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Students can go through AP SSC 10th Class Maths Notes Chapter 1 Real Numbers to understand
and remember the concepts easily.
→ Euclid’s division lemma: Given positive integers a, b there exists unique pair of integers q and r
satisfying
a = bq + r; 0 ≤ r < b
This result was first published / recorded in book VII of Euclid’s “The Elements”.
→ Euclid’s division algorithm is a technique to compute the Highest Common Factor (H.C.F) of two
given numbers.
130 = 80 × 1 + 50 80 = 50 × 1 + 30
50 = 30 × 1 + 20 30 = 20 × 1 + 10
20 = 10 × 2 + 0 and H.C.F = 10
Q = { q ; q ≠ 0; p, q ∈ Z} .
p
→ Numbers which can’t be expressed in p/q form are called irrational numbers represented by S. You
may notice that the first letter of surds is ‘S’.
→ The combined set of rationals and irrationals is called the set of Real numbers; represented by R.
R = Q ∪ S.
x = pl1 ⋅ pm
2
⋅ p
n
3
…… where p1, p2, p3, ….. are prime numbers and l, m, n, …… are natural numbers.
Step (iii): Assign the respective smallest exponent from their exponential forms.
× 5 ;6th 8 9 10 AP SCERT
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Step (ii) 3O × 5O [taking common bases]
∴ H.C.F = 15
(i.e.) The highest common factor of the given set of numbers is the product of the com¬mon bases
with the respective least exponents.
Step – 1: 60 = 22 × 3 × 5 ; 75 = 3 × 52
Step – 2: 2O × 3O × 5O
Step – 3: 22 × 31 × 52
Step – 4: 4 × 3 × 25 = 300
L.C.M = 300
→ We may notice that the product of any two numbers N1 and N2 is equal to the product of their
L.C.M. (L) and H.C.F. (H).
i.e., N1 . N2 = L.H
→ Let x = p/q be a rational number. If the numerator p is divided by the denominator q, we get the
decimal form of x. The decimal form of x may or may not be terminating, i.e., every rational number
can be expressed either as a terminating decimal or a non-terminating decimal. This gives us the
following theorems.
Theorem – 1: Let ‘x’ be a rational number when expressed in decimal form, terminates, then x can be
expressed in the form p/q where p, q are co-primes and the prime factorization of q is of the form 2n
× 5m, where n and m are non-negative integers.
Theorem – 2: Let x = p/q be a rational number, where q is of the form 2n × 5m then x has a decimal
expansion that terminates.
Theorem – 3: Let x = p/q be a rational number, where p, q are co-primes and the prime factorization
of q is not of the form 2n . 5m (n, m ∈ Z+) then x has a decimal expansion which is non-terminating
recurring decimal.
Theorem – 4: LetAP
‘p’Board
be a6th
Solutions 7 8 9 10
prime number. If p divides a2 then p dividesAPa,BitwhereAP‘a’Board
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is a positive
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integer.
→ If a is a non-zero rational number and b is any irrational number, then (a + b), (a – b), a/b and ab
are all irrational numbers.
→ If an = x, where a and x are positive integers and a ≠ 1, then we define logax = n read as logarithm
of x to the base a is equal to n.
Eg.: 24 = 16 ⇒ log216 = 4
→ logaa = 1
→ loga1 = 0
→ logaxm = m logax
→ In general, the bases in the logarithms are 10 (or) e, where e’ is approximated to 2.718.
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