MODULE 02
The Self in Various Perspective
MAIN TOPIC
SUBTOPIC
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- Self-awareness, Self-esteem, Self-
knowledge, and Self-perception.
- Enables people to alter, change, add,
and modify aspects of themselves
to gain social acceptance in society
WELL KNOWN PSYCHOLOGIST
1 | WILLIAM JAMES: Me vs. I
- The earliest formulation of the self in
modern psychology
- Derived from the distinction between the
self as I, the subjective knower, and the
self as Me, the object that is known.
- William James defined this basic duality
of self:
o ME: refers to our knowledge of
who we are (self-concept). It is a
separate individual a person
refers to when talking about their
personal experiences.
o I: refers to the act of thinking
about ourselves (self-
awareness). It is the part of the
self that knows who they are and
what they have accomplished in
life.
2 | DONALD WINNICOTT: True Self vs. False
Self
- Winnicott wrote a paper about
the Theory of True Self and False Self
o He explained the idea that people
may develop a False Self to
protect their inner, more
vulnerable True Self—and that
they might even do it at a very
young age, without even knowing
it.
THESELF
Furthermore, he expounded the false self to be
classified into:
- The healthy false self is described as one
which allows someone to
be functional in society. It enables a
person to be polite and courteous even
when we may feel not like it.
- The unhealthy false self is the one that
fits into society
through forced compliance rather than
a desire to adapt. It is the one behind
many dysfunctional behaviors
Real-life examples of the false self are based on
certain beliefs that we take on in order to fit into
our worlds better.
3 | ERIC BERNE: Transactional
Analysis Theory
- Believed that our childhood experiences,
particularly how we are parented,
influence the developmental formation of
our three ego states: the parent
ego, adult ego, and child ego.
- Berne considered that the feeling
of "Self" is a mobile one.
- It can reside in any of the three ego states
at any given moment and can move
from one to another.
PARENT: you may be nurturing, caring,
controlling, or critical
ADULT: you will be logical, assertive, and
concerned with facts and data (objective)
CHILD: you may be playful, spontaneous,
fearful, or overly compliant
4 | CARL ROGERS: Self-Concept
- Rogers believed that there are three
versions of self:
PERCIEVED SELF – who you think you are.
REAL SELF – who you really are.
IDEAL SELF – who you want to be.
1
MODULE 02
The Self in Various Perspective
ANTHROPOLIGAL SELF
- is the study of people throughout the
world, their evolutionary history, how they
behave, adapt to different environments,
communicate and socialize with one
another.
In 2013, Dr. Paul Redmond conducted an in-
depth study about a multigenerational workforce
which comprises five generations:
Maturists (pre-1945)
Baby Boomers (1945-1960
Generation X (1961-1980)
Generation Y (1981-1995)
Generation Z (Born after 1995).
The research surveyed over 1,200 employees
from a number of leading organizations.
CULTURE
- can be defined as the part of the
environment shaped by the everyday
practices of humans.
- It refers to the customary beliefs, social
forms, and material traits of a racial,
religious, or social group.
- It draws the line that distinguishes a
group of people from another
(Oyserman, 2017).
-
THESELF
Urie Bronfenbrenner
- an American psychologist proposed the
ecological systems theory which explains
the importance of studying a person in
the context of multiple environments
(Bronfenbrenner, 1979).
- It tells us that as an individual, we are
influenced by (1) our personal interaction
with people around us and (2) the
interactions of different factors around
us.
MICROSYSTEM: refers to everything that has
direct contact with you (family, friends, school,
work, etc.) in your immediate environment and
how they individually affect you.
MESOSYSTEM: refers to the interaction of your
microsystem with each other (family and school,
family and friends, etc.)
EXOSYSTEM: covers all the people, institution,
organization that has no contact with you but still
affect you (work of your parents, social media,
the implemented rules in your community, etc.)
MACROSYSTEM: is when exosystem works in
a wider scope, it is influenced by one's cultural
attitudes, beliefs and values.
CHRONOSYSTEM: refers to how we are
impacted differently in different periods of our
life (time).
CLIFFORD GEERTZ
- offered another way of looking at culture
by focusing on the role of "thought of
symbols" in society.
- When someone is described
as cultured, it means that the person
has good manners, is well educated, and
knows many things about arts.
2