Duhok Polytechnic University

Technical College, Department of Business

Administration Technologies
First stage

Report on/
English language skills II

Submitted to:
Ms. Dimastan Mahdi Hassan

Prepared by:
Dezhin Abdelghani Mahmoud

2020 A.D. 2720 K. 1441 A.H

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 Table of contents

Introduction ………………………………………………….3

Chapter one : adjective

1.0 What is an adjective……………………………………….4

1.1 Adjective Examples………...................................4

1.2 Types of Adjectives…………………………………..4

1.3 Adjectives Answer Questions……………………………..6

Chapter two : pronouns

2.0 What Is a Pronoun?........................................................8
2.1 Types of Pronouns………………………………………………9

Chapter three: verb

3.0 What is a verb? ……………………………………………….12

3.1 How to Recognize a Verb……….………………………………..12

3.2 Different Types of Verbs……………………………………………..13

3.3 Tense, aspect, and modality…………………………………14

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………..17
Resources …………………………………………………………………..18

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 Introduction

When we think of English skills, the 'four skills' of listening, speaking, reading,
and writing readily come to mind. Of course other skills such as pronunciation,
grammar, vocabulary, and spelling all play a role in effective English
communication. The amount of attention you give to each skill area will depend
both the level of your learners as well as their situational needs. Generally
beginners, especially those who are nonliterate, benefit most from listening and
speaking instruction with relatively little work on reading and writing. As fluency
increases, the amount of reading and writing in your lessons may also increase.
With advanced learners, up to half of your lesson time can be spent on written
skills, although your learners may wish to keep their focus weighted toward oral
communication if that is a greater need.

 Listening
 Speaking
 Reading
 Writing
 Grammar
 Pronunciation
 Other Skills

Here in this case we want to talk about some of the most important topics and
subjects in English and we want talk deeply about them and show all details and
contents of verb, adjective ,and pronouns ,as we know now in our normal life we
all need second language so first language is English that we think about because it
is one of the most famous language in the world.

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 Chapter one : adjective

1.0 What is an adjective

Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words, making your writing and
speaking much more specific, and a whole lot more interesting. Words like small,
blue, and sharp are descriptive, and they are all examples of adjectives. Because
adjectives are used to identify or quantify individual people and unique things, they
are usually positioned before the noun or pronoun that they modify. Some
sentences contain multiple adjectives.

1.1 Adjective Examples

In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives:

1. They live in a big, beautiful

2. Since it’s a hot day, Lisa is wearing a sleeveless

3. The mountaintops are covered in sparkling

4. On her birthday, Brenda received an antique vase filled with fragrant

1.2 Types of Adjectives

Remember that adjectives can modify as well as describe other words, and you’ll
find it much easier to identify different types of adjectives when you see them.

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 1. Articles

There are only three articles, and all of them are adjectives: a, an, and the. Because
they are used to discuss non-specific things and people, a and an are called
indefinite articles. For example:

 I’d like a
 Let’s go on an

Neither one of these sentences names a specific banana or a certain adventure.

Without more clarification, any banana or adventure will do.

The word the is called the definite article. It’s the only definite article, and it is
used to indicate very specific people or things:

 Please give me a banana. I’d like the one with the green stem.

 Let’s go on an adventure. The Grand Canyon mule ride sounds perfect!

2. Possessive Adjectives

As the name indicates, possessive adjectives are used to indicate possession. They
are:

 My
 Your
 His
 Her
 Its
 Our
 Their

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Possessive adjectives also function as possessive pronouns.

3. Demonstrative Adjectives

Like the article the, demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate or demonstrate

specific people, animals, or things. These, those, this and that are demonstrative
adjectives.

 These books belong on that

 This movie is my favorite.
 Please put those cookies on the blue plate.

4. Coordinate Adjectives

Coordinate adjectives are separated with commas or the word and, and appear one
after another to modify the same noun. The adjectives in the phrase bright,
sunny day and long and dark night are coordinate adjectives. In phrases with more
than two coordinate adjectives, the word and always appears before the last one;
for example: The sign had big, bold, and bright letters.

Be careful, because some adjectives that appear in a series are not coordinate. In
the phrase green delivery truck, the words green and delivery are not separated by
a comma because green modifies the phrase delivery truck. To eliminate confusion
when determining whether a pair or group of adjectives is coordinate, just insert
the word and between them. If and works, then the adjectives are coordinate and
need to be separated with a comma.

5. Numbers Adjectives

When they’re used in sentences, numbers are almost always adjectives. You can
tell that a number is an adjective when it answers the question “How many?”

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  The stagecoach was pulled by a team of six
 He ate 23 hotdogs during the contest, and was sick afterwards.

6. Interrogative Adjectives

There are three interrogative adjectives: which, what, and whose. Like all other

types of adjectives, interrogative adjectives modify nouns. As you probably know,
all three of these words are used to ask questions.

 Which option sounds best to you?

 What time should we go?
 Whose socks are those?

7. Indefinite Adjectives

Like the articles a and an, indefinite adjectives are used to discuss non-specific

things. You might recognize them, since they’re formed from indefinite pronouns.
The most common indefinite adjectives are any, many, no, several, and few.

 Do we have any peanut butter?
 Grandfather has been retired for many
 We looked at several cars before deciding on the best one for our family.1

1.3 Adjectives Answer Questions

1
https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/adjectives/

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 Adjectives serve another important role: they answer questions like, "Which one?"
"How many?" and "What kind?" You can see how they do this job in the following
examples:

 Which cat did you see? It was the grey cat.

 What kind of potatoes did you buy? I bought red potatoes.
 How many cars were in the parking lot? There were few cars.2

Chapter two : pronouns

2.0 What Is a Pronoun?
Pronouns make up a small subcategory of nouns. The distinguishing characteristic
of pronouns is that they can be substituted for other nouns. For instance, if you’re
telling a story about your sister Sarah, the story will begin to sound repetitive if
you keep repeating “Sarah” over and over again.

- Sarah has always loved fashion. Sarah announced that Sarah wants to
go to fashion school.

You could try to mix it up by sometimes referring to Sarah as “my sister,” but then
it sounds like you’re referring to two different people.

- Sarah has always loved fashion. My sister announced that Sarah wants
to go to fashion school.3

2.1 Types of Pronouns

Pronouns can be divided into numerous categories including:

2
https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/adjectives/what-is-an-adjective.html

3
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/pronouns/

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 Indefinite pronouns – those referring to one or more unspecified objects,
beings, or places, such as someone, anybody, nothing. Notice in the
examples below that there is no set position for where an indefinite pronoun
will appear in a sentence.
Indefinite pronoun examples:
1. Anyone
2. Somebody
3. Whichever
4. Whoever
5. Other
6. Something
7. Nobody

Indefinite pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.

o Would anyone like a coffee?
o Take whatever you like. Jamie took one cookie and Ben took
the other.
o Whoever owns this is in big trouble! I want someone to move this
now.

Indefinite pronouns can also be used to create sentences that are almost
abstract. Examples could include: this, all, such and something.

o All was not lost.

o Such is life.
o Something tells me this won’t end well.

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 Personal pronouns – those associated with a certain person, thing, or
group; all except you have distinct forms that indicate singular or plural
number. Personal pronouns are always specific and are often used to replace
a proper noun (someone’s name) or a collective group of people or things.
Personal pronouns have two main groups, one referring to the subject of the
sentence and one to the object.
The first is used to replace the subject of the sentence: I, you, he, she, it, we,
you and they. Notice that you is repeated as you can be singular, addressing
one person, or plural, addressing a group of people.

Personal pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.

o Jack and David are friends. They play basketball together.

o I have more money than he
o We will be late if you don’t hurry up.

The second group of pronouns replaces the object of the sentence: me, you,
him, her, it, us, you, them. Consider the sentence again:

We will be late if you don’t hurry up.

In the above example, we is the subject of the sentence, but you is the object.
Other examples of pronouns replacing the object:

o Peter sang the song to me.

o Missing the train will cause us to be late.

She packed them tightly in the suitcase.

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  Reflexive pronouns – those preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or
noun to which they refer, and ending in –self or –selves. Reflexive pronouns
are used to refer back to the subject or clause of a sentence. The list of
reflexive pronouns includes: Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
Reflexive pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
o Count yourselves
o Annie only had herself to blame.

Peter and Paul had baked themselves cakes.

 Demonstrative pronouns – those used to point to something specific within

a sentence. There are only four demonstrative pronouns – this, that, these,
those – but the usage can be a bit tricky at times. This and that are singular,
whereas these and those are plural. As you may have noticed, there can be
some crossover with indefinite pronouns when using this and that.
Demonstrative pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for
easy identification.
o I prefer this.
o These are beautiful, but those belong to Danny.
o Did you see that?

While it can be confusing, this, that, these and those can sometimes be used

as demonstrative adjectives. The difference between the two is that a
demonstrative pronoun replaces the noun and a demonstrative adjective
qualifies the noun.4

4
https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/pronouns-2/

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 Chapter three: verb
3.0 What is a verb?

Verbs are the action words in a sentence that describe what the subject is doing.
Along with nouns, verbs are the main part of a sentence or phrase, telling a story
about what is taking place. In fact, without a verb, full thoughts can’t be properly
conveyed, and even the simplest sentences, such as Maria sings, have one.
Actually, a verb can be a sentence by itself, with the subject, in most case you,
implied, such as, Sing! and Drive!

When learning the rules of grammar, schoolchildren are often taught that verbs are
‘doing’ words, meaning they signify the part of the sentence which explains the
action taking place: He ran away, she eats chocolate cake on Sundays, the
horses gallop across the fields. Ran, eats and gallop are the ‘action’ parts of those
sentences, thus they are the verbs. However, it can be confusing because not all
verbs are easily identifiable as action: I know your name, Jack thought about it,
we considered several applications. These are non-action verbs, i.e. those that
describe a state of being, emotion, possession, sense or opinion. Other non-action
verbs include include love, agree, feel, am, and have.

3.1 How to Recognize a Verb

As you can see from the examples above, one clue to help you recognize a verb is
its location compared to the subject. Verbs almost always come after a noun or
pronoun. These nouns and pronouns are referred to as the subject.  The
verb thought comes after the noun Jack, so the action Jack (subject) was taking
was thinking (verb).

1. Mark eats his dinner quickly.

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2. We went to the market.

3. You write neatly in your notebook.

4. They thought about all the prizes in the competition.

3.2 Different Types of Verbs

1. Finite Verbs

Finite verbs are the actual verbs which are called the roots of sentences. It is a
form of a verb that is performed by or refers to a subject and uses one of the twelve
forms of tense and changes according to the number/person of the subject.
Example:
o Alex went to school. (Subject – Alex – performed the action in the past. This
information is evident only by the verb ‘went’.)
o Robert plays hockey.

2. Non-finite Verbs:

Non-finite Verbs are not actual verbs. They do not work as verbs in the sentence
rather they work as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc. Non-finite verbs do not change
according to the number/person of the subject because these verbs, also
called verbal, do not have any direct relation to the subject. Sometimes they
become the subject themselves.

The forms of non-finite verbs are – infinitive, gerund, and participle (participles
become finite verbs when they take auxiliary verbs.)

Example:
o Alex went abroad to play (Infinitives)
o Playing cricket is his only job. (Present participle)

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3. Action Verbs:

Action verbs indicate what the subject of a sentence performs. Action verbs can
make the listener/reader feel emotions, see scenes more vividly and accurately.
Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive.
Transitive verbs must have a direct object. A transitive verb demands
something/someone to be acted upon.
Example:
o I painted the car. (The verb ‘paint’ demands an object to be painted)
o She is reading the newspaper. (The verb ‘read’ asks the question “what is she
reading?” – the answer is the object)
4. Intransitive verbs do not act upon anything. They may be followed by an
adjective, adverb, preposition, or another part of speech.
Example:
o She smiled. (The verb ‘smile’ cannot have any object since the action of
‘smiling’ does not fall upon anything/anyone) 5
3.3 Tense, aspect, and modality

Depending on the language, verbs may express grammatical tense, aspect,

or modality. Grammatical tense is the use of auxiliary verbs or inflections to
convey whether the action or state is before, simultaneous with, or after some
reference point. The reference point could be the time of utterance, in which case
the verb expresses absolute tense, or it could be a past, present, or future time of
reference previously established in the sentence, in which case the verb
expresses relative tense.

Aspect[6][8] expresses how the action or state occurs through time. Important

examples include:
5
https://www.learngrammar.net/english-grammar/verb

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  perfective aspect, in which the action is viewed in its entirety through
completion (as in "I saw the car")
 imperfective aspect, in which the action is viewed as ongoing; in some
languages a verb could express imperfective aspect more narrowly as:
o habitual aspect, in which the action occurs repeatedly (as in "I used
to go there every day")6, or
o continuous aspect, in which the action occurs without pause;
continuous aspect can be further subdivided into
 stative aspect, in which the situation is a fixed, unevolving state
(as in "I know French"), and
 progressive aspect, in which the situation continuously evolves
(as in "I am running")
 perfect, which combines elements of both aspect and tense and in
which both a prior event and the state resulting from it are expressed
(as in "he has gone there", i.e. "he went there and he is still there")
 discontinuous past, which combines elements of a past event and the
implication that the state resulting from it was later reversed (as in "he
did go there" or "he has been there", i.e. "he went there but has now
come back")7

Aspect can either be lexical, in which case the aspect is embedded in the
verb's meaning (as in "the sun shines," where "shines" is lexically stative), or
it can be grammatically expressed, as in "I am running."8

Modality[10] expresses the speaker's attitude toward the action or state given

by the verb, especially with regard to degree of necessity, obligation, or
permission ("You must go", "You should go", "You may go"), determination or

6
Östen Dahl, Tense and Aspect Systems, Blackwell, 1985.
7
Plungian, Vladimir A. & Johan van der Auwera (2006), "Towards a typology of discontinuous past
marking". Sprachtypol. Univ. Forsch. (STUF), Berlin 59, 4, 317–349.
8
Palmer, F. R., Mood and Modality, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001.

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 willingness ("I will do this no matter what"), degree of probability ("It must be
raining by now", "It may be raining", "It might be raining"), or ability ("I can
speak French"). All languages can express modality with adverbs, but some
also use verbal forms as in the given examples. If the verbal expression of
modality involves the use of an auxiliary verb, that auxiliary is called a modal
verb. If the verbal expression of modality involves inflection, we have the
special case of mood; moods include the indicative (as in "I am there"),
the subjunctive (as in "I wish I were there"), and the imperative ("Be there!").9

Conclusion
as the most spoken language in the world, English holds a huge part in the
communication. International business goes well because of English. It helps
people when they are using technology products although growth of technology
increasing continuously.

9
Klaiman, M. H., Grammatical Voice (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics), Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991.

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In this long and full of information report we have been talk about these most
important topics in English which is verb pronouns and adjectives,and shown all
and deeply details about these subjects like types example and much more.

Resources
1. https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/adjectives/
2. https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/adjectives/what-is-an-adjective.html

3. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/pronouns/
4. https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/pronouns-2/
5. https://www.learngrammar.net/english-grammar/verb

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6. Östen Dahl, Tense and Aspect Systems, Blackwell, 1985.
7. Plungian, Vladimir A. & Johan van der Auwera (2006), "Towards a typology of discontinuous past
marking". Sprachtypol. Univ. Forsch. (STUF), Berlin 59, 4, 317–349
8. Palmer, F. R., Mood and Modality, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001.
9. Klaiman, M. H., Grammatical Voice (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics), Cambridge Univ. Press,
1991.

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