Pelton wheel turbine

CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
CHATER:1 INTRODUCTION
1.1Introduction

CHAPTER:2 LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER:3 EXISTING SYSTEM AND PROPOSED SYSTEM
Existing system
proposed system

CHAPTER:4 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

Block diagram
working principle

CHAPTER:5 COMPONENTS
Hardware components
Nozzle with guide mechanism
runner with buckets
Casing
Number of jets
penstocks
Softer ware components

Advantages
Dis Advantages
Applications
Conclusion
REFERENCE

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Pelton wheel turbine

ABSTRACT

A Pelton turbine bucket is the individual component which makes up the

turbine section of a Pelton turbine. The blades are responsible for extracting
energy from the high-pressure water produced by the nozzle jet. The pelton
buckets are very often the limiting component of pelton turbines. To survive
in this difficult environment, blades often use exotic materials.
In this project, a pelton turbine bucket is designed and modeled in 3D
modeling software CATIA. We know that the efficiency is directly related to
material performance making the material selection of primary importance.
In this project, materials considered for turbine blades are steel, cast iron and
fiber glass reinforced plastic. Optimization is done by different materials by
performing coupled field analysis on the turbine blade for both the designs.
The objective of this project is to perform coupled field analysis of pelton
wheel buckets for various materials and varying the number of buckets on
the pelton wheel for finding out the efficiency, high stress handling factors.
Keywords: CATIA V5 software and ANSYS work bench

SOFTWARE USED
CATIA V5 : DESIGN
ANSYS : ANALYSIS (STATIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS)

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Pelton wheel turbine

CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Introduction:
A pelton turbine or pelton wheel is a type
of specifically used frequently in these turbines are generally used for sites
with greaterthan300 This type of turbine was created during the gold rush in
1880 by Lester Pelton. The water in a Pelton turbine is moving quickly (high
velocity head, and the turbine extracts energy from the water by slowing the
water down, which makes this an impulse turbine.
When used for there is usually a water located at some height above the
Pelton turbine. The then flows through the specialized nozzles that introduce
pressurized water to the turbine. To prevent irregularities in the penstock is
fitted with a surge tank that absorbs sudden fluctuations in water that could
alter the pressure. Unlike other types of turbines which are reaction turbines,
the Pelton turbine is known as an impulse turbine. This simply means that
instead of moving as a result of a reaction water creates some impulse on the
turbine to get it to move.

In developing countrie the necessity and the possibilities to manufacture

machines locally are increasing. Often the necessary equipment, machines,
material and the skilled labour as well as technical staff are available, but
what is missing is the information and the know-how.

One category of machines used to harness water power and which can be
produced locally, are water turbines. In some countries there is an
established tradition in the production, installing and running of small water
mills. Often these are units with simple vertical axis wheels or are large
water wheels. For example, one country with experience on vertical axis
water wheels -is Nepal. In this country there is also know-how available on
the building of canals. These canals are generally used for irrigation and to
run
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Pelton wheel turbine
In Nepal, the first few cross flow turbines were built and installed in the
early seventies. Then it took some time, until the end of the seventies, that
water mills, equipped with crossflow turbines, started to spread. By 1990
more than 600 water mills had been installed, distributed all over the
country. These installations run with different types of turbines and were
locally built by more than ten different manufacturers.

For local manufacturing, the crossflow turbine is the simplest model. The
head range often fits in well with the local conditions. Information on
this type of turbine can be obtained from various agencies, such as SKAT
and GATE.

Sometimes, for crossflow turbines, the head is too big while the discharge
is too small. In this case the Pelton turbine is more suitable. It is the second
easiest turbine to be manufactured locally. This publication provides the
necessary information for the local manufacturing of Pelton turbines and for
installing and running them successfully. The range of application of Pelton
turbines described here, does not exceed 50 kW of power output and
therefore lies in the mini-micro-range.

This manual is based upon specialised literature, on documentation by

suppliers and on the practical and theoretical experience of the author, of
other engineering offices and of manufacturers. It has been written mainly to
facilitate the design, manufacture and installation of Pelton turbines. All
information has intentionally been kept simple, so as to facilitate
reproduction with simple means. The formulas in the theoretical section are
reduced to the necessary minimum and are partly approximate calculations,
which are purposed for the practical use.

The utilisation of the produced power is not dealt with. However, all
options are kept open, whereas local conditions are to be considered when
an installation is planned. In case the statements made should not suffice,
detailed information will be found in the literature listed at the end, or can be
obtained from the suppliers of turbine components.

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Pelton wheel turbine

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE
SURVEY
Pelton wheel turbine is generally used for mechanical power
generation in hydroelectric power plant. Vibration produced in the system is
forced vibration. The dynamic characteristics of a hydro turbine power
depend heavily on changes in load disturbances. Thus, the hydro turbine
exhibits highly nonlinear, non-stationary system whose characteristics vary
significantly with the unpredictable load. When the Natural frequency of the
turbine coincides with actual frequency of the turbine causes the formation
of the resonance. This resonance forms the increase in chances of failure of
the turbine by buckling of deformation of the shaft. So, the Theoretical,
Numerical and Experimental Analysis method to find out the dynamic
characteristics of Pelton Wheel Turbine is reviewed in the present paper.

The dynamic behaviour of flexible rotor system subjected to base

is investigated theoretically and experimentally by Aman Rajak etal .
They have developed a mathematical model for total energy of the system
and the equation of motion has been derived using energy method.
they assume the pelton wheel turbine as a simple rotor disk system. the
assembly of a rotor disk system.
Dynamic behaviour is then studied by developing a mathematical model for
rotor disk system.
They also have done the FEA analysis using ANSYS 14.5. cambell diagram
is used to find out the natural frequency of system. the study f
focuses on bending phenomenon near the critical speed of rotation

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Pelton wheel turbine

CHAPTER 3
EXISTING
SYSTEM

EXISTING METHOD:
An pelton turbine or pelton wheel is a type of hydro
turbine (specifically an impulse turbine) used frequently in
hydroelectric plants. These turbines are generally used for sites with
heads greater than 300 meters. This type of turbine was created during
the gold rush in 1880 by Lester Pelton.

PROPOSED SYSTEM
In this system, a 24×7 monitoring system is designed
for monitoring dumpsters. Here a smart and organized system is
designed for selective clearing. The ultrasonic sensor is used for
measuring the level of waste in thedumpster. DC motor powered
platform is used for segregating wet and dry waste. IR sensor and
moisture sensor is used for separating wet and dry waste. If either of
the containers is full then an alert message is sent from the
dumpster. In turn, employees can clear the corresponding dumpster.
All these sensors are connected to an Arduino Uno board. It can be
used for controlling all mechanical setup ed on currt conditions.

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Pelton wheel turbine

CHAPTER -4

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

Block diagram

Fig: pelton wheel turbine

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working principle:

The working principle is water is coming from the

storage reservoir through a penstock to the Inlet of the nozzle which is the
inlet of the turbine so the hydraulic energy of the water is mainly converted
into kinetic energy.
The water releases in the form of a jet from the nozzle and strikes
on the vanes for a very small-time duration. Since a very high force is
exerted on the vanes by the jet of water for a very small-time duration so
these turbines are known as Impulse turbines. Bucket changes the direction
of run/flow of water jet and momentum transfer takes place.
All events happen in open air i.e, at atmospheric
pressure. The nozzle is used to convert the head available with water into a
dynamic head and the water comes out from the nozzle in the form of a jet.
As the jet strikes over the runner vane, it will apply a large
magnitude force for a small amount of time over the runner called Pelton
force the Pelton force will rotate the runner.

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Pelton wheel turbine

CHAPTER- 5
COMPONENTS
HARDWARE :

1. Nozzle with guide mechanism

2. Runner with buckets
3. Casing
4. Number of jets
5. Penstock

NOZZLE WITH GUIDE MECHANISM

The function of the nozzle of a Pelton wheel is to

convert the available pressure energy into high velocity energy in the form of
jet.
The quantity of water required is proportional to the load on the
turbine. Therefore, to control the flow through the nozzle, some sort of a
regulating or a governing mechanism is necessary. This is generally done by
using a spear inside the nozzle. The movement of spear inside the nozzle
changes the area of flow through it, thus varying the discharge. The nozzle is
usually made of either cast iron or cast steel.

Sometimes, a small brake nozzle is also used in case of large turbines. When
the wheel is to stopped, besides cutting off the supply of water through the
main nozzle, the brake nozzle also directs the water on to the back of buckets
to bring the wheel quickly to rest.

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Pelton wheel turbine

Fig: NOZZLE WITH GUIDE MECHANISM

RUNNER WITH BUCKETS

The runner of a Pelton turbine consists of a number of double cupped bucket
fixed to the periphery of the wheel.
Each bucket has a sharp edge at the centre called the splitter
The jet strikes each bucket at this splitter and is divided into two sides,
thus avoiding any unbalanced thrust on As the splitter takes the full
impact of the jet, so it has to be quite strong.

Fig: Runner with buckets

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Pelton wheel turbine

CASING

Casing is an important part of Vertical Pelton Turbine unit, which acts

as a housing for runner and the support for Generator. The design of casing
requires consideration of hydraulic as well as mechanical aspects. The size
and shape of the casing should be designed to give proper guidance to water
flow.
casing should have enough strength to meet the mechanical/structural
requirements such as to withstand the dead weight of the generator, forces
developed in the manifold/branch pipes, load due to the four jets in different
combinations and load due to various actuation mechanisms. After satisfying
above aspects, the casing should be checked for vibration behavior by modal
analysis. The design of casing for four jet vertical Pelton turbine is carried
out considering all abovementioned criterion. Ansys Mechanical software is
used to study the structural behavior of casing and also for weight.

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Pelton wheel turbine

Fig: casing

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Pelton wheel turbine

5.1.4. NUMBER OF JETS

Number of jets may be increased, usually upto 4, but never more than 6
because higher number of jets makes the governing complicated

Fig: NUMBER OF JETS

5.1.5 PENSTOCK

A penstock is a pipe that conveys the flow the fore bay to

the turbine. The penstock pipes start downstream of the fore bay.
The potential energy of water at the fore bay is converted into
kinetic energy.

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Pelton wheel turbine

SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
The Software used for this project are
DESIGN CATIA
ANSYS

DESIGN CATIA

CATIA:
Computer aided three Dimensional interactive applications.
It develops by the DASSULT SYSTEM
DASSULT SYSTEM IS A freanch company.
VERSION:
Initial relese : V1 to
V7 It is introduced in
1977 We are using :
caita v5
In catia v5 version we understand the all tools and working easyly.

ANSYS
Ansys, Inc. is an American company based in Canonsburg,
Pennsylvania. It develops and markets CAE/multiphysics engineering
simulation software for product design, testing and operation and offers its
products and services to customers worldwide.

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Pelton wheel turbine

Advantages of Pelton turbine

 It has simple construction
 It is east to maintain
 Intake and exhaust of water takes place at
atmospheric pressure hence no draft tube is required
 No cavitation problem
 Its overall efficiency is high
 It can be both axial and radial
flow It can work on low discharge

Disadvantages of Pelton turbine

 It requires high head for operation
 Turbine size is generally large
 Its efficiency decreases quickly with time
 Due to high head, it is very difficult to control
variations in operating head

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APPLICATIONS:
Pelton turbine is used in the hydroelectric power plant where the water
available at high head i.e.150 m to 2000 m or even more. In hydroelectric
power plant, it is used to drive the generator attached to it and the generator
generates the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy.
This is all about the Pelton turbine working, main parts, application with
diagram. And if you like the article then don’t forget to like and share it.

Different types of Efficiency in the Pelton Wheel

Turbine:
1. Hydraulic Efficiency
2. Mechanical Efficiency
3. Overall Efficiency and
4. Volumetric Efficiency

Hydraulic Efficiency:
It is defined as the ratio of power developed by the runner to the power
supplied by the jet at the entrance to the turbine.

Mathematically,

hydraulic efficiency = (Power developed by the runner) / (Power supplied at

the inlet of the turbine)

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Mechanical Efficiency:
It is defined as the ratio of the power obtained from the shaft of
the turbine to the power developed by the runner.

These two powers differ by the number of mechanical losses, viz, bearing
friction, etc

Volumetric Efficiency:
The volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the volume of water
actually striking the runner to the volume of water supplied by the jet to the
turbine.

Overall Efficiency:
It is defined as the ratio of the power available at the turbine
shaft to the power supplied by the water jet.

Overall efficiency = (Power available at the turbine shaft) / (Power

available from the water jet)

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CONCLUSION
A Pelton bucket model for micro-hydro applications was
modelled in this study. The various design parameters where theoretically
calculated using standard rules and equations. The calculated values of the
design parameters were further verified with that of the values obtained by
the design software CATIA V5. The bucket of double ellipsoid profile and
connecting arm is modelled using CATIA software. The study supports
future works in this field of hydraulic turbines with provisions for further
modification in the proposed CATIA design model.

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REFERENCES

[1] 2017 5th International Conference on Instrumentation,

Control,and Automation (ICA) Yogyakarta, Indonesia,
August 9-11, 2017

[2] IOT Based Smart Garbage alert system using Arduino

UNODate and journal: 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference
(TENCON)Author: Dr.N.SATHISH KUMAR,
B.VIJAYALAKSHMI, R.JENIFER
PRARTHANA,A.SHANKAR (S.R.M.,
Coimbatore,INDIA)
[3] Date and journal:2015, ICCES Author: MS. NIRMALA
Y BARIKER, MR JASON VINOD D’SOUZA (MIT,
Mangalore)

[4] SVASTHA: An effective solid waste management system

in Android OS Date and journal: 2013 by IEEE Global
humanitarian technology Author: Issac and akshai

[5] SMART DUSTBIN MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Date

and journal: 7 may 2018 (IJESRT) Author: Swati Sharma and
sarabjeet Singh

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