CHAPTER 3: THE SELF FROM
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
The self can be defined in many ways, in different
contexts. In the context of psychology, the self can
be defined as reflexive psychological process that
starts when one identifies himself or herself as an
object, followed by describing oneself as a self-
concept or self-feeling, and ends with saying that the
self is manifested in how many acts and presents
himself or herself toothers (zhao, 2014). himself or
herself toothers (Zhao, 2014).
HE SELF FROM THE VARIOUS
PERSPECTIVE
WILLIAM JAMES
(Father of american psychology)
Born on January 11, 1842, and died on August 26,
1910
Divided the self-perception into two categories the
"Me & I".
JAMES CLAIMS THAT IN UNDERSTANDING
THE SELF, THE SELF
CAN BE CONTEXTUALIZED IN THREE
CATEGORIES:
1. THE
CONSTITUENTS OF THE SELF,
2. THE FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS THEY
AROUSE (SELF-FEELINGS) 3. THE ACTIONS
THEY PROMPT (SELF SEEKING)
1. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE SELF ARE
COMPOSED OF THE MATERIAL SELF, SOCIAL
SELF, SPIRITUAL SELF, AND PURE EGO.
Material Self - Consists of one body, clothes, family,
home, and other material
possessions that he or she values and regards as his or
her own.
Social Self - Connotes the image of an individual
in the eyes of people around him or
her which determines his or her reputation in society.
Spiritual self - Includes one’s thoughts, beliefs,
and feelings.
Pure ego - The “most puzzling aspect of the self”
according to James. It is conceived by
understanding that it can recognize its thoughts and
these thoughts possess own
thoughts a particular warmth that separates the ego.
2. Self feelings
Refers to the feelings and emotions aroused in the
individuals because of this or her
knowledge and appraisal of his/her empirical
existence in the world.
3. self-seeking
The effort of every individual to persevere and
improve oneself based one’s self-knowledge and
resulting self – feelings
CARL ROGERS
AMERICAN Psychologist
Carl Roger’s believes that the self does not exist at
birth;
it is developed gradually during childhood wherein
one
differentiates the self from non-self.
Rogers considered the self as the center of
experience.
According to him, the self is one’s ongoing sense
of who
and what he or she is and how and why he or she
responds to
the environment.
Real self and ideal self
Real self
Real Self – The real self is who an individual is.
It is how one peron thinks, feels, looks and acts.
The most natural, comfortable, and true to what
and who a person are.
The self is what we need to continuously to accept,
take care of and improves.
Even it is hard for someone to know how others
see him/her. The true nature of a
person can still be seen from him/her
•The real self is one’s self-image.
IDEAL SELF
IDEAL SELF – The ideal self on the other hand, is
the perception of a person would like
to be or thinks he / she would become in the future.
The idealized image that improves or developed
overtime based on the influence of
the environment.
The ideal self can be a product of expectations and
pressures from others.
The greater the discrepancy between the real and
ideal self, the greater the
frustration and distress one will experience.
Self-concept
Defined as the totally complex, organized and
dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and
opinions that each person’s holds to be true about his
or her personal existence
According to (Rogers, 1959) self-concept is a
social product, developing out of interpersonal
relationship and striving for consistency.
 According to (Baumeister, 1999) it is also the The false self, on the other hand, is also known as
individual’s belief about himself or herself including the fake self, ideal self, perfect elf,
his or her attributes. and pseudo self.
According to (Michener, Delameter , & Myers,2004) This is composed of the parts of the self wherein
self-concept is also defined as the organized behaviors are altered, feeling are
structure of cognitions or thoughts that an individual repressed, and one’s need are set aside in order to fit
has about himself or herself. It includes the in with others.
perception one has about his or her social identity and The self constantly seeks to anticipate the demands
personal qualities, as well as his or her and expectations of others in
generalizations about the self-based on his or her order to preserve and improve relationship.
experiences. Most people do not easily present the different
sides of themselves for others to see.
Aspects of self-concept They may possibly reveal particular sided of
There are two aspects of self-concept: themselves depending on the situation
The existential state. Table 1. true self vs. false self
the categorial state Common true self Common false self
The categorical self-starts after a child recognizes behavioral traits behavioral traits
his or her existence as a separate Optimistic Passimistic
entity and becomes aware that he or she is an object Proactive Blaming
of the world. The Confident Insecure
The existential self begins when an individual Focused Confused
recognizes his or her existence as a Patient Impatient
separate entity from others and realizes that he or she Honest Dishonest
will continue to exist over a Active Timid
period of time and space. Responsible Irresponsible
Loving Jealous
Three components of self-concept
Calm Worried
According to Rogers (1951) he believed that the
self is composed of concepts unique
Global versus differentiated models
to every individual.
Globals models look into a human being in his or
Self-worth/Self steem - is what one thinks about
her totality, as an
himself.
indivisible identity that cannot be taken down in into
Self-image – is how we see ourself which is very
parts. The two
important psychological health.
prominent schools of thought supporting this idea are
Ideal self – this is what we want to be in the future
gestalt psychology
or the goals that we want to
and humanistic psychology.
achieve
Gestalt psychology is guided by the principle that “
the whole is greater
Donald w. Winnicott’s
than the sum of all of its parts.” it was asserted by
max Wertheimer as a
Donald Winnicott was an English pediatrician
response to Wilhelm wundt’s structuralist view of the
Donald Woods Winnicott was born on April 7,
self.
1896, in Plymouth, England.
Humanistic psychology Is guided by the principles
died on January 25, 1971, in London, United
that “human beings, as humans
Kingdom
supersede the sum of their parts.” it posited the idea
that personality should be
True self and False self
studied from the point of view of an individual’s
The true self is also known as the real
subjective experience.
self,authentic self, it is the core of who you are,
The differentiated models look into human being
the original you, unshaped by the upbringing of
through examining it’s parts for It is
society.
divisible or can be broken into components.
According to (Hershey, 2016) it is spontaneous
For Sigmund freud, the psyche is composed of
and natural self-expression, a sense of
three parts--- the id, ego, and superego.
being alive in mind and body that allows him or her
- For jung, the human psyche is divided into three
to be genuinely closed to others.
parts--- the ego, the personal
unconscious, and the collective unconscious.
Albert bandura’s agentic theory of the self
The Social Cognitive Theory makes us the agentic
theory of the self to make sense of
the self.
The Agentic Theory of the self reflects the notion
that selfhood is culturally influenced
or controlled by urges, rather, it looks upon the
human being as capable of
thinking,deciding, foreseeing, and controlling his or
her actions, free to decide for
himself and herself.
For bandura, there are four core properties of
human agency– intentionality,
forethought, self-reactiveness, and self reflection.
1. Intentionality is manifested in how an individual
forms intentions with action
plans and strategies to realize them
2. Forethought refers to how an individual positions
in his or her plans in the future.
3. Self-reactiveness shows that agents are not only
planners and forethinks but also
self-regulators.
4. Self-reflection signifies that people are capable of
self-examining their own functioning
Bandura’s theory views the self as a person nit as a
destinct entity responsible for
bearing information and regulating behavior
CHAPTER 4: THE SELF IN WESTERN AND
EASTERN THOUGHTS
Individualism
y’s wIndividualism is an orientation with the
independence and
self-reliance of the individual.
•Individualistic Cultures put more emphasis on
promoting the individual and the immediate
familelfare.
Countries with generally individualistic cultures
include:
-New Zealand, Germany, Poland, Austria, Greece,
Italy, belguium, ireleand, spain, and Finland
The Western Conception of the self is
individualistic
•It gives more emphasis on freedom and choice- An
Independent Self that is free from the influence of
culture and environment and from the expectations
and welfare of society.
•It also emphasizes the uniqueness of every
individual and is predicated on egoism or self-
orientedness.
•It describes the self as existing and distinct from
others.
•Individualism foregrounds that a human being has a
self, It is an individual goals in his/her journey
towards self-realization or self-actualization. The self
is free to express itself.
Collectivis
According to Hui & Triandes collectivism is an
orientation characterized by belongingness to larger
groups or collectives. Collectivistic cultures give
more importance to loyalty to the in-group, which in
turn takes care of the individual’s welfare.
Collectivism is an idea that man should think, live,
and act toward certain goals that benefit the group. A
group may be a family, clan, community, nation, or
the entire human race. A group is composed of
individuals forming the so-called super-organism that
is separated from other individuals. An individual
decides according to the interest of the group.
Countries with generally collectivistic cultures
include:
Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Indonesia,
Philippines, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Portugal
The Eastern Conception of the Self is
Collectivistic;
·It gives more importance on relationships, roles,
duties, obligations, and the preservation of culture
and tradition.
·It prioritizes the needs and goals of society over the
needs and desires of every individual.
·It is founded on the belief that people are socially
connected.
·It puts more importance on belongingness to a larger
group and emphasized social obligations.
·It is other-oriented because it encourages people to
be kind, benevolent, charitable, dependable, and
sensitive to the needs of others.
·It promotes selflessness, sacrifice for the welfare of
society, and the performance of assigned roles.
·Self is viewed as part of a “We” instead of only a
“Me”.
TAOISM
Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao
(way or path), is a religion and a philosophy at the
same time.
Tao is nothing but the expression of the unity of the
universe and of the path which human beings must
take to preserve that unity. The path starts with the
knowledge of the origin of the universe.
It is referred as the life force that surrounds and flows
through all living and non-living thigs, and that
balances, orders, unifies, and connects them
Knowledge of the universe or nature can be attained
by studying the self because Taoists regard the
human body as the miniature of the universe, as an
extension of the cosmos
(Ho, 1995). Going against the will of nature or the
universe disrupts the cosmic order (symbolized by
Ying and Yang). Taoism does not support the
philosophical teachings of Confucius about self and
society. It does not consider the self as extension of
social relationships; rather, the self is but one of the
countless manifestations of the Tao.
Taoist thought focuses on genuineness, longevity,
health, immortality, vitality, detachment, refinement
(emptiness), spontaneity, transformation and omni-
potentiality.
Lao Tzu
Lao-Tzu (l. c. 500 BCE, also known as Laozi or Lao-
Tze) was a Chinese philosopher credited with
founding the philosophical system of Taoism. He is
best known as the author of the Laozi
(later retitled the Tao-Te-Ching translated as “The
Way of Virtue” or “The Classic of the Way and
Virtue”) the work which exemplifies his thought
The Tao Te Ching, or “The Way and Its Power,” is a
collection of poetry and sayings from around the
third and fourth centuries B.C.E. that guides Taoist
thought and actions. The Tao Te Ching and other
Taoist books provide guides for behavior and
spiritual ways of living in harmony with this energy.
However, Taoists do not believe in this energy as a
god. Rather, there are gods as part of the Taoist
beliefs, often introduced from the various cultures
found in the region known now as China. These gods
are part of the Tao, like all living things. Taoism has
temples, monasteries, and priests who make
offerings, meditate, and perform other rituals for their
communities.
CONFUCIANISM
Confucius was a Chinese philosopher and politician
of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally
considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Confucius
is the founder of Confucianism. He propagated the
way of life and claimed that Confucianism regards an
individual as a member of a larger whole, not as a
separate being.
The teachings of Confucius are based on human
relationships as reflected in his concept of Five
Cardinal Relationships or Five Bonds
This refers to the five fundamental relationships
in Confucian philosophy:
1.King (ruler) and His Subject (ruled)
2.Father and Son
3.Father other and Younger Brother
4. Husband and Wife
5. Friend and Friend
According to Confucius, individual identity is
defined by membership in the reference group to
which one belongs.
This identity is called RELATIONAL SELF.
Wherein, each member must possess the same
qualities that the group preserves and cherishes. Each
member shares the pride that the group claims and is
united in every success or failure.
Subdued Self is another concept that Confucius
introduced. It is conditioned to response to
perceptions, not of its own needs and aspirations but
of social requirements and obligations. It also means
to practice “ren” (human heartedness)- the hallmark
of Confucian ethics. Ren is a Confucian Virtue
characterized by altruistic behavior that must be
nurtured in every person. It can be understood as
love, benevolence or charity. A subdued self,
therefore, is being a “person for others.”
Buddhism
-Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama who
was born in a Hindu family.
-The religion is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic.
-The main goal of Buddhism is to reach
enlightenment.
BELIEFS
Buddhists share the belief of reincarnation with
Hindus.
Buddhists share the belief of reincarnation with
Hindus.
Buddhists share the belief of reincarnation with
Hindus.
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS: the truth of suffering,
the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end
of suffering, the truth of the path that leads to
suffering.
EIGHTFOLAD PATH: right view, right intentions,
right speech, right action, right livelihood, right
effort, right concentration, right mindfulness.
Life is full of suffering (dukkha) perpetuated due to
the endless cycle of life, death, and rebirth.
NIRVANA – nirvana can be reached by adhering to
the eightfold path.
HINDUISM
The Hindu religion and culture are extremely
complex. The Hindu religion combines ethnic and
traditional beliefs. The Hindu religion is the oldest
of the five major religions (Islam, Christianity,
Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism). The Hinduist
perspective on the self is written in the Upanishads
"Story of Creation," which describes the origins of
the universe and humans.
PURUSHA
Purusha, the Self, created a wife out of himself in
the creation story. The wife transformed herself into a
cow, and Purusha transformed into a bull. The wife
then transformed into a mare, and Purusha into a
stallion. These ongoing transformations imply the
belief that everything is made up of the same self,
that everything originated from purusha. It implies
that the creator is identical to the creation.
The atman, also known as the self, spirit, or soul, is
the same self that is described in the creation. Atman
is one with the absolute, transcendental power of
Braham. By identifying with the Brahman, the
atman denotes a true self that underpins one's
existence, the atman is a spiritual being.
CHAPTER 5: PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE
SELF
The physical self is the body.
"Man is a transitional being. This body is a bridge."
—Sri Arubindo
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BODY
It is a concrete dimension.
It is a tangible aspect of a person that can be
directly observed and examined.
Include the physical traits that are visible like our
defining characteristics
Height, Complexion, Hair, Face Shape, Sex, Eye
Color, and Weight
OTHER PERSPECTIVE ON THE PHYSICAL
SELF:
Sigmund Freud
- described the physical self as the core of
human experience.
Erik Erikson
- the bodily organs we have are important in
early developmental stages of life.
- our body is essential in deriving a sense of
competence and ability to choose demanding roles
in a complex society.
The physical aspect of the self DOES NOT include
characteristics that are internal to the self such as:
Kindness, Genorisity, Loyalty, Obedience, and
Honesty
ACHIEVING PHYSICAL BEING
Have good hygiene
Maintain a healthy lifestyle
Move your body daily
Avoid negative emotions and stress
CHAPTER 6: SEXUAL ASPECT OF THE SELF
talking about sex should be deemed normal for there
is a need for people to learn more about their
sexuality.

Sigmund Freud and the Desire for Pleasure
(Father of Modern Psychology)
Human being’s need for sex is not the same level as
the need for oxygen, water, and food. But without it,
humankind will perish. Sex is not simply for
procreation, but it is also a source of pleasure which
is an important part of sexual health
For Sigmund Freud, all human behavior is
motivated by the desire to feel pleasure. Such
motivation is organized and controlled by two
instincts: sexuality and aggression.
The phases are called:
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Ganital
-According to Freud, human instinct continuously
seeks the pleasure of the flesh which can be satisfied
through sex.
-The mind plays an important role in one’s sexuality
and sexual behaviors. when one is sexually attracted
to someone, it is expected that he or she will not
aggressively act on his or her urges so as not to be
accused harassment.
DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS AND THE HUMAN
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.
During adolescence, boys and girls develop their
secondary sex characteristics along with the other
physical changes they experience in this stage. in the
stages of human growth and development, an
individual becomes physically mature upon reaching
the stage puberty. Physical changes adolescence is
brought about sex hormones from the testes and
ovaries of males and females, respectively.
Testosterone is the sex hormone for males, and
estrogen and progesterone are for females.
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The Male Reproductive system is composed of the
penis, testes, vas deferens, scrotum, sperm, prostate
gland, and epididymis. The main function of the
system is the production of sperm for the fertilization
of the ovum.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
Penis – The primary male sex organ. It has a long
shaft and an enlarged tip called the glans penis.
Testes or Testicles – The organ responsible for the
production of sperm cells and testosterone, the male
sex hormone. The testes or testicles lie outside the
abdominal cavity of the male within the scrotum.
Vas Deferens – The tube that connects the testes
with the urethra. It serves as a passageway of the
sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts
for ejaculation.
Scrotum - The sac on the skin that carries the testes.
It protects the testes and is responsible for
maintaining the body temperature a few degrees
below the normal body temperature.
Sperm – The male sex cell. It is produced in the
testes and matures in the epididymis and passes from
the vas deferens to the urethra. The sperm is released
out of the male reproductive system through the
semen, the fluid that carries the sperm along with a
range of organic and inorganic constituents.
Prostate Gland – A gland that surrounds the upper
part of the urethra just below the bladder. It secretes
fluids that nourish and protect the sperm.
Epididymis – long-coiled tube located at the back of
the testicles that stores and carries sperm.
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Main Function of the female reproductive system is
the production, transportation and fertilization of
eggs and the production hormones
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
Ovary - a reproductive organ located in the pelvic
cavity which produces ova ( egg cells) and hormones
Ovum - it is the female reproductive cell also called
the egg cell, that unites with a male sperm to form a
fertilize egg once its developed.
Fallopian Tube - also called oviduct, extend from
the uterus to the ovaries. The function of the tubes is
to carry the egg from the ovary to the uterus.
Uterus - the thick walled, pear sized and shaped
muscular organ that lies above the urinary bladder.
Cervix - a lower part of the uterus. It directs the
sperm into the uterus during the sexual intercourse.
Vagina - it is the elastic passage from the cervix to
the outside of the female
Vulva - the external genital organ of the female.
consist of labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis,
clitoris, vestibules and vaginal opening.
Labia majora - The labia majora (“large lips”)
enclose and protect the other external reproductive
organs.
Labia minora - The labia minora (“small lips”) can
have a variety of sizes and shapes.
Mons Pubis - the rounded mass of fatty tissue lying
over the joint of the pubic bones, in women typically
more prominent and also called the mons Veneris.
Clitoris -The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a Helen Fisher
small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the American Anthropologist
males reproductive
Vestibules - the vestibular bulbs, bulbs of the Helen Fisher (1948) of Rutgers University identified
vestibule or clitoral bulbs are two elongated masses three stages of love. These are Lust, Attraction, and
of erectile tissue typically described as being situated Attachment.
on either side of the vaginal opening.
Vaginal Opening - The exterior opening to the 1.Lust (libido or sex drive) is characterized by the
vagina; the muscular canal that extends from the desire for sexual gratification which is inherent to
cervix to the outside of the female body every living organism.
EROGENOUS ZONES 2. Plateau - during this phase, intensified breathing,
part of the body that is highly sensitive and the high blood pressure, and faster heart rate may be
stimulation of which leads to sexual responses such experienced as well as muscle contraction in the face,
as relaxation, fantasies, arousal and orgasm. feet, and hands.
Adrenaline- related by the body for “fight or flight.”
Male body Female body Dopamine- ignites an intense rush of pleasure when
Mouth Mouth released. High level of neurotransmitter like
Lips Lips dopamine causes increased energy, less need for food
Neck Neck and sleep, and focused attention to one’s desired
Ears Ears partner.
Nipples Breast Serotonin- is attributed to “falling in love” as this
hormone makes a person think of his or her desired
partner at most times.
Male body Female body 3.Attachment (companionate love)- characterized
Scrotum Nipples by the desire of couples to stay together. A person
who is already attached feels comfort and security
Preneum Cervix
from his or her partner. This stage is driven by two
Penis Vagina
major hormones, namely oxytocin and vasopressin
Clitoris
What Turns People On and Off
These zones or “Hot Spots” is important for every
couple as it would boost sexual satisfaction. A “turn on” refers to something that someone may
find desirable, pleasant, beautiful, likeable or any
HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSES other positive quality.
a “turn off”, on the other hand, is the complete
Sexual response cycle os the term used to describe opposite.
the changes that occur in the body as men and
women become sexually aroused (Masters & What turns people on and off are qualities and acts
Johnson, 1966). that people observe and experience.
Four phases of sexual response cycle: The Diversity of Sexual Behaviors
Sexual behaviors and or activities may come in the
1.Excitement (arousal/desire/libido) - this is when form of masturbation, premarital sex, marital sex,
the body gets ready for sexual activity extramarital sex, heterosexuality, homosexuality and
2. Plateau - during this phase, intensified breathing,
bisexuality
high blood pressure, and faster heart rate may be
experienced as well as muscle contraction in the face, Masturbation - a sexual act of stimulating one’s
feet, and hands. own genitals done alone by an individual.
3.orgasm - during this phase, breathing, blood Premarital Sex - refers to the sexual activities
pressure, and heart rate are further intensified people engage in outside of marriage
4.Resolution - the body gradually returns to its Marital Sex - sexual activities that happen within the
normal level of functioning. bounds of marriage.
Extramarital Sex - sexual activities that married
Understanding the Chemistry of Lust, Attraction,
people engage in with people they are not married to.
and Attachment Heterosexuality - a sexual behavior that happens
between persons of the opposite sex.
Homosexuality - opposite to heterosexuality,
homosexuality as a sexual behavior refers to the
sexual activities that happens between two person of
the same sex.
Bisexuality - refers to the sexual behavior of one
who engages in sexual acts with someone from the
opposite or same sex.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
sexually Transmitted Diseases ( STDs ) refer to
health conditions that are passed on from a person to
another through sexual contact. STDs can be
contracted through having unprotected sex with
someone who has STD.
HIV/AIDS ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus /
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ) - A
spectrum of conditions caused by being infected with
HIV
Go norrhea- A bacterial infection of the mucuous
membranes
Syphilis- An infection caused by acorkscrew-shaped
bacterium called treponema pallidum
Genital Herpes - Is a viral infection that causes
blisters on the genitals
Genital Warts- Are warts caused by the human
papillomavirus ( HPV )
Chancroid- is a bacterial infection that causes sores
or ulcers on the genitals
Pubic lice (crabs)- are very small parasites that
infest the genital area which are primarily spread
through sexual contact
Scabies- Is a skin condition that is caused by
infestation of tiny mites called Sarcoptes Scabiei.
Symptoms of mite invasion include itching and
rashes
Trichomoniasis- An infection caused by a parasite
called Trichomonas Vaginalis. Men infected with
trichomoniasis may experience itching, genital
irritation with discharge, and painful urination and
ejaculation.
Molluscum Contagiosum- It is a skin condition
characterized by small lumps (molluscum) which are
pearly-white or slightly pink, These lumps, when
squeezed, release a white cheesy fluid.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)- It is not
sexually transmitted infection (STI) but a
complication resulting from STIs especially
Chlamydia and gonorrhea
Chlamydia- A sexually transmitted infection caused
by the bacteria Chlamydia Trachomatis that do
significant damage to the human reproductive system
Methods of Contraception
Factors to consider in choosing a particular method
of contraception.
1.It should be enough
2. It builds an efficient twin averting unwanted
pregnancy.
3. It should be simple and easy to use.
4. It should be available at any time.
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION:
1.Folf method - to remove or destroy the sperm
Postcoital Douche or Douching - this is used by
women to flush out the vagina with a medical
solution
Prolonged Lactation - it is done through breast
feeding their baby for a longer period
2. Behavioural Contraceptives
Rhythm method - couples are enjoined to abstain for
a certain period while the woman is fertile.
Ovulation method - this practice makes use of the
observed mucous discharge from the vagina at the
beginning of a woman’s fertile period.
Withdrawal or Coitus interruptus - it is a practice
in which the man, during sexual intercourse,
withdraws the penis out of the vagina before orgasm.
Coitus reservatus - this is a practice in which the
man withholds ejaculation and lets the erection
subside inside the vagina.
3. Mechanical Contraceptives
Condom - it refers to a thin material made of rubber
used during sexual activity.
Diaphragm - this is a shallow rubber cup inserted
into the vagina.
Cervical caps - these are fitted over the cervix by a
doctor.
4. Chemical Contraceptives
Vaginal suppositories and tablets - it is inserted
into the vagina to melt before sexual intercourse
Contraceptive jellies, creams, and vaginal foams -
these are applied onto the vagina shortly before
sexual intercourse.
5. Intrauterine Device (IUD) - it is a small device of
polyethylene plastic or thin copper wire inserted into
the uterus by a physician.
6.pills - these are used to render the woman infertile.
7. Injectables - it is injected in a woman to inhibit
ovulation.
8. Sterilization/Surgery - it is done with
comparative ease and is virtually 100 percent
effective.
CHAPTER 7: MATERIAL ASPECT OF SELF
The material self, according to William james,
people whick have the label “ mine”. Such possesions
are viewed es extensions of individuals’ identities.
For instance, your clothes reflect certain of your
personality and you designate them as “ my
wardrobe”
“ We are what we have”
Composition of material self
The material self is comprised of our body, clothes,
immediate family and home
BODY
Your body is your Possession
We do have certain prefential attachment to our
intimate closeness to certain part beacuse of its value
to us.
There were people who get their certain body parts
indured.
Celebrities like mariah carrey reportedly insured her
vocal cords and legs.
CLOTHES
We choose and wear clothes that reflect our self
The style and the brand of clothes becomes a
symbolic significance
The material component of the self can include
books, bed, money, car, house and other things that
person can call his own possession
Clothing is a form of self expression
Immediate Family
These people who are likely to shape and influence
the development of self identity.
Our siblings and parents hold a great important part
of our self.
We placed huge investment in our family when we
see them as the nearest replica of our self.
When one part of the family dies, part of our self
dies.
Pets could also symbolically define a persom’s
identity.
A person’s pet could be an expression of one’s social
status, pride and prestige
Home
Earliest nest of our selfhood
Our experiences inside the home were recorded and
marked on particular parts and things in our home.
“if only walls can speak”
The hoem is thus an extension of self, we can directly
connect ourself.
Needs and wants
Self – actualization – Desire to become the most that
one can be
Esteem – Respect, self esteem, status, recognition,
strength, frredom
Love and belonging – Friendshi, intimacy, family,
sense of connection
Safety needs – Personal security, employment,
resources, health, property
Physiological needs – air, water, shelter, sleep,
clotching, reproduction
Why is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Important?
Self esteem and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs are
both important. Maslow's work is important for the
way it has shaped our thinking on motivation. It is
also important because it has changed psychological
thought so that the human experience is at the centre,
Before this, psychology was a less accessible, more
technical subject that was removed from the human
condition.
"Needs", wrote Duane Elgin in 1981, "are those
things that are essential to our survival and growth;
wants are those things that are extra, that gratify. our
psychological desires" and to indulge wants is a bad
thing, reducing "the vastness of who we are"
Our needs extend beyond animalistic desires and
satisfactions in that we (can) subordinate all of these
to self- chosen aims; aims, that is, which we have
formed and formulated with the help of symbolic
systems that are inaccessible as far we know, to any
other life form on this planet
Want
have a desire to possess or do (something); wish for.
Need
require (something) because it is essential or very
important rather than just desirable.
The Grid
When we plot our Wants and Needs in a grid, our
decision-making is given a new dimension-no pun
intended.
This ancient insights, by the way, throws an
interesting light on Maslows pyramid of need'.
According to the still prevalent understanding, said
pyramid would require human beings to move from
needs of a more basic and material order (such as
food), first, through needs of a more social and
complex nature (such as acceptance), up to the
higher echelons of spiritual needs (such as moral
self- actualization)
THE CONSUMER CULTURE ON ONE'S
SENSE OF THE SELF AND IDENTITY
Advantages
Easy access to credit
Building A line of credit
Incentives and offers
Records of expenses
Disadvantages
Hidden chargers
Susceptible to building debt
High interest rate
Credit card fraud
Consumer culture continues to change as a result of
advancements and innovations in advertising over
time. Advertising has an impact on how and why
people choose to buy products and services. It
enables people to relate to specific products and
services in order to persuade or compel them to buy
these
CHAPTER 8: Spiritual aspect of the self
All agree that this supreme being is
Omnipotent (all-powerful)
Omniscient (all-knowing)
Omnipresent (everywhere at once)
This god is also the beginning and the end and the
lawgiver. This god is regarded as the most merciful,
most just, and most patient and cannot be represented
in any worldly form.
Anthony Wallace, as cited by Haviland, Prins,
Walrath, and Mcbride(2008)
-Religion is a set of rituals made to coordinate with
the goal of either obtaining or hindering changes in
the human condition and nature state.
The concept of Soul
Monism
is the view that there is only one substance and only
one being. It means that the soul and the body are
one.
Dualism
is a view that mind and body are two independent
substances
Western Philosophers
believed that the human person is a rational being
constituted of soul and body.
Soul
is superior to the body and can exist independently
without the body.
Death is viewed as release of the soul from the body,
but death does not mean the end of personvl
existence.
Filipino term for soul or spirit is kaluluwa.
It is believed that it has two existences
Physical in which the soul is connected to the human
body and its life.
Spiritual, which exists on its own.
(Demetrio, Cordero-Fernande Zialcita, and Feleo,
1991)
Philippines is a small country in terms of land area,
more than 80 percent of its population Roman
Catholic.
Roman Catholic believes in immortality of the soul
and life after death (eternal life)
Eternal life can be attained by good deeds, following
the commandments of God, and avoiding sins.
The soul can be purified through confession
A catholic who failed to live a moral life is believed
to be thrown to hell, a place for sinners.
Dungan is the ilonggo term for the soul
Dungan dwells above the surface of the earth before
inhabiting the human body.
Religious Rituals
Rituals
are the patterns of behavior or practices that are
related to the sacred (Tischler,2011)
Catholism is ritual are called "Sacrament"
Baptism
is the pouring of oil and washing the head with water,
it is celebrated welcome the child to the catholic
faith.
Holy Eucharist
is the host and the wine represented the body and
blood of christ.
Adherents
a certain religion use rituals to give honor to divine
power.
Roman Catholic
it is expected that certain rituals are observed during
Lenten Season.
Rites of Passage
rituals that mark important stages in an
individual's life circle
According to french scientist "Arnold Van Genuep"
the rites of passage that helps individuals through
crucial crises and major four crisis in their lives
Three Rites of Passage
1.Seperation - when the scheduled time arrives, the
boys from the village will be seperated from the
women.
2. Transition - they are now considered death in
reference to the ordinary life of a tribe.
3. Incorporation- when they return to the society.
Magic and Witchcraft
Anthropologists call the practice of compelling the
supernatural force to work or behave in a specific
way as magic.
Spoken words ( or spells) and objects are key
components of magic (Frankle and Stein 2002z).
Magic Involves the manipulation of the supernatural
for good or evil purposes. (Ember 2011)
Three main types of instrumental magic
•Productive
•Protective
•Destructive
Two forms of magic
Sorcery
makes use of materials, objects and natural
medicines to invoke supernatural and malevolence.
Witchcraft
accomplished the same ills by means of thought and
emotion alone.
Barang( magic or sorcery in cebuano) is done as an
act of revenge for the wrongdoing done by the
inflicted person.
Victim of sorcery is called natabang or nabarang.
Victims of witchcraft in the philippines is called
nagaway or nakulam
Finding and Creating Meaning of Life:
Perspective from the Roman Catholics and 2. The impetus to live is one's will to discover
Atheists meaning in life.
3. Humans are free to discover meaning in everything
For the Roman Catholic they do, in what they experience, or atleast in the
-God is the architect and the designer of all things on decision, they make when faced with immutable.
earth. He created the world according to his purposes
and plan. Frankl's three ways to find meaning in life
1. Doing an action
Catholics 2. Having personal experiences and interpersonal
- also believes that humans exist on earth is interaction.
temporary. 3. Evaluating one's attitude in the midst of suffering

Catholicism CHAPTER 9: Political Aspect of the self

-prescribes that every individual has to live a selfless
life. Man as Political Animal

Atheist Perspective According to Aristotle, man is a political animal.

Albert Camus, a well known existentialist and
atheist, human life is absurd.
Essence versus Existence
Existense
the fact or state of living or having objective reality.
Essence
The intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of
something abstract, that determines its character.
The Philosophy of Existentialism Under Jean Paul
Sartre's
Human beings are not defined by any predetermined
properties or essences.
"Man is nothing else but what which he makes of
himself" - Satre
Existence ( das-sein)
Precedes Essence (was-sein)
Theistic Existentialism
- A theory that tries to invalidate the concept of God
created humans and the entire universe for a purpose
Man's Search for Meaning by Victor Frankl
(1946)
Aristotle believed that humans like animals,
intrinsically work together to achieve a common
goal.
POLITICAL CULTURE
-is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientation
towards politics among members of a political system
(Almond & Verba, 1965)
Characteristics of Philippine Political Culture
Dominance of Family Ties or Kinship System
•Political dynasties usually control the government.
In the Philippines, consanguinity (blood relations) is
given utmost importance.
•Ritual kinship or the kumpadre system where the
sacredness of baptism or sacrament of marriage is
used to get favors is evident in politics.
Euphemism
•Officials and employees in lower positions are not
straightforward in criticizing officials of higher rank.
They put more importance to their relationship, so
they use parinig or patutsada instead of confronting
them immediately to address the problems.
•In the end, problems and issues are not given
immediate attention.

Legotherapy - based on the guided principle that the Utang na Loob

primary motivational force of every individual is to •In politics, utang na loob (debt of gratitude) is
find meaning in life. instrumental in becoming a popular politician.

Three Basic principles of Legotherapy •Citizens often disregard the impact of their votes to
1. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the public interest when they elect corrupt and
most miserables ones. incompetent officials as payment for utang na loob
Sense of Overdependency
•Some constituents rely on an elected official or a
"patron" politician for their personal and economic
needs.
•This culture results in the re-election of incompetent
officials whose means to stay in power is to provide
temporary relief to impoverished Filipino families.
Belief that Majority of Politicians are Corrupt
•Many Filipinos believe that politicians are corrupt
and are in government service only to promote their
vested interest and not in the public interest.
•The term buwaya (crocodile) has been used to
describe corrupt politicians in the Philippines
signifying their greed for money and power.
Lack of Political Maturity
•People elect officials based on popularity and
personality, not on performance and platform.
Politics is no longer limited to individuals with
backgrounds in political science and law, even
celebrities are now able to hold positions in office by
sheer popularity.
ESTABLISHING A DEMOCRATIC CULTURE
Culture
is defined as the way of life followed by people and
which consists of learned and shared values,
behavior, traditions, etc. (Hunt, Quisumbing,
Espiritu, Costello, & Lacar, 1994).
Two Major Elements of Culture: Material and
Non-Material
•A system of government is part of a nation’s non-
material culture.
•For many years, the system of government in the
Philippines has been democratic.
Democracy
is a system of government in which all citizens are
eligible members of the state.
In a democratic country,
it is expected that there is:
•rule of the majority
•human rights are protected
•the rule of law is upheld
Sovereign power belongs to the people.
•The very first principle in the 1987 Philippine
Constitution states that “The Philippines is a
democratic and republican state.”
•Democratic culture has become a way of life for
Filipinos, and it has been inculcated by the nation's
heroes before the arrival of the Americans.
•Filipinos are known to always fight for their
freedom. They know that the suppression of rights
means running through freedom-loving people and
dying to reclaim their rights.
•The democratic culture is never lost in the Filipino
consciousness but there are challenges to it.
Basic Features of Democracy:
Rule of Majority
Protection of Human Rights
Upholding the Law
IDEAL CITIZEN
Citizenship
denotes the status of being a legal member of a
national-state.
When identifying what makes a person citizen of one
state, one must look at the Constitution in
determining how one becomes a citizen of a nation.
Citizenship is acquired:
• through blood relations
• through his or her birthplace
•naturalization
The real self
is the self that one feels to be most true to what and
who he or she really is.
It is how one thinks, feels, and looks.
Ideal self
is the self one aspires to be.
It is an idealized version of oneself influenced by
one's experiences and aspirations in the environment
he or she is situated in.
What constitutes an ideal citizen?
An ideal citizen can be a person who follows the
laws, protects and takes care of the environment, and
contributes to the welfare of other people.
An ideal citizen carries out his or her civic
responsibilities—duties that help share a better
society for all citizens.
Article XIV, Section 3, Paragraph 2 of the
Philippine Constituent
- identifies the qualities expected of citizens to
posses, thereby creating ideal citizens. The provision
states that an ideal citizen is patriotic and
nationalistic, fosters love of humanity, has respect for
human rights, appreciates the role of national heroes,
knows the rights and duties of citizenship, has strong
ethical and spiritual values, and has good moral
character and personal discipline.
GOVERNANCE
Governance
is defined as the traditions and institutions that
determine how authority is exercised in a particular
country.
Good Governance
British Prime Minister John Major
• he created the Committee on Standards in Public
Life to outline proper behavior by public servants, in
1994.
• in its first report, the committee released Nolan
Principles, named after the committee’s first
chairman, Lord Michael Nolan.
• The principles aim to eliminate corruption in the
government
The Seven Nolan Principle
1. Selflessness - It means caring for what people need
and want instead of promoting personal interests.
2. Objectivity - It means being neutral and free from
biases in making decisions.
3. Integrity - It means maintaining a good name and
character.
4. Honesty - It means telling the truth, hiding
nothing, and being transparent at all times.
SALN (Statement of Assets, Liabilities, and Net
Worth). It is a declaration of assets (i.e., land,
vehicles, etc.), and liabilities (i.e., loans, debts, etc.).
SALN - required by law under Article XI Section 17
of the 1987 Constitution and Section 8 of republic
Act No. 6713, the “Code of Conduct and Ethical
Standards for Public Officials and Employees.”
Assets, liabilities, net worth, business interests and
financial connections from all appropriate
government agencies.
5. Accountability - It means being liable and
responsible for one’s action.
6. Openness - It means being transparent with
whatever information one handles.
Article II, Section 28 of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution - to free the government from false
accusations and to inform the public about what is
happening in the government.
Freedom of Information (FOI) Bill or House Bill
3227 - to fully disclose information and eliminate
corruption.
7. Leadership - It means being able to lead the way
for development that would benefit all.
FILIPINO VALUES
Positive Filipinon Traits
Bayanihan – as a practice of the spirit of kinship and
camaraderie, the custom of bayanihan is observed
whenever a helping hand is extended to accomplish a
task as a group.
Damayan – this is characterized by aiding the
families affected by unfortunate events in terms of
money or goods.
Familism or Close Family Ties – Filipinos are
known to prioritize the welfare of family members
above other thing.
Optimism – Filipinos have the attitude of looking all
ways to be happy and to maintain a positive outlook
even in times of calamities and other challenges in
life.
Hospitality – Filipinos are identified to be warm,
friendly, generous, and accommodating to other
people, fellow Filipino or not.
Regionalism – Outside the “significant others,”
Filipinos have this attitude of giving more priority to
their province mate.
Flexibility – Filipinos can adapt or conform to the
expectations or will of other people to achieve
smooth and harmonious relationships.
Religious – this is characterized by strong faith and
submission to the will of a supreme being.
Respect for Elders – Filipinos are thought to show
courtesy towards the elderly at all times.

Remedyo Attitude – Filipinos are known for being
creative and resourceful. This is characterized by
their ability to find useful in things that may already
be considered as junk by others.
Matiyaga – Filipinos are known for their grit and
strong determination in every undertaking.
Utang na Loob – this is a feeling of gratitude,
recognition of one’s indebtedness, and obligation to
repay someone who has extended assistance to
another.
Negative Filipino Traits
Bahala na Attitude – this is a Filipino trait of
leaving to fate and luck the outcome of certain
undertaking, hence the expression bahala na.
Colonial Mentality or Blue-seal Mentality – is a
Filipino value of giving high regard to foreign
products and treating the local as inferior and low
quality.
Crab Mentality – is a Filipino attitude born out of
jealousy and insecurity characterized by an attempt to
pull down those who are ahead of them in life.
Euphemistic – this is a Filipino attitude of not being
frank and straightforward so as not to offend or hurt
another person.
Filipino Time – these manifests among Filipino
through lack of punctuality.
Gaya-gaya Attitude – this is Filipino trait of
copying or imitating others’ work, product, type of
business, fashion, and the likes.
Jackpot Mentality – this is characterized by an
“instant millionaire” mentality of some Filipinos who
would rather engage in fast ways of acquiring money.
Belief in Kapalaran – it is a Filipino trait of
believing and accepting that one’s fate is already
written in the stars. This is manifested in the practice
of going to fortunate-tellers and palm-readers just
earn affirmation of their beliefs rather than planning
and pursuing their goal in life.
Mañana Habit – Mañana from the phrase mamaya
na means “I’ll do it later,” is an attitude of Filipinos
characterized by stalling on doing tasks instead of
doing them immediately. The delay in the
performance of certain tasks affects one’s
productivity.
Ningas Kugon – this is characterized by the attitude
of being enthusiastic only at the beginning of an
endeavor.
Oversensitivity – it is the inability of some Filipinos
to withstand and accept criticism or negative
comments, when they hear criticisms, they are easily
hurt as they take these personally and negatively,
instead of constructively.
Pakikisama – it is a Filipino attitude of always
adhering or submitting to the will of the group they
are part of.
Lack of Sportsmanship – it is an attitude of
Filipinos manifested in how they cannot seem to
accept defeat. They would rather believe that they
were cheated on than accept that they were defeated.
Tsamba Lang Attitude – it is attitude characterized
by the refusal to take the credit for one’s own
accomplishments, instead owing it to charm and luck.
CHAPTER 10: DIGITAL ASPECT OF THE
SELF
Front and Back stages of the self
Goffman (1967), as cited by Delise (2012), theorized
notions concerning the presentetation of self in daily
face to face interactions.
The theory presents social life as a stage, where all
are actors and audience members.
According to Goffman , many videos or pictures
uploaded by people are their Front stages, while their
Back stages remain hidden so that the identities that
they portray in public are preserved.
Digital Self
Images can be manipulated through skills in
photography or photoshops.
What not to post online
• Sexy or revealing pictures
•Pictures or videos showing private moments with
loved ones
•Pictures or videos showing bad habits
• Negative comments on another person's attitudes
• Posts announcing conflicts with other people
• Comments showing strong opposition to certain
issues
•James Spady is considered the father of Outcomed-
Dichotomies of the self Based Education (OBE)
• it deals with what the students can do.
1. Producer or Consumer •In a nutshells. OBE is performance - based and
2. Offline versus offline action based. It is not about what the students know.
3. Body versus Technology But what the students can perform or do.

Negative effects of too much social media on Good Study Habits

health 1. Get organized
•eye problem 2. Prepare your review materials
•headache 3. Ask help
•nausea 4. Test yourself or ask someone to test you.
•etc 5. Allot time to take a break and eliminate stress.
6. Create or join a study group
CHAPTER 11: BECOMING A BETTER 7. Teach what you have learned
STUDENT 8. Study to understand, not to remember

Characteristics Of Learning Meaningful Learning

1. Learning is Purposeful -In a traditional or teacher - centered approach, the
2. Learning is a Result of Experience students are passive amd are expected to be receptive
3. Learning is Multifaceted. as the teacher gives instructions.
4. Learning is an Active Process - The teacher is the sole speaker throughout the class.

What Happens During Learning,?

Brain Changes
- when a person learns something new, the brain
undergoes changes.
Behavioral Changes
- learning has been defined as a permanent change in
behavior as a resultbof experience.
Becoming Self Regulated Learner
Self- Regulated
-refers to learners ability to regulate or control one's
own learning and behavior.
According to Barry Zimmerman, self regulation is
not a
•it is not a mental ability skill
•it is a self - directive process
3 Phases of Self Regulated Learning
•Plan and set goals
•Use strategies and monitor Performance
•Reflect and Adapt
Learning to be a better student
The Philippine Educational System is embracing
outcome-based education wherein the premise of
instruction is based on what the students can do. As
oposed to what the students know.
CHAPTER 12: SETTING GOALS FOR
SUCCESS
Goal
-an idea of the future or desired result that a person or
a group of people envision, plan and commit to
achieve.
Albert Bandura
-most influential and popular social psychologist
because of his research about observation's
importance.
Theory of Self Efficacy
-the concept of self-efficacy is "belief".
He described self efficacy as the confidence in
having the ability to perform certain behaviors.
Ways to Strengthen Efficacy
Mastery Experiences - refer to first-hand or direct
experiences that a person acquires.
Vicarious Experiences - emanate from observing
people, especially those that one regards as his or her
role models.
Verbal Persuasion - refers to motivation coming
from influential people such as parents, friends,
coaches, and superiors.
Emotional and Psychological States- refers to the
emotion and psychological nconditions that a person
is in.
Carol Dweck
-one of the most renowned researchers in the area of
motivation. She introduced the idea of mindset which
she defined as the implicit theories that individuals
hold regarding the nature of intelligent behavior.
GROWTH MINDSET THEORY
FIXED THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE (FIXED
MINDSET)
-people believe that basic qualities such as
intelligence and talents are fixed traits.
GROWTH THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE (
GROWTH MINDSET)
-People believe that talents and intelligence are
developed through learning, effort, training and
practice.
EDWIN LOCKE'S GOAL SETTING THEORY
-in 1990, Edwin Locke and Gary Latham, published a
book entitled "A Theory Of Goal and Task
Performance".
2 Sides of Goals
Mastery Goals
-Where the desires to gain knowledge and skills are
reflected.
Performance Goals
-Where the desire to look competent in other people's
eyes is manifested.
5 Principles of Goal Settings
1. Clarity
-simply means being clear and not vague.
2. Challenge
- Means that a goal must trigger the knowledge,
skills and abilities of a person
3. Commitment
-Reflects a person's dedication towards the
attainment of the set goals.
4. Feedback
- Serves as mechanism to ensure that everyone
sharing the same goal is on the right track and all are
in the same direction.
5. Task Complexity
- pushes people to take the extra mile
Julian Rotter
-American psychologist who is known for developing
influential theories, including social learning theory
and locus of control.
Expectancy Theory
-is focused mainly on the expectations that shape a
particular behavior in particular situation.
2 Classification of Locus Control
Internal Locus of Control
- he or she believes that events are controlled by his
or her own efforts.
External Locus of Control
- He or she believes that events are determined by
external forces over which he or she has no control
CHAPTER 13: TAKING CHARGE OF ONE'S
HEALTH
Medical Professionals often encourage us to
avoid stress in order to stay healthy. Stress triggers
life threatening illnesses such as cancer,
hypertension, heart attack, high blood pressure, and
risky decisions. Drastic actions, whether physical or
verbal, may also arise from stress. Stress therefore,
has a lot of negative consequences.
Three Domains that Dominate the Self
Based on the domains of biorhythm, the self is
dominated by three domains that operate in a cycle.
These domains manifest regularly and one may
domains the other. These domains are Physical,
Intellectual and Emotional.
The Physical domain includes coordination, strength
and well being. The Intellectual domains includes
alertness, analytical functioning, logical analysis,
memory or recall, and communication. The
Emotional domain includes creativity, sensitivity,
mood, perception, and awareness.
Contemporary medicine prescribes that in order to be
healthy,, one must regularly exercise, control the
intake of unhealthy food, and be in forgiving mode,
so as not to poison one’ mind. If there is a
physiological poison, there is also physiological
poison. In it’s entirety, such negativity on all domain
opens the possibility of occurrence of sickness or
disease. To avoid sickness or disease, a positive and
proactive score in these domains leads to a healthier
mind.
Personal Health Responsibility
Streinbrook (2006) stated that today, more than ever,
personal health responsibility or taking charge one’s
health is an essential step in disease prevention as
well as in protocols for healing and recovery from
diseases.
Personal Health Responsibility involves active
participation in one’s own health and healing plan
through education and lifestyle changes.
Although the concept of personal health
responsibility seems simple, it is often overlooked
when people are diagnosed with an autoimmune
disorder and seeking a quick fix.
People should think more about the prevention of
diseases than the cure of these. Diseases may be
avoided if everyone is conscious about what one does
since most diseases are acquired as a product of
unhealthy lifestyle.
Part of Personal Health responsibility is knowing
one's family history. This is one way to determine
hereditary illnesses which can be avoided in the
future.
Another health responsibility is conducting research
on effective herbal medicines and food supplements.
Prescription drugs manufactured in the laboratory are
made up of chemicals which can be detrimental to
people’s health.
Stress
Refers to the reaction of our physiological and
psychological self to any kind of demand or threat.
Right off the bat, one could already claim that not
stress is negative or unwanted. Sometimes there are
positive stresses that are aptly called;
Positive Stress (Eustress)
Is a beneficial stress that can be in the form of
physical, psychological, and biological stimuli.
Literally the Greek prefix eu means good, hence the
word “eustress” means “good stress.”
Bad Stress or Distress
Bad stress or distress is the exact opposite of
eustress, Distress occurs when there is a tension build
up which becomes unbearable and difficult to cope
with.
Stressors
Is any event that compels a person to adjust or
change. Below are the common stressors that are
described as unpleasant and life-threatening:
1.Catastrophic Events and Life Threatening
Experience
-are abrupt unforeseen experiences or traumas, such
as natural calamities, military combats, terrorist
attacks, accidents, and physical and sexual abuse.
2. Life Changes and Strains
- include separation of parents, illness in the
family, change of workplace, transfer of domicile,
and other circumstances that demand people to
adjust.
3. Chronic Problems
- exist for a long period which include
circumstances such as suffering from a serious
illness, having irresponsible neighbors, and failure to
acquire a lucrative or high income job.
4. Everyday Hassles
- are irritations, pressures, and annoyances that may
not be significant stressors by themselves but whose
cumulative effect can be significant.
Stress Tolerance
-refers to the ability of an individual to endure stress.
An individual’s stress tolerance is dependent on his
or her psychological and physiological constitution
thus, everyone reacts differently to stress. One’s
perception of stress is subjective. A eustress for
someone could be a distress to another. The reality is
that one cannot really eliminate stress, but one can
manage it.
Signs and Symptoms of Poorly Managed Stress
Physical Symptoms
* Inability to sleep
*fatigue
*headaches
*cramps
*unpleasant aura
*gastrointestinal problems
Emotional and Behavioural symptoms
*lack of concentration
*Irritation
*Nervousness
*panic
*lack of appetite or too much intake of food
*low level of enthusiasm and desire
*mood swing
Coping with Stress
-People who have adequate coping resources and
methods will suffer fewer effects of stressors
compared to those who lack them.
-The effect of stressors can also be eliminated
through the use of effective coping methods. Most of
these methods can classified as problem-focused or
emotion-focused (Bernstein, Penner, Clarke-Stewart,
and Roy, 2012, quoting folkman, 1986).
Problem Focused Method
-involves an attempt to change or eliminate sources
of stress.
Focus Coping Method
- is aimed at controlling the negative emotional
consequences of stressors.
Social and Cultural Dimensions of Stress
-Socially and Culturally, stress is typically viewed
negatively
- similar to existential philosophy, a stress is
relative one's perception of stress depends on the
perspective of the individual. This perception is
always subject to change; what is viewed as an asset
can be viewed as a liability later on by another person
In the Philippines, There are perennial stressors
that frustrates most of people, some of these are;
• Public Transportation
• Traffic Problems
• Frequent increase in prices of basic commodities
and services
• Unfinished projects that cause further traffic
congestion and risk to people's safety
The need for Self-Care and Self-Compassion
-You cannot give to others what you do not have.
Psychologically, before you could take cate of
others, you must take care of yourself first. Before
you can give something of yourself, you must first be
in touch with different aspects of your self.
One must first take care of himself or herself before
he or she can take care of others.
1. Self Care
-refers to all activities that a person does to
maintain amd improve his or her physical,
psychological, emotional, social and spiritual well
being.
2. Physical Self Care
-Includes all the activities that one does to
maintain and improve his or her personal well being.
3. Psychological Self Care
- Includes all the activities one does to deal or
resolve mental health issues.
4. Emotional Self Care
-Includes all the activities one does to cope with
stress and deal with grief.
5. Social Self Care
-Includes all the activities one does to connect with
people valuable to him or her.
6. Spiritual Self Care
-Includes all the activities one does to strengthen
one's relationship with his or her beliefs.
Benefits of Self Care
1.Enhanced Productivity
- when a person distance himself or herself from
vices, he or she will have more time to focus on his
or her goals in addition to improving his or her
physical well being.
2. Improved Vitality
- Physical care activities like exercising increase
resistance to diseases. Unhealthy habits make a
person vulnerable to diseases.
3. Enhanced Self-Esteem
- Avoiding self-berating is very important. It is
important for a person to discover and accept who he
or she really is and be proud about herself or himself.
4. Increased Self-Knowledge
- after a person discovers and accepts who he or she
is, it is important for him or her to know what he or
she wants and what he or she loves to do.
5. Mindfulness and Compassion
- Knowing and being good to oneself stems from
goodness and compassion one directs towards other
people.
Self Compassion
-is defined as showing compassion to oneself.
Three components of self compassion:
Self kindness
-means not being physically and verbally harsh to
oneself.

Common humanity
-means acceptance that one is an imperfect being,
one makes mistakes along with everyone else, and
one does not always get what he or she wants.

Mindfulness
-is the practice of being fully present in the moment.
One has to turn toward his or her painful thoughts
and emotions in order to embrace himself or herself
with compassion.