially those who were closely associated with events, like the head of the Jesuit order, attested that Rizal did retract and sign a retraction document. Rizal performed acts. of piety during his last hours, as testified by the witnesses, The Church, through the Jesuits, solemnized Rizal’s marriage to Josephine Bracken, as attested by witnesses. The Catholic Church will not officiate a marriage ceremony without Rizal’s retraction of his religious errors.While Cavanna and other pro-retraction scholars pointed to the foregoing evidences to support their position, those who espouse the belief that Rizal did not retract substantiate their claim based on the following arguments. (Hessel, 1965): 1, The retraction document is a forgery. As pointed out by Pascual (1950), the handwriting in the document is questionable, as only one man prepared it. The point stressed by Pascual was corroborated by the confession made by the forger to Antonio Abad on August 13, 1901, employed by the friars earlier that same year to make several copies of the retraction document (Runes & Buenafe, 1962). 2. The other acts and facts do not fit well with the story of retraction. Some of these are the following: > The retraction document was not made public until 1935. Even members of Rizal’s family did not see it. > No effort was made to save Rizal from death penalty after saying his retraction. > Rizal’s burial was kept secret. He was buried outside the inner wall of the Paco Cemetery. >» The record of his burial was not placed on the page of entries of December 30th but on a special page, where at least one other admitted non-penitent is recorded. > There is no marriage certificate or public record of Rizal’s marriage with Josephine Bracken. > Rizal’s behavior did not point to a conversion during his last 24 hours. His Ultimo Adios and the letters he wrote during his remaining hours do not indicate conversion. 3. The retraction is out of character. It is not in keeping with Rizal’s character and faith. It is incongruent with his previous assertions and declarations of religious thought. B26 Phenine 94: Tha Trialand Martyrdom of Rizal:While historians, biographers and students of Rizal’s life, works and writings are divided on the issue of his retraction, it cannot be denied that this issue neither adds nor diminishes his greatness as a Filipino. His contribution to nation building makes the people revere him. In the words of Hessel (1965), Catholic or Mason, Rizal is still Rizcl; the hero who courted death to prove those who deny our patriotism that we know how to die for our duty and our beliefs. CHAPTER REVIEW 1, What evidences were used by the Spanish authorities, to charge Rizal with the crime of complex rebellion through illegal association? Were these evidences sufficient to warrant commission of the aforementioned crime? Support your answer. 2. Who defended Rizal during his trial in the military court? How did he defend Rizal? 3. How did Rizal defend himself, when he was given opportunity by the military court to do so? 4. Why was Rizal’s trial a clear case of mistrial? 5. How did Rizal spend his last 24 hours on earth? If you were Rizal, will you do the same? 6. What values did Rizal manifest in the letters he wrote prior to his execution? Support your answer. 7. In your opinion, how did Rizal’s death influence the history of our nation? 8. Why is Mi Ultimo Adios considered Rizal’s autobiography? 9. What evidences and arguments are cited by those, who believe Rizal retracted his Masonic views before he died? By those who believe otherwise? 10. In your opinion, did Rizal die a Catholic or a Mason? Justify your answer, Chapter 21: The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizal 32°7Name EXERCISE 21 Score Rating Course and Curriculum Year Date Test 1 To what does each of the following descriptions refer? 1. The case charged against Rizal by the Spanish authorities 2. Rizal’s defense counsel during his trial 3. The Judge Advocate of the Spanish military tribunal who conducted the preliminary investi- gation on Rizal 4. The venue of Rizal’s trial on December 26, 1896 5. The Spanish governor-general who decreed the execution of Rizal on December 30, 1896 6. The place where Rizal preferred to be buried after his execution 7. The title given by Ponce to Rizal’s My Last a Farewell 8. The president of the military tribunal who signed the verdict of guilty on the part of Rizal 9. The prosecutor of the military court during Rizal’s trial 10. A religious book allegedly kissed by Rizal after his retraction according to Father Balaguer 11. Rizal’s philosophy of life as reflected in his Mi Ultimo Adios 12. A book written by Kemphis, which was Rizal’s last gift to Josephine Bracken Chapter 21: The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizal 33.1.13. The crowning glory of Rizal’s service to the Filipino people 14. Oral statements given by those who were associated with Rizal, which were used against him by the Spanish authorities 15. The Judge Advocate General who conducted ‘the arraignment of Rizal Test 2 Provide the necessary details to complete each of the topics listed below. 4. Proofs that Rizal’s Trial was a Mistrial 16 17 18 19 20 B. Descriptions Used By Rizal to refer to the Philippines in his My Last Fare- well 21 24 * 22 25 23 26 C. Purposes Achieved by Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios 832 Chopler 21: The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizal