PROJECT REPORT
IONIC PLASMA THRUSTERs
FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
IN
ENGINEERING PHYSICS-1
By
MAHESUNI SIDDHARTH OMPRAKASH 221
MANE HRUGVEDA NITIN 222
MANE VEDANT NITIN 223
MANKAME DHRUV JAYPRAKASH 224
MARATHE MAHESH BHAUSAHEB 225
PROF. ASHISH A KOLI
SIGNATURE :-
DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES AND APPLIED
SCIENCES
A.P SHAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,THANE
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24
IONIC PLASMA THRUSTER
An ion thruster is a form of electric propulsion used for spacecraft propulsion. It creates
thrust by accelerating ions using electricity.
An ion thruster ionizes a neutral gas by extracting some electrons out of atoms, creating a
cloud of positive ions.
Ion thrusters are propulsion systems that work by expelling ions to generate thrust, These
ions are then accelerated through an electric field and expelled from the thruster at high
speeds, creating thrust in the opposite direction.
INTRODUCTION
An ion engine is a type of rocket engine that employs a method called electric propulsion. It
ionizes and accelerates air or gas by electric discharge, and converts it into thrust, Ion
thrusters, which fall under the category of electric thrusters, are being studied with the
applications of using as orbital boosters or potentially long-distance missions to objects in the
solar system. These propulsion systems have advantages over the traditional chemical
rockets.
The principle of ionic wind propulsion with corona-generated charged particles was
discovered soon after the discovery of electricity with references dating to 1709 in a book
titled Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects by Francis Hauksbee.
Net electric charges on conductors, including local charge distributions associated with
dipoles, resideentirely on their external surface (see Faraday cage), and tend to concentrate
more around sharp pointsand edges than on flat surfaces. This means that the electric field
generated by charges on a sharp conductive point is much stronger than the field generated by
the same charge residing on a large smooth spherical conductive shell. When this electric
field strength exceeds what is known as the corona discharge inception voltage (CIV)
gradient, it ionizes the air about the tip, and a small faint purple jet of plasma can be seen in
the dark on the conductive tip. Ionization of the nearby air molecules result in generation of
ionized air molecules having the same polarity as that of the charged tip. Subsequently, the
tip repels the like-charged ion cloud, and the ion cloud immediately expands due to the
repulsion between the ions themselves. This repulsion of ions creates an electric "wind" that
emanates from the tip, which is usually accompanied by a hissing noise due to the change in
air pressure at the tip. An opposite force acts on the tip that may recoil if not tight to ground
A vaneless ion wind generator performs the inverse function, using ambient wind to move
ions, which are collected yielding electrical energy.
A plasma propulsion engine is a type of electric propulsion that generates thrust from a quasi-
neutral plasma. This is in contrast with ion thruster engines, which generate thrust through
extracting an ion current from the plasma source, which is then accelerated to high velocities
using grids/anodes. These exist in many forms (see electric propulsion). However, in the
scientific literature, the term "plasma thruster" sometimes encompasses thrusters usually
designated as “ion engine”.
Due to the high voltage, the positively charged ions are pushed away from the thruster's
source and expelled at high velocities. The expulsion of these high-speed ions in one
direction generates thrust in the opposite direction, following Newton's third law of motion.
Ionic plasma thrust offers several advantages, including high efficiency and a significant
increase in specific impulse compared to traditional chemical rockets In summary, ionic
plasma thrust relies on the acceleration of ions through a high-voltage electric field to
produce thrust, and it is a promising technology for efficient and sustaitable thrust
production.
Ionic plasma thrust offers several advantages, including high efficiency and a significant
increase in specific impulse compared to traditional chemical rockets In summary, ionic
plasma thrust relies on the acceleration of ions through a high-voltage electric field to
produce thrust, and it is a promising technology for efficient and sustaitable thrust production .
PRINCIPLES
An ion thruster ionizes propellant by adding or removing electrons to produce ions. Most
thrusters ionize propellant by electron bombardment: a high-energy electron (negative
charge) collides with a propellant atom (neutral charge), releasing electrons from the
propellant atom and resulting in a positively charged ion. The gas produced consists of
positive ions and negative electrons in proportions that result in no over-all electric charge.
This is called a plasma. Plasma has some of the properties of a gas, but it is affected by
electric and magnetic fields. Common examples are lightning and the substance inside
fluorescent light bulbs.
Ionic air propulsion is a technique for creating a flow of air through electrical energy, without
any moving parts. Because of this it is sometimes described as a "solid-state" drive. It is
based on the principle of electrohydrodynamic.
In its basic form, it consists of two parallel conductive electrodes, a leading emitter wire and
a downstream collector. When such an arrangement is powered by high voltage (in the range
of kilovolts per mm), the emitter ionizes molecules in the air that accelerate backwards to the
collector, producing thrust in reaction. Along the way, these ions collide with electrically
neutral air molecules and accelerate them in turn.
The effect is not directly dependent on electrical polarity, as the ions may be positively or
negatively charged. Reversing the polarity of the electrodes does not alter the direction of
motion, as it also reverses the polarity of the ions carrying charge. Thrust is produced in the
same direction, either way. For positive corona, nitrogen ions are created initially, while for
negative polarity, oxygen ions are the major primary ions. Both these types of ion
immediately attract a variety of air molecules to create molecular cluster-ions of either sign,
which act as charge carriers.
Current EHD thrusters are far less efficient than conventional engines. An MIT researcher
noted that ion thrusters have the potential to be far more efficient than conventional jet
engines.
Unlike pure ion thruster rockets, the electrohydrodynamic principle does not apply in the
vacuum of space
Electrons produced by the discharge cathode are attracted to the dis-charge chamber walls,
which are charged to a high positive potential by the voltage applied by the thruster’s
discharge power supply. Neutral propellant is injected into the discharge chamber, where the
electrons bombard the propellant to produce positively charged ions and release more
electrons. High-strength magnets prevent electrons from freely reaching the discharge
channel walls. This lengthens the time that electrons reside in the discharge chamber and
increases the probability of an ionizing event.
OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE
Objective :-
The objective of an ionic plasma thruster is to provide propulsion for spacecraft. These
thrusters use the principle of ionizing a propellant, typically xenon gas, and then expelling the
ions at high velocities to generate thrust.
Also provide efficient and long-lasting propulsion for spacecraft, primarily for deep space
exploration and fine control, with a focus on minimizing fuel requirements and mass.
The objective of this research or project is to investigate and develop an ionic plasma thrust
propulsion system that operates through high-voltage corona discharge ionization of air. This
system aims to achieve efficient and controllable thrust generation for potential propulsion
applications.
Scope:-
High Efficiency: Ionic thrusters are known for their high specific impulse, which
means they provide efficient propulsion and are suitable for long-duration missions.
Reduced Mass and Fuel Requirements: Ionic thrusters are lightweight and require less
propellant compared to traditional chemical thrusters, which can reduce the overall
mass of a spacecraft.
Ionization Mechanism: The scope of the project includes a detailed study of the coron
discharge ionization process to understand the fundamental principles behind it.
High-Voltage Systems: Design and development of high-voltage systems capable of
generating the necessary electric fields for corona discharge.
Plasma Generation: Investigate methods for creating and maintaining an ionized
plasma in the vicinity of the corona discharge.
Thrust Generation: Study the interaction between the ionized plasma and the
surrounding air to achieve thrust and propulsion.
Efficiency and Control: Research methods to control and optimize the thrust
generation for efficiency and maneuverability.
Safety Considerations: Assess safety measures to minimize potential hazards
associated with high-voltage systems and plasma generation.
Environmental Impact: Analyze the environmental impact and sustainability of using
ionization-based propulsion systems.
Feasibility and Cost Analysis: Evaluate the economic feasibility and cost-
effectiveness of implementing this technology in real-world applications.
Research and Development: Ongoing research aims to improve the performance and
reliability of ionic plasma thrusters, expanding their scope and applications in space
exploration and technology.
The scope outlined above represents the comprehensive exploration and development of
an ionic plasma thrust system utilizing high-voltage corona discharge ionization of air,
with the ultimate goal of advancing the understanding and practical applications of this
technology, scope includes a wide range of applications in space exploration, satellite
technology, and extended space missions. These thrusters continue to be an important
area of research and development in the field of space propulsion.
Literature survey
A literature survey of ionic plasma thrusters (ion thrusters) reveals a substantial body of
research and development in this field. Ionic plasma thrusters that operate via high-voltage
corona discharge and ionization of air are typically a topic of interest in the field of plasma
physics and propulsion.
Historical Overview:
History of Electric Propulsion at NASA Glenn Research Center by John R. Brophy,
presented at the 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference (2007).
Fundamental Principles and Concepts:
"Ion Thrusters" by Arthur M. Shipman, published in the Journal of Propulsion and Power
(1992). This paper provides an introduction to ion thruster principles.
Types and Variations:
"Review of Ion Thruster Technology" by M. Martinez-Sanchez, presented at the 32nd
International Electric Propulsion Conference (2011). It covers various types of ion thrusters
and their characteristics.
Advancements and Performance:
Advancements in Ion Thruster Technology at NASA Glenn Research Center by John R.
Brophy, presented at the 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference (2007). This
paper discusses advancements in ion thruster technology.
Applications:
"Ion Propulsion for Interplanetary Space Missions" by Arthur M. Shipman, published in the
Journal of Propulsion and Power (1997). It discusses the use of ion thrusters in interplanetary
missions.
"The Dawn Mission to Vesta and Ceres" by Marc D. Rayman, presented at the 32nd
International Electric Propulsion Conference (2011). This paper discusses the use of ion
thrusters in NASA's Dawn mission.
Recent Developments:
"Electric Propulsion for Future Space Missions" by Yoshinori Takao and Kenichi Miyazaki,
published in the journal Progress in Aerospace Sciences (2016). It provides an overview of
recent developments in ion propulsion.
"Development and Characterization of NASA's Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT)" by
Michael A. Patterson et al., presented at the 35th International Electric Propulsion
Conference (2007).
Online Databases: Use academic databases such as IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Google
Scholar, and research journals like the Journal of Propulsion and Power, Plasma Sources
Science and Technology, and others to search for relevant article s.
Search Terms: Use specific keywords and phrases like "ionic plasma thrusters," "high-voltage
corona discharge propulsion," "ionization of air propulsion," and related terms to narrow
down your search.
Conference Proceedings: Don't forget to search through conference proceedings in addition to
journals as cutting-edge research is often presented at conferences. Remember that the field
of plasma propulsion is continually evolving, so it's essential to stay updated with the latest
research.
B. Wilson in 1750 demonstrated the recoil force associated to the same corona discharge and
precursor to the ion thruster was the corona discharge pinwheel. The corona discharge from
the freely rotating pinwheel arm with ends bent to sharp points gives the air a space charge
which repels the point because the polarity is the same for the point and the air. Francis
Hauksbee, curator of instruments for the Royal Society of London, made the earliest report of
electric wind in 1709. Myron Robinson completed an extensive bibliography and literature
review during the 1950s resurgence of interest in the phenomenon.
In 2018, researchers from South Korea and Slovenia used Schlieren photography to
experimentally determine that electrons, in addition to ions, play an important role in
generating ionic wind. The study was the first to provide direct evidence that the
electrohydrodynamic force responsible for the ionic wind is caused by a charged particle drag
that occur as the electrons and ions push the neutral particles away.
In 2018, a team of MIT researchers built and successfully flew the first-ever prototype plane
propelled by ionic wind, MIT EAD Airframe Version. It was developed by a team of students
led by Steven Barrett from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It had a 5-meter
wingspan and weighed 2.45 kg. The craft was catapult-launched using an elastic band, with
the EAD system sustaining the aircraft in flight at low level.
Reports and publications from space agencies such as NASA, ESA, and JAXA, which can be
found on their respective websites and databases, offer insights into their ion propulsion
developments and missions.
This literature survey provides a foundation for understanding the history, principles,
advancements, and applications of ionic plasma thrusters. To stay updated with the latest
research, you can explore academic databases and journals related to electric propulsion and
space propulsion technologies.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology of ionic plasma thrusters involves the design, development, and operation
of these propulsion systems. Here's a general overview of the methodology used in creating
and utilizing ionic plasma thrusters:
Corona Discharge: Generate a corona discharge by applying a high voltage to a
pointed electrode. This can create a localized region of ionized air.
Selection of Propellant:
The first step is to choose a suitable propellant. Xenon gas is a commonly used
propellant in ion thrusters due to its relatively high atomic mass and ease of
ionization.
Ionization:
The selected propellant is introduced into the ionization chamber, where it is
converted into ions. This is typically achieved through one of the following methods:
Electron Bombardment: Electrons are introduced into the chamber, and they collide
with the propellant atoms or molecules, causing them to lose electrons and become
positively charged ions.
Radiofrequency Ionization: High-frequency electromagnetic fields are used to ionize
the propellant.
Acceleration:
Once ionized, the positively charged ions are accelerated to high speeds using
electromagnetic fields. This is typically accomplished through the use of electrostatic
or magnetic fields.
Exhaust:
The accelerated ions are expelled from the thruster at high velocities through a nozzle.
This ejection of ions in one direction generates a thrust in the opposite direction,
according to Newton's third law of motion.
Thrust Control:
The magnitude of thrust and the direction of the spacecraft can be controlled by
adjusting the voltage and current applied to the acceleration system.
Power Supply:
Ionic plasma thrusters require a source of electrical power to operate. This power is
typically provided by solar panels or nuclear power sources, depending on the
mission's requirements.
Monitoring and Control:
Continuous monitoring and control of the thruster's performance are essential. This
involves tracking parameters such as propellant flow rate, ionization efficiency, and
thrust to ensure optimal operation.
Maintenance and Lifespan:
Ionic plasma thrusters have a finite lifespan, and maintenance and monitoring are
necessary to ensure their continued operation during missions that require extended
propulsion.
This methodology can be used in small-scale propulsion systems and has been explored for
thruster without moving parts bladeless fan and more. However, it's important to note that
these thrusters typically have relatively low thrust level limit by factors such as power supply
constraints and ionization efficiency. Additionally, safety considerations must be taken into
account when working with high voltages and ionized gases.
REFRENCES
The references for ionic plasma thrusters from various sources:-
Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_thruster
NASA jet propulsion laboratory, https://www.jpl.nasa.gov
NASA, https://www.nasa.gov
MIT news, https://news.mit.edu
Science Daily, https://www.sciencedaily.com
