Composite structures :
Composite structures are composed of some members These composite can be
beam and trusses , arch and trusses , slab and cables and so on.
in composite structures members subjected only to axial force, while other
members are subjected to bending. If the structure is statically indeterminate, the
force method can be used for its analysis.
There are 2 example :
For analysis of these structures if it was indeterminate we have to use force
method and find forces separtely.
for example if a structure was made of beam and truss we have to analysis truss
and then find forces and reaction in beam.
EXAMPLE:
10–35. The trussed beam supports the uniform
distributed loading. If all the truss members
have a cross-sectional area of 1.25 in2,
determine the force in member BC. Neglect
both the depth and axial compression in the
beam. Take for all members. Also, for the beam.
Assume A is a pin and D is a [Link] = 750 in^4 and E = 29(10^3) ksi
Symmetric Structures
A plane structure is considered to be symmetric with respect to an axis of
symmetry in its plane if the reflection of the structure about the axis is identical in
geometry, supports, and material properties to the structure itself.
Some examples of symmetric structures are shown below. For each structure, the
axis of symmetry is identified as the s axis.
when examining structural symmetry for the purpose of an analysis, it is
necessary to consider the symmetry of only those structural properties that have
an expect on results of that particular type of analysis. In other words, A structure
can be considered to be symmetric for the purpose of an analysis if its structural
properties that have an expect on the results of the analysis are symmetric.
Consider, for example, the statically determinate truss subjected to vertical loads,
as shown in Figure below:
We can see from the figure that the geometry of the
truss and its material and cross-sectional properties
(E and A) are symmetric with respect to the s axis,
but the supports violate symmetry because the
hinged support at A can exert both horizontal and
vertical reactions, whereas the roller support at C
can exert only a vertical reaction. However, the truss
can be considered to be symmetric when subjected
to vertical loads only because under such loads, the horizontal reaction at the
hinged support will be zero Ax=0; therefore, it will not have any expect on the
response (member axial forces and deflections) of the truss. This truss cannot
be considered to be symmetric when subjected to any horizontal loads,however.
Example:
The frame shown in Fig. is to be analyzed to determine its member end forces and
deflections due to a general system of loads. Can the frame be considered to be
symmetric
Solution :
From Fig. (b) we can see that although the frame’s geometry and supports are
symmetric with respect to the vertical s axis passing through the internal hinge D,
its moment of inertia (I) is not symmetric. Since the frame is statically
determinate,
its member end forces are independent of the material and cross-sectional
properties (E; I, and A); therefore the frame can be considered to be symmetric
for the purpose of analysis of its member forces. However, this frame cannot be
considered to be symmetric for the analysis of deflections, which depend on the
moments of inertia of themembers of the frame.
Symmetric Structures Subjected to Antisymmetric Loadings
When a symmetric structure is subjected to a loading that is antisymmetric with
respect to the structure’s axis of symmetry, the response of the structure is also
antisymmetric, with the points of the structure at the axis of symmetry not
deflecting in the direction of the axis of symmetry. Thus to determine the
response of the entire structure, we need to analyze only half the structure, on
either side of the axis of symmetry, with antisymmetric boundary conditions (i.e.,
deflections in the direction of the axis of symmetry must be zero) at the axis. The
response of the remaining half is given by the negative of the reflection of the
response of the half structure that is analyzed.
For instance Consider a symmetric frame subjected to a loading that is anti-
symmetric with respect to the frame’s axis of symmetry (s axis), as shown in Fig.
10.(a). It can be seen that, like the loading, the deflected shape of the frame is
antisymmetric with respect to the frame’s axis ofsymmetry. Note that the vertical
deflection is zero at point D, where the axis of symmetry intersects the frame,
whereas the horizontal deflection and slope at D are not zero. The response of
the entire frame can be determined by analyzing only half the frame, on either
side of the axis of symmetry. The left half of the frame cut by the axis of
symmetry is shown in Fig. 10(b). Note that the antisymmetric boundary con
ditions are imposed on this substructure by supporting it at end D by a roller
support, which prevents the vertical deflection at the axis of sym- metry but
cannot prevent the horizontal deflection and rotation at [Link] the response of
the left half of the frame has been determined by analysis, the response of the
right half is given by the negative of the reflection of the response of the left half.
Fig10
