REVIEWER FOR UTS
The Psychological self can be defined as the process
through which an individual understands themselves,
behaves, and thinks depending on underlying
intrapersonal and interpersonal elements.
WILLIAM JAMES SELF THEORY
 According to William James (1890), human beings
have the capacity to both be the subject and the
object of their thinking at the same time.
 William James distinguished two aspects of the self
that he called “I” and “Me”.
I AND ME
“I” refers to the self as a subject of experiences (self in
the role of subject).
 “I” can refer to the thinking, feeling, and acting
parts of one’s self in a broader meaning.
 It also reflects how people become aware of their
surroundings and themselves on a more subjective
and advanced level.
“ME” refers to the self as object of experience (self as
object).
 It is the perspective when people see what makes
them human, look at their other abilities and
physical characteristics, and see themselves as
objects of their different thinking.
 “ME” refers to the entirety of all the contents of
consciousness that are felt to be self-related based
on one’s sensory experiences.
COMPONENTS OF SELF BY WILLIAM JAMES
MATERIAL SELF
 All of the physical elements that reflects who you
are.
SOCIAL SELF
 The self is reflected through your interactions with
others. It is the variety of selves that respond to
changes in situations and roles.
SPIRITUAL SELF
 Introspections about values, morals, and beliefs.
GLOBAL SELF
 The global self is the awareness of good possessed by
the self and refers to the overall evaluation of one’s
worth or value as a person.
 Global self is an idealized version of yourself that you
have built based on what you have learned from your
experiences.
 It is also influenced by our surroundings.
DIFFERENTIATED SELF
 Differential self is the ability to separate feelings and
thoughts.
 Differentiation is freeing yourself from your family
processes to yourself.
The term “self-differentiation” was first introduced by
Murray Bowen. There are 2 aspects of self-
differentiation.
1. INTRAPHYSIC DIFFERENTIATION
 Intrapsychic is when we can tell apart our thoughts
from our emotions. In other words, it’s self-
awareness.
2. INTERPERSONAL DIFFERENTIATION
 Intrapersonal is when we can distinguish our
experience from the experience of people we are
connected to.
REAL SELF
 The real self is who we are. It is how we think, feels,
look, and act.
IDEAL SLEF
 The ideal self is how we want to be. It is an idealized
image we have developed over time based on what
we have learned and experienced.
CARL ROGERS
 Carl Rogers believed that we all own a real self and an
ideal self.
 Carl Rogers believed that the real self is what we are
intrinsical.
 Carl Rogers believed that the ideal self is the self we
want to be, strive to be, and feel we are accepted to
be. This self is borne out of influence outside of us.
MULTIPLE SELVES THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGNETIC

 It is not limited to a single set of qualities. Albert Bandura says that a person is both proactive and
 According to David Lester, the mind comprises agentic, which means that people can take charge of their
several distinct “subselves” each of which is an own lives and make decisions about how they want to
independent collection of psychological processes. live.

DIVISION OD MULTIPLE SELVES CORE PROPERTIES OF HUMAN AGENCY

 MAJOR SELVES is a personality with thoughts, INTENTIONALITY

desires, intentions, emotions, ambitions, and
 It considers how an individual formulates intentions,
beliefs.
including action plans and strategies for carrying out.
 MINOR SELVES is merely enough to deal with a
particular condition such as a necessity to argue FORETHOUGHT
with certain people.
 Forethought encompasses more than just future-
 MICRO SELF is building blocks of personality; it is
oriented planning because it involves how individuals
the individual responses, thoughts, ideas, and
place their plans in the future. This perspective can
habits, such as minor physical or vocal contraction
bring coherence, purpose, and meaning to one's life if
or a renewed interfering thought or emotion.
perceived plans are projected over a beneficial long-
UNIFIED SELF term path.

 Unified self proposes that every person possesses SELF-REACTIVENESS

a network of personalities that collaborate to form
 People are bound in self-reactivity not only as
their overall identity.
planners or forethinkers but also as self-regulators. It
 Combining several aspects of one’s personality into
also covers self-motivation, self-management
a single entity constitutes the unified self.
processes, and emotional states that can interfere
TRUE SELF VS. FALSE SELF with self-regulation.

In the 1960’s, a British psychoanalyst named Donald SELF-REFLECTION

Winnicott came up with an idea about true and false
 This core property indicates an individual's ability to
selves.
reflect on their functioning, including life aspirations,
TRUE SELF the meaning of activities taken to achieve goals,
thoughts, and personal efficacy.
 Winnicott says that a person’s true self is a sense
of self that comes from a real experience and the SELF IN EASTERN THOUGHT
feeling of being truly present, alive, and able to
A. CONFUCIANISM
speak the truth.
 According to Confucianism, the concept of self is
 True self is the part of a self that were not shaped
linked to the social component of human existence.
by their upbringing may still be affected by their
 The self is defined as a "relational self," described as
environment.
"one who is acutely aware of the social presence of
FALSE SELF other human beings" (Ho, 1995: 117).
B. TAOISM
 The false self is a defense mechanism that makes a
 Taoism's peculiar explanation style characterizes the
person feel empty, repressed, and perfect while
self as follows: "The flawless man has no self; the
trying to be perfect and always fitting in with
spiritual man has no achievement; the true sage has
norms and expectations.
no name."
C. BUDDHISM

 Buddhism contends that the self does not exist

and is an illusion - "The self does not exist apart
from the states of consciousness."

SELF IN WESTERN THOUGHT

INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF

 People tend to identify most strongly with

themselves, putting their needs ahead of the
group's requirements. Individualism is a
characteristic that is typically attributed to men
and people who live in urban areas.

COLLECTIVISTIC SELF

 One's membership and role in a group, such as

the family or the work team, significantly
influence one's identity. This is especially true for
younger people. Because an individual's well-
being is tied to the survival and success of the
group, it makes sense that the best way to
protect oneself would be to consider the needs
and desires of other people.

THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF SELF IN WESTERN

THOUGHT

 According to the theory of social constructionism,

human beings construct their knowledge of the
world within the context of their social
relationships. Much of what we perceive to be
reality is founded on the assumptions we share.