6.

Localizer Type Directional Aid (LDA) or Instrument Guidance System (IGS)

In this type of instrument approach to an airport, a localizer is used. It is used when the
localizer antenna array is not aligned with the runway it serves due to geography or other factors.
The localizer antenna array may be offset (directed or pointed) in some cases, so that the
approach path it projects is no longer parallel to the extended runway centerline (which is the
norm for non-offset and non-LDA localizer systems). The facility is classified as an offset
localizer if the offset angle is less than three degrees. If the offset angle is greater than three
degrees, the facility is classified as a type of localizer directional aid (LDA).

7. Anemometer
It is to boost airport security. Reliable observation and measurement of surface wind at
airports is required to ensure the safe take-off and landing of aircraft. The airport's Automatic
Weather Observing System collects wind speed and direction information (AWOS).

8. Very high frequency omni-directional range (VOR)

A short-range radio navigation system for aircraft that uses radio signals from a network
of fixed ground radio beacons to determine the position and maintain the course of aircraft
equipped with receiving units. It operates between 108.00 and 117.95 MHz in the very high
frequency (VHF) band. From 1937 to 1946, VOR was the world's standard air navigational
system, used by both commercial and general aviation. It was developed in the United States. As
of 2015, commercial aviation relied almost entirely on satellite navigation systems such as GPS.

9. Instrument landing system (ILS)

A short-range radio navigation system that provides guidance to aircraft approaching a
runway at night or in bad weather. It allows an aircraft to approach until it is 200 feet (61 meters)
above ground and within 12 miles (800 meters) of the original runway. The pilot should be able
to see the runway at that point; otherwise, the approach will be missed. Bringing the plane that
close to the runway improves the weather conditions significantly, allowing for a safe landing.
The system's minimum heights have been reduced even further in later iterations.
10. Precision approach radar (PAR)
A type of radar guidance system that provides an aircraft pilot with lateral and vertical
landing guidance until the landing threshold is reached. Controllers monitoring the PAR screens
keep track of each plane's location and give instructions to the pilot on how to stay on course and
glidepath during final approach. When the aircraft reaches the decision height (DH) or decision
altitude, any additional guidance is only advisory (DA).

CONCLUSION:

These are just a few of the useful tools that are commonly used on runways (Visual
Runway, Non-Precision Instrument Runway and Precision Instrument Runway). According to
my research and reading about their function, they play a significant role in the operation of
aircrafts. These instruments mostly contribute in terms of safety. The majority of the above-
mentioned instruments serve as guides for aircrafts as they enter and exit the airport runway.
Some of the instruments also helps in improving travel time, air traffic, and allow flights to land
at airports that do not have beacons.