It involvee

otion ofChans
motion.
motio
also
called
r e c t i l i n e a r

head,
we
will study oh
Iine is Under
this
straight
in a simple.
otion relatively on in:
is
study

02
ts or along
oX-axis Yaxis.

TIC
positic
TOund
motic
with
se. In
ma

CtC.

es

MOTION IN A. he ba
1ed a
inear
STRAIGHT LINE a str

Aotio-
ar
onoee ular
Lstri
ato
d f
Jo bodon
CHAPTER CHEC
ITOPIC 1 Diple
Rest

General Introduction of Motion Motion

study the
motion of objects. Point Object dere
branch of physics in which .Scalar and Vector Qfy
we
Mechanics is a objecCE
examine the motion of an
lhere are three branches of mechanics that Position, Path Leng
suchas onfo ooncaie07 m0
ibET
the objects at rest. n Displacement
branch of mechanics in which
we study Velocity
Statics It is a 251e110ng
statics, time factor does not play any role cause of
Acceleration
the
the motion of objects without looking at
Kinematics It describes role,
.Position-Time GraD
an important
the motion. Here, time factor plays them. The
Positive, Negativea
which cause
motion of objects to the forces Acceleration
Dynamics It relates the
time factor also plays an important role. .Velocity-Time Grap
Accelerated Motion
REST its surrounding with the
. Kinematic Equationd
If the position of an object does not change w.r.t.
Uniformly Accelerat
be at rest. e.g. Book lying on the table, person
a
it is said to Motion
passage of time,
sitting on a chair, etc.
tion in a Straight Line
OTION
pesition of
e an
object ie continuely changing wnt
urounding then it ie said to be in the etste of motien
tt,fmotion cah be defined as a
thsnge in poeitioh of ah
t with time. It is common t
everyrhing
erse. In our daily life, We see h train meving oh eilk, the
ing man, the crawling insects, wnter flowing down
, etc, showing that the object ie in motion.
pes of Motion
the basis of the nature of path followed, monion i
sified as
tilinear Motion The motion in which a panicde movee
g a straight line is called rectilineat metion
Motion of a sliding body on an indlined plane
cular Motion The motion in which a particde moves in
rcular path is called circular motion
A string whirled in a circular loop
illatory Motion The motion in which a partide moves
and fro about a given point is lnown at oscillatory
tion.
Simple pendulum
che basis of the number of coordinatcs requircd to
ine the motion, motion is classified as
e-dimensional Motion The motion of an object is
sidered as 1-D if only one coordinate is neededto
cify the position of the object.
Motion in 1-D
1-D motion, the object moves along a straight line.
chis type of motion, there are only two directions
ckward and forward, upward and downward) in which
object moves and these directions are specified by + and
igns.
, A boy running on a straight road, etc.
wo-dimensional Motion The motion
an object is considered as 2-D if rwo
ordinates are needed to specify the
sition of the object. In 2-D motion,
:object moves in a plane. Motion in 2-D
, A satellite revolving around the earth, etc.
arce-dimensional Motion The motion of an object is
nsidered as 3-D if all the three coordinates are needed
37
to epecify ehe postion of e okijee This ryge of teelien
nkes plsee hreeditenelional qpser
g Berfy fying in gardes, the meeien of water
Holeeslee, ee
i the
Motion in 30
POINT OBJECT
An ohject ie coneidered a point objeee if dhe sire of the
object is moch emaller than the distance it mores in
reasonable duration of rime
)A train under a jonrney of several hunded
kilometres can be regarded as a poine object
G1) Farth can be reganded as a poine object for smudying
its tmotion around the sun
The following example helps us to decide abenta point
object.
EXAMPLE 11| Body as a Poiat 0bjeet
In which of the folloring ezamples of motion, can the
body be considered approximately a point object
(NCERT
() A railway carriage moving without jerks betven two
stations.
() A monkey sitting on the top af a man cyeting smoothly
on a circular track.
() Aspinning cricket ball that turna ahargly an hitting
the ground.
Sol Any object can be considered as a point abject if the
distance travelled by it is very lazge in compariaon to ita
dimensions
) A railway carriage is moving without jerks between
two stations, it means stationa are at large diatance,
therefore railway carriage can be taken as a paint
object.
(i) Man along with monkey is cycling snoothly which
indicates that the distance travelled by the man is
very large, therefoze umonkey can be taken as a point
object
(ii) The distance travelled by the ball is not so larg
therefore, spinning cricket ball cannot be takea as a
point object
 38 Allinone | PHYSICS Class1

So, the frame of reference a coordinate system with

SCALAR AND VECTOR clock w.r.t. which, an observer can describe the position

QUANTTTIESstudied under heads, i.c. scalars

displacement, acceleration of an object.
Frame of reference are of two types
Physical quantities are two

and vectors. Both types of quantities can be defined as

(1) Inertial frame of reference These are the frame of
follows reference in which, Newton's first law of motion
() Scalars If only the magnitude is required t specify a applicable.
that physical quantity is known as
physical quantity, (ii) Non-inertial frame of reference These are the frame
scalar quantity or scalars. of reference in which, Newton's first law of motion i
not applicable.
e.g. Mass, length, time, speed,
etc.

Vectors If magnitude as well as direction both are

(i)
that physical
required to specify a physical quantity, Accelerated and Unaccelerated Frames
or vectors.
quantity is known as vector quantity Generally, accelerated frames (with respect to earth) are
non-inertial and unaccelerated frames (with respect to earth
e.g. Displacement, velocity, acceleration, etc.
are inertial.
The frames at rest or in uniform motion are inertial and
POSITION, PATH LENGTH frames in non-uniform motion are non-inertial.
AND DISPLACEMENT To apply Newton's second law in the non-inertial frames, we
reference use the concept of pseudo force.
need to use a
In order to specify position, we

of axes and a frame of reterence.

point, a set

Path Length/Distance
The length of the path covered by an object in a given
Positionn is situated. time-interval, is known as its path length or distance
It is defined as the point
where an object
coordinate axis that is,
Position can be determined by the travelled. Its SI unit is metre.
that has positive and distance of
marked in units of length and e.g. Suppose an object moves along x-axis to a

negative directions. 100 m from the origin O in time (). Then, the path length
ve direction +vedirection bo dD is 100 m.
Now, if the object returns to the origin in time (), then the
-2 1 0 3 x(m)
100+ 100 200
path length is m.
=

Position in +ve and -ve direction

at-1 m, then minus sign

e.g.If an object is situated
direction but if )
indicatesthatthe position has negative A
will be said to be at
theobject is at 0 m position then it A)
100
200
noooub
rest.
X-
with reference to
Theposition of the object can be specified Path length of object
motion in a straight line,
a conveniently chosen origin. For and to
position to the right of the origin is taken as positive EXAMPLE |2| Length of a Scooter
Total Path
the left as negative. is moving along a straight line AB covers
a
A scooter
distance of 360 m in 24 s and returns back from B to Cand
Frame of Reference
coveres 240 m in 18 s. Find the total path length travelled
coordinate system of three
We choose a rectangular by the scooter.
and z. The point of
mutually perpendicular axes as x, y Sol. From the above question, we draw the following figure.
called origin (0) and
intersection of these three axes is 240 m
considered as the reference point. B
the position of the object
Thex, y, z-coordinates describe measure 360 m
time, we need a
w.r.t. the coordinate system. To
clock constitutes Total path length = AB+ BC = 360+ 240 = 600 m
clock. This coordinate system alongwith
a

aframe of reference.
th
Motion in a Straight Line
39
On
Displacement
The change in
position of an object in a particular
direction is termed as displacement, i.e. the difference
8 8
berween the final and initial positions of the object. It is 50 4030 20-10 0 +10 20 +30 +40 +50
denoted by Ar. Mathematically, it is represented by X +

me
Displacement, Ar=x -* For distance, we observe the actual path length and for
displacement we observe the change in posifion.
where, and x, are the initial and final position of the
i Sol (6) For 1, to 1.
objcct, respectively. Distance covered = 20 +40=60 m
Displacement = 40-(-20)
Cases = +60 m (towards + x-axis)
6) If x > x, then Ar is positive. (ii) For to Iy.
i) If x > g, then Ar is negative. Distance covered = 60 +90= 150 m
(ii) If x = *2, then Ar is zero. Displacement = -50-(-20)

i.e. the displacement of an object in motion can be =-30 m (towards- x-axis)

positive, negative or zero.

Displacement is a vector quantity as it possesses both, UNIFORM MOTION IN
the magnitude and direction. A STRAIGHT LINE
Note A body is said to be in a uniform motion if it travels
equal
The magnitude of displacement may or may not be equal to distance in equal intervals of time along a straight line.
the path length traversed by an object.
e.g. A vehicle running with the constant speed of 10 m/s will
en The magnitude of the displacement for a course of motion
cover equal distances of 10 m in
may be zero but the coresponding path length will never be every second, so its motion will
ce
zero.
be unitorm.
Differences between Distance and Displacement Note
Of Fora uniform motion
S.No. Distance Displacement along a straight line in a given direction, the
gth magnitude of the displacement is equal to the actual distance covered by
1. Length of the path is Magnitudeof the object
distance displacement is the length
the of the shortest possible
path between initial and
Non-uniform Motion
final positions. A body is in non-uniform motion if it travels
displacement in unequal intervals of timne.
equal
2. It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
The distance covered The displacement of an During the non-uniform motion, the speed of the body or its
by an object for some object can be zero. direction of motion or both change with time.
time interval cannot be
zero. e.g. The velocity of the vehicle is different at diterent instants,
The distance travelled so it has non-uniform motion.
The displacement of an
by an object is always object can be positive,
positive. negative and zero
SPEED AND VELOCITY
EXAMPLE 13| Motion of a Boy
Sa
A boy starts moving from -20 m towards +X-axis as
Speed
nd The distance covered by
led shown in figure. He turns at time instant t, and an object divided by the time taken
starts moving towards -x-axis. At time t3, he by the
object to cover that distance is called the speed of that
reached at-50 m as shown in the figure. object.
Find the displacement and distance for the time Distance travelled
Speed =
interval (i) t, to t, and (i) t, to t3. Time taken
 Allinone PHYSICs Class 11
40
of the object for a Average velocity of the body is given by
Speed is a scalar quantity. The speed
given interval of time is always positive. av
Ax
m/s and in Ar
Unit of spced The unit ofspeed in MKS (SI) is
CGS as cm/s.
Dimensional formula [M'LT'). Average Velocity vs Average Speed
For average speed, find net distance covered and divide it h
Uniform Speed time taken.
uniform speed, it means that it
Ifan object is moving with a
Average velocity is net displacement divided by time taken
interval of time.
cqual distance in cqual
covers
So, just find out the net displacement and divide it by time
Variable or Non-Uniform Speed taken for that displacement.

with non-uniform speed, it means Average velocity could be zero or positive or negative but
If an object is moving a
average speed is always positive for a moving body.
distances in uncqual intervals of time.
that it covers equal

Velocity
The rate of change of position of an object with time is Instantaneous Speed and
called the velocity of that object. lnstantaneous Velocity
Displacement
1.e.
Velocity =
Time
OLAHCInstantaneous Speed
Speed at an instant is defined as the limit of the average
Velocity is a vector quantity.
speed as the time interval (Ar) becomes infinitesimally small
is cms in CGS and
Unit of velocity The unit of velocity
or approaches to zero.

Mathematically, instantaneous speed at any instant of time

ms in MKS or SI.
Dimensional formula The dimensional formula of velocity ()is expressed as
is [M LT. Lim As
Instantaneous speed, S;At 0 At dt
Uniform Velocity
An object could have uniform velocity if it covers equal ds is the distance covered in time d

displacement equal interval of time. If an object have

in
equal displacement in equal interval of time, it means that it
is moving with unitorm velocity.
Non-uniform Velocity
If an object is moving with a non-uniform velocity, then it
will have unequal displacements in equal interval of time.
Note The velocity of an object can be positive, zero and negative
according to its displacement is positive, zero and negative.
Average Speed and Average Velocity
as
where,is the differential coefficient ofsw..t. t.
EXAMPLE 14| Instantaneous Speed of the Particle
Tf the average speed of the particle is [2t i +3t j], then
find out the instantaneous speed of the particle.
Sol. Given, position of the particle, s = [2ti +3tj]
2ri
dt dt
+36]
Instantaneous speed of the particle is s, = 4ti +3j

Average Speed Instantaneous Velocity

Average speed of object is defined as the total distance
an Velocity at an instant is defined as the limit of average
travelled by the object divided by the total time taken. velocity as the time interval (Ar) becomes infinitesimally
small or approaches to zero.
Total distance travelled
Average speed, vav Total time taken
Mathematically, instantaneous velocity at instant oftime ()
is given by
Ax ds 0
Average Velocity lim or v

Average velocity of a body is defined as the change in

Ar0 At dt
position or displacement (Ax) divided by the time interval where, dx is displacement for time dt.
(At) in which that displacement occur.
 Motion in a StraightLane 41
ote 00N
wrt frme ih
he vialie of inetantanerotte velscity Be
con esleellsted
rraphically given belw
aleo ns

object is oving slong

Suppes
h
arinble velociry. 1e y.
Let the
straighe ie wh
h represehted bya
peeition-time graph of thie moio
cturve as shewn ih the ffgure

Sel Att-
We kniee that inetataneone velieity of s
pertiele

7B9 10
Time (6 e the worde to ealenliate instantmeons
reloeity, e hare
Graphical interpretation of foredee Se to approximately tero (ie imfimitestmn
instantaneous veilooity
naily andd fnd the eorresponding ralte of
tage the
Ar/S
rom the graph, average velocity of the object over the Following table will illestrate theproeess
mal interval Ar=41 (G.c. from 4s
e
8s) is the slope of
to
straight line AB. If we decrease the interval of time Ar from 25 5
me tO 3s, then the line becomcs AC, Similarly, at time 866 6
terval Ar 2s and the line becomes AD. As Ar approaches
inter is 3 75 3 25 19 955
to zero, the point B approaches point A. 3.56 3.46
Thus, the line AB becomes the tangent of EF to the curve at 3 505 3 496 12
p. Hence, the slope of the tangent with time axis gives the
value of instantancous velocity, Gcncrally, we use So, the valae oftends to come elose to the value of
d
numerical method to find the valuc of instantancous
velocity as the limiting process becomes clear,
295when we teduce &a to very smail around 33
Therefote, instantaneous value of velocily at 3.5 will be
Note The magnitude of instantaneous velocity is always equal to the 295 m/s. The value of xd, ) and «,) have been obtained
instantaneousS speed lor a particular instant. from the given graph.
cle
hen EXAMPLE |5| Instantaneous velocity of a particle
The displacement (in m) of a particle moving along
r-axis is given by x 18t +15t. Find the instantaneous
=
TOPIC PRACTICE 1
velocity at t = 0 and t =2s.
OBJECTIVE Type Questions
Sol. Given, Displacement, 1. Which of the
x =18/ +15
following statements is true for a
car moving on the road?
Instantaneous velocity, (a) With respect to the frame of reference attached to
V, 18 + 30 the ground, the car is at rest
d (b) With respect to the trame ot relerence attached to
ally Instantaneous velocity at the person sitting in the car, the car is at rest
I=0, v=18 30 x0
=18 m/s
+ (c) With respect to the frame ot reference attached to
e(0 I= 28, V
=18 +30X 2=78 m/s the person outside the car, the car is at rest
(d) None of the above
XAMPLE 16| Instantaneous velocity by graphical Sol (6) For a car in motion, if we describe this event w.Et a
method frame of relerence atached to the
person sitting inside
the car, the car will
Find the instantaneous velocity at t =
3.5 s from the graph appear to be at rest as the person
inside the car (observer) is also
given below. moving with same
velocity and in the same direction as car
 44 Allinone PHYSICS Class

ASSESS YOUR TOPICAL UNDERSTANDING

OBJECTIVE Type Question Can the displacement of a particle be posit.
Explain. Stavg
1. The displacement of a car is given as -240 m. Here,
negative sign indicates LONG ANSWER Type I Questions
(a) direction of displacement
(b) negative path length 3. What do you understand by non-uniform moti
(C) position of car is at point whose coordinate is - 120 Explain instantaneous velocity of an object
(d) no significance of negative sign one-dimensional motion.
Answer 4. The displacement x of a particle moving in
1. (a) dimension is related to time t by the rela
x = 2t-3t, where x is in metre and t in second
SHORT ANSWER
n
Type Question Find the displacement of the particle when
en
2. A particle moves from one position to another velocity is zero.
Ans. 9
position to the left of the origin in a straight line.

ITOPIC 2|
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
ACCELERATION
The existence of acceleration was given by Galileo in his
different thoughts. Acceleration of a body can be expressed
as the rate of change of velocity with time. By acceleration,
we can understand that how fast or slow the velocity of an
object is changing. Aceleration is a vector quantity.
applies a brake such that the velocity of the bus com
down to 4 m/s in the next 5 s. Calculate the acceleration
the bus in both the cases.
Sol Case I Initial velocity of the bus, u = 0
Final velocity, v = 6 m/s; Time taken, t = 30 s
Change in velocity
Acceleration:
Time taken

Change in velocity Finalvelocity Initial velocityv-u _6-0

Acceleration =- Time taken 30
Time taken
0.2m/s
Case II Initial velocity, u = 6 m/s
Its SI unit is metre per second square (m/s*) and CGS is
Final velocity, v =4 m/s
cm/s. The dimensional formula is [M°L'T]
Irerat Acceleration ==
Acceleration
_4-6
-0.4 m/s
Note ldsryo 5
Acceleration therefore, may result from a change in speed e n Thus, the acceleration in both the cases are 02 mi
(magnitude), a change in direction or changes in both.
and -04 m/s
I f the signs of velocity and acceleration is same (both positive or
both negative), the body will accelerate and when the signs of Average Acceleration
velocity and acceleration are opposite, it means that the body is
retarding. The average acceleration over a time interval is defined
the change in velocity divided by the time interval.
EXAMPLE |1| Retarding Bus Suppose that at any time () a body has velocity (v,). A
Starting from a stationary position, a bus attains a
later time (t,), it has velocity (v2). Thus,
velocity of 6 m/s in 30 s. Then, the driver of the bus
 Motion in a Straight Line

45
Change in velocity, Av=v, -v, EXAMPLE |2 Calculation of
Average Acceleration
Tim during hich
From the
ime velocity has changed, Ar =t -
figure given, find the average acceleration
between points A and B.
Velocity
V2
20
15
10

-A-
2 Time 4 6 8 10
Velocity-time graph to calculate average acceleration Sol. We draw the
Time (s)

graph as
ayslope of straight line PR=
PQ
Av
Average acceleration, a= 2V
2-
The slope of velocity-time graph gives acceleration. 4
Instantaneous Acceleration Average acceleration, a = slope of line AB = BE
AE
Itis defined as the acceleration ofa body at a certain instant BE =
Av =V2 20-10
10 m/s
V,
-
= =

or the limiting value of average acceleration when time AE

interval becomes very small or tends to zero. =At =t,-t, =8-4 =4s

So, Instantaneous acceleration, a inst = lim Av dv a =25m/s

At>0At dt EXAMPLE |3| Calculation of instantaneous
dv acceleration
where is the difterential coefficient
of v w.r.t. The
dt t.
velocity of a particle is given by v =
2t -3t +10
m/s. Find the instantaneous acceleration at t = 5 S.
Elementary Concept of lIntegration for Describing Motion Sol Given, v
=2t-3t +10 m/s
We know that, v =dt,dsa =or Or vva in
dv
=4t-3 m/s3
ds dt
If the displacement is given and we have to find the If t =5, an=5x4-3=17 m/s
velocity and
acceleration, then we use differentiation. If the acceleration is
given and we have to find the velocity and displacement, then
EXAMPLE |4| Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
we use integration. To find the average value of square of velocity A particle is moving in a straight line. Its displacement at
viat v'at any instant t is given by x =10t +15t, where x is in
metres and t is in seconds. Find
dt 4) the average acceleration in the interval t =0 to t =2s
dt wfe and
If velocity is a function of displacement, =f(X), for average of v
v i) instantaneous acceleration att =2 s.
from x = X to x = X2
Sol. Given equation,
vdt
x = 10t +15
MI OU1209
and the variables are )t=0 to t = 2s (i) t2s
dx
Velocity of particle, v=
ot dt OTA 100A
The above procedure can be applied to find the average value v=(10t
dt
+15t) =10+45t
of any quantity like velocity, acceleration, force, etc.
 Allinone PHYSICS Class 1
Motion in a Straight Line
46
Att = 0, Vo = 10 + 45(0) = 10 m/s, (b) If the object is
Att = 2 s, V2 = 10 +45 x (2)* with positive moving
=10+180 =190 m/s acceleration having
some initial velocity.
180 m/s
V2-Vo =190-10
=
Av =
then the velocity-
At = 2-0 = 2 s Time (t) graph is a straighttime
line
o =90 m/s (ii) Negative Acceleration When distance covered
starting from P.
avAt 2 by
a 1 0 +45t ) = 90t
moving object goes on decreasing with
is said have negative acceleration.
time,
the (iii) Increasing Acceleration
acceleration, the velociyIr
dt object to

Att = 2 s, a = 90 x 2=180 m/s increasing exponentially (ne

is moving with increasino
The instantaneous acceleration of aparticle at 2s is 180 m/s". initial velocity. The slope-
instantaneous acceleratio
Uniform Acceleration
uniform acceleration, it means Time ()
If an object is moving with
that the change in velocity equal
is for equal intervals of time.
Cii) Zero Acceleration When the moving object coven
equal distance in equal time, the object is said
Non-uniform Acceleration have zero acceleration.

variable non-uniform acceleration, it

If an object has or

means that the change in velocity is unequal in equal (iv) Negative Acceleration
intervals of time. (a) In case of negativ
the object decreas
EXAMPLE |5| Uniform Acceleration If the object is mo-
x of a particle varies
with time t as
The displacement have some posin
Time (t)
x = 4t -15t +25. velocity-time gr-
acceleration of the
(i) position, velocity and
Find the VELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS FOR negative slope.
particle att =0. AN ACCELERATED MOTION
the particle as one with
1i) Can we call the motion of
uniform acceleration? () Zero Acceleration In case of zero acceleration, the
with time.
Given position, x =
4t-15t +25 velocity of the object does not change
SolL )
25) 8t -15
Velocity, v =
(4t -15t + =

dt

Acceleration, a =-d (8t -15) = 8

dt dt (b) If the objectis
At time t = 0, we have have some
x =4t-15t +25 Time velocity-time
= 4(0)-15(0)+25 =25m from Pas po-
v =8t 1 5 = 8(0)-15 Note
=-15m/s and a = 8m/s The area under v-t graph gives displacement.
uniform acceleration because it
(i) Yes, the particle has a (i) Positive Acceleration
does not depend on time t.
(a) If the object is moving
with positive acceleration
POSITION-TIME GRAPHS FOR having zero initial velocity,
NEGATIVE AND ZERO then the velocity-time
POSITIVE,
graph is a straight line (c) If the objed
ACCELERATION starting from origin. have some
Time
Positive Acceleration When distance covered by aa
In case of positive of its moti
) the acceleration, the velocity of the object goes o
moving object goes on increasing with time, velocity-ti
increasing with time.
object is said to have positive acceleration. uniform
 Allinone| PHYSIcs Class h
46
Att = 0, v, =10+ 45(0) =10 m/s,
Att = 2s, V2 = 10 + 45 x (2)
= 10 +180 = 190 m/s
Av = V2 - Vo =190-10 = 180 m/s

At = 2-0= 2s Time ()
Av
aav 18090
2
m/s (Gi) Negative Acceleration When distance covered by
moving object goes on decreasing with time,
a =(10+ 45t )=90t
dt object is said to have negative acceleration.
Att = 2 s, a = 90 x 2=180 m/s
The instantaneous acceleration ofa particle at 2s is 180 m/s .

Uniform Acceleration
acceleration, it means
Time()
If an object is moving with uniform
for equal intervals of time.
that the change in velocity is equal (ii) Zero Acceleration When the moving object cove
equal distance in equal time, the object is said
Non-uniform Acceleration have zero acceleration.

has variable or non-uniform acceleration, it nboby

If an object
means that the change in velocity is unequal in equal
intervals of time.

EXAMPLE |5| Uniform Acceleration

of a particle varies with time t as
The displacement x
Time ()
x = 4t -15t +25.
acceleration of the
(i) Find the position, velocity and VELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS FOR
particle att = 0.
AN ACCELERATED MOTION
as one with
(i) Can we call the motion of the particle
Acceleration In case of zero acceleration, the
uniform acceleration? (i) Zero
4t-15t +25 velocity of the object does not change with time.
Sol ) Given position, x =

Velocity,v =

dt
(4"
dt
-15t +25) = 8t -15

dv d
Acceleration, a ==(8t-15) =8
dt dt
At time t =0, we have

x =4t-15t +25 Time

= 4(0)-15(0)+ 25= 25m
v =8t-15 = 8(0)-15 Note
=-15m/s and a = 8m/s The area under v-t graph gives displacement.
uniform acceleration because it (ii) Positive Acceleration
(ii) Yes, the particle has a

does not depend on time t. is

(a) If the object moving
with positive acceleration
POSITION-TIME GRAPHS FOR having zero initial velocity,
ZERO then the velocity-time
POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND graph is a straight
line
ACCELERATION starting from origin. Time

distance covered by a In case of positive

() Positive Acceleration When acceleration, the velocity of the object goes o
on increasing with time,
the
moving object goes increasing with time.
acceleration.
object is said to have positive