Week I I

-Lecture
Ecology study of the
relat!onsh!ps between
organ!sms
and the!r env!ronment
phys!cal cond!t!ons

Ecology compoments cnem!cal cond!t!ons

organ!sms
why to
study ecology
?
I pass!on

2 cause
effect relat!ons ( bear attacks

)
mama
3 undersfand!ng ecolog!cal cr!s!s !n the antropocene

44 ma!nta!n!ng b!od!vers!ty and

ecosystem funct!on!ng
5 natural resources

scales of Ecology

!nd!v!dual B!ome (
cl!mate)
Populat!on B!osphere I carbon
cycle
)
commun!ty

Ecosytem
landscape patterns and !nterests between ecosystem
subd!s!pl!nes of Ecology
1
Organ!smal E
cology
* ecology

Erolut!onary
* ecology
Behav!orael
* ecology cadaptat!on
phys!olog!cal
)
2 Populat!on Ecology
3
Commun!ty Ecology
Commun!t!es form b!omes on
large scolle

Focuses on numbers and coex!stence

B!od!vers!ty spec!es r!ch ete

4
Ecosystems Ecology
!ncludes non th!ngs
-l!v!ng
5
Landscape Ecology
6 Global Ecology
Other d!s!pl!nes
 Sc!ent!f!c method

xax s - !ndependent var!able

Yax!s dependent
-
var!able

Ecolog!cal methods

*
Observat!ons
non

-man!pulat!ve
well structured observat!ons

texper!mentat!on
!nvolves man!pulat!on of system
unman!pulated control

compar!son of results

meta
-analys!s
s!m!l!ar exper!ments
comb!ned
D!fferent datas

models

Descr!be ecolog!cal phenomena and

pred!ct patterns
i
Quant!fy!ng Ecology
Week 2- 2

Chapter
Phys!cal Env!ronment

cl!mate long term average pattern of weather

Weather temp hum!d!ty prec!p!tat!on w!nd

,
,
.,
clodu!ness occurence at a
spes!f!c placelt!me

.
Cl!mate ( Molles Book
D!agrams

)
when the prec!p!tat!on temp

)
the weather !s not dry

solar rad!at!on !s the

electromagnet!c energy from sun

.
H!gh energy
-
short
wavelength
 Greenhouse Gasses

Absored energy by gases such

:
COz

,cHu,HzO
Greenhouse effect keeps
gases
earth warm

.
I
terrestr!al longwave rad!at!on

( Incom!ng Sw Sw Reflected

)-
)
NET RADIATION
:
LEm!tted LW - LW

Downword
)
net rad!at!on
Average of Earth =0

So the temprature !s constant

.
a c
why do ro
net rad!at!on var!es s

Because of Earth shape carea reflect!on

)
's
,
reflect!on
pmore
changes
Why do we observe seasonal
?
Earth t!lted ax!s 23.5 lat!fude
's
=enlem
equ!noxes mean!ng day =

n!ght=12n
Temprature Effects

w!nds

Ocean currents

A!r hum!d!ty
Convect!on !s the flow of heat
through matter
 Cor!ol!s Effect

sphere shape -
speed var!ety

s
Results Hurr!canes d!rect!on
L changes
North
on the
globe
equator

south B
r equator

Ocean currents

current !s of movement
systemat!c patterns water

w!nd patterns affect currents

Gyres dom!nant water movement !n oceens

North
Q
-clockw!se
welter
p!led
LP

south
ÇHP
-

counterclockw!se

Geostroph!c flow !s a type of part!dle mot!on that occurs

when forces dre weak cor!olos!s determ!ne the d!rect!on

.
Vapor Pressure worter
a ! r
valpor capac!ty of
.
:
Relat!ve hum!d!ty current VP X

1OO
=
vP

/saturat!on
Prec!p!tat!ona
e r
!s not everly th
d!str!buted across

lat!tude =

enlemn
ITC Intertrop!cal
=

2
Zone
Convergence

land surfaces heat and warm more

rap!dly than water

.
why
?
Heat capac!ty
less Dt
Mar!t!me !nfluence locat!ons near cost

cont!nental!ty locat!ons
feer from cost more bt
Mounta!ns affect cl!mate PP TL

Ra!n shadow The a!r loses mo!st

wh!le to the other s!de

pass!ng

w!ndward s!de l e wa rd

s!de

* do !ce occur !ce

ages
How
2
?
cold
T!lt !n Earth ax!s
's
D summers

1Northen
The m!lankov!tch cycles
D sunl!gh var!at!on

El N!no and La N!na

Trade w!nds JET STREAM

El N!no warm surface cold water off

s
-s
welter South Amer!ca

w!nter
t!me north amer!ca
,
v!ce versa La N!na

cool!ng down pac!f!c

 y

Dr!vers of m!crocl!mate

slope
Aspect !s the compass d!rect!on that a
faces
.
H!lls mounta!ns valleys etc
,
,
2 shad!ng the landscape
vegetat!ons
3 color of the ground
4 Presence of boulders and burrows

kaya oyuk
Chapter 2-

Read!ng
 Week 2- 3

chapter
Reservo!r Places where water !s stored for some
per!od of t!me

Flux !s the movement of water from on resorvo!r to

others

.
Transprat!on !s when
vapor
lost from an
organ!sm
Water !s
found !n many ways
:
* *
r!ver
!ce
* * so!l mo!sture
tsea
lake
*
ground water
ocean
Important water
propert!es

D H!gh spes!f!c heat serves as

buffer
,
2 ke floats shelfer 4 pressure
Great

!mportant for
,
sstreaml!ned
Cohes!on surface v!scos!ty lungs
,
,
tens!on
shape of vertebrates
Buoyancy upward force exerted when a body !n

water we!ght less than the water !t d!splaces

reduces the affect of grav!ty
less need structural sport
s

organ!sms con be larger

L!ght and walter

!ntert!dal nev!t!c
zone
-

zone

Th!s affects photosyn thes!s

Ep!l!mn!on upper layer of warm less

dense water
,
Hypol!mn!on lower
layer of cold dense water

Thermocl!ne m!xed layer w!th rap!d Temp decl!ne

In
Trop!cs
,
thermocl!ne !s
permenent
In tempenate
zone
,
summer thermo!ne !s

present
Temperate zone
example
seasonal
changes !n the vert!cal

temprature prof!le for alake orpond

In fall
,
surface water
beg!ns to cool

temperature becomes un!form

Turnover the vert!cal m!x!ng moves nutr!ent

In w!nter In
j
spr!ng
,
o surface warm!ng bog!ng -
'ct
turover
Oxygen !n water

d!ssolv!ng
not

bepth
102t
only bo
1
 Ac!d!ty !n
Aquat!c Env!ronments

COztHaoJHaCo

3
HaCOsFHCOjtH

+
waters heds affect plt
Caco l!meston h!gh pHt
3
Seawater sl!ghtly alkal!ne
sandstone gran!te low pH ( 75-8.4)

D!rect Ind!rect !nfluences

!nfluences
44. cannot reproduce Al tox!c!ty
J
causes

Types of water movement

w!nd d!rect!on
ocean
currents
cor!ol!s

currents waves

streams r!vers open body akeor break!ng

water
of ocean on a shore

veloc!ty !s w!nd
generates
essent!al E
-

of channee fr!ct!onal drag of

shape
-sr!pples
w!nd smooth surface
ra!nfall
on

- snow melt
wh!te
-

depth caps lost

,w!dth
by break!ng waves
-energy
*
Ocean t!des are
long per!od waves that move

through ocean w!th the affect of sun and moon

.
T!des

- depth

water
-

w!nds
- act!on

wave
grav!tat!on

Intert!d!al zone l!es between water l!nes for

and
h!gh low t!de
.
-

exposed to env!ronmental extremes

temperature fluctat!ons a!r

out
dry!ng
-
solar rad!at!on dess!cat!on
of a l!v!ng
organ!sm

!nundat!on
ww

overflow
Estuary where freshwater and saltwater m!x

Chapter 3-
Read!ng
 Week 2- 4

Chapter
Whalt can the l!m!tat!on
land
!n

?
be

loss of water

water balance
-

-
Grav!ty
PAR ( Photosynthet!cally act!ve rad!at!on

wh!ch !s v!s!ble
l!ght
61 6
!nfrared PAR 62 ultrav!olet
o45
o53
,
Leaf Area Index m
leaf lm
ground area
?
 so!l !mportance
med!um
for plant growth recycl!ng system
-

rec!p!ent
of water hab!tat
-

n
- t a l

Regol!th !s the unconsol!dated debr!s

from crumbled rock

Mechan!cal
weather!ng
- -
water
temperature
w!nd
organ!sm

- mater!als
orgen!sms organ!c
-
so!l
( oz!ac!as
)
Ht2o,
water

The f!ve Factors

t!me
I 4 b!ot!c factors
2 cl!mate 5
parent mater!al
3
topography
i
i
i
I t!me

cl!mate
Ab!ot!c leach!ng movement of so!l

temp

-prec!p!t!tat!o
w!nd

3
topography
4 b!ot!c factors
pla!nts roots eros!on
-
,
an!mals
d!gg!ng burrow!ng
,
fung! and bacter!a
decompos!t!o
5
parent maer!al
t!ll
depos!ts
glac!al

Is!ll
eol!an w!ndborne sand

colluv!um grav!ty mov!ng mater!al down

(
slopel
water fluv!al sed!mentcar!!ed by flow!ng
 D!st!ngu!sh!ng Phys!cal Chracter!st!cs

I color

dark so!l matter

organ!e
-

!nd!cate mater!al
other colors
parent
-

Blotehy so!l
( Igray
- water saturated

yellow-brown
)
2 so!l texture d!fferent so!l part!cles

-s!zed
sand 00 to zomm

s!lt 0002 to 005

mm
dlay less than 0.002
mm-m!croscop!e
caterhold!ng exchange of !ons

capac!ty

!deal so!l bo part!cles 6 space

50
o50
coarse so!ls
large pore spaces

rap!d !nf!ltrat!on percolat!on dra!nage

,
waum

,
süzülme süzülme

so!l
depth depends on

1 slope I deeper !nvalleys 3

parent mater!al
shallow on r!dges
)
2
weather!ng 4 vegetat!on
source

Grasslands -

deep so!ls - roots

t
Forests - shallow so!ls
- leaves
sFall!ng
So!l Hor!zon

can be !dent!f!ed from d!sf!nct colors

AadO
r!ch !n b!od!vers!ty
so!l hor!zon

so!l v!s!ble hor!zontal

prof!le layers
Hor!zons -5 A

,B.C
O,
O hor!zon Organ!c layer
th!ckest !n
fall th!nnest !n summer

( temperate

for
A hor!zon Topso!l
zones

)
m!xture -
humus t
parent mater!al
s
Darker than B and C

so!l
woter - leach m!nerals and f!ne to B
s
.C
B Hor!zon subso!l

Accumulat!on so!l
m!nerals
of and

Denser than A
Hard for roots

c Hor!zon unconsol!dated mater!al

Bedrock !s below C

very l!ttle weather!ng and b!o act!v!ty

 Mo!sture capac!ty

-Hold!ng
saturated so!l there !s than
more water
pore space
can hold

F!eld capac!ty water

f!lls all the pore spaces
and held w!thn by !nternal
cap!llary forces
w!tt!ng po!nt so!l mo!sture level below wh!ch
plants

can no longer extract we!ter sto t!ghtly held

for plant to take

Aval!able water capac!ty
FIELDC
-WILTINGP
Topography effects
Idr!er
r!dgetopes Valley
I
mo sture

h!gh slopes s
streams
i
 Ion exchange capac!ty total number of charged
s!tes so!l
on
part!cles
cat!on
exchange capac!ty =
total number of negat!ve cherge

bynam!c
equl!br!umt
Smaller!ons
It charge
Iheld t!ghtly

pHt of so!ls

*
x
3 to g
changes Al !s tox!c
for h!gh conc

.
5.6!s ac!d!e
Damages roots

37
bas!e
so!l Format!on

ox!sols I sub trop!c

-trop!cs
do
gel!sols
0
h!stosols bags and
poor dra!nage
 so!l format!on process

result of
Dlater!zat!on HOT RAINY con d!t!ons

,
so!ls are ac!d!c tue to low
cat!ons

of
result eropar!t!on
2
calc!f!cat!on
wat Cacos
move to ground
er

Accumulat!on
c al! c
salt h
!n B called e
of

3 sal!n!zat!on

cals!f!cat!on for dr!er

cl!mates

deserts
common !n

4 Podzol!zat!on

cl!mates
occurs !n cool most
,
smater!al
o!l
organ!c forms
-sac!d!e
cat!ons Fe Alved
remo leach!ng
,
,
from A hor!zon

5 Glc!zat!on occurs !n areas

I poor
w!th h!gh ra!nfall dra!nage

decompos!t!on sorgan!c react w!th

ac!ds
of organ!c mater!als the !ron !n
so!l
i
chapter 4
Read!ng
week 3- 5

Chapter
Adaptat!ons are d product of natural select!on

Natural select!on d!fferent!al of !nd!v!duals

success !n
populat!on

.
!surv!val and

Two steps reproduct!on

)
var!at!on !n
character!st!c
-her!table
2 leads to
d!fferences !n succes

surv!val of the
f!ttest
:
Nature selects !nd!v!duals w!th tra!ts that allow

them to flour!sh I reproduce

Adaptat!on any her!table behav!oral , morpholog!cal or

,
phys!olog!cal tra!t that has evolved
through the process of
natural select!on
.
F!tness the
proport!onate contr!but!on made
by an !nd!v!dual

to
future generat!ons relat!ve to other !nd!v!duals !n same

populat!on
.
Gene express!on d!fferent type of cells or
stages !n the l!fe cycle express d!fferent genes
 Genotype alleles at each
present gene w!th!n an
organ!sms gesome

'
Phenotype apperance of an
organ!sm for a
part!cular character!t!c
!s

Complete and Incomplete Dom!nance

Qual!tat!ve Quant!tat!ve
tra!ts tra!t

cont!nous d!sturb!ton
d!screte phenotyp!c

categor!os of phenstypes
St encoded
prote!n - gene
s ngle

cod!ng gene phenstype affected by env!ronment

-
i
Phenotyp!c plast!c!ty
the
ab!l!ty of one
genotype to
g!ve r!se to d!fferent
phenotypes under
d!fferent env!ronmental cond!t!ons

- color of !nsects - growth

plant
body
darker !n cool cl!mate

br!ghter !n warm

Norm of react!on the set

of phenotypes

expressed by a
s!ngle genotype across a
range

of env!ronmental cond!t!ons
.
o
Developmental plast!c!ty the property by wh!ch

the d!st!nct
same
ganotype produces phenotypes
env!ronmental cond!t!ons
depend!ng on the under

wh!ch development takes place

.
REVERSED
CAN NOT BE

P PAR - PAR
120
P100
- b!omass more b!omass
less
-

leaves - narrow leaves

th!n
( large
)
- branches -

more branches
few
Accl!mat!on
phenotyp!c plast!c!ty !n response
to current

env!ronmental cond!t!ons wh!ch !s revers!ble

for !nstance
;
seasonal changes !n

Tempcratures f!sh tolerates

.
 Genet!c var!at!on

w!th!n
Among genet!c d!fferent!at!on
=

subpopulat!ons subpopulat!on
Gene pool
sum
of all genet!c !nformat!on across all !nd!v!duals

!n a
populat!on
allel frequency
measured !n

genotype frequency

Evolut!on the var!ance

Phenotyp!c a
change !n mean or

of the phenotype of a tra!t across

generat!ons .
Example Darw!n med!um
ground f!nch

10577- N!na event

La
caused drought
.
Beak s!ze - select!ve
agent
s
D!rect!onal
select!on
Patterns of Natural select!on

D!rect!onal 3
I
Balanc!ng
2 stab!l!z!ng 4 D!srupt!ve ( lead to spec!at!on

can
)
Balanc!ng select!on

D!rect!onal
se lect!on

Phenstypes sh!fts towards one end

Ex Darw!n
f!ncres
beak s!ze

2
stab!l!z!ng select!on

Mean phe noty pe has h!gher f!tness then extremes

b!rth
we!ght of bab!es

3 D!srupt!ve select!ons
Both ends of phenotype has
h!gher f!tness than mean

phenotype
 Processes of Genet!c Var!at!on

- her!table
Muta on
change !n chromorosome
I
a a
gene or

narmful Happens
randomly
benef!cal neutral

2 Genet!c Dr!ft a
change !n allele frequenc!es as a

result ofrandom chance

( error

)
Allels lost

sampl!ng
-

can be

s!ze X Genet!c Dr ft
Populat!on
-

3 sexual
reproduct!on random recomb!nat!on of
alleles through

-
fert!l!zat!on
cross!ng over
-

4 m!grat!on the movement of !nd!v!duals among

local populat!ons
- FLOW the movement of genet!c !nformat!on
GENE
-
among populat!ons
i
i
5 Assortat!ve
mat!ng !nd!v!duals !n a
populat!on choose

mates based on the!r

phenotype wh!ch reflects the!r
genotype

,
Nonrandom mat!ng changes genotype frequenc!es
!n the
populat!on .
BUt NO CHANGE IN ALLEL FREQUENCIES

Assortat!ve Melt!ng

pos!t!ve
negat!ve
mates are s!m!l!ar mates not s!m!l!ar

homozygotes neterozygotes
( t!me !n plants
)
flower!ng
6
Inbreed!ng !s also a
type of assortat!ve mat!ng that occurs

when

to closely related
randomly mut!ng
-

ones

INBREEDING DEPRESSION
Genet!c D!fferent Pat!on
cl!ne crlavacter
!s a measurable
change !n a
phenotyp!c or

chanacters over a
geograph!c reg!on

.
Effects s!ze colorat!on phys!ology

,
,
Examples

How do know
changes ave and not the
we
genet!c
result of phenotyp!c plast!c!ty
?
In phenotype plast!c!ty oneg enotype phenotypes
-sseveral
How to test th!s
?
Common Garden Exper!ments
Take !nd!v!duals from d!fferent

populat!ons and
grow them under

the same cond!t!ons

- can be d!scont!nuous
cl!nes
Ecotypes var!ants !n d!fferent populat!ons of spec!es
-
populat!on adapted to !ts un!que local
a
env!ronmental cond!t!ons

Th!s !solat!ons can lead to SUBSPECIES

Adapt!ve Rad!at!on mult!ple spec!es w!th!n a

s!ngle

l!nege that explo!t d!fferent feautres of the env!ronment

Beak s!ze
a

Body S!ze
a

D!et

Trade off and constra!nt due to the!r d!et

Read!ngs for chapter s
Week 3- 6

Chapter
Plant Adaptat!ons
Chapter 9- Growth

populat!on
Populat!on growth descr!bes how the number
of
!n t!me
!nd!v!duals populat!on changes over

.
Open populat!on !mm!grat!on lemm!grat!on
closed populat!on low !mm!grat!on l
emm!grat!on

Example O

Assume
reproduct!on !s asexual B t D

4O
-

=
=610
-

for hydree Nco

)=l00
wholt !s the NCA and NC
)
2)?
NCI = =130
)
O4X100-0.1x100
NC = O =169
.4X130-0.1X130
2)
NLEEA
)-NCHJTDNL)-aN
mod!fy w!th D NIDE

t NC constant
+)
sr
=Cb-dJ
=b-d
Cder!rat!ve
)
Exponent!al Growth

DN NC

/Dt=r
+)
B!rth and death !s ot cont!nous

r !s !nstantaneous
per cap!ta rale of growth
to the
-

!ntr!ns!c populat!on

NCH
)=ncoJert
!ntr!ns!c
rate
of growths

L!fe tables are used to exam!ne systemat!c pattern

of mortal!ty and surv!vorsh!p w!th!n

populat!ons

.
- ( of !nd!v!duals that are born !n the Dt
group same
A
Cohort
!n

page
classes years

mnumber
of !ndu
.
 Age mortal!ty dx !s the d!fference

-spes!f!c
between the number of !nd!v!duals al!ve for any

age class ( L nxtt

to the next

nx)
)
dx

=Nx-nXt1
ratel
acts l!ke a death

X L!fe
X be
expectanc!es ex can calculated
from
l!fe tables

Ix !s the number of !nd!v!duals

sur v!vorsh!p

surv!v!ng to a
g!ven agelx as a
port!on
:
)
O
Ix
-
=1o
How
many surv!ved from
the beg!nn!ng
?
Age spec!f!c mortall!ty rate y !s determ!ned by

1
the number of !nd!v!duals dy!ng dur!ng a
g!ven t!me !nterval
dxs

d!v!ded al!ve at the

by the number
beg!nn!ng of that

!nterval Inx
)
Omsdx

-dx
L!fe expectanc!es cex the
average of years end
)
!nd!v!dual of a certa!n
age
!s expected to l!ve

.
L!fe expectancy ce
)
To est!mate ex calculate Lx
,
The average number of !nd!v!tuals al!ve dur!ng the
age
!nterval X toxt
1
s

Lxxnxtnxxx
)lz
 Tx the total years
,
l!ved !nto the future by !nd!v!duals

ofage
TTx

=LxtLxtAt...
um
!t
as
long as
goes

f!nally calculate ex
...
ex
-Tnx
Tx
=LxtLxt1t....
L!fe table Tables

cohort A t!me
spes!f!c
A
dynam!e (
stat!os
Dst!rbut!on of age
s!ngle group of !ndu
.
Born at Dt classes At
dur!ng
w
from b!rth to death
eas!er to make
 The Assumpt!ons for a
t!me

-spec!f!c
each class
sampled !n
proport!on qx!s same

b!rthrates zc over t!me for male

(female
mortal!ty rate qx !n an
ageclass
=c
overlap
Insect generat!ons do not

All !nd!v!duals are the same

nx found from egg l

adults d!fference

plant demography

seedl!ng mort!l!ty
LqoKylll!kJ

perenn!als marked as
seedl!ng

l!fe cycles of annual

plants

Mortal!ty curve
plots mortal!ty rates ( aga!nst age
gx)
best surv!val
Ls
O
 Mortal!ty Types

Type I mammals some plants

,
,
Type I rept!les perenn!al plants

,
adult b!rds rodents

,
ckem!rgenser

)
TypeTH f!sh plants !nvertebrates

,
,
But !t nature curves are not perfect

.
,
B!rthrate !s Age
-Spec!f!c
number of b!rth
crude b!rthrate d!v!ded by NCo
)
pt

we look at female age classes

;
by lage spec!f!c b!rthrate the mean number of females
)
born to each
female !n
age group

The !s Gross Reproduct!ve

rate
Fecund!ty Table

fert!l!ty adjusted for surv!vorsh!p

Ixbx- the mean number of females born !n each

age group

adjusted to
surv!vorsh!p

can be used for

Net
reproduct!ve rate C Ro

)
Ro Ixbx

=
Ro stable populat!on
=10
Ro ) 1.0 grow!ng
RoL decl!n!ng
10
* !s the
d!fference between gross and net product!ve rates
What
?
not
enough femarkes stay al!ve to
produce

t offspr!ng
0
Ro dependent on

"
1
parental care
degree
2
t!m!ng of reproduct!on

trade off between s!zel number

spr!nd of

4 resources to
reproduct!on

L!fe table t
fecundut!y table

Populat!on Project!on Table

j sx !s age

-spec!f!c
surv!val

SxI

1-9x
what !s the d!fference between Ix between sx
?
Ix d!v!ded by populat!on s!ze
Populat!on growth

Geometr!c growth Exponent!al growth Log!st!cgrowth

NEINo
=Xt
an!dtermaxn aNldt

-rmaxNCI-WIK)
Demograph!c
uncerta!n!t!es
Env!ronmental

Demograph!c stochast!c!ty !s the var!at!on !n b!rthrates

and death rates

occur!ng !n populat!ons from year to
yeer

Env!ronmental stochast!c!ty !s the random var!at!on

!n the env!ronment !nfluences b!rth and death

.
-

-
cl!mate
-

d!sasters f!re flood drought

,
,
;