DATABASE CONCEPTS

(SUMMARY)
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (ICT501)

PN MARHAINIS JAMALUDIN
FACULTY OF COMPUTER AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
UITM KELANTAN
 DATA VS INFORMATION

DATA INFORMATIOIN
• Raw facts. Facts have not yet been processed • is the result of processing raw data to reveal its
• Example : student number meaning. Meaningful and organized data. It’s a
lecturer’s name foundation for decision making.
faculty code • Example : list of student names from faculty of
computer and mathematical sciences

information
• Raw facts • Understanding
• Processed and of the
meaningful information
data

Data knowledge
 DATABASE
• WHAT IS DATABASE?
• is a shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection of : End-user data
(raw facts) and Metadata (data about data. characteristics of data)
• WHAT IS DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)?
• is a collection of program that manages the database structure and controls access to
the data stored in database.
• Example of DBMS : ORACLE, MICROSOFT ACCESS, DB2
• ROLE AND ADVANTAGES OF DBMS
• Data sharing • Data security
• Data integration • Data access
• Minimize data inconsistency • Decision making
• Increased end-user productivity
 Single-user
TYPES OF DATABASES Workgroup

Multi-user
Enterprise
Number
of users

Structured data Degree of

data are Data
location Centralized
structured
Unstructured data Types of
databases
Distributed

Extensible Operational
Markup Data
Language usage
(XML)
Analytical
 FILE SYSTEMS VS DATABASE SYSTEMS

Database systems
• Consist of logically
data stored in a
single logical data
repository.
• To eliminate data
inconsistency, data
anomaly, data
dependence and
structural
dependence
problems.
File systems
• Manual system
• Data Processing
(DP) Specialist was
hired to create a
computer-based
systems
 PROBLEMS WITH FILE SYSTEMS

• LENGTHY DEVELOPMENT TIMES

• DIFFICULT OF GETTING QUICK ANSWERS
• COMPLEX SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION
• LACK OF SECURITY AND LIMITED DATA SHARING
• EXTENSIVE PROGRAMMING
• STRUCTURAL DEPENDENCE
• DATA DEPENDENCE
• DATA REDUNDANCY
 WHAT ARE STRUCTURAL AND DATA DEPENDENCE?

STRUCTURAL DEPENDENCE STRUCTURAL INDEPENDENCE

Access to a file is dependent on its structure. You can change the file structure without affecting the
Application programs are affected by any changes in application’s ability to access data
the file structure.

DATA DEPENDENCE DATA INDEPENDENCE

Any changes of the data characteristics (eg. Data You can change the data characteristics (eg. Data
type), then all the programs are subject to change type) without affecting the program’s to access the
data.
 DATA REDUNDANCY
• exists when the same data are stored unnecessarily at different places
• island of information - data scattered at different locations
• uncontrolled data redundancy will cause :
1. Poor data security
2. Data inconsistency
3. Data anomalies - exist when not all of the required changes in the redundant data are made
successfully.
• Update anomalies
• Insertion anomalies
• Deletion anomalies
 EXAMPLE OF DATA ANOMALY

Update anomalies : If agent name Leah F.Hahn has a new phone number, then all the phone number under this agent name
must be changed accordingly. Imagine if there are thousands of records. The potential of data inconsistencies are great.
Insertion anomalies : If a new agent need to be added, you need to add a dummy customer data to reflect the new agent’s
addition. Then this entry will create a data inconsistencies due to non-existent customer.
Deletion anomalies : If you want to delete customer Amy O’Brian, then you need to delete the whole row, whereby the agent
data also be deleted, which is not desirable.
 DATABASE SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

1) Hardware
2) Software (Operating
system, DBMS,
application and utility
programs.
3) People
4) Procedures
5) data
 DBMS FUNCTIONS
• DATA DICTIONARY MANAGEMENT
• DATA STORAGE MANAGEMENT
• DATA TRANSFORMATION AND PRESENTATION
• SECURITY MANAGEMENT
• MULTI-USER ACCESS CONTROL
• BACKUP AND RECOVERY MANAGEMENT
• DATA INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT
• DATABASE ACCESS LANGUAGES AND PROGRAMMING INTERFACES – A QUERY LANGUAGE
(SQL)
• DATABASE COMMUNICATION INTERFACES
 WHY A SPREADSHEET IS NOT A DATABASE?

• does not support metadata

• unique data format within each column
• does not ensure the consistency of data within column
• cannot define relationships among tables
 EXERCISES

1. What is DBMS language? Explain and give example in your answer

2. Describe TWO(2) of database characteristics.

3. Compare and contrast TWO (2) main tasks carried out by the Data Administrator (DA)
and Database Administrator (DBA).

4. Describe TWO (2) problems faced from poorly organized and structured files.

5. Explain the difference between structured data and unstructured data

6. Give ONE (1) effect of a poor database design

6. Fill in the box in Figure 1.0 with the terminology given in Figure 2.0. Give ONE (1)
example that shows the data organization concept from bottom to top.

TERMINOLOGY

FIELD
FILE
DATA
RECORD

Figure 2.0 Data Organization Terminology

Figure 1.0 Data Organization Hierarchy

 REFERENCES

• PETER ROB AND CARLOS CORONEL, DATABASE SYSTEMS: DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND
MANAGEMENT, INTERNATIONAL THOMSON PUBLISHING (ITP), TENTH EDITION, 2009.
• UITM PAST YEAR EXAM QUESTIONS