Optics and Lasers in Engineering 32 (2000) 593}604

Correction and correlation formation

of probing "eld in "ber laser Doppler
anemometers and vibrometers
L. Yarovoi *, A. Gnatovskii
, N. Medved

Training and Science Center **Physical and Chemical Materials Science++ of Kyiv University by Taras
Shevtchenko and National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 64, Volodimirskaya St., Kyiv 252017, Ukraine

Institute of Physics of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 46, prosp. Nauki, Kyiv 191028, Ukraine

Abstract

In this work we o!er a method of "eld formation with given spatial features at the output of
multimode "ber sensors using interference phenomena. The method consists of a "eld two-stage
correlation transformation at a "ber output. Transformation is realized by a phase modulator
and a hologram. The developed method is practically realized in the "ber Doppler anemometer
and vibrometer scheme. Features of sensors are discussed in this work.  2000 Elsevier
Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Correlation optics; Laser Doppler vibrometry and anemometry; Fiber sensors; Correction of
laser beams

1. Principle of two-stage correlation formation of periodic 5elds

Sensors of physical values using interference phenomena represent one of the

practical applications of coherent optics. This class of instruments includes laser
Doppler anemometers [1], vibrometers [2], as well as devices using optical photomix-
ing for the selection of useful signal. Note one general particularity of these devices: for
e$cient work they require "elds with uniform or required amplitude and phase
distribution. So signi"cant di$culties appear, when it is necessary to insert multimode
"bers (MMF) into optical channels of sensors because the output "eld of MMF is
modulated by random and nonstationary set of speckles [3].

* Correspondence address: P.O. Box 164, Kyiv 03191, Ukraine. Fax: #380-44-266-5108.
E-mail address: feofan@megamed.kiev.ua, yarv@rtc.kiev.ua (L. Yarovoi)

0143-8166/00/$ - see front matter  2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 1 4 3 - 8 1 6 6 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 0 0 5 - 1
594 L. Yarovoi et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 32 (2000) 593}604

We believe that the usage of the wave front two-stage correlation transformation
method [4], or a phase correction method, which allows to convert statistical random
"eld of initial beam into "eld with the required spatial distribution of complex
amplitude, is the universal solution to these problems.
Formation of a "eld with a given periodic amplitude distribution is explored in this
work. Results obtained for periodic "elds have self-maintained importance [5] and
would serve as a background for studying more complicated nonperiodic distribu-
tions on the basis of harmonic analysis. Possibility of using formed periodic "elds for
the velocity measurement of objects and #ows is shown with the "ber laser Doppler
anemometer (LDA) as an example.
Correlating transformation of MMF "eld modulated by specially synthesized
spatial modulator 2 is the principle of a wave front correction at MMF output 1 (see
Fig. 1). This transformation is realized by hologram 4 to which modulated "eld MMF
is written beforehand.
We will conduct the calculation of spatial distribution of "eld in the sensor
measuring volume with corrector in paraxial approximation. We will show that under
the observance of at certain constructive conditions observance the sensor probing
"eld is determined "rstly by function of the modulator transmission (concretely by its
autocorrelation function), while modulation by MMF speckle structure is vastly
smoothened.
Let phase transmission u(x , y ) of spatial modulator 2 will be assigned by periodic
 
function:


t(x , y )"e\ P" q exp+2p inly ,. (1)
  L 
L\

Fig. 1. 1-"ber, 2-spatial modulator; 3-focusing objective; 4-hologram; (x , y )-plane of the measurements.
 
 L. Yarovoi et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 32 (2000) 593}604 595

In the considered scheme the phase spatial modulator 2 and focusing objective 3
are located on one plane: at the distance l from "ber end and at the distance l from
 
the hologram 4 plane accordingly. Let e(x, y), be the "eld distribution at MMF end,
then [6]:

w(x , y )J+[e(x, y)*h (x, y)]*t (x , y )t(x , y ),*h (x , y ), (2)

  J *     J  
where h "(1/ijl)exp+ik(x#y)/2l, is the pulse characteristic of empty space,
J
t "(1/ijf)exp+!ik(x#y)/2f, is the phase transformation of the objective, f * is
*
the focal distance of objective 3, k * 2p/j, * * is the convolution operator.
We will produce the calculation of integral (1) at condition 1/f"1/l #1/l .
 
In this case objective 3 conjugates MMF end plane with the hologram plane.
Writing (1) in explicit form and conducting consequent integrating on x , y , and then
 
on x, y we will obtain in total:

 
l ikl
w(x , y )"!  exp  (x #y )
  l 2fl  
 




 l 2pl l
; q e !y  #  nl , !x 
L l k l
L\  

   
l (2p)l nl
) exp !2ily  exp i  . (3)
l 2k

This expression describes the "eld in the form of di!raction orders' set being spatial
spectrum of modulator. Moreover, each order is an image of MMF end scaled l /l
 
times. In expression (3) phase multiplicands describe a square-law deformation of
wave front and of the modulator's various di!raction order direction changing and
they are compensated by the hologram. Really, component of the hologram transmis-
sion function being responsible for "rst-order di!raction beam formation is deter-
mined by relation [6]

 
ik(x #y )
t JwH(x , y )exp !   , (4)
G    2R

where w (x , y ) is the MMF "eld on the hologram at its recording stage, R is
   
curvature radius of a reference beam. Amplitudes distribution in the "rst di!raction
order at the distance z can be presented in the form

  
ik(x #y )
u(x , y )J [w(x , y )wH(x , y )]exp !   *hX (x , y ). (5)
       2R

Note that, as it follows from (5), in product wHw phase multiplicands cancel out.

Now we shall "nd complex "eld amplitudes distribution in the plane (x , y )
 
located at the distance z"R from the hologram. Substituting (3) in

to (5) and grouping the similar terms in arguments of phase multiplicands we will
596 L. Yarovoi et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 32 (2000) 593}604

obtain after cancellation:

 
1 l x #y
u(x y )J! exp+ikR ,  exp ik  
  ijR  l R
  

 


 l 2pl l
) q eH !y  #  nl , !x 
L  l k  l
L\  



  
l 2pl l x x #y y
) e !y  #  nl , !x  exp !ik     dx dy .
l k l R  
  
(6)
We produce change of the variables in the integrated expression:
l l 2pl
x "!x  ; y "!y  #  nl (7)
l l k
 
and re-group multiplicands of u(x , y ):
 

   
l x #y  2pinl y l
u(x y )J  exp ik   q exp !  
  l R L R
  L\ 

  
ikl
) eH(x , y )e(x , y )exp  [x x #y y ] dx dy . (8)
 R l  

Then we will transform (8) by using a known relation from the Fourier transformation
theory [6]:
IK \[eHe]PGH(!K ,!K )G(!K ,!K ), (9)
 V W V W
where IK \ is an operator of inverse Fourier transformation: IK [e(x, y)]PG(k , k ),
V W
while K "(k/l )x and K "(k/l )y are spatial frequencies. So, for the "eld
V   W  
u(x , y ) we will obtain:
 

    
l k x #y  2pinl y l
u(x y )J  exp ik   q exp !  
  l l R L R
   L\ 

 


k l k l
) GH ! x #x  ,! y #y 
 l  R l  R
   

 
k k
;G ! x ,! y dx dy . (10)
l  l   
 
The integral on the right-hand side of expression (10) is a function of mutual spatial
correlation of MMF "eld spectrums at the stages of the hologram recording and
reconstruction. The sum being before the integral presents spatial autocorrelation
function of the modulator transmission:

 
 l
tHt" q exp !2pinly  . (11)
L R
L\ 
 L. Yarovoi et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 32 (2000) 593}604 597

Omitting phase factor that does not in#uence upon the "eld distribution formation
one can write expression (11) in symbolic form

uJ(tHt)(GHG). (12)

Let us analyze the obtained expression. The probing "eld at the output of the sensor
is the represented structure modulated by interference grating with oscillating factor
(tHt). As one can see from (11), this grating is de"ned only by the modulator function
of the complex transmission and by constructive parameters of optical scheme, and
does not depend on the "eld distribution at MMF end. For example, the modulator
with rectangular phase relief, which is depicted in Fig. 2 (broken line), creates the "eld
modulated by periodical autocorrelation function of the modulator (see Fig. 3).
Periods of spatial harmonics of the probing "eld are determined by the relation

R
*y "  , n"1, 22 . (13)
L ll n

The in#uence of MMF appears how the noise spatial signal at the sensor output
that is expressed in term of the square of mutual correlation function of spatial
frequencies' spectrum GHG (see (12)). One can study the nature of this noise by


Fig. 2. e(x, y)-"eld distribution on "ber end (solid line)

(y)-depth of phase relief.

Fig. 3. The module of spatial modulator autocorrelation function for case l "R .
 
598 L. Yarovoi et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 32 (2000) 593}604

writing expression (12) in space}frequency domain and taking into account expres-
sions (9) and (11):



1  l l
S(K )J qe K !2pl  n ) eH K !2pl  n (14)
W 2p L W R  W R
L\  
here S(K )"I[;] is the spatial spectrum of the "eld at the sensor output.
W
Analysis of relation (14) shows that spatial spectrum of "eld at the output of the
sensor with correlation transformer has the form of equidistant harmonics. An
envelope of each harmonic is proportional to the product of spatial "eld distributions
in the plane (x, y) at the stages of recording and hologram reconstruction. It is "nite
sizes of "ber end that causes extension of interference "eld spectral components.
Because of the light coherence, "elds e(x, y) and e (x, y) at MMF end have a speckle

structure. Therefore, spatial harmonics of the "eld at the output of the sensor are
modulated by random noise function.
For noise reduction it is expedient "rst of all to record the hologram by laser beam
or by single mode "ber. In this case in planes (x, y) the "eld distribution will be
described by smooth function kind of e "E exp+!(x #y )/r ,, where r is
     
approximately "ber core diameter.

2. Structure of doppler signal in LDA with correlator

It is possible to use obtained results for LDA and for laser Doppler vibrometers
"ber sensor. Let the particle of the #ow crosses the measuring volume with an
interference periodic "eld in the plane (x , y ) at the velocity of v, as it is shown in Fig.
 
1, and scatters the radiation. The scattered radiation is modulated by periodical
function with the frequency being proportional to the velocity <: 2pf "K<, where
"
K is the spatial frequency of the "eld. Scattered radiation is gathered by receiving "ber
and directed to the photodetector.
Suppose, the "eld at the sensor output is formed by means of a correlation
transformer discussed above. Then, as follows from (12), the "eld intensity distribution
in measuring volume is de"ned by the relation:
I(y )J(GHG)(GHG)H¹(y ), (15)
   
where ¹(y ) is a modulation function:


 
 2pill y
¹(y )" qq exp !   (n!m) $ (16)
 L K R
L\ 
Let the #ow to move along axis y , then y "<t. We will "nd a spectrum of
 
photocurrent of detector:


 l
S (f )"I[I(t)]J qq E f !<l  (n!m) , (17)
" " L K " R
LK\ 
here
E"I[(GHG)(GHG)H]"e eHeHe. (18)
   
is the envelope of photocurrent harmonics.
 L. Yarovoi et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 32 (2000) 593}604 599

Fig. 4. The Doppler signal spectrum.

One can determine velocity from (17) as follows:

f R
<" L  , (19)
ll n

where f is a frequency of the Doppler signal nth harmonic.
L
Fig. 4 presents the spectrum of the Doppler signal evaluated under relation (17) for
di!ractive modulator with rectangular phase transmission and the "eld distribution of
multimode "ber as shown in Fig. 2

3. Experimental results

Fig. 5a represents the scheme of the experimental set. At the preliminary stage
a correcting hologram 7 was recorded. Recording was performed by the radiation of
helium}neon laser - 1 in the two wave convergent scheme. Object beam was formed by
single-mode "ber 4 with a core diameter of 9 mm. After passing the "ber the radiation
was directed to the periodic phase modulator 6 and then to the correcting hologram 7.
The hologram was recorded by convergent spherical reference beam which was formed
by collimator 8 and objective 9. We installed a similar polarization in interfering waves
for raising di!raction e$ciency of the hologram by means of polarizer 10. The
hologram recording was realized on holographic plates PFG-03 (Russia). We used
di!raction modulator with rectangular phase relief as shown in Fig. 2, whose depth
was p approximately. Such modulator has no zero di!raction order to decrease
signal/noise ratio. After developing and bleaching the hologram was installed at the
same place. We took measures so that the mutual location of corrector elements and
the "ber radiate was the same as had been at the hologram recording stage.
For studying the synthesized "eld characteristics, hologram 7 was illuminated
by object beam, while the reference beam was removed. Formed interference "eld
was observed by the horizontal microscope 11, and the "eld intensity distribution
in measuring volume was determined by scanning device 12 and registered by
plotter 13.
600 L. Yarovoi et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 32 (2000) 593}604

Fig. 5. (A) scheme of experimental holographic set; (B) measurement velocity set. 1 * laser; 2 * beam-
splitter; 3,5,9 * focusing objectives; 4 * single mdoe "ber; 6 * periodic phase modulator; 7 * hologram;
8* collimator; 10 * polarizer; 11 * microscope; 12 * scanning device; 13 * plotter; 14 * rotating glass
disk; 15 * multimode "ber; 16 * photomultiplier; 17 * spectrum analyzer.

To be convinced that the set is working properly we observed "eld distribution

when hologram was illuminated by the same single-mode "ber as at the recording
stage: e "e. Under this condition, as it follows from relation (18), probing "eld must

exhibit narrow autocorrelation pick. Actually, you can see that on photo (Fig. 6) as
a bright spot.
Fig. 7 represents a photo fragment output "eld (Fig. 7a), the experimental
"eld intensity distribution (Fig. 7b) in planes (x , y ) and the calculated "eld
 
intensity according to (15) (Fig. 7c) under condition that the input signal of correlative
transformer is of MMF radiation. So you can see that it is possible to produce
rather regular grating in spite of random structure of input multimode "eld.
Moreover, this periodical structure stays stable when the "ber is being a!ected
by variety action. We studied the in#uence of "ber vibrations on the probing "eld.
Results are shown in Fig. 8a (stationary state) and Fig. 8b (unsteady state).
As it was suggested, periodic structure of the "eld stays unchangeable. Herewith
averaging "eld realizations brings about the smoothing of speckle noise signal (see
Fig. 8b).
For the examination of relation (13) we experimentally researched the probing "eld
second spatial harmonic *y period dependency on the reference beam curvature at

the hologram recording stage. We installed objective 10 with the possibility of moving
along the reference beam axis and several holograms were recorded. Experimentally
measured period values were brought into graph in dependence on R (see Fig. 9). On

this graph calculating dependency calculated with formula (13) for the scheme para-
meters: n"2, l "22 mm, l "260 mm, 1/l"0,065 mm is shown by the solid line. It
 
could be seen that there is su$ciently good coincidence of experimental and calculat-
ing results.
Fiber sensor LDA with correlation "eld formation was researched at a set similar to
the preceding one (see Fig. 5b). Rotating glass disk 14 imitated a moving object.
 L. Yarovoi et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 32 (2000) 593}604 601

Fig. 6. Output "eld of two-stage correlative transformer. Case of single-mode "ber "elds autocorrelation.

Fig. 7. Output "eld of two-stage correlative transformer. Input signal is radiation of MMF (a) is photo of
"eld fragment (b) is experimental "eld intensity distribution. (c) is calculated "eld intensity distribution.
602 L. Yarovoi et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 32 (2000) 593}604

Fig. 8. (a) is Output "eld of two-stage correlative transformer. Input signal is radiation of MMF. stationary
state. (b) is unsteady state, MMF vibrates.

Fig. 9. Dependence of the second harmonic period *y versus R , dotes * experimental results.
 

Receipt of scattered radiation was realized by a multimode "ber 15 connected to

a photomultiplier 16. Photocurrent of the photomultiplier 16 was analyzed by the
spectrum analyzer 17.
A photo of Doppler signal spectrum is shown in Fig. 10. Distinction of such sensor
regarding to ordinary LDA is the presence of several harmonics. That con"rms
preliminary obtained results of calculation shown in Fig. 4. The signal/noise ratio for
the second harmonic forms 10 dB. It is important to note that vibrations of "ber
transfer do not render an appreciable in#uence upon Doppler spectrum.
 L. Yarovoi et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 32 (2000) 593}604 603

Fig. 10. Photo of Doppler signal spectrum.

4. Discussion and conclusion

On the basis of the performed work one can conclude:

1. The method of two-stage phase correlation transformation presented in this
paper can be successfully used for transformation statistical random "eld of multi-
mode "ber into "eld with required spatial distribution of complex amplitude. In the
case of the periodic modulator the output "eld is also periodic, its concrete spatial
distribution is de"ned by the spatial autocorrelation function of modulator.
2. It was shown, that two-stage phase transformer can be successfully applied in
laser anemometry and vibrometry. As autocorrelation function of modulator ttH
does not depend on the radiation wavelength, that should allow to use semiconductor
sources in "ber anemometers and vibrometers.
3. Though in the paper a one-dimensional "eld formation is explored, the obtained
results evidently can be generalized for the case of two-dimensional distribution. It
also seems to be possible to generalize the proposed method for the case of the "elds
formation with a given nonperiodic distribution, as any function may be expanded
into the spatial spectral components.

Acknowledgements

This work was executed under the "nancial support of Science and Technology
Center in Ukraine.

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