INTRODUCTION

Brain dysfunction caused by an external impact, usually a violent blow to the

head.
Traumatic brain injuries occur because of a serious sports injury or automobile
accident.
It is the most common cause of brain damage and is a traumatic brain injury.
Head injury involves damage to the brain due to trauma to the skull.

CAUSES OF TRAUMA
Three relevant aspects stand out from the definition of Cranioencephalic Trauma:
• The existence of an external force acting on the brain.
• Brain damage caused by said force.
• The brain dysfunction caused by said affectation.

The external force involved in a Cranioencephalic Trauma exerts its effects on

the skull, either by direct contact (aggressions, falls, blows, sports accidents, etc.)
or by inertia (traffic accidents).

HOW IS CHILD ABUSE IDENTIFIED?

Identifying abuse or neglect can be difficult. It requires a thorough assessment of
the situation, including checking for physical and behavioral signs. Agencies, as
well as appropriate county or state authorities, may also be involved in the
investigation of suspected cases of abuse.
Factors that may be considered in determining child abuse include the following:
• A physical exam, including evaluation for injuries or signs and symptoms
of suspected abuse or neglect.
• Lab tests, X-rays, or other tests.
• Information about the child's medical history and developmental history.
• Description or observation of the child's behavior.
• Observation of interactions between parents or caregivers and the child.
• Arguments with parents or caregivers.
• Talk to the child when possible.

HOW IS CHILD ABUSE SUSPECTED?

Abused children may feel guilty, ashamed, or confused. They may be afraid to
tell others about the abuse, especially if the abuser is a parent, another family
member, or a family friend. That is why you have to be aware of the warning
signs, such as the following:
 • Withdrawal from friends or routine activities.
• Changes in behavior, such as aggression, anger, hostility, and
hyperactivity, or changes in school performance.
• Unusual depression, anxiety or fears, or a sudden loss of self-confidence.
• Apparent lack of supervision.
• Frequent absences from school.
• Refusal to leave school activities, as if he didn't want to go home.
• Attempts to run away from home.
• Rebellious or defiant behavior.
• Harm to self or attempted suicide.
• Specific signs and symptoms depend on the type of abuse and may vary.
Keep in mind that warning signs are just that, signs. The presence of such
warning signs does not necessarily imply that abuse exists.
• Signs and symptoms of physical abuse.
• Unexplained injuries, such as bruises, fractures, or burns.
• Injuries that do not match the explanation given.

DEVELOPING
Three relevant aspects stand out from the definition of Cranioencephalic Trauma:
• The existence of an external force acting on the brain
• Brain damage caused by said force
• The brain dysfunction caused by said affectation

• Types of traumatic brain injury according to severity

Depending on the severity of said dysfunction, TBIs are usually
classified as:

• Moderate head injury – TBI

Moderate in this type of trauma, the period of loss of consciousness
is greater than 30 minutes but does not exceed one day and the
period in which the patient who suffers it has difficulty learning new
information (period of post-traumatic amnesia) is less to one week).

• Severe head injury – TBI

Serious in this type of trauma, the period of loss of consciousness
is greater than one day and/or the period in which the patient who
suffers it has difficulty learning new information (period of post-
traumatic amnesia) is greater than one week.

CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the presence of neurological focus on clinical examination, age,
coagulation disorders and the existence of a fracture on plain radiography are
related to a greater possibility of developing intracranial traumatic injuries and a
worse final prognosis.
CLINICAL CASE
• ACUTE SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
It is a collection of blood between the covering of the brain (dura mater)
and the surface of the brain.

• INTRODUCTION
Acute SDH in a 9-month-old boy with respiratory distress, retinal
hemorrhages, upper and lower extremity fractures, and facial bruising at
presentation. (a) Axial nonenhanced CT image of the head obtained at
presentation shows a mixed-attenuation SDH on the right and a
hypoattenuating SDH on the left. A hyperattenuating component of the
SDH (arrow) is noted in the nondependent portion of the hematoma. (b)
Axial T2-weighted MR image of the brain obtained 3 days later shows
sedimentation of the hematoma (arrow) in the dependent portion and
interval enlargement of the bilateral SDHs with mixed signal intensities.

• WHAT CAN CAUSE A SUBDURAL HEMATOMA?

Causes. A subdural hematoma develops when the bridging veins
rupture and leak blood. These are the small veins that run between the
dura mater and the surface of the brain. This is usually the result of head
trauma.

• ABSTRACT SUMMARY
When a patient arrives, in this case a child (9-month-old), the first thing
we must do is a physical exam to see what state he is in and thus rule
out possible possibilities such as malnutrition, serious subdural
hematomas or not so serious later. carry out a tomography of the brain
 and there we can verify if the child has experienced violence in the
tomography we can verify if the child has been shaken with enough
force because it includes hyperflexion and rotational force and if the
child has been hit it is a trauma agreed with both.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Author Affiliations
Published Online:Nov 23 2018
https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2019180084
Article History

Received: Mar 12, 2018

Revision requested: Apr 27, 2018
Revision received: May 28, 2018
Accepted: June 4, 2018
Published online: Nov 23, 2018
Published in print: Jan 2019
We recommend
Cervical Spine Trauma: The Common Combined Conditions
John A. Gehweiler et al., Radiology, 1979
Spectrum of Imaging Findings in Hyperextension Injuries of the Neck
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Strangulation in child abuse: CT diagnosis.
C R Bird et al., Radiology, 1987
Trauma (Head