Eng Grammar Book 8

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Anita Bahadur
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Sreetilak Sambhanda
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New Delhi • Mumbai • Chennai • Kolkata • Bengaluru • Hyderabad • Kochi • Guwahati

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Information contained in this book has been obtained by its authors from sources believed to be reliable and is correct to
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the best of their knowledge. However, the publisher and its authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or
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for any particular use.
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Every attempt has been made to trace holders of copyright. Where the publishers have not heard from them at the
time of going to press or where, in the absence of complete information, it has not been possible to identify the sources
of materials used, the publishers would be grateful for any information that would enable them to make appropriate
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acknowledgements in future reprints/editions of this book.

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product in this publication are for educational purposes only. We gratefully acknowledge each individual intellectual
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property owner.
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Copyright © Viva Education
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
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any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recorded or otherwise, without the written permission of the publishers.
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Preface
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Knowing the grammar of a language helps us communicate confidently, especially
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when it is not our mother tongue. Conventional approaches to the teaching and learning
of grammar are often so unfriendly that learners start to dislike the subject itself. The
challenge for the writers of a grammar textbook is to make grammar interesting without
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compromising on the rigour that the subject demands.
Everyday English Grammar and Composition covers English grammar comprehensively
presenting every topic in a clear and learner-friendly style. Each concept is explained and
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exemplified in detail, also accounting for exceptions to the rules. With equal emphasis on
the grammatical structures and their application in real-life situations, Everyday English
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Grammar and Composition aims to give the learner a thorough grounding in English.
The exercises in the lessons are designed to test learners with various levels of
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competence. They range from the easy to the highly challenging, so that every learner in a
typical classroom has something of his/her own level.
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Besides grammar, books of this series also include other components of language
learning such as vocabulary, comprehension and writing skills. The vocabulary lessons
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not only constitute a graded reference section, but also include numerous practice tasks.
Stories, passages and poems interspersed with theoretical lessons break the monotony, as
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well as develop comprehension. They are accompanied by multiple-choice, short-answer-

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type and long-answer-type questions. The composition section gives clear guidance on the
basic and essential forms of writing used in daily life. The lessons in this section explain the
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formats, give samples for each format and list practice tasks.
Part of the books for classes 6, 7 and 8 is bonus feature – a glossary of grammar
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terms for instant reference. Each book is complemented by worksheet sets that carry
extra exercises for practice, and three tests. The worksheets help learners perfect their
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understanding of each concept learned in the corresponding chapters.

We hope that teachers and learners will find in each book of this series all they want
from a textbook of grammar and composition, and that it will prove to be a friendly
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companion to a challenging subject.

Anita Bahadur
Sreetilak Sambhanda
Contents
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Preface ........................................... iii 17 Relative Clauses .......................... 134
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1 Determiners .................................... 1 18 Conditionals ................................ 141
2 Prepositions ....................................9 19 Active and Passive Voice ............. 149
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3 Sentence Analysis ......................... 17 20 Direct and Indirect Speech .......... 156
4 Auxiliary Verbs ..............................24 21 Emperor Penguins ....................... 165
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5 Modals .......................................... 30 22 The Proud Boy ............................ 167
6 Linking Verbs................................. 38
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23 Affixation .................................... 169
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7 The Complement ..........................42 24 Homophones, Homographs and
Homonyms ................................. 176
8 Adverbs and Adverbials .................46
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25 Idioms ......................................... 183

Worksheets 1–8 55–66
Test 1 67 26 Punctuation ................................ 188
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9 Conjunctions ................................. 70 27 British and American English ....... 197

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10 Clauses.......................................... 75 Worksheets 17–25 203–212

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Test 3 213
11 Infinitives ......................................82
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28 Johannes Gutenberg ................... 215

12 Participles ..................................... 87
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29 Letters and Email ........................ 217

13 The Gerund ................................... 93
30 Essay Writing .............................. 227
14 The Present Tense .........................98
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31 Story Writing ............................... 230

15 The Past Tense ............................ 106
32 Writing a Diary Entry ................... 233
16 The Future Tense ......................... 112
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33 Preparing Posters ........................ 235

Worksheets 9–16 118–131
Test 2 132 34 Advertisements............................237
Glossary of Grammar Terms.......... 241
Determiners
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In this chapter, learn:
to classify determiners according to their function
about various types of determiners: articles, demonstratives,
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possessives, quantifiers, determiners of number, determiners of
distribution, interrogative determiners
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the position of determiners within a phrase: predeterminers,
central determiners, postdeterminers
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Determiners are words that ‘specify’ or ‘determine’ the reference of
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nouns and noun phrases. Items used in almost every sentence like
articles, possessives and demonstratives are all determiners.
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Several people agreed to what was said.

(before the noun people)
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The red box has all my important papers.

(at the beginning of the noun phrase the red box)
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Classification of Determiners
Determiners may be classified based on the functions they perform.
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Articles
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use examples
a, an used before singular countable Look! The new plant has a flower.
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nouns We need an artist to paint all our window

glasses.
the used to refer to specific things The red car in front of the house is new.
The old man and the young boy went for a walk.
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DETERMINERS
Demonstratives
this, that, these and those Can you give me this pen?
Those children are quite naughty.
Possessives
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my, your, his, her, its, our and their Our house is on a hill.
Their car broke down in front of the mall.
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Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners.
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1. I waited for ____________ friend.
EXERCISE
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2. ____________ new hat that Navya bought is quite odd.
3. We had a great time when we visited ____________ sister.
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4. Can you buy me ____________ cycle, Dad?
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5. Do you remember ____________ time we went to Goa?
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6. Please put ____________ files in ____________ big drawer.

7. ‘Leave ____________ assignments on ____________ desk,’ the professor said to the
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class.
8. In ____________ time, there were no TVs or computers. In ____________ days, life
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was so much better.

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9. Who is ____________ new girl in ____________ class?

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10. When will you return ____________ English workbook?

11. Many of ____________ houses will be sold by the end of this month.
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12. Take ___________ plastic bottle and ___________ glass jar. Fill ___________ bottle
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with ink and ____________ jar with water.

13. ____________ neighbours sometimes let ____________ cattle into ____________
field.
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14. Mr Reddy is ____________ great teacher. Everyone loves ____________ class.

15. ‘Remove ____________ footwear before you enter ____________ room,’ said
____________ monk.
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DETERMINERS
Determiners of Quantity or Quantifiers

These tell us how much or how many. Some of these determiners
are used solely with countable nouns while others are used with
uncountable nouns.
Some examples are: a few, few, a little, all, any, both, enough, many,
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more, much, some, whole, several, one, etc.
with countable nouns with uncountable nouns with both
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many pencils much water all the pencils/water
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a few pencils a little water some pencils/water
few pencils little water most pencils/water
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several pencils no water enough pencils/water
no pencils/water
any pencils/water
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Much is normally used for questions and negative statements.
How much wire do we need?
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It didn’t take much work to clean this room.
We use most with a general plural noun.
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Most people think it is easy to make money.

Most schools today have a computer lab.
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A singular noun follows the expression many a.

Many a young man has aspirations to fame without really
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working towards it.

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I have warned you many a time about coming late; today you
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will be punished.
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Determiners of Number
When we use numbers before a noun, they function as determiners.
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Cardinal numbers tell us about quantity.

We will take five minutes to reach.
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There are ten packets of noodles and twenty hungry children.

When we use ordinal numbers (first, third, etc.) as determiners,
they show sequence.
First impressions are not always correct.
We won third prize at the tournament.
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DETERMINERS
B Correct the following sentences if they are wrong.
1. Sunil repaired the tap after wasting 7. There is little hope of the test
EXERCISE
many water. happening today.
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2. How much paint do we need? 8. The truck delivered much boxes of
3. Can we have little salt, please? engine parts.
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4. No marks will be given to a partially 9. Give them some more money.
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correct answer. 10. Uncle Shankar has not many
5. Please leave five minutes after the knowledges of history.
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chief guest has departed. 11. Do you have any information about
6. There are not much left-handed the change in our exam schedule?
people in our group. 12. This corner of the hall gets few fresh
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air.
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Determiners of Distribution
The determiners either, neither, each and every show distribution.
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This wall can be either colour – red or blue.

Each member of the team participated enthusiastically.
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Neither sister is willing to help him.

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Interrogative Determiners
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When we ask questions, we use interrogative determiners like what,

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which and whose.

Whose house is this?
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Which painting would you like to buy?

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Fill in the blanks with the correct determiners. Choose from the ones in the box.
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You can use each determiner only once.
EXERCISE
each a hundred either several few five most

first enough a which more many a little much
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DETERMINERS
1. ____________ cakes are made with eggs, butter, flour and sugar.
2. ____________ class do you study in?
3. We always travel ____________ class when we go by train.
4. Please tell ____________ participant to submit their picture.
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5. There’s ____________ slip between the cup and the lip.
6. We had ____________ food left over after the party to feed ten street children.
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7. We need to plant ____________ trees; there can never be enough to save the
environment.
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8. Did you find ____________ decent place to stay?
9. Kindness is a virtue that ____________ people actually practise regularly.
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10. You can choose ____________ topic for the extempore speech.
11. ____________ people came to see their favourite stars.
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12. There is very ____________ water in the tank.
13. How ____________ paint will we need for this wall?
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14. ____________ students put up stalls at the Diwali fair.
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15. Only ____________ participants have arrived.
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Predeterminers, Central Determiners and

Postdeterminers
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In a sentence, we often use more than one determiner before a noun.

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We gave presents to all our teachers on Teacher’s Day.

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That was the last time I saw him.

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We can divide determiners into three categories based on the order

in which they occur in a phrase:
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 predeterminers
 central determiners
 postdeterminers
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The three types of determiners occur in a phrase in the following

order:
predeterminer  central determiner  postdeterminer
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DETERMINERS
Any of these three types of determiners can occur independently

before a noun without the other two types preceding or following it.
Predeterminers
When we wish to specify quantity in a noun, we use predeterminers
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before them. Predeterminers include:
 expressions that multiply quantity, including expressions
that end in the word times: once, twice, ten times, etc.
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You need to make thrice this effort to pass.
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He bought the book for three times its cost.
 words that stand for fractions: half, one-third, three-fourths,
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etc.
Manish finished off half the ice cream.
He packed only one-third his belongings.
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 the words all and both.
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I put all my books in the cupboard.
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Did you read both the books?
We can normally use only one predeterminer before a noun. We
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cannot say:
He bought the book for all three times its cost.
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Did you read half both the books?

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Central Determiners
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Central determiners occur after predeterminers and before

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postdeterminers.
 The most commonly used central determiners are the
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articles a, an and the.

There is half a glass of milk in the fridge.
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Both the friends joined the same college.

There is half an hour left.
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 The possessives are also classified as central determiners.
I spent all my money at the fair.

Hari gave half his share to his brother.
All their efforts were rewarded when they won the
first prize.
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DETERMINERS
 The demonstratives are central determiners – this, that,

these and those.
Please put all these marbles in the jar.
I need something thrice that size for the party.
I can buy four times those chocolates for you.
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 Central determiners include the interrogative determiners
what, which and whose.
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Whose pencil is it?
Which country in the world is the coldest?
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 Other central determiners include no, each, every, either,
neither, some, any and enough.
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No country in the world has three capitals.
This bulb doesn’t give enough light.
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Postdeterminers
 Cardinal
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and ordinal numbers are postdeterminers: two,
four, five, first, fifth, etc.
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When we left the two children home, it was quite late.
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This is their fourth year in Gopalpur.

 General ordinals like last, next, other, another, etc. are also
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postdeterminers.
Do you remember our last meeting?
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Please try another colour. This is too bright.

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 When used together, the ordinals always come before

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cardinals.
The last six runs were scored by Sachin.
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The first ten children were given free computers.

 Quantifiers like many, few, several, much, little, etc. are
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postdeterminers.
I hope my little contribution will help.
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My sister took most of my books. The few books

I have are on the shelf.
 Remember, if an adjective is used to describe a noun, it
comes after all the determiners.
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DETERMINERS
The last three delicious pastries were shared among

six hungry children.
The first famous person I met was Kiran Bedi.
As we can see from the examples above, we may have two
or more postdeterminers before a noun.
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D Arrange the determiners in their proper order and rewrite the sentences.
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1. (the, all) children participated in the Annual Day function.
EXERCISE
2. During the function, we need (two, your) cars.
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3. (first, the, two) songs in this CD are excellent.
4. We bought (red, twelve) roses for her birthday.
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5. (all, the) prefects took the oath during the ceremony.
6. We must respect (our, all) teachers. a
7. (those, all) who have finished may leave.
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8. (new, four, the) plants are on the terrace.
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9. The tribesmen hold a festival (three, every) years.

10. No one should touch (my, little) doll.
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11. Parking charges for (second, your) car will be higher.

12. You don’t need (dozen, a, half) men to paint a chair.
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13. (seventeen, all, the) candidates cleared the test.

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14. No one heard of Mr Kurien (these, all, twelve) years when he remained in exile.
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15. Sachin didn’t tell me (three, which) cars he finally shortlisted.

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Prepositions
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the function of a preposition in the structure of a phrase
the classification of prepositions based on their form: simple
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prepositions, compound prepositions, complex prepositions
to identify the following types of prepositions
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• prepositions of place
• prepositions of time
• prepositions of direction
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• prepositions of cause and purpose
how certain nouns, adjectives and verbs collocate with specific
prepositions
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the structure and functions of a prepositional phrase
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A preposition is a word that joins nouns, pronouns or phrases to

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other words in a sentence. It usually shows the relationship of those

words or phrases with other words in the sentence with regard to
space, time or reason.
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Grammar Point
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A preposition usually comes before a noun. Often, however, a

preposition does not come directly before a noun as there may be A preposition tells
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us the relation of its

determiners or adjectives between them. object to other words
in the sentence.
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We met after class. (before the noun)

In fact the word
We met in the arts class. preposition literally
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(before the determiner the and the adjective arts) means ‘pre-position’
because it comes
Here after and in are prepositions. The noun that the preposition
before a noun or a
comes before is called the object of the preposition. In the sentences
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pronoun.
above, the object of each of the prepositions is the word class.
When a preposition is not followed by a noun, it is often called a
stranded preposition.
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PREPOSITIONS
A stranded preposition comes at the end of a sentence when its

object is a relative pronoun or an interrogative pronoun (words like
that, who, which, etc.).
Have you found the shoes that you were looking for?
(object – relative pronoun that)
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What are you so angry about?
(object – interrogative pronoun what)
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Sometimes we also use the stranded preposition when the object
needs to be given greater importance. The preposition is then used
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after its object and at the end of the sentence.
This is the play Mira spoke about. (Mira spoke about this play.)
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This requires looking into. (We need to look into this.)
Prepositions can be categorized into three based on their form:
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 simple prepositions
 compound prepositions
 complex or phrase prepositions

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Simple Prepositions: Single-word prepositions are called simple
prepositions. Some examples are in, on, at, by, from, about, over,
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under, through, till, up, off, of, for, to, etc.

The children made castles in sand.
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Did you hear about Bina’s aunt?

Gary jumped off the wall.
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Compound Prepositions: When two or more words are combined

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to form one single preposition, we have a compound preposition.

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Sometimes these may be formed by putting a preposition before a

noun, adverb or adjective. At other times, it may be a combination
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of two prepositions. Some examples of compound prepositions are

into, across, without, within, inside, outside, beneath, below, behind,
between, etc.
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The excited children jumped into the pool.

The book fell behind the cupboard.
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Can you manage without your reading glasses for two days?
Complex or Phrase Prepositions: When a group of words does
the work of a single preposition, it is called a complex or phrase
preposition. Some two-word complex prepositions are along with,
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PREPOSITIONS
according to, apart from, because of, contrary to, regardless of, prior
to, due to, except for, etc.
Many three-word prepositions have the form:
preposition + noun + preposition
Some such prepositions are in front of, with reference to, in spite of,
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in addition to, by means of, in place of, on behalf of, in accordance
with, in line with, in relation to, etc.
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I parked the car in front of the gate.
According to Sagar, the movie is not worth watching.
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Many farmers lose their crops due to floods.
In accordance with the school policy, fees must be paid on
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time.
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A Use simple, compound or complex prepositions to fill in the blanks. Try not to
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repeat any preposition.
EXERCISE
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1. There is a funny umbrella stand ____________ the door.
2. ____________ a recent survey, the boy–girl ratio has fallen again.
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3. This is ____________ your letter dated 26 March 2017.

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4. You must start ____________ time.

5. Please look in the box ____________ the window.
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6. The plants ____________ the front door are beginning

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to dry up.
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7. Life was simpler ____________ all the modern technical

devices that exist today.
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8. On the flight from Bagdogra, I sat ____________ a famous football star.

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Prepositions may be classified into four based on their function:

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 prepositions of place
 prepositions of time
 prepositions of direction
 prepositions of cause and purpose
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PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions of Place
Prepositions of place tell us where something is. Some prepositions
of place are above, below, under, over, beside, down, near, in front of,
around, etc.
There is a fence around the garden.
on
The paintings on the roof of the church are beautiful.
Have you looked under the bed?
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At, in and on are used as prepositions of both place and
time. Let’s study each in turn.
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prepositions of place examples
a specific point or area Please wait at the reception desk.
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at a particular address Everybody gathered at 14, Park Street.
before the name of a place We stood at the bus stop.
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The jewels are kept in a box.
an enclosed space
in a We waited in the reception hall for two hours.
a large area like a town or a city I live in Kerala in a town called Alappuzha.
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a surface The soup is on the table.
on
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before the names of roads and streets This is from a shop on the Ring Road.
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Prepositions of Time
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Prepositions of time tell us when. Some prepositions of time are on,

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in, at, till, during, after, before, since, for, etc.

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Meet me after 4 o’clock.

During summer, it becomes very hot and humid in the plains.
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He has been living here for five years.

Let’s look at the use of at, in and on as prepositions of time.
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prepositions of time examples

We have an assembly at 8 a.m.
a specific point in time
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at What did you discuss at the meeting?

with names of festivals Will you visit us at Deepavali?
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PREPOSITIONS
The courier will arrive in two hours.

a period of time – minutes, hours
The competition will start in fifteen minutes.
time of day We have the matches in the afternoon.
in
season In winter it snows heavily in Srinagar.
We will get the results in May.
month, year
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I finished school in 2005.
On Christmas day, everybody gets gifts.
The prime minister addresses the nation on
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on a particular day Independence Day.
I was at work on Sunday.
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We had a holiday on 28 September 2018.
Remember: When we refer to the exact time, we say on time.
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The train left on time. (at the exact time; neither early, nor late)
However, we use in time for a time before the exact time.
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We reached in time to catch the train.
(There was time before the train left.)
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B Use appropriate prepositions of place and time to fill in the blanks.
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1. I was born ____________ Shimla ____________ a Thursday.

EXERCISE
2. There are muddy footprints ____________ the floor.

3. Who put all the old magazines ____________ the cupboard?
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4. We celebrate Army Day ____________ 15 January every year.

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5. I was part of the parade ____________ Republic Day.

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6. ____________ the holidays, it is difficult to get back to school.

7. ____________ going home, Jim bought a bunch of flowers for his wife.
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8. Have you looked ____________ the couch for your shoes?

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9. I can’t see Harsha. Mala is standing ____________ her.

10. I live ____________ the old Post Office.
11. Ours is the red house ____________ the road from the station.
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12. There is someone ____________ the door.

13. Who removed the pictures that were ____________ the wall?
14. Rahul’s head reaches ____________ my forehead; I am taller.
15. I put all my woollens ____________ a trunk.
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PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions of Direction
Prepositions of movement or direction also tell us where, but
usually indicate direction. Some prepositions of movement are to,
at, towards, through, into, over, under, up, down, etc.
Before the competition, Jatin swam across the river and back
on
to build up stamina.
He climbed up a tree to get over the wall and into the orchard.
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When Archimedes discovered the law of buoyancy, he ran
through the streets shouting ‘Eureka!’
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A flying saucer just flew over that building.
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Prepositions of Cause and Purpose
When we use prepositions such as for, of, with, by, from, through,
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to, on account of, etc. in certain ways, they denote cause or purpose.
We need to start preparations for Sports Day.
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He won’t succeed with hard work alone.
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I need money for the rent.
He could not take the exam on account of illness.
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C Identify the prepositions and write what kind they are: prepositions of time, place,
direction, cause or purpose. Name the object of each preposition.
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EXERCISE
1. We were surprised to see the old man jump over the hedge.
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2. It was through sheer good luck that we found our way home.
3. There was no knife, so we cut the cake with a fork.
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4. She hid the knife in the cupboard.

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5. When I peeped into the room, there was nobody there.

6. I saw a shy young child amidst the crowd, looking confused and lost.
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7. This is just the thing I was looking for.

8. The show started at 4 p.m. and we were just in time.
9. My teeth chattered from fear as I walked down the dark road.
10. The match was cancelled due to bad weather.
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PREPOSITIONS
Collocations
Certain nouns, adjectives and verbs are generally used with specific
prepositions in such a way that these have become fixed ways of using
these words. We often refer to such combinations as collocations.
Here are some expressions with prepositions:
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noun + preposition adjective + preposition verb + preposition
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fondness for afraid of apologize for
grasp of angry at ask about
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hatred of aware of ask for
hope for capable of belong to
interest in careless about bring up
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love of familiar with care for
need for fond of find out
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participation in happy about prepare for
reason for interested in study for
respect for
a
jealous of talk about
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D Make sentences using the following collocations.

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1. reason for 4. need for 7. interested in

EXERCISE
2. fond of 5. ask about 8. study for

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3. familiar with 6. belong to 9. jealous of

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Prepositional Phrases
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Look at these sentences:

Bharat makes beautiful paintings on the computer.
Hari walked into the darkened room cautiously.
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In these sentences, the phrases on the computer and into the darkened
room begin with prepositions. They are prepositional phrases.
A prepositional phrase is made up of the preposition, its object and
any adjectives or adverbs that may be associated with the object.
15
PREPOSITIONS
A prepositional phrase can have the functions of an adjective or an

adverb.
As an adjective, it modifies a noun and will answer the question
‘which one?’.
Look at the lady in the blue dress. (modifying the noun lady)
on
Please take the pen next to the telephone.
(modifying the noun pen)
ti
As an adverb, it modifies a verb. We can identify the prepositional
phrase that acts like an adverb by asking the questions how, when,
ca
why or where.
The poor man sat beside the fence. (Sat where? Beside the fence.)
du
I go for dance classes after school. (Go when? After school.)
They finished the match by scoring the winning goal.
(Finished how? By scoring the winning goal.)
E
a
Underline the prepositional phrase and say whether it functions as an adjective or
iv
E
an adverb.
EXERCISE
1. Jiya starts her music practice at 7. Don’t leave the scissors on the table;
5 o’clock. put them back.
©
2. The invitation cards for the wedding 8. You must get back before 9 o’clock.
have arrived. 9. The car beside mine is Arjun’s.
t
3. The books in the box have been

h
10. The vegetables in the basket are all

forgotten. fresh.
ig
4. Do you know how to eat with a knife 11. Why did you leave your shoes inside
and fork? the car?
yr
5. The children leaned against the wall 12. According to Manoj, the new
while they waited for their friends.
op
principal is a kind man.

6. My classroom is next to the staffroom.
C
16
Sentence Analysis
on
to divide a simple sentence into subject and predicate
about the subject word and its attributes
ti
about the predicate and the elements that can occur in the
predicate of a sentence
ca
about the object in a sentence, and direct and indirect object
functions of a complement in the sentence structure
du
E
a
We know that a sentence is a group of words which makes complete
iv
sense.
V
Preeti sings.
Meera teaches dance.
©
The children walked home.

The price of this shirt is five hundred rupees.
t
All of the above are simple sentences. When we analyse simple

h
sentences, we must first identify the two main parts – the subject
and the predicate.
ig
The subject of a sentence may be a word or a phrase which tells us

who/what is being talked about or who/what does an action.
yr
Children play.
op
All the members attended the meeting.

The predicate is the part of the sentence that tells us something
about the subject. The predicate may be a single finite verb or it may
C
be a verb with an object or some more words that are needed to

complete the meaning of the sentence.
I sing.
My friends gave me a bouquet of flowers.
17
SENTENCE ANALYSIS
subject predicate
1. Preeti sings.
2. Meera teaches dance.
3. The children walked home.
on
4. The price of this shirt is five hundred rupees.
The subject may consist of one word or many words. In the first
ti
sentence, the subject has one word – Preeti. In sentence 4, however,
the subject has five words.
ca
The predicate too may consist of one word or a group of words.
In sentence 1, the predicate has one word – sings. In sentence 4,
du
however, there are four words in the predicate.
E
A Circle the subject and underline the predicate in each of the following sentences.
1. The chirping of birds woke me up.

a 5. The railway station was crowded.
EXERCISE
iv
2. All people have equal rights. 6. Dear, gentle, kind Maya looked after
all of us.
V
3. High stone walls were built around

the grounds. 7. The rich may not always be content.
©
4. I shot an arrow in the air. 8. We saw a delightful movie last night.

h t
Subject Word and its Attributes

ig
When the subject of a sentence has more than one word, all these
yr
words together make the complete subject. In this set of words,

the more important word is called the subject word or the simple
op
subject.
The five brothers lived together in the jungle.
C
Walking is good for health.

To laugh loudly is often rude.
In the first sentence, the subject word is the noun brothers.
18
SENTENCE ANALYSIS
In the second sentence, the word walking is the subject word. We

know that the word walking is a verb that does the work of a noun
(called a gerund).
In the third sentence, the infinitive to laugh does the work of a noun
and is the subject word.
on
We see that the subject word is always a noun or a group of words
that does the work of a noun.
ti
The Subject Word Attribute
ca
In a sentence, the subject word is often qualified by an adjective or
words that do the work of an adjective. This is called its attribute.
du
The attribute may be an adjective, a participle or a participial
adjective, an infinitive, a pronoun, an article or a phrase.
In a sentence, there may be more than one attribute to a subject
E
word.
Look at these sentences: a
The man stood at the door.
iv
Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation, was assassinated.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
V
His book is really good.

His determination to succeed must be appreciated.
©
He himself said this.

Fresh butter tastes wonderful.
h t
Let’s analyse the subject in each of the sentences above.

ig
subject subject word attribute

The man man the – definite article
yr
Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the

Mahatma Gandhi the Father of the Nation – noun phrase
Nation
op
a – indefinite article
A rolling stone stone
rolling – participial adjective
His book book his – possessive adjective
C
his – possessive adjective

His determination to succeed determination
to succeed – infinitive
He himself he himself – emphatic pronoun
Fresh butter butter fresh – adjective
19
SENTENCE ANALYSIS
B In the following sentences, underline the complete subject and then separate the
subject word from its attributes.
EXERCISE
1. The young man, anxious to impress, 6. New clothes are worn on the occasion
on
revised his answer several times. of festivals.
2. A happy child makes all around her 7. The mad scientist worked furiously at
ti
happy. his latest invention.
ca
3. Growing children need a lot of 8. My idea will work.
nourishment. 9. The hanging gardens in Mumbai are
4. Mr Narayan, the school principal, was quite famous.
du
on his rounds. 10. I myself saw him take the book.
5. Maya’s mother is an artist.
E
The Predicate
a
iv
The predicate may consist of just one word or a group of words.
V
When the predicate has only one word, it will always be a verb. We
know that every predicate must have a finite verb.
©
Horses gallop. (one word in the predicate)

The class starts at nine. (three words in the predicate)
t
In the predicate, the verb may be qualified by an adverb or a group

h
of words that do the work of an adverb. This is called an adverbial

qualification.
ig
The children waited downstairs.

yr
(The adverbial qualification is an adverb.)
The children came home.

op
(A noun that behaves like an adverb of place.)
We work to earn. (An infinitive as an adverb of purpose)

C
The toys in the room were in all shapes and sizes.

(A prepositional phrase doing the work of an adverb.)
20
SENTENCE ANALYSIS
C Read each sentence given and identify

a) the subject word and its attributes.
EXERCISE
b) the verb and its adverbial qualification.
on
Present your answers in a table form.
ti
1. Young Pragya played well. 6. The tired army continued to fight
2. All the employees went on a picnic. bravely.
ca
3. My cousin’s family has come to stay 7. The angry teacher spoke menacingly.
with us. 8. This fort is made of sandstone.
du
4. The two teams competed to win. 9. The people of the town stayed home.
5. The choir sang joyously. 10. The members of the team fought
E
among themselves.
a
iv
The Object of a Verb
V
When we use a verb transitively, we need an object to make the

meaning of the sentence complete. Transitive verbs need an object
to complete their meaning.
©
Look at this sentence:

t
I threw the ball.

h
The words I threw do not make complete sense by themselves

ig
because the verb threw is transitive. It needs the object the ball for
the sentence to be complete.
yr
The object of a transitive verb may be the following:

a noun We flew kites.
op
a pronoun A thief stole it.

an adjective that does the work of a noun Ordinary people envy the rich.
C
a participle that acts as a noun (a gerund) Everybody enjoys singing.

an infinitive that does the work of a noun The cornered tiger tried to attack.
a group of words doing the work of a noun Hina loves to bake chocolate cakes.
a noun clause Do you remember what Ansari told us about this
building?
21
SENTENCE ANALYSIS
When an object consists of more than one word, we have the object
word and its attributes just like we have attributes for the subject
word.
The mother scolded the naughty child.
Here child is the object word, and the and naughty are its attributes.
on
Direct and Indirect Objects
ti
Very often, we require two objects with a transitive verb. Look at
this sentence:
ca
Payal gave Roopa a book.
Here we have two objects of the verb gave. When we ask the question
du
‘Payal gave what?’ we get the answer a book, which is called the
direct object of the verb.
E
Now if we ask whom the book was given to, we get the answer Roopa.
The word Roopa is then the indirect object of the verb gave.
a
Usually, the answer to the question ‘what?’ is the direct object. Often
the indirect object comes before the direct object.
iv
V
D In the following sentences, underline the verbs and their object. Identify the direct
©
and indirect objects if the verbs have two objects.

EXERCISE
1. Tara promised her friends a treat. 4. Grace bought Kriti a new guitar.
h t
2. Mrs Upadhyaya teaches us Hindi. 5. Father gave mother a lovely saree.

ig
3. Did you give Neeti her cheque? 6. Please pass me the salt.
yr
The Complement
op

Geeta walks.
C
Kartika appears unhappy.

The predicate in the first sentence consists of a single verb walks,
which is an intransitive verb. The sentence is complete in itself.
22
SENTENCE ANALYSIS
In the second sentence, if we just say Kartika appears, it will not be Grammar Point
correct. The intransitive verb appears requires a word or a group of
words to complete its meaning. The verb appears is an intransitive Intransitive verbs
verb of incomplete predication. of incomplete
predication are also
Sometimes, the verb in the predicate is an intransitive verb, but it is called linking or
on
incomplete by itself. It requires a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, etc. copular verbs.* Some
to complete the predicate. The word or group of words required to common copular
complete the predicate is called a complement. The complement of verbs are: be, seem,
ti
an intransitive verb describes the subject. It is therefore called the appear, become, grow,
taste, smell, turn, stay,
subject complement.
ca
etc.
The subject complement may be the following:
a noun Mercury is a planet.
du
an adjective The children were hungry.
a pronoun This is him.
E
a participle Mother seemed agitated.
an infinitive
aThe child appeared to shudder.
iv
an adverb The smoke is everywhere.
a group of words doing the work of an adjective The second-hand car was in an excellent condition.
V
a clause Home is where the heart is.

©
t
E Underline the complement in each sentence below and say what kind it is.
h
1. This new book is very well written. 5. Everyone looked happy.

EXERCISE
ig
2. The people outside the doctor’s room 6. The old man was in a smart suit.
yr
grew restless. 7. The plant appears quite healthy.

3. Charu is a singer. 8. This trip is exciting.
op
4. The soldiers were exhausted.

C
* See the chapter ‘Linking Verbs’.
23
Auxiliary Verbs
4
on
the functions of auxiliary verbs
about the primary auxiliary verbs be, have and do
ti
about modal auxiliary verbs
ca
about the auxiliary verbs similar to modals in function
du
E
Look at the verbs in the following sentences: a
1. Tina had taken the short cut, yet she was late.
iv
2. The little child was crying inconsolably.
V
3. I was asked to submit my papers here.

4. You must send me the essay today.
©
5. Where do you study?

Now look at the function of the verb combination in each of the
t
sentences:
h
verb combination function

ig
1. had taken to make the past perfect tense

yr
2. was crying to make the past continuous tense

3. was asked to make the passive
op
4. must send to express an obligation

5. do study to make a question
C
In these sentences, the words had, was, must and do are auxiliary or
helping verbs.
As we see, these verbs have been used with main verbs to make
tenses, passive forms, questions and negatives.
24
AUXILIARY VERBS
Auxiliary verbs have no meaning on their own. They are necessary

because they help the main verb to form the grammatical structure
of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone.
Auxiliary verbs, however, have several very important functions.
This is taking too long. ~ Is this taking too long?
on
To form questions: Auxiliary verbs change
I can help you. ~ Can I help you?
places with the subject to form questions.
I have had lunch. ~ Have you had lunch?
ti
To form short answers: Auxiliary verbs help to Can you help me clean this room? ~ Yes, I can
form short responses. From such responses (help you clean the room).
ca
the main verb is omitted and its meaning is Will you be here on time? ~ Yes, I will
implied. (be here on time).
Bring all that you can (bring).
du
To avoid repetition: We use auxiliary verbs to
If you haven’t any idea about the theft, who has
avoid repetition.
(any idea about the theft)?
To form question tags: When we speak,
E
we often use tags to check or reinforce This is a great book, isn’t it?
information that we may or may not be sure a You can swim, can’t you?
about. Sometimes we just use them to make a They were tired, weren’t they?
point or to create a dramatic effect.
iv
When a statement does not have an auxiliary
You like sweets, don’t you?
verb (or forms of be and have as main verbs),
V
They left early, didn’t they?

we use the auxiliary do in the question tag.
©
Identify the role of the auxiliary verbs in the following sentences.

t
A
h
1. We had a great time, didn’t we? 5. Have you packed everything? Yes, we
EXERCISE
ig
2. Maya has shifted to Kolkata. have.
3. Did Pankaj really take a long time? 6. The new product was launched with
yr
Yes, he did. great fanfare.

7. Will you come to my party?
op
4. Hina looks well, doesn’t she?

8. Let’s watch a movie, shall we?
C
Auxiliary verbs fall into three basic groups:

 primary or main auxiliary verbs
 modals or modal auxiliary verbs
 other auxiliary verbs with the characteristics of modals
25
AUXILIARY VERBS
Primary or Main Auxiliary Verbs

The primary auxiliary verbs are called so because they are the most
used in forming tenses, negatives and questions. These are forms of
the verbs be, have and do. (Remember, we can use these three verbs
as main verbs too.)
on
use examples
Be is used with -ing forms of the She is playing basketball in the garden. (present
ti
main verbs to form continuous continuous)
tenses. He was running after the thief. (past continuous)
ca
Be
The verb be + past participle is The shop was closed.
used to form the passive. The curtains are drawn at night.
du
The auxiliary have can be used to She has never worked before. (present perfect)
Have
form perfect tenses. They had lived in Delhi for a long time. (past perfect)
E
The auxiliary do can be used to
He does not dance very well.
form negatives of the simple
She did not obey her mother.
present and past tense forms. a
Do is used to form questions in
iv
the simple present and past tense
forms. To form the question form I want some tea. ~ Do you want some tea?
V
of a declarative sentence in the I liked the party. ~ Did you like the party?
simple present or the simple past,
Do
we use forms of the verb do.
©
When we use question words Karan said he was well. ~ What did Karan say?
to form questions in the simple
Nikhil keeps all his important papers in this desk. ~
t
present or past, the auxiliary do

Where does Nikhil keep his important papers?
h
comes after the question word.

Navya likes chocolate. ~ Does Navya like chocolate?
The main verb comes after the
ig
subject, and is always in its base Everybody liked the show. ~ Did everybody like
form. the show?
yr
He does seem very tired.

Do is used to show emphasis.
She did perform extremely well on stage.
op
C
B Turn the following statements into questions using forms of the auxiliary verb do.
1. Kavita danced beautifully.

EXERCISE
2. Bina works in a large organization.
26
AUXILIARY VERBS
3. I really find this interesting.

4. They took the last flight to Mumbai.
5. In 1930 Gandhiji led the Dandi March to protest against the
salt tax.
on
C Fill in the blanks using appropriate primary auxiliary verbs. Mention what function
each performs.
EXERCISE
ti
1. ___________ he know how difficult that test is?
ca
2. ___________ you decided that you want to be a doctor?
3. She speaks German fluently and ___________ been to Germany
many times.
du
4. Cricket ___________ often played in the streets of Mumbai.
5. Meena ___________ not like anything her parents bought for her.
E
6. He ___________ appear innocent, though he was accused for murder.
a
7. ___________ we known she was so cunning, we would have
been more careful.
iv
8. Renu ___________ washing the dishes, when the bell rang.
V
9. ___________ you decided which company you want to join?

10. ___________ Tina ever given you piano lessons?
©
t
Modals or Modal Auxiliary Verbs

h
ig
Modal auxiliary verbs are also helping verbs. They are used before
main verbs to express a range of meanings such as ability, possibility,
yr
certainty, suggestion, permission, obligation and so on.

In almost all cases, the modal verb does not change according to the
op
subject of the sentence. This means that the modal verb need not
agree with the subject in number and person.
Modal auxiliary verbs include the following:
C
can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must

She can solve this problem. (present ability)
I could play the piano, but now I have arthritis. (past ability)
27
AUXILIARY VERBS
May I watch the tennis match on television? (permission)

(Remember may is rather formal.)
You might try solving this sum again. (suggestion or advice)
She must have reached home by now. (certainty)
Could you get me a glass of water? (request)
on
You must fill out this form. (necessity/obligation)
ti
ca
D Form negatives and interrogatives from the following sentences. Frame a short
answer for each question you have formed.
EXERCISE
du
1. We shall go trekking. 5. Everybody must stand in the queue.
2. Father baked a delicious cake for 6. Renu has made several new year
E
Tippy’s birthday. resolutions.
3. The children will be delighted. a 7. I will send you an email.
4. Storm clouds were gathering on the 8. You should meet Ravi.
iv
horizon.
V
Other Auxiliary Verbs with the Characteristics

©
of Modals
t

h
I will be able to finish this today.

ig
Karan had to prepare for his test.

We needn’t leave so early.
yr
Everybody ought to follow rules.

Don’t you dare step out of the house!
op
In these sentences, the italicized words are modal in meaning, but

they do not always behave like modals. Such phrases are called
semi-modals. Some of these are: be about to, be able to, be likely to,
C
had better, have to, ought to, used to, need to, dare and would rather.
(Note: Need and dare are used as primary modals as well.)
28
AUXILIARY VERBS
We see that semi-auxiliaries are made up of two or more separate words, followed by a to infinitive
or a bare infinitive.
Sheila is likely to stay with her mother.
Rashi wouldn’t dare disobey me.
on
Unlike modals, these often change their form according to the subject and may have a full range of
tenses. They can also be combined with other auxiliary verbs.
We were able to get in to see the film. (expressing ability, but changing with tense)
ti
He has to take responsibility for what he has done. (expressing necessity, and changing
ca
according to subject)
We will have to come back tomorrow. (expressing necessity but taking a modal verb before it)
du
To form the negative, not is attached to the auxiliary verb that comes after the subject and not to
the semi-modal phrase.
We weren’t able to get the tickets for the trip.
E
You don’t have to wait for me.
a
To form questions, the auxiliary verb that comes just after the subject is reversed and not the semi-
modal.
iv
Weren’t you able to get the tickets for the trip?
V
Do you have to wait for me?

©
In the following sentences, fill in the blanks with appropriate semi-modals from
t
E
the box given below.
h
EXERCISE
ig
be able to ought to have to would rather had better

yr
1. There ______________ be a law against people who spit on the road.

2. She ______________ have faith in herself.
op
3. I ______________ wait here than get wet in the rain.

4. You should ______________ find the house if you follow my instructions.
C
5. I ______________ learn English to improve my career prospects.

6. You ______________ inform your parents about the delay.
7. He ______________ climb the mountain though he had a wooden leg.
8. Will you ______________ manage on your own?
29
Modals
on
the features and functions of modal auxiliary verbs
the uses of can, could, may and might
ti
the uses of shall and will
ca
the uses of should and would
about modals in conditional sentences
du
E
a
iv
Basu can help us.
May I stay for a few days?
V
Vishal might help you if you ask.

Could you lend me this book?
©
You must finish this assignment today.

The words can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should and must
t
are modals.
h
We already know that modals are auxiliary verbs. They are used
ig
before the main verb to express ability, possibility, certainty,

suggestion, permission, obligation, etc. However, in many ways
yr
they are different from the primary auxiliaries (forms of the verbs
be, have and do).
op
Modal verbs cannot stand on their own and are always used along with main verbs. The verb that
is used with a modal is always in its base form or the bare-infinitive form.*
Mona can write well. (Mona can well.)
C
Preeti must leave now. (Preeti must leaving now.)

Sahil should apologize for what he has done. (Sahil should to apologize . . .)
* See chapter 11
30
MODALS
Unlike the primary auxiliaries, modals do not change according to subject and number. This means
that we do not add -s to modals when the subject is in the third person singular.
Shanu should leave now. (Shanu shoulds leave now.)

Kapil will take the metro. (Kapil wills take the metro.)
on
Modal verbs do not change with the change in tense. This means that modal verbs do not have -ed
forms. Some modals do have past tense forms. However, these forms have their own independent
uses.
ti
can ~ could will ~ would
ca
may ~ might shall ~ should
I can swim. I could swim as a child.
We would sit and talk for hours together.
du
Modals do not have non-finite forms.
E
I can sing. (canning)
I must pay my taxes. (to must)
Two or more modals cannot be strung together.

a
iv
I might go to Goa next week. (I might will go to Goa.)
We could take the evening bus. (We could may take the evening bus.)
V
©
A State whether these sentences are correct or not. Correct the ones that are wrong.
h t
1. Meena can drawing very well.

EXERCISE
ig
2. Tina will can take the first bus.

3. To reach on time, they should to take a taxi.
yr
4. He musts study hard if he wants a good grade.

op
5. Sara should must learn German if she goes to Germany.

C
In verb phrases when the main verb is preceded by auxiliary verbs the modal verb comes first,
before any other auxiliary verb and the main verb.
Priya may have taken the books. They are not on the table.
They must have been waiting for us.
31
MODALS
We form negative sentences by adding not after the modal.
She thought she might not reach on time.

You must not smoke.
In questions, the modal verb comes before the subject. Modal verbs can also form short answers
on
on their own.
They can take the last bus.
ti
Can they take the last bus?
Yes, they can.
ca
He should help you.
Should he help you?
du
Yes, he should.
Modals can be used to avoid repetition.
E
Meera can play the piano. So can Nikhil.
They won’t reach on time. Neither will the children.
a
iv
V
B Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative sentences.
1. Umang can fly kites. 4. You could have taken the school bus.
EXERCISE
2. Sagar will help me with this project. 5. This will be a difficult assignment.
t
3. Chetan could lift really heavy weights. 6. Rehaan may become the next captain.
h
ig
Can, Could, May and Might

yr
Can is used to express ability or possibility.

op
Ratish can cook well.

A holiday trip can be expensive.
C
Could expresses ability or possibility in the past.

I could play the guitar but I am out of practice now.
We left so late, we could have missed the plane.
32
MODALS
To talk about future possibilities, might or could are used, and they are often synonymous.
It could rain tonight.

We might have an extra class tomorrow.
To suggest a choice or an option, we use could, though the informal can is also used for this purpose.
on
We could go and see a movie.
I could become an architect.
ti
We can go by train.
ca
To give instructions or permission, or to ask for permission, both may and can are used.
You may leave now. (more formal)
du
You can begin the test in ten minutes.
May/Can Sara stay here tonight?
E
Can and could are used to ask about present or future possibilities.
When can we get the results?
Could she become the new head girl?
a
Could this be a trick?
iv
We use questions with the modals may, can, could and might to Grammar Point
V
make polite offers or requests. These four are often interchangeable.

Can I help you? Remember that may
©
and might are more

Could you help me rearrange the furniture? formal than can and
May I see your ticket, please? could, with can being
t
Can we have some tea, please? the most informal of

h
all.
Might I make a suggestion?
ig
May I offer you a cup of tea?

yr
op
C Fill in the blanks with can, could, may or might. Remember, many modals
are synonymous and have the same function. Try not to use the same modal
repeatedly.
EXERCISE
C
1. You ________ take the day off if you 3. ________ Radha be allowed to
have finished your work. participate in the debate?
2. ________ you tell me the way to the 4. Kajol ________ want to revise the
park? lessons before she takes the test.
33
MODALS
5. Going out alone at night ________ be 8. ________ this be our new boss?
dangerous. 9. Take an umbrella. It ________ rain.
6. Don’t talk to strangers, you ________ 10. ________ I know your name please?
get into trouble.
11. We ________ go out for dinner.
7. ________ we see some more designs
on
please? 12. This ________ take some time.
ti
ca
Shall and Will
We make the simple future tense by using shall/will + main verb.
du
They will take the train to Pune tomorrow.
We shall reach Mumbai at 4:30 p.m.
Traditional grammar prescribes that shall is to be used with first
E
person subjects I and we and will with all other subjects. However,
in contemporary English this rule is ignored and will is used with
a
all types of subjects.
iv
Will and shall are used to show determination or a promise, and sometimes a threat.
V
I will score well in the test.

I will get you a new bike for your birthday.
The best painting shall be auctioned.
©
Anyone who breaks the rules shall be punished.

t
Will is used to make requests or to ask for favours.

h
Will you lend me your book?

ig
Will you shut the door, please?

yr
Often will is used to express impatience or anger. We also use must in similar situations, but it is
more like a rhetorical question.
op
Will you stop fighting?

Will this journey never end?
Must you always fight?
C
Must she always find fault with everything?
Will is also used to ask for information.
Will we have school tomorrow?

Will the solar eclipse be visible in Nasik?
34
MODALS
Both will and shall are used to ask about an option in wh-questions.
Who will clean the car?

When shall we meet again?
When we ask about a preference or make a polite offer, we use shall. Should is also used here.
on
Shall I switch off the lights?
Shall we go home?
ti
Should we take the short cut?
ca
Should and Would
du
Should is used to talk of an obligation or give advice. In this sense it is synonymous with ought to.
Must is also used to express obligation though it is somewhat stronger than should.
E
You should apologize for your behaviour.
We should fulfil our duties, and our rights will follow.
You should see a doctor.
You must get a driving licence.
a
iv
You must look after your younger sister.
V
When we want to ask for advice or a suggestion or ask if an obligation exists, we use should in
questions.
©
Should I buy this pair of shoes?

Should I leave a tip?
t
Would is used to talk about actions or habits in the past.

h
In Cochin, we would walk along the beach every night.

ig
The old gardener would chase us away when we went into his orchard to pluck mangoes.
yr
Would is used to make polite requests or offers.

I would like some ice cream please.
op
I would like to know what is going on.

Would you like anything else?
Where would you like to go now?
C
When we want to express a wish, would or could is used.
I wish they would listen.

I wish I could come to your party.
35
MODALS
To express probability or certainty, must is used.

They left early. They must have reached by now.
The new phone must cost a lot of money.
I can’t find my watch anywhere. It must be lost.
on
We use must or should to express obligation in wh-questions.
When must we reach?
How much money must I take?
ti
What should we bring?
ca
Whom should we report to?
du
D Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals from the box given below.
E
EXERCISE
can could may must might

should would a will shall
iv
1. You ________ be extremely tired after your long journey.
V
2. Don’t go near the cliff. It ________ be dangerous.

3. ________ I use your phone, please?
©
4. When there is a toddler in the house you ________ not leave sharp objects around.
t
5. Seema, ________ you like a lift home?

h
6. ________ you please help me find my purse?

ig
7. You ________ visit your mother today. It’s her birthday.

8. Nobody is answering the door. They ________ have gone out.
yr
9. ________ you go for a movie with me?

op
10. Everybody ________ follow traffic rules for their own safety.
11. ________ we join the new astronomy club? It ________ be fun.
C
12. ________ you always be so tactless? You ________ have hurt her feelings.
36
MODALS
Modals in Conditional Sentences

Modals are used in conditional sentences. A conditional sentence
usually has an if-clause and a main clause. The modal is used in the
main clause.
on
We use could/would to talk of situations that may be unreal or cannot be fulfilled.
If I had time, I could go to the gym.
If I had come to Pune, we could have met.
ti
If I had more money, I would travel to Europe.
ca
If you had called earlier, we could have given you a seat.
If I had studied further, I would have a better job.
du
Sometimes we form probable conditions with should.
Should he trouble you, please tell me.
E
Should they reach early, ask them to wait.
a
iv
E Make sentences with if . . . could/would (+have) using the hints given below. The
first one is done for you.
V
EXERCISE
1. I have no time/practise basketball 4. Going to visit grandmother/cannot

©
If I had time, I could practise come for party

basketball with you. 5. Mayank may refuse to pay/not to give
t
2. Did not leave early/missed bus him books

h
3. Have to work tonight/cannot go to 6. Have no money/cannot lend you any

ig
gym
yr
F Here are some questions. Complete them using the right modals.
1. ________ you please be quiet? 6. ________ I throw away all this

EXERCISE
op
2. Why ________ you always tease your rubbish?

sister? 7. ________ you really be studying?
C
3. ________ you make so much noise? 8. ________ you close the door?
4. ________ we watch a play tonight? 9. Who ________ like some cake?
5. ________ you like a little more tea? 10. Where ________ we stay?
37
Linking Verbs
on
the features and functions of linking verbs
about true linking verbs
ti
about verbs that function as linking verbs in certain contexts
ca
the special features of linking verbs
du
E
Look at these sentences: a
Geeta walks.
iv
The tired soldiers slept.
In each of these sentences, the predicate (walks and slept) is an
V
intransitive verb that needs no object. These sentences make

complete sense.
©
Let’s look at some other examples:

The earth is . . . The sky turned . . .
t
Kartik appears . . . Mangoes are . . .

h
In these examples, none of the groups of words makes complete

ig
sense. This is because their predicates are incomplete. These groups

of words have intransitive verbs (which don’t need an object). Still
yr
we need to add a word or a group of words to them to complete

their predicate, so that they make complete sense.
op
The earth is round.

Kartik appears unhappy.
C
The sky turned crimson and gold.

The mangoes are delicious.
Such verbs like is, appear, turn and are are called verbs of incomplete
predication. They are also called linking verbs or copular verbs.
38
LINKING VERBS
Some common linking verbs are: forms of be when used as main verbs,
sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, become, get, go, grow, turn, etc.
Linking verbs are called so because they link a subject to a word or
phrase that describes or identifies the subject. They put the subject in
context and help complete its expression. Linking verbs are usually
on
followed by words or groups of words that can have the nature of
an adjective, adverb or noun. These words or groups of words are
called complements.*
ti
Sumesh is happy. (adjective)
ca
The remote is here. (adverb)
My uncle is a carpenter. (noun phrase)
du
A In the following sentences, circle the linking verbs and underline their complements.
E
1. Maya turned twenty this year. 5. The wait seemed like an hour.
EXERCISE
2. The dog was happy to see its master.

a 6. I feel sleepy when I stay up late.
iv
3. The room full of flowers smelled 7. The soup looked lip-smacking.
heavenly. 8. This appears to be simple.
V
4. Sohail was quite young then.

©
Some verbs are always linking verbs. These are called true linking Grammar Point
t
verbs. True linking verbs do not talk of an action, but tell us

h
something about the subject or its state of being. They connect the Remember, the verb
be also functions as
ig
subject to additional information about it.

an auxiliary or helping
True linking verbs are verb. The forms of
yr
1. forms of be – is, am, are, was, were, being and been be act as linking
verbs only when they
2. seem ~ seems ~ seemed are the main verbs
op
3. become ~ becomes ~ became of a sentence and

never when they are
Chirag is a doctor. (tells us what Chirag is)
auxiliaries.
C
We were thrilled to hear the news.

Anwar is a professor.
(describes how the subject feels)
(main verb and linking
verb)
Anwar is singing a
* See chapter 7 for more on the complement. song. (auxiliary verb;
not a linking verb)
39
LINKING VERBS
Bina seems to have recovered from her illness.

(tells us of Bina’s condition or state of being)
It became evident that he was not telling the truth.
(tells us of a state of being)
There are many other verbs which can be either doing verbs or
on
linking verbs depending on how they are used in a sentence. Often
verbs related to the five senses work as linking verbs though they
may also function as doing verbs.
ti
Some common linking verbs which may also function as action
ca
verbs are: appear, feel, grow, look, smell, sound, taste, etc.
He looked out of the window.
(It tells us what he did and hence is not a linking verb.)
du
Kriti looked like she was going to laugh.
(Here looked tells us how Kriti appeared to be, therefore
it is a linking verb.)
E
We grew vegetables in pots.
(A verb showing an action; it has an object; not a linking verb.)
a
The child grew tall. (Describing a state of being; linking verb.)
iv
V
B Use linking verbs to complete these sentences. Use the words given in the box.
©
You can use a word only once.

EXERCISE
grow tasted turned appears

t
are sounded looked seems

h
ig
1. Storm clouds gathered and the sky _________ grey.

2. Tara _________ nervous before the show.
yr
3. After she lost the match, Jaya _________ depressed.

op
4. There _________ seventeen members in our group.

5. A walk _________ impossible on a hot summer evening.
C
6. The hot soup _________ great.

7. Everything _________ washed and fresh after a shower of rain.
8. Children need to be kept busy during holidays or they _________ restless and bored.
40
LINKING VERBS
The Features of Linking Verbs

Linking verbs tell us what the subject is or what state the subject is in.
Sania is a tennis player.

He appeared angry.
on
Linking verbs link the subject with words that give more information about it. These words form
the complement of the sentence.
ti
He feels nervous during exams.
Feels is a linking verb because it tells us more about the subject.
ca
Jiya felt the fine cloth of the dress with her fingers.
Here the verb felt is not a linking verb because it does not tell us about Jiya’s condition, but about
du
what she did – she touched the cloth.
If we replace the main verb in a sentence with an appropriate form of a true linking verb and it still
E
makes sense, the main verb is a linking verb.
He feels fine. ~ He is fine. (It makes sense, so the verb is a linking verb.)
a
She felt the fine cloth of the dress with her fingers. ~ She is the fine cloth of the dress.
(Not a linking verb.)
iv
The children grew excited. ~ The children became excited.
(It makes sense, so the verb is a linking verb.)
V
The children grew quickly. ~ The children were quickly. (Not a linking verb.)
When a pronoun follows a linking verb, it should be in the subjective, not objective.
©
It was she I was talking about. (She is a subjective pronoun.)

t
It was him they selected. (Him is an objective pronoun and cannot rightly be used here.)
h
ig
Underline the main verbs in the following sentences and state whether they are
yr
C
linking verbs or not.
EXERCISE
op
1. Payal appears calm. 6. Charu grew impatient about the delay.

2. He became anxious about working for 7. The dress looked beautiful on Mira.
C
the first time. 8. The people stood at the gate waiting to

3. We grew flowers in our garden. meet their hero.
4. Feel the texture of the stone. 9. Gaurav tasted the delicious dish.
5. They stayed at home. 10. Everyone looked for the lost papers.
41
The Complement
7
on
the grammatical role of the complement
about the subject complement
ti
about the object complement
ca
du
E
We know that a sentence needs a subject and a finite verb, and also
an object when the verb is transitive. A sentence sometimes needs
a
other elements to make its meaning complete. Look at the following
sentences: Grammar Point
iv
Om was tired. Do not confuse the
V
word complement with

We were excited about winning. compliment.
This is what he said. The origin of
©
complement is the
The highlighted part in each sentence makes its meaning complete. Latin word complere
This element is called a complement.
t
meaning ‘fill up’.

h
A complement is a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to

complete the meaning of a sentence.
ig
A complement may be
yr
 a subject complement
 an object complement
op
Subject Complement
C
A subject complement follows a linking verb. The complement of a

linking verb either describes the subject, or gives it another name.
Therefore, it is called the subject complement.
42
THE COMPLEMENT
I am a teacher. (renaming the subject)

The weather is perfect for a picnic.
(describing the subject weather)
The subject complement may be the following:
a noun or a pronoun – as Saturn is a planet.
on
such, it renames the subject Poonam is an architect.
a predicative adjective that The children were hungry.
ti
describes the subject This coffee tastes excellent.
a participle Mother seemed agitated.
ca
This looks amazing.
an infinitive The child appeared to shudder.
du
Manav’s aim is to succeed.
a group of words doing the The second-hand car was in an excellent condition.
work of an adjective The drive through the mountains was an awe-inspiring experience.
E
an adverb or an adverbial He is at the gate.
He is never at home.
a
a noun clause Neha’s problem is that she will not listen.
iv
John’s opinion is that Mira is telling the truth.
V
©
A Underline the subject complement and write what kind it is.

t
1. Tariq seemed rather upset. 7. On hearing the good news, I felt

EXERCISE
2. Om is a kind-hearted soul. lighter than air.

ig
3. Gita’s fear is that she will have a 8. His courage and determination are
terrible journey. inspiring.
yr
4. The captain of the team is in the field. 9. Midge always seems to be afraid.
5. Why are you always so late? 10. It appears that we were wrong.
op
6. His anger is justified.

C
B Complete the following sentences with appropriate subject complements.
1. Rosalind is . . . 4. Clouds appeared and the sky grew . . .

EXERCISE
2. Manoj became . . . 5. As the teacher scolded Prerna, she

seemed . . .
3. The old man appeared . . .
43
THE COMPLEMENT
6. My hobby is . . . 9. After she won the first prize, Anu

appeared . . .
7. The new house looked . . .
10. The traffic in Mumbai is . . .
8. Tony hasn’t turned up yet. I’m
growing . . .
on
Object Complement
ti
ca
The man rang the bell.
Adequate exercise keeps one healthy.
du
The verbs in these two sentences, rang and keeps, are transitive
verbs. So they require an object each to complete their meanings.
E
In the first sentence, the verb rang takes the object the bell to
complete its predicate.
a
In the second sentence, the verb keeps takes the object one. However,
the meaning of the sentence still remains incomplete. We want to
iv
know how exercise keeps one – and we receive the answer with the
word healthy.
V
The word healthy, which completes the meaning of the sentence, is

its complement, and since it speaks about the object, we call it the
©
object complement.
An object complement may be the following:
h t
an adjective that describes the object Grandmother kept the children happy.
ig
Ritu’s illness made her irritable.

a noun that renames the object The council appointed Janiya Secretary.
yr
They called their dog Rufus.

a participial adjective Her dance performance held the audience
op
enraptured.
We found the play boring.
an infinitive phrase We considered him to be intelligent.
C
Sumit believed his friend to be helpful.

a noun phrase or a participial phrase Mother found the books hidden under the clothes.
We found Anu standing at the door.
44
THE COMPLEMENT
C In each sentence, identify the object and its complement and write what kind it is.
1. Gita called her boss a monster. 7. Dad often found us swimming in the
EXERCISE
pond.
on
2. The board found the plan excellent.
3. Soil erosion has made the hills barren. 8. The new game has kept Niti totally
engrossed.
ti
4. The team elected Raghav captain.
9. Our coach made us realize our
5. Through the summer holidays, our
ca
potential.
books kept us company.
10. The chief guest kept everybody
6. We saw him climb the wall. waiting.
du
D Write your own sentences containing subject complements using the following
linking verbs.
E
EXERCISE
1. becomes 3. are 5. grew

2. appears 4. turned
a 6. is
iv
E Write your own sentences containing object complements using the following
verbs.
V
EXERCISE
1. keeps 3. found 5. elect

©
2. considers 4. make 6. held

h t
ig
yr
op
C
45
Adverbs and Adverbials
on
the classification of adverbs
about the position of adverbs in sentences
ti
about adverbials and adverbial phrases
ca
the classification of adverbial phrases
about adverbial clauses
the classification of adverbial clauses
du
the order of adverbials
about subject–verb inversion in relation to adverbs
E
a
iv
V
Notice the function of the italicized words in the following sentences:

Tina dances gracefully.
©
These apples are quite juicy.

Rajeev writes very neatly.
t
In the first sentence, the word gracefully tells us how Tina dances.
h
Gracefully qualifies the verb dance.

ig
In the second sentence, the word quite tells us how juicy the apples
are. Quite qualifies the adjective juicy.
yr
In the third sentence, the word very tells us how neatly Rajeev writes.
Very tells us more about the adverb neatly.
op
The words gracefully, quite and very are adverbs. Adverbs are words
that qualify a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
C
There are several types of adverbs:

Adverbs of time tell us when. She reached home late.
Reema recently opened a new store.
Adverbs of frequency answer the His grandfather seldom goes out.
question ‘how often?’. Veena has won that award twice.
46
ADVERBS AND ADVERBIALS
Adverbs of place tell us where. The dog followed his master everywhere.
Mr Reddy is waiting outside.
Adverbs of manner answer the question My aunt sleeps soundly.
‘how?’. Raghav fared poorly in his exams.
Adverbs of degree tell us how much Amelie plays the piano quite well.
on
or how little. These are often called We were rather uncomfortable.
intensifiers. I really don’t trust him.
I absolutely refuse to follow the new rules.
ti
Adverbs of modality express the opinion It will rain today.
ca
or feelings of the speaker. It will, hopefully, rain today.
He will not believe me.
He will probably not believe me.
du
Note: Some adverbs may belong to more than one kind.
She writes clearly. (adverb of manner)
E
She is clearly happy. (adverb of degree)
When an adverb is placed at the beginning of a sentence, it often
a
modifies the complete sentence.
iv
Hopefully, it will rain today.
V
Luckily, the teacher did not see us.

Evidently, he is telling the truth.
©
t
A Underline the adverbs and write what kind they are.

h
1. This exercise is extremely difficult. 9. She visits her mother occasionally.

EXERCISE
ig
2. My daughter likes to play outside. 10. He has unusually large feet.

yr
3. He is often late for his class. 11. Fortunately, the neighbours were
4. His sister is quite gullible. there to help.
op
5. Sheetal is probably at work. 12. Seema left for London yesterday.
6. Rajeev will never be satisfied with his 13. Sonu was really excited on her birthday.
C
job. 14. Frankly, I don’t care!

7. She speaks English fluently. 15. Hina always takes the metro to college.
8. Ask him to please go away. 16. Huma will always miss you.
47
Position of Adverbs
Adverbs of manner, time and place are usually placed after the verb,
or after the object if there is one.
The tiger attacked the deer ferociously.
You have to go now.
on
The leaves were scattered everywhere.
Adverbs of frequency are placed between the subject and the verb
ti
or between the auxiliary and main verb.
ca
She never gets up before eight o’clock.
I have often stayed at that hotel.
With forms of the verb be, the adverb is placed after the verb.
du
I am usually at the theatre on Saturdays.
She was rarely late for class.
E
With the auxiliaries have to and used to the adverb is put before them.
I often have to accompany my parents to family functions.
a
Seema never used to exercise.
iv
When an adverb modifies an adjective or an adverb, the modifying
adverb usually comes before it. However, when there is a determiner
V
before the adjective, the adverb comes before the determiner as in

the second example below.
©
The puppy is quite cute.

This is such a cute puppy.
t
These questions are relatively easy.

h
The adverb enough is always placed after the word it modifies.

ig
I have walked long enough.

She has been punished enough.
yr
op
B Correct the following sentences.

C
1. I have walked often here. 5. I sometimes am late for work.

EXERCISE
2. This is a quite good book. 6. I enjoyed thoroughly the book.

3. Mother drops us often to school. 7. Manu offered to help kindly.
4. Are you enough strong to lift this 8. We reached late the station.
suitcase?
48
Adverbials
Adverbials are words or word groups that do the work of an adverb.
Let’s look at the following sentences:
The boy fought heroically.
The boy fought in a heroic manner.
on
The boy fought as heroes do.
In the first sentence, heroically is an adverb, and belongs to the
ti
broader category of adverbials.
ca
In the second sentence, the adverb has been replaced by the phrase
in a heroic manner, which, because it has the role of an adverb, is an
adverbial.
du
In the last sentence, the clause as heroes do replaces the adverb
heroically, and is hence adverbial in function.
E
The term adverbial refers to a word, phrase or clause that functions
like an adverb. Besides adverbs themselves, adverbials include
adverb phrases and adverb clauses. a
iv
Adverbial Phrases
V

Mohan answered politely.
©
Mohan answered in a polite manner.

The plane landed here.
t
The plane landed in this field.

h
In each set of sentences, the phrases are used to replace the adverbs
ig
politely and here.

The phrase in a polite manner tells us how Mohan answered and
yr
modifies the verb answered. It is an adverbial phrase.

The phrase in this field tells us where the plane landed and modifies
op
the verb landed. It is also an adverbial phrase.

An adverbial phrase is a group of words that acts like an adverb: it
C
can modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb. Most adverbial phrases

begin with prepositions.
Adverbial phrases can be classified into those of time, manner,
place, frequency and purpose.
49
Adverbial phrases We have to finish this assignment In these sentences, before the
of time before the holidays. holidays and in the afternoon are
We will meet in the afternoon. adverbial phrases of time. They
tell us when an action is done and
modify the verbs finish and meet.
on
Adverbial phrases Raghu hit the ball with great power. In these sentences, with great
of manner The boy answered in a proud manner. power and in a proud manner are
adverbial phrases of manner.
They tell us how an action is done
ti
and modify the verbs hit and
ca
answered respectively.
Adverbial phrases The man lives next door. In these sentences, next door and
of place She stood on the bridge. on the bridge tell us where. They
du
are adverbial phrases of place and
modify the verbs lives and stood.
Adverbial phrases I buy at least two dresses every month. In these sentences, every month
E
of frequency She goes on holiday twice a year. and twice a year are adverbial
phrases of frequency that modify
a the verbs buy and goes. They tell
us how often something happens.
iv
Adverbial phrases Tina bought a lovely gift for her In these sentences, for her
of purpose husband. husband and to buy a car are
V
Rahul saved money to buy a car. adverbial phrases of purpose

that modify the verbs bought and
©
saved. They answer the question

‘why?’.
h t
ig
C In these sentences, underline the adverbial phrases and write what kind each is.
yr
1. He will be back in an hour. 6. Roma bought a beautiful scarf from

EXERCISE
op
2. Udit stood in the middle of the circle the crafts fair.

and sang. 7. The carpenter cut the wood with a
3. She waited for him through the saw.
C
evening. 8. Sanjay is studying hard to become a

4. Vivek reads three books in a week. historian.
5. Rizwana plays tennis like a champion. 9. The child smiled in gratitude.

10. My aunt is coming here for a holiday.
50
Adverbial Clauses
Adverbials can also be clauses, containing a subject and a main
verb. An adverbial clause is a dependent clause which does
the work of an adverb. Usually a subordinating conjunction –
because, when(ever), where(ever), since, after, before, so that, etc. –
on
introduces an adverbial clause. Look at these sentences:
I met Priya yesterday.
ti
I met Priya on Diwali day.
I met Priya before she started her new job.
ca
In the first sentence yesterday is an adverb. In the second sentence
on Diwali day is an adverbial phrase. In the last sentence before she
du
started her new job is an adverbial clause. It has a subject she and
a predicate started her new job. This clause is however dependent
on the main clause to make complete sense. It is introduced by the
E
conjunction before.
Adverbial clauses serve the same functions as other adverbials do.
a
Hence we have adverbial clauses of time, place, purpose or result,
cause or reason, condition, concession and comparison.
iv
Adverbial clauses After the crop is harvested, it is sold in The italicized subordinate clauses
V
of time the market. tell us when. These are adverbial

Don’t disturb her when she is singing. clauses of time. Such clauses are
usually introduced by the words
©
when, before, after, until, since, till,

as soon as, as long as, etc.
t
Adverbial clauses I will follow you wherever you go. The subordinate clauses that
h
of place She has hidden the box where it have been italicized are adverbial
cannot be found. clauses of place – they tell us
ig
where. Adverbial clauses of

place are introduced with the
yr
conjunctions where, wherever, etc.

Adverbial clauses Rina learned English so that she could The subordinate clauses that
op
of purpose or get a better job. have been italicized are adverbial

result Ashwin called Sophie so that he could clauses of purpose or result. They
get directions. answer the question why/to what
C
A new club was formed in order to end. These are introduced by the
discuss politics. conjunctions that, so that, lest, in
order that, etc.
He is so kind-hearted that everybody
loves him.
51
Adverbial clauses I will help you because you are my true The subordinate clauses that
of cause or reason friend. have been italicized are adverbial
Rahul did not call Tina because he felt clauses of cause or reason – they
guilty. answer the question why. These
are introduced by the conjunctions
because, as, since, that, etc.
on
Adverbial clauses If you save money, you can buy a The italicized subordinate clauses
of condition bigger house. are adverbial clauses of condition.
They tell us under what conditions
ti
Unless you study harder, you will fail.
I will free you on condition that you an action takes place. These are
ca
pay a fine. introduced by the conjunctions if,
unless, on condition that, provided
that, in case, whether, etc.
du
Adverbial clauses Though he is not rich, he gives to The italicized subordinate
of concession charity. clauses are adverbial clauses of
Although she tried very hard, she had concession. They often bring out a
E
to give up. contrast. These are introduced by
the conjunctions though, although,
a even though, whereas, while, etc.
Adverbial clauses Tina is much younger than she looks. Adverbial clauses of comparison
iv
of comparison He does not work as hard as you are introduced by the conjunctions
think. than and as . . . as.
V
©
D In the following sentences, underline the adverbial clauses and write what kind
they are.
h t
EXERCISE
1. I’ll drink a glass of hot milk when I reach home.

ig
2. He did not find his wallet where he had left it.

yr
3. She practised regularly so that she could win the tournament.

4. Roma went to sleep immediately because she was very tired.
op
5. They packed the night before so that they could leave early.
6. If you don’t pay the rent I will go to court.
C
7. He panicked as soon as he heard the news.

8. Nobody knows a child better than her mother does.
9. Though she has a limp, she is very confident.
10. The helicopter burst into flames before it could land.
52
The Order of Adverbials

If there is more than one adverbial after a verb, then their order
will be:
adverbs of manner  place  frequency  time  purpose
on
He prayed fervently (manner) at the church (place) yesterday
(time).
Priya swims enthusiastically (manner) in the pool (place) every
ti
morning (frequency) before dawn (time) to stay fit (purpose).
ca
Subject–Verb Inversion in Relation to Adverbs
du
Sometimes we place an adverb at the beginning of a sentence for
effect, or to bring out a negative connotation. Then the positions of
the subject and verb are reversed.
E
I have seldom seen so many birds in this area.
Seldom have I seen so many birds in this area.
a
He has never missed a single match.
iv
Never has he missed a single match.
V
When we use the adverbs only, never, hardly, rarely, seldom, etc., we
reverse the positions of the subject and the verb.
©
Only once did I see her cry.

Hardly have I won a match here.
t
Sometimes when we want to introduce something new, we put the

h
adverb at the beginning of the sentence and reverse the subject–

verb order.
ig
Here comes the bride.

yr
Inside the box was a lovely ring.

op
E Rewrite the following sentences moving the adverbials to the

beginning. One is done for you.
C
EXERCISE
1. He went down the road, off on another adventure.

Down the road went he, off on another adventure.
2. Madhu reached Delhi only after midnight.
53
3. I have seldom seen him so angry.

4. Mayank has often missed the bus.
5. We have rarely seen someone play so well.
6. There is hardly any chance of our team winning.
on
F Add suitable adverbs to the following sentences. Be careful about their position.
ti
1. Roma drops in to say hello when she passes by my house.
EXERCISE
2. Are you brave to challenge Karan Singh for a match?
ca
3. If you want to reach on time, you must leave.
4. Tenali Raman replaced the diamond with a pebble.
du
5. Anirban is lazy.
E
G Complete the following sentences using suitable adverbials.
1. Sita opened the jewel box ____________________.

a
EXERCISE
2. ____________________ you must practise a lot.

iv
3. The yoga classes begin ____________________.
V
4. Anurag arranged a surprise party ____________________.

5. All your books are kept ____________________.
©
h t
ig
yr
op
C
54
Worksheet 1
A Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners.
1. __________ book belongs to me.
on
2. In __________ childhood days, there were very __________ electronic gadgets.
3. How __________ money can you raise for the charity event?
ti
4. She won the __________ prize in the drawing competition.
ca
B Correct the following sentences by replacing the wrongly used determiners.
1. A little students came late for the test.
du
__________________________________________________________________
E
2. There are not much biscuits left in the packet.
__________________________________________________________________
a
3. Neither members of the show bowed to the audience.
iv
__________________________________________________________________
V
4. Pass me little water.

__________________________________________________________________
©
C Arrange the determiners in their proper order and rewrite the sentences.
h t
1. The (three, first) children were given a medal each.

ig
__________________________________________________________________
yr
2. (your, all) ideas are way ahead of our time.

__________________________________________________________________
op
3. (these, all, seven) days I reached school early.

__________________________________________________________________
C
4. (last, the, two) films you suggested were incredible.

__________________________________________________________________
55
Worksheet 2
A Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.
1. Who told you _____________ the incident?
on
2. I am travelling _____________ Kathmandu to Delhi.
3. She was so excited after her sister won the swimming competition that she jumped
_____________ the water.
ti
4. My shirt fell _____________ my almirah, so I could not find it.
ca
5. The ladder was placed _____________ the wall.
6. I have been living in this city only _____________ a month.
du
B Make sentences with the following collocations.
E
1. fondness for
a
__________________________________________________________________
iv
2. serious about
V
__________________________________________________________________
3. interested in
©
__________________________________________________________________
4. careless about
h t
__________________________________________________________________
ig
5. participation in
yr
__________________________________________________________________
6. grasp of
op
__________________________________________________________________
7. apologize for
C
__________________________________________________________________
8. aware of
__________________________________________________________________
56
C Underline each prepositional phrase and say whether it functions as an
adjective or adverb.
1. Did you see Rita in her new sari?

__________________________________________________________________
on
2. As I was late, my father waited at the station.
__________________________________________________________________
ti
3. Now I have to go to the library block.
ca
__________________________________________________________________
4. Pass me the box kept on the top rack.
du
__________________________________________________________________
E
5. The seat beside yours is mine.
__________________________________________________________________
a
6. Please go and sit next to Hema.
iv
__________________________________________________________________
V
7. The question papers for the examination have arrived.

__________________________________________________________________
©
8. According to Ramu, he himself was always right.

t
__________________________________________________________________
h
ig
yr
op
C
57
Worksheet 3
A Read the following sentences and write down their complete subject, the
subject word, the attribute of the subject word and the predicate.
1. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, former Indian president, passed away on 27 July 2015.
on
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
ti
2. The students haven’t left the class yet.
ca
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
du
3. That woman in red sari sat beside me in the bus.
E
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
a
4. The Taj Mahal, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, was built by Shah Jahan.
iv
__________________________________________________________________
V
__________________________________________________________________
5. The angry police officer shouted at the driver.
©
__________________________________________________________________
t
__________________________________________________________________
h
ig
B In the following sentences, underline the verbs and their objects. Identify and
write down the direct and indirect objects if the verbs have two objects.
yr
1. Vaibhav asked his friends a question.

op
__________________________________________________________________
2. I passed my mother the bowl of soup.
C
__________________________________________________________________
3. Tanya did not give me the book.
__________________________________________________________________
58
4. Ankul bought a flower vase yesterday.
__________________________________________________________________
5. Simar left office early for home.
__________________________________________________________________
on
6. Sudeep bought me this perfume.
__________________________________________________________________
ti
7. I don’t know who wrote on the wall.
ca
__________________________________________________________________
8. Harish had only a spoonful of rice at the dinner last night.
du
__________________________________________________________________
E
C Underline the complement in each of the following sentences and write
whether it is a noun, adjective or pronoun.
a
iv
1. This pencil is hers. __________________
2. Riya is a painter. __________________
V
3. The food tasted bland. __________________

©
4. Aarohi turned pale. __________________

5. Neha looked angry. __________________
t
6. Laila’s cousin who lives in Malaysia is an architect. __________________

h
ig
7. The trees in rainforests are tall. __________________

8. None of these bags is mine. __________________
yr
op
C
59
Worksheet 4
A Fill in the blanks with primary auxiliary verbs.
1. ____________ you decided when you will return home?
on
2. ____________ he know that you were lying?
3. He ____________ playing football with his teammates last weekend.
ti
4. If you don’t know the answer, who ____________?
5. She had left home already when your call came, ____________ she?
ca
6. Himanshu ____________ going to Ladakh next weekend.
du
7. Hema ____________ not obey the rules of the game.
8. Ananda ____________ lived all his life in Patna.
E
B Rewrite the following sentences first as negative sentences and then as
questions. a
iv
1. We will go for a vacation next weekend.
__________________________________________________________________
V
__________________________________________________________________
©
2. I am very clear about the work I have to do.

__________________________________________________________________
t
__________________________________________________________________
h
3. Mother prepared a splendid lunch today.

ig
__________________________________________________________________
yr
__________________________________________________________________
4. Riya should meet Rohit.
op
__________________________________________________________________
C
__________________________________________________________________
5. It was raining heavily last night.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
60
6. She took the last train to get back home.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C Fill in the blanks with appropriate semi-modals.
on
be able to needn’t would rather was about to ought to
ti
1. We already bought enough ice cream for the party. You
ca
_______________________ buy any more.
2. I _______________________ walk than take a cab in this beautiful weather.
du
3. Would you _______________________ find the way from here?
4. They _______________________ pay the money back to you.
E
5. I _______________________ leave home when it started raining.
a
6. He _______________________ read a novel than watch that silly film.
iv
7. The restaurant _______________________ close when we got in.
V
8. _______________________ you _______________________ to get a confirmed

ticket for Monday?
©
9. Rehearse well so that you _______________________ worry about forgetting the

lyrics.
t
10. Rajeev felt that he _______________________ be paid more.

h
ig
yr
op
C
61
Worksheet 5
A Fill in the blanks with modals.
1. ____________ you tell me about the work you are yet to complete? (could/should)
on
2. She ____________ not turn up for the practice session today. (shall/might)
3. The train is very crowded. ____________ I offer you a seat? (may/might)
ti
4. ____________ you go to sleep now? (might/will)
ca
5. ____________ you like anything else, ma’am? (shall/would)
6. You ____________ come to school tomorrow. It is compulsory. (will/must)
du
7. I ____________ show you around this place tomorrow. (should/will)
8. ____________ you help me out with my homework today? (must/can)
E
B Make affirmative or negative sentences with if … would/could (+ have)
following the example below.
a
iv
1. I have no wings / fly away
V
If I had wings, I would fly away.

__________________________________________________________________
2. I did not sleep early / late for office
©
__________________________________________________________________
t
3. I have less money / able to / help people

h
__________________________________________________________________
ig
4. The hospital did not have good doctors / my grandmother died

yr
__________________________________________________________________
5. The best athlete in the team broke her leg / the team did not win
op
__________________________________________________________________
C
62
Worksheet 6
A Pick out the linking verbs and their complements in the given sentences.
1. The women appeared angry.
on
__________________________________________________________________
2. The boy grew pale when the teacher scolded him.
ti
__________________________________________________________________
ca
3. The food looks delicious.
__________________________________________________________________
du
4. Every day I feel sleepy by ten at night.
__________________________________________________________________
E
5. My uncle was the joint secretary of the labour department.
__________________________________________________________________
a
iv
B Pick out the main verbs in the given sentences and state whether they are
linking verbs or not.
V
1. The boy danced with his sister.

©
__________________________________________________________________
t
2. She works hard.

h
__________________________________________________________________
ig
3. Hari felt sad after his mother left.

yr
__________________________________________________________________
4. Neeta tasted the awful curry.
op
__________________________________________________________________
5. Geeta looked for her earring under the desk.
C
__________________________________________________________________
63
Worksheet 7
A Underline the subject complement in each sentence and write whether it is a
noun, adjective, infinitive, noun clause or a group of words doing the work of an
adjective.
on
1. The captain felt that they would lose the match.
__________________________________________________________________
ti
2. She was in a bad mood.
ca
__________________________________________________________________
3. The little boy appeared to shiver.
du
__________________________________________________________________
4. Our leader is Mr Mariappan.
E
__________________________________________________________________
5. The film seems grotesque.
a
iv
__________________________________________________________________
V
B Underline the object complement in each sentence and write whether it is an

adjective, noun, participial adjective, infinitive phrase or participial phrase.
©
1. Riya made her stand clear.

t
__________________________________________________________________
h
2. She named her rabbit Mithai.

ig
__________________________________________________________________
yr
3. We considered him to be foolish.

__________________________________________________________________
op
4. The doctor found everyone waiting at the door.

C
__________________________________________________________________
5. The children found the film upsetting.
__________________________________________________________________
64
Worksheet 8
A Find out the adverbs in the following sentences and write whether they are
adverbs of time, frequency, place, manner, degree or modality.
1. She left for home late.
on
__________________________________________________________________
2. He felt he could never dance.
ti
__________________________________________________________________
ca
3. He certainly wanted to go back.
__________________________________________________________________
du
4. Surely, it was difficult for him to come so early.
E
__________________________________________________________________
Correct the following sentences by replacing the wrongly placed adverbs.

B
a
iv
1. You now will have to leave.
V
__________________________________________________________________
2. Neera sleeps never before 11 p.m.
©
__________________________________________________________________
t
3. I have long enough studied.

h
__________________________________________________________________
ig
4. She disgustedly replied to him.

yr
__________________________________________________________________
Underline the adverbial phrase/clause in each of the following sentences. Write

op
C
what idea each of them indicates: manner, purpose, condition or concession.
C
1. Neha accepted her mistakes in an apologetic manner.

__________________________________________________________________
2. I am saving to buy a new phone.
__________________________________________________________________
65
3. Even though he had a sprain in his leg, he played well.
__________________________________________________________________
4. If you do not follow the rules, you will be fired.
__________________________________________________________________
on
D Rewrite the following sentences bringing the underlined expressions to the
beginning.
ti
ca
1. Nina has seldom missed the bus.
__________________________________________________________________
du
2. There is hardly any chance of us winning the throwball match.
__________________________________________________________________
E
3. She never comes to school on time.
__________________________________________________________________
a
iv
4. There is a beautiful garden inside the house.
__________________________________________________________________
V
E Add suitable adverbs or adverbials to the given sentences.

©
1. I visit the South City mall.

t
__________________________________________________________________
h
2. Are you strong to lift this box?

ig
__________________________________________________________________
yr
3. I go to school when it rains.

__________________________________________________________________
op
4. She could leave the child alone.

C
__________________________________________________________________
66
Test 1
A Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners.
1. Avinash told ________________ mother that he would return home late.
on
2. ________________ books on the top shelf are mine.
3. Mrs Mehta is ________________ energetic woman.
ti
4. ________________ people lost their loved ones in the earthquake.
ca
5. There is ________________ water in the tap.
6. Today I met her for the ________________ time.
du
B Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
E
1. The ladder was placed ________________ the wall.
2. I would prefer cheese ________________ butter.
a
3. Neha was sitting ________________ the table when the phone rang.
iv
4. The girl was sleeping ________________ the bed.
5. Chitra went ________________ her brother to the railway station.
V
6. The children have been waiting for the sweets ________________ morning.
©
7. I went ________________ a film last week.

8. He lived ________________ the outskirts of the city.
h t
C Fill in the blanks with appropriate auxiliary verbs. Also, form interrogatives from
the assertive sentences.
ig
1. Disha ________________ been to New York.

yr
2. Ramu ________________ not go to school last Wednesday.

op
3. ________________ she have any more sweets with her?

4. ________________ you ever wondered how vast the universe is?
C
5. Anil ________________ taking a walk alone.

6. ________________ he know you are coming as well?
67
D Fill in the blanks with modals.
could may might must can should will would
1. I ________________ leave for office early today.
on
2. You ________________ be careful about your expenses.
3. Sophia ________________ have come earlier for the party.
ti
4. Vipin ________________ take care of his household himself.
5. Divya ________________ go home next Friday.
ca
6. I ________________ use chopsticks to eat noodles.
7. Hari, you ________________ go back home whenever you want to.
du
8. Rekha ________________ never do such a cruel thing.
E
E In the following sentences circle the linking verbs and underline their complements.
a
1. Surbhi grew thinner with every passing day.
iv
2. Shruti is extremely angry.
3. Rajeev looked sad.
V
4. The apples which Dhira gave me tasted bitter.

5. My friends looked excited about the trip.
©
F Complete the sentences with appropriate subject complements.

h t
1. Hirak was ________________________________________________.

ig
2. Neeraj’s voice sounded ______________________________________.

3. Suddenly the sky turned ____________________________________.
yr
4. My friend Vishal felt ________________________________.

5. The mangoes grew __________________________________________.
op
G In the following sentences, underline the adverbial phrases and write what kind
C
they are: adverbial phrases of time, frequency, manner, place or purpose.
1. It may rain on the hills.

2. Sagar was supposed to reach here before dawn.
68
3. Himesh left for office in a hurried manner.
4. Dhiraj put an advertisement to rent out his house.
5. My mother goes to the market twice a week.
H In the following sentences, underline the adverbial clauses and write what kind
on
they are: adverbial clauses of time, place, purpose, cause, condition, concession
or comparison.
ti
1. Although he studied hard, he failed the exam.
ca
2. She is not as poor as you think.
3. If you work hard, you will get a promotion.
du
4. Do not disturb Butul when she is studying.
5. Deepak left for home because his mother was sick.
E
a
iv
V
©
h t
ig
yr
op
C
69
C
op
yr
ig
h t
©
V
iv
a
E
du
ca
ti
on
C
op
yr
ig
h t
©
V
iv
a
E
du
ca
ti
on

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New Delhi • Mumbai • Chennai • Kolkata • Bengaluru • Hyderabad • Kochi • Guwahati

acknowledgements in future reprints/editions of this book.

Copyright © Viva Education

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New Delhi • Mumbai • Chennai • Kolkata • Bengaluru • Hyderabad • Kochi • Guwahati

well as develop comprehension. They are accompanied by multiple-choice, short-answer-

understanding of each concept learned in the corresponding chapters.

companion to a challenging subject.

25 Idioms ......................................... 183

9 Conjunctions ................................. 70 27 British and American English ....... 197

10 Clauses.......................................... 75 Worksheets 17–25 203–212

28 Johannes Gutenberg ................... 215

29 Letters and Email ........................ 217

31 Story Writing ............................... 230

33 Preparing Posters ........................ 235

Several people agreed to what was said.

The red box has all my important papers.

nouns We need an artist to paint all our window

6. Please put ____________ files in ____________ big drawer.

was so much better.

9. Who is ____________ new girl in ____________ class?

10. When will you return ____________ English workbook?

with ink and ____________ jar with water.

14. Mr Reddy is ____________ great teacher. Everyone loves ____________ class.

Determiners of Quantity or Quantiﬁers

Most people think it is easy to make money.

A singular noun follows the expression many a.

working towards it.

Cardinal numbers tell us about quantity.

There are ten packets of noodles and twenty hungry children.

B Correct the following sentences if they are wrong.

many water. happening today.

This wall can be either colour – red or blue.

Neither sister is willing to help him.

When we ask questions, we use interrogative determiners like what,

which and whose.

Which painting would you like to buy?

each a hundred either several few five most

Predeterminers, Central Determiners and

In a sentence, we often use more than one determiner before a noun.

We gave presents to all our teachers on Teacher’s Day.

That was the last time I saw him.

We can divide determiners into three categories based on the order

The three types of determiners occur in a phrase in the following

Any of these three types of determiners can occur independently

Did you read half both the books?

Central determiners occur after predeterminers and before

articles a, an and the.

Both the friends joined the same college.

 The possessives are also classified as central determiners.

I spent all my money at the fair.

 The demonstratives are central determiners – this, that,

This is their fourth year in Gopalpur.

Please try another colour. This is too bright.

 When used together, the ordinals always come before

The first ten children were given free computers.

My sister took most of my books. The few books

The last three delicious pastries were shared among

2. During the function, we need (two, your) cars.

9. The tribesmen hold a festival (three, every) years.

11. Parking charges for (second, your) car will be higher.

13. (seventeen, all, the) candidates cleared the test.

15. Sachin didn’t tell me (three, which) cars he finally shortlisted.

6. Please put files in big drawer.

9. Who is new girl in class?

14. Mr Reddy is great teacher. Everyone loves class.

1. I was born Shimla a Thursday.