Chapter 5

Applied
Psych rometrics
5-l INTRODUCTION bular heating coil where a medium, such as
steam or hot water, circulates within the coil
The psychrometric chart, introduced in
tubes, or an electrically heated coil, or the
Chapter 4, is one of the most useful tools of
heat-transfer surfaces of a warm-air furnace .
the practicing air-conditioning engineer and
Figure 5-1 shows a typical heat-transfer coil
technologist. The chart assists in the solution
for heating air by the use of steam. Figure 5-2
of simple as well as complex · processes in-
is a schematic drawing showing the heat-trans-
volved in the conditioning of moist air. Most
fer coil and the skeleton psychrometric chart
of the complex problems consist of various
illustrating the sensible-heating process. As in-
combinations of simple processes, such as sen-
dicated in Fig. 5-2, during a sensible-heating
sible heating, sensible cooling, humidification,
process the dry- and the wet-bulb temperatures
or dehumidification. The chart provides a
means for showing these various processes
graphically. In this chapter we will progress
through the various types of basic processes
and into the analysis of the more complex pro-
cesses.
Although the psychrometric chart is most
helpful, jt must be understood that graphic~
solution of problems must be done with great
care if satisfactory results are to be obtained.
Therefore, we should stress careful and neat
work on the chart to obtain as much accuracy
as possible.

5-2 SENSIBLE HEATING OF MOIST

AIR
If heat is added to moist air with no addition
of moisture, the process is called sensible heat-
ing. Such a process may occur when moist air
passes through or over a heat-transfer surface Figure 5-1
which causes a rise in the air dry-bulb temper- Single row heating coli (Courtesy of
ature. The heat-transfer surface may be a tu- The Trane Company.)

169
 170 APPLIED PSYCHAOMETAICS

.--
W = humidity ratio (lb water vapor!lb
v dry air)
to be det
of the ai
tw 1
v h = enthalpy of moist air (Btu/lb dry air) rate , m.,,
air at the
1
Therefore, for sensible heating of moist air, flow rate
......_ and using Eq. (5-1) and (5-2), we have

Since the humidity ratio is constant during the where ma

process, it is closely true that the moist-air en- 60 min/h
thalpy is air at the
~ For un
h = 0.240t + W(1060 + 0.45t) (4-7) try air-hru

...,._..,__..,.
Repeated the basis '
2 w1 = w2 fined as d
If t 1 and -t2 are substituted into Eq. (4-7) to ometric I
obtain h 1 and h2 and if the results are substi- 0.075 Ibn
tuted in Eq . (5-4), we would have in Eq. (5-

ma =
Figure 5-2
where t 1 and t2 are the initial and final dry-bulb If this val
Schematic: Sensible heating process
temperatures, respectively, for the sensible- we have
heating process. Equation (5-5) assumes a con-
increase, but the dew-point temperature and stant specific heat of superheated steam of
humidity ratio are constant. 0.45. It is often convenient to combine the two
The steady-flow .and material-balance equa- specific heat values for an average value of hu- And , if WI
tions which apply to this process are midity ratio, say 0.01 lb vapor!lb da (70 (5-6), we
grains!lb da) . This gives a single specific heat
of moist air of 0.244, and Eq. (5-5) becomes
(5-2)
(5-6) or
(5-3)
Air-handling components in systems, such
where as fans, ducts, and so forth, are selected on the
Caution: 'J
basis of volume flow rather than mass flow of
equations j
ma = pounds of air flowing per unit of time air. This introduces a little difficulty in prob-
the only 01
(usually lblhr) lem solutions because the volume flow varies
maining eq
with temperature and pressure (or, the specific
called appr
Iq
. s2 sensible heat added from condition 1 volume), whereas the mass flow rate is con-
we made .c
stant. Therefore, if the air volume flow rate is
to condition 2 per unit of time their develt
to be determined, it is necessary to specify the
(usually in Btulhr) 5) through
point in the system where flow volume rate is
tual work I
 ~-

APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 171

to be determined and find the specific volume
of the air at that point. With the mass flow
rate, rna , known and the specific volume of the
air at the point, we may calculate the volume
flow rate in cubic feet per minute from
lir.
cfm = (rna)(v)
60
54)
where rna is the mass flow rate of air in lb/hr,
the
60 minlhr, and, v the specific volume of the
en-
air at the point in question in fe/lb da.
For uniformity in the manufacturing indus-
try air-handling equipment is normally rated on
(4-7)
~aJed the basis of "standard air" which has been de-
fined as dry air at 70°F and 29.92 in. Hg bar-
') to ometric pressure, which gives a density of
bsti- 0.075 lbrnlft3 . Using this density, equal to llv,
in Eq . (5-7) we have
dry-bulb temperatures are easy to read from a
psychrometric chart. Another reason for using
these equations instead of Eq. (5-4) is because
of difficulty in reading accurate enthalpy val-
ues from the psychrometric chart, which is
quite necessary in some problems . For exam-
ple, assume that a system requires an air flow
(5-7) rate of 50,000 lb/hr of air and an enthalpy
change (h 2 - h 1) equal to 15.5 Btu/lb da. The
resulting 1qs2 would be 775,000 Btu/hr. How-
ever, if the enthalpy difference read from the
psychrometric chart had been 15 .7 Btu/lb da,
the resulting 1qs2 would be 785,000 Btulhr,
with an error of about 1.3 percent. This is well
within the accuracy of Eqs. (5-5) through (5-
9).
5-3 SENSIBLE COOLING OF MOIST
AIR

(5-5) rna = (60 X 0.075)(cfm) = 4.5 cfm If heat is removed from moist air with no
change in moisture content, the process is
·bulb If this value of rna is substituted in Eq. (5-4), called sensible cooling. Such a process occurs
;ible- we have when warm air from a warm-air heating sys-
con- tem enters a space and replaces the heaf lost
m of 1iJs = (4.5 cfm)(h2 - h 1) (5-8) from the space. This is true if there are no
2
~two
sources within the space giving off moisture.
>f hu- And, if we substitute the value of rna into Eq. This assumption is normally made when de-
(70 (5-6), we have signing winter heating systems. Sensible cool-
heat ing also occurs if moist air passes through a
>mes 1iJs = 0.244(4.5 cfm)(t2 - tt) tubular cooling coil where a medium such as
2
chilled water circulates through the coil tubes.
or The chilled water must be above the moist-air
(5-6)
dew-point temperature because no condensa-
1iJs
2
= (1.10 cfm)(t2 - t 1) (5-9) tion from the air is a requirement for sensible
such cooling.
on the Caution: You should recall that of the series of Figure 5-3 shows a typical cooling coil for
OW of
equations just developed for 1qs2 , Eq. (5-4) is chilled water, and Fig. 5-4 shows the sche-
prob- the only one that may be called exact. There- matic drawing representing the sensible-cool-
varies mainin~ equations, <?-5) through (5-9), can be ing process. Equations (5-1) through (5-9) ap-
ecific called approximate because, as you have seen, . ply to sensible-cooling processes, however, the
(On- we made _fertain assumptions about the air in subscripts should be reversed if a positive
ate is their development. Regardless of this, Eqs. (5- value is wanted for 1qs2 • Remember that heat
y the 5) through (5-9) are used quite generally in ac- is being removed from the air in the sensible-
ate tual work because of their simplicity, and the cooling process.
172 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

lllustrative Problem 5-l

How much heat is required to heat 3000

cfm of moist air at 45°F DB and 35°F WB to
a final temperature of 90°F DB without change
in humidity ratio?

Solution:
(Refer to Fig . 5-5). Since the problem
states no change in humidity ratio, the process
is a sensible-heating process.
Figure 5-3
· Step 1: On the psychrometric chart locate
Dralnable water cooling coli
(Courtesy of The Trane Company.) point I at the intersection of 45°F
DB and 35°F WB. At this point
read W1 = 14 grains/lb da, h 1 =
13.0 Btu/lb da and v1 = 12.76
fellb da. = 0.244
r-- Step 2: On the psychrometric chart locate
t,
I~ point 2 by drawing a horizontal
t2 line (constant humidity ratio)
By Eq. (5-9)
tw 1 through point 1 and extend to
I~ tw 2 point 2 at 90°F DB. At this point 1iJs2 = {1.10 I
find w2 = 14 grains/lb da, h2 =
w, w2 l.IO C
23.9 Btu/1b da, and v2 = 13.90
tdp1 - tdp2 ft 3/lb da.
Step 3: Determine the mass of air heated .
From Eq . (5-7)

rna cfm X (60)/v 1 = 3000 (60)/ 12.76

rna = 14,100 lb/hr

Step · 4: Determine sensible heat added .

By Eq. (5-4)

tiJs2 =
rna(h2 - ht) = 14, 100(23 .9 13.0)
1qs 2 = 153,700 Btu/hr (ans)

Figure 5-4
By Eq. (5-6)

Schematic: Sensible cooling process

 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 173
Illustrative Problem 5-1

How much heat is required to heat 3000

cfm of moist air at 45°F DB and 35°F WB to
a final temperature of 90°F DB without change
in humidity ratio?
w
Solution:
(Refer to Fig. 5-5) . Since the problem
states no change in humidity ratio, the process
t ...

is a sensible-heating process. I I ,,.... I I w, '!'2

==:_

Step I : On the psychrometric chart locate 90 = 14

point I at the intersection of 45°F
DB and 35°F WB. At this point
read W1 = 14 grains/lb da, h 1 =
13.0 Btu/lb da and v 1 = 12.76
fe/lb da.
Step 2: On the psychrometric chart locate
point 2 by drawing a horizontal
line (constant humidity ratio)
through point I and extend to
point 2 at 90°F DB. At this point
find w2 = 14 grains/lb da, h2 =
23 .9 Btu/lb da, and v2 = 13 .90
fe/Jb da .
Step 3: Determine the mass of air heated .
From Eq . (5-7)
Figure 5-5
Solution for Example 5-1
= 0.244 (14)00)(90 - 45) Illustrative Problem 5-2
1iJs2 = 156,800 Btu/hr (ans)
(Refer to Fig. 5-6.) Hpw much heated air
must be supplied to a space within a building
By Eq. (5-9)
to offset a heat loss of 38,200 Btu/hr? The
1iJs2 = (1.10 cfm)(t2 - t 1) space aii condition is to be maintained at 70°F
DB and 50 percent RH, and the air supplied is
I. I 0 (3000)(90 - 45) at a temperature of 105°F DB . Assume no
moisture addition within the space.
1iJs7- = 148,500 Btl,lfhr (ans)

rna = · cfm X (60)/vl = 3000 (60)/ 12.76 w

rna = 14,100 lb/hr

Step · 4: Determine sensible heat added . r

By Eq. (5-4)

1iJs • = rna<h2 - h1) = 14, 100(23 .9 13 .0) W1 = W2

2
1iJs = 153,700 Btu/hr =55
(ans)
2 dB-.
70 105 '
By Eq. (5-6)
Figure 5--6
1iJs 2 = 0 .244rna(t 2 - 11) Solution for Example 5-2
 m., mix
Solution : 4442 X 14.4 1
cfm = - ---- t,
h,
cal
Since there is no moisture addition in the 60 5-3
space, the supply air will have the same hu- cfm = 1067 at supply air conditions (ans) I
w3 t3 h3
midity ratio as the space air, and we have a do
.m
sensible-cooling process. The supply air An approximate solution could be obtained by "3 0 .5
cools to the space condition as it gives up its use of Eq. (5-9): sub
sensible heat to overcome the space heat
loss. 1q52 = (1.10 cfm)(t 1 - 12) t2
m.2
Step 1: On the psychrometric chart at 38 ,200 = (1.10 cfm)(l05 - 70)
70°F DB and 50 percent RH, lo- cfm = 992 (ans)
Als•
cate space air condition, point 2.
oft
At this point read W2 = 55 5-4 ADIABATIC MIXING OF TWO oft:
grains/lb da, h2 = 25 .3 Btu/lb STREAMS OF AIR Thi:
da, and v2 = 13.51 fetlb da. w2
A frequently encountered process in air flov
Step 2: On the psychrometric chart locate conditioning is the mixing of two or more w3
rna~

the supply air condition by con- streams of air having different psychrometric
structing a horizontal line through properties . Figure 5-7 represents the schematic
point 2 and extend to the supply drawing of the two flow streams mixing and IIlli
w,
air temperature , 105°F, point 1. the psychrometric chart for the process. The
At this point find W1 = 55 grains/ fundamental equations which apply to this t, t3 t2 10<
lb da, h 1 = 33 .9 Btu/lb da, and mixing process are
v, = 14.41 fetlb da. at l
Figure 5-7
the
Step 3: Determine the mass of heated air math! + ma2h2 = ma3h3 (5-10) Schematic: Mixing process ent
supplied. By Eq. (5-4),
mal + ma2 = ma3 (5-11)
tiis2 = ma(h, - h2) Making use of Eqs . (5-10) through (5 -13),
ma,Wt + ma2W2 = ma3W3 (5-12) the following three equations become useful in
Note that subscripts on h have been reversed the evaluation of the mixed air properties:
to give a positive value of 1q52 .
If ma3 is eliminated from Eqs. (5-10) , (5-11 ),
and (5-12) we would have
mal X1t + ma2 X 12
38,200 = ma{33 .9 - 25 .3) t3 = mal + ma2
(5-14)

rna = 4442 lb/hr (ans) m al h2 - h3 W2 w,

- = (5-13) mal X Wt + ma2 X W2
ma2 h3 - h, w3 w, w3 =
mal + ma2
(5-15)
30<
Step 4: Determine volume of supply air.
By Eq. (5-7) , • I
This defines a straight line on the psychrome-
mal X h1 + ma2 X h2 Sp<
tric chart between points 1 and 2. Point 3 lies h3 = mal + ma2
(5-16)
1
(rna x v) on the line between points 1 and 2, and the Hu
cfm
60 line segments produced are proportional to the 1
masses of air mixed , the temperature differ- The solution of a mixed-air problem in psy-
En
The specific volume of the supply air ences, humidity ratio differences, and the en- chrometrics normally makes use of one of Eqs. }
(5-14) through (5-16), and then the remaining
Vt = 14.41 fe /lb da . thalpy differences.
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 175

me 1 mixed-air properties are determined by graphi-

4442 X 14.41 t, cal means. This will be illustrated by Problem
cfm = ---
60
-- h,
5-3 to follow .
w, If the specific volumes of the two airstreams
cfm = 1067 at supply air conditions (on1) w3 t3 h3
do not vary appreciably from each other (about
. m.J
An approximate solution could be obtained by 0.5 fe/lb da) then Eq . (5-14) could be used,
use of Eq. (5-9): substituting cfm in place of rnaas follows :

lqs = (1.10 cfm)(t 1 - t2) • cfm 1 x t 1 + cfm 2 x t2

2 t3 = (5-17)
cfm 1 + cfm 2
38 ,200 = (1.10 cfm)(105 - 70)
cfm = 992 (onl)
Also , in some problems involving the mixing
of two airstreams, data is given on the percent
5-4 ADIABATIC MIXING OF TWO of the total flow entering at the two conditions.
STREAMS OF AIR ~w2
This is handled by substituting the percentage
flow , expressed as a decimal , in place of the
A frequently encountered process in air
I I I WJ mass flow quantities.
conditioning is the mixing of two or mor~
streams of air having different psychrometric
properties . Figure 5-7 represents the schematic
drawing of the two flow streams mixing and .... I I I w, Illustrative Problem 5-3
the psychrometric chart for the process . Tho Three hundred cfm of air at 35°F DB and
fundamental equations which apply to this t, t3 t2 100 percent RH are mixed with 600 cfm of air
mixing process are at 85°F DB and 50 percent RH . What will be
Figure 5-7
the dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and
ma!hl + ma2h2 = ma3h3 (5-10) Schematic: Mixing process enthalpy of the mixture?

mal + ma2 = ma3 (5-11) Solution:

Making use of Eqs. (5-10) through (5-13),
the following three equations become useful in (See Figure 5-8 .)
ma1W1 + ma2W 2 = ma3W3 (5-12)
the evaluation of the mixed air properties: Step 1: Determine the psychrometric
properties of the two airstreams
If ma 3 is eliminated from Eqs . (5-10), (5 - 11) , mal X t1 + ma2 X t2
(5-14) from psychrometric chart.
and (5-12) we would have t3
mal + ma2

mal W2- W1 Condition 1 Condition 2

-=
h2 - h3 (5-I.l) w - mal X WI + ma2 X w 2
ma2 h 3 - hi w3- w! 3 -
mal + ma2
(5-15)
300 cfm at 35°F DB , 600 cfm at 85°F DB ,
100 percent RH 50 percent RH
This defines a straight line on the psychrome h - IDa ! X hi + ma2 X h2 Specific volume
3 - (5-16)
tric chart between points 1 and 2. Point 3 lieN mal + ma2 v, = 12.ss fe!lb da V2 = 14.02
on the line between points 1 and 2, and th Humidity ratio
line segments produced are proportional to th W, = 30 grains/lb da W2 = 90
The solution of a mixed-air problem in psy-
masses of air mixed , the temperature differ Enthalpy
chrometrics normally makes use of one of Eqs. h 1 = 13.1 Btu/lb da h2 = 34.5 Btu/lb da
ences , humidity ratio differences , and tho en (5-14) through (5-16) , and then the remaining
thalpy differences.
176 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

5-5 HUMIDIFICATION OF AIRt Illus1

w As stated previously, the purpose of en- A:

vironmental control is to make people more perce

50% t
w3 = 68
comfortable and the labor of people and
equipment ll'lore efficient. Temperature, hu-
midity, cleanliness, air movement, and ther-
insid1
- woul·
the i1
~,..£1 I mal radiation interrelate to create conditions
Sc
= 60.5 in which people are more comfortable or
less comfortable. In a home, business, or L<
industry, comfort or production efficiency is diti01
greatly affected by changes in these environ- perce
d8----.35 67 85 mental variables . . tio oJ
Least evident of these variables to human additi
Figure 5-8 perception is humidity. All of us will recog- have
Solution for Example 5-3 nize and react more quickly to temperature A1
changes, odors, or heavy dust in the air, 72°F,
. drafts, or radiant heat from sunlight or a radia- less t
Step 2: Determine mass of the two air- 23.9 X 35 + 42.8 X 85 tor, th.ep we will to a change in relative humid- SiJ
streams using Eq. (5-8) to deter- 23.9 + 42.8 ity, However, as relative humidity interrelates cure·
mine lb per min, we have 67.08°F (say 67°F) (ans) with temperature and others of these variables, tratio:
t3
it becomes a vital ingredient in total environ- make
Where t3 = 67°F intersects the mixture line mental control. thew
. _ cfm 1 _ 300 ~"" y'i\\f
mal - VJ - 12.55 between points 1 and 2 determines the mixed- Frequently, in air-conditioning work it is this <
air condition, point 3. From the chart at point necessary to humidify the air by introducing warm
. _ cfm 2 _ 600 3 find tw3 = 60SF, W3 = 68 grains/lb da, moisture into the air. The moisture added healtt
ma 2 - v2 - 14.02 h3 = 26.6 Btu/lb da, dew point tdp = 56.4°F, may be already in the vapor state or it may some
partial pressure, Pv = 0.455 in. Hg. be liquid. (It may also be solid, although In<
mal = 23.9 lb/min infrequently.) Humidification is frequently did iii
Step 4: Determine the dry-bulb tempera-
ture of the mixture by using ap- required during cold weather conditions be- oretic
ma2 = 42.8 lb/min cause the cold outside air infiltrating into a dition
proximate Eq. (5-17).

Step 3: Determine psychrometric proper-

€11
300 X
t3Y ~+ QIV Tv
600 X 85
heated building, or being brought in by a
mechanical ventilation system, is normally
ing. I
hygro
ties of the mixed air. t3 very dry (low humidity ratio, even though oretic
300 + 600
its relative humidity may be high). If the
On the psychrometric chart,
draw a straight line joining point t3 68.3°F 6-J ~ (ans)
infiltration or ventilation air is not humidi-
heate<
source
1 and point 2. Calculate the dry- fied, a low dew-point temperature, relative moist
This varies 1.3°F from the previous value of humidi~, and humidity ratio could exist within buildi
bulb temperature of the mixture
t 3 = 67°F. The significance of the difference the heated .building. skin
by using Eq. (5-14).
must be evaluated by the engineer as to the
accuracy with which he should be working.
X t1 + ma2 X t2 The exact Eq. (5-14) should be used when
t3 = mal possible.
tExtracted from The Armstrong Humidification Handbook, A
mal + ma2 igan p. 2-3, with permission .
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 177

5-5 HUMIDIFICATION OF AIRt . Illustrative Problem 5-4

~ I
Assume that outside air at 30°F DB and 40
As stated previously, the purpose of en-
w vironmental control is to make people more percent RH infiltrates into a building where the

50% I
w3 = 68
• comfortable and the labor of people and
equipment more efficient. Temperature, hu-
midity, cleanliness, air movement, and ther-
mal radiation interrelate to create conditions
inside is being maintained at 72° F DB. What
would · be the theoretical relative humidity of
the infiltrated air at 72°F?
Solution:
in which people are more comfortable or
tw = 60 . 5
. 3 less comfortable. In a home, business, or Locate on the psychrometric chart the con-
industry, comfort or production efficiency is dition of the outside air at 30°F DB and 40
greatly affected by changes in these environ- percent RH. At that point find the humidity ra-
mental variables. tio of 9.5 grains/lb da. If there is no moisture
85 Least evident of these variables to human addition in the building, the infiltration ~ir will
5-8 perception is humidity. All of us will recog- have the same humidity ratio at 72°F.
nize and react more quickly to temperature At a humidity ratio of 9.5 grains/lb da and
xample 5-3
changes, odors, or heavy dust in the air, 72°F, find the relative humidity to be slightly
drafts, or radiant heat from sunlight or a radia- less than 9.0 percent_ (ans.)
23.9 X 35 + 42.8 X 85 tor, ~we will to a change in relative humid- Since one to three complete air changes oc-
23.9 + 42.8 ity: However, as relative humidity interrelates cur every hour in most buildings through infil-
with temperature and others of these variables, tration (and many m9re times with forced
t
3
= 67 .08°F (say 67°F) (ans)
it becomes a vital ingredient in total environ- makeup or exhaust), cold outdoor air replaces
Where t 3 = 67°F intersects the mixture line mental control. the warm indoor air. The heating system heats
between points 1 and 2 determines the mixed- Frequently, in air-conditioning work it is this cold, moist outdoor air and it becomes
air condition, point 3. From the chart at point necessary to humidify the air by introducing warm, dry indoor air. This condition is un-
3 find tw = 60SF, W3 = 68 grains/lb da, moisture into the air. The moisture added healthy for people and may be troublesome for
3
h3 = 26.6 Btu/lb da, dew point tdp = 56.4°F, may be already in the vapor state or it may some industrial processes.
partial pressure, Pv = 0.455 in. Hg. be liquid. (It may also be solid, although Indoor relative humidity calculated as we
infrequently.) Humidification is frequently did in Problem 5-4 should be called the "the-
Step 4: Determine the dry-bulb tempera-
required during cold weather conditions be- oretical" indoor relative humidity. This con-
ture of the mixture by using ap-
cause the cold outside air infiltrating into a dition very seldom actually exists in a build-
proximate Eq. (5-17).
heated building, or being brought in by a ing. Relative humidity values observed on a
&, ~ , GIV 1-v mechanical ventilation system, is normally hygrometer will almost always exceed this the-
300 X 3~ + 600 X 85 very dry (low humidity ratio, even though oretical value. The reason is that this dry,
t3 -
- 300+600 its relative humidity may be high). If the heated air will absoib moisture from any
t3 = 68 .3°F 6--i .}--~ (ans) infiltration or ventilation air is not humidi- source it can within the building. It will absorb
fied, a low dew-point temperature, relative moisture from any hygroscopic material in the
This varies 1.3°F from the previous value of humidity, and humidity ratio could exist within building, as well as from nasal passages and
t = 67°F. The significance of the difference the heated building. skin of human beings. This is not "free" hu-
3
must be evaluated by the engineer as to the
accuracy with which he should be working.
The exact Eq. (5-14) should be used when tExtracted from The Armstrong Humidification Handbook, Armstrong Machine Works, Three Rivers, Mich-
possible. igan p. 2-3, with permission.
178 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS
midification; it is the most expensive when
translated into terms of human health and com-
fort, material deterioration, and production dif-
ficulties . Moreover, it requires the same
amount of energy whether the moisture is ab-
sorbed from people and materials or added to
the air by an efficient humidification system.
Dlustrative Problem 5-5
Let us examine the theoretical system of
Problem 5-4 using enthalpy as the base and
determine the energy exchanges taking place.
From the psychrometric chart at 30°F DB
and 40 percent RH, find hoa = 8.8 Btu/lb da.
If this air is heated to 72°F without moisture
addition, the enthalpy is hra = 18.7 Btu/lb da,
and the resulting relative humidity of 9.0 per-
cent.
If the actual inside relative humidity were
25 percent by actual measurement by a hy-
grometer, the enthalpy at 72°F and 25 percent
relative humidity would be, hra = 21.7 Btu/lb
da, 'with the additional moisture coming from
hygroscopic materials and people in the area.
The additional energy 21. 7 - 18. 7 = 3.0
Btu/lb da, which is 16 percent, must come
from the heating system.
If a humidification system is used and mois-
ture added to achieve a comfortable 35 percent
relative humidity, the enthlllpy at 72°F and 35
percent relative humidity is 23 .6 Btu/lb da,
which is only (23.6 - 21.7)/21.7 = 8.0 per-
cent increase over the "inevitable" energy
load of 21.7 Btu/lb da. This is substantially
less than (23 .6 - 18.7)/ 18.7 = 26 percent,
which is the theoretical increase from 9.0 per-
cent relative humidity and 35 percent relative
humidity .
If the inside air temperature were only 68°F
t infonnation extracted from Trane Air Conditioning Manual, The Trane Company , LaCrosse, Wisconsin,
1965, with pennission .
at 35 percent relative humidity (because people
can be more comfortable at a lower tempera-
ture with higher humidity levels), the enthalpy
is only 21.8 Btu/lb da, which is a very slight
increase 21.8 - 21.7 = 0.1 Btu/lb da in en-
ergy. In many cases there will be a decrease in
the required energy.
The introduction of water into the air for
purposes of humidification is relatively easy
and can be accomplished with rather simplified
equipment. However, before we introduce this
-
equipment, we will discuss briefly the princi-
ple of vaporization of a liquid. (a)
Vaporizationt of a liquid, such as water,
may take place in two different ways: (1) by Figure 5-9
evaporation and (2) by boiling. Evaporation of Evaporation of
a liquid can occur only at the free surface of
ture in the air in the sealed container. Vapor
the liquid and may take place at any liquid
pressure difference is the controlling factor in dri
temperature between its saturation temperature
evaporation and also condensation of water; or fro
and the dew-point temperature of the surround-
we may say that the dew-point temperature lon
ing air. (Free surface means the interface be-
of the air above the liquid is the controlling uall
tween the liquid surface and the surrounding
factor. rate
air.) Boiling takes place both at the liquid free
Consider an open pan of water, such as Fig.
surface and within the body of the liquid and
5-9a, setting in a room where the air tempera- is p
can occur only at the saturation temperature
ture is 74°F and the relative humidity is 40 per- 9b),
corresponding to the absolute pressure on the
cent; the corresponding dew-point temperature air
liquid.
is the saturation temperature of the moisture due
Water left standing in a pan open to the at-
vapor at its vapor pressure, Pv = <I> X Pvs = Eve
mosphere (Fig . 5-9a) will eventually evaporate
completely, even though the actual water tem- 0.40 x 0.8462 = 0.3385 in. Hg. The dew- esta
point temperature at 0.3385 in. Hg (Table 4- and
perature is below its saturation temperature.
However, if the open pan is placed inside of a 1) is 48 .2°F. Although the water temperature orati
in the pan could fall to the wet-bulb tempera- the
closed container, as shown in Fig. 5-9b, only
a portion of the water will evaporate; the bal- ture (tw = 58 .8°F) of the surrounding air, it cont
will in a case such as this probably assume a the
ance will remain in the pan for an indefinite
temperature that is closer to the air dry-bulb the a
length of time if the closed container remains
temperature (t = 74°F). Assume, for purposes F:
sealed. The reason for this difference in behav-
of discu~ion, that the water assumes a temper- ature
. ior is found in the difference between the va-
ature df 65°F. The vapor pressure correspond- point
por pressure of the water in the pan and the
ing to the air dew point was 0.3385 in. Hg. At air d
pressure exerted by the vapor pressure of mois-
the same time the vapor pressure of the water evap
at 65°F is 0.6222 in. Hg. Since the vapor pres- T
sure of the surrounding air is less than that of laten
the water, evaporation of the water into the air result
will occur. wate

at 35 percent relative humidity (because people
can be more comfortable at a lower tempera-
ture with higher humidity levels), the enthalpy
is only 21.8 Btu/lb da , which is a very slight
increase21.8- 21.7 = 0. 1 Btu/lbdaine•
ergy. In many cases there will be a decreas~ in
the required energy.
The introduction of water into the air for
purposes of humidification is relatively easy
and can be accomplished with rather simplified
equipment. However, before we introduce this
equipment, we will discuss briefly the princi-
ple of vaporization of a liquid.
Vaporizationt of a liquid, such as water,
may take place in two different ways: (1) by
evaporation and (2) by boiling. Evaporation of
a liquid can occur only at the free surface of
the liquid and may take place at any liquid
temperature between its saturation temperature
and the dew-point temperature of the surround-
ing air. (Free surface means the interface be-
tween the liquid surface and the surrounding
air.) Boiling takes place both at the liquid free
surface and within the body of the liquid and
can occur only at the saturation temperature
corresponding to the absolute pressure on the
liquid.
Water left standing in a pan open to the at-
mosphere (Fig . 5-9a) will ev~ntually evaporate
completely, even though the actual water tem-
perature is below its saturation temperature.
However, if the open pan is placed inside of a
closed container, as shown in Fig. 5-9b, only
a portion of the water will evaporate; the bal-
ance will remain in the pan for an indefinite
length of time if the closed container remains
sealed. The reason for this difference in behav-
ior is found in the difference between the va-
por pressure of the water in the pan and th
pressure exerted by the vapor pressure of mois-
Manual , The Trane Company, LaCrosse, Wi scon~i n ,
---
(a)
Figure 5-9
Evaporation of water
ture in the air in the sealed container. Vapor
pressure difference is the controlling factor in
evaporation and also condensation of water; or
we may say that the dew-point temperature
of the air above the liquid is the controlling
factor .
Consider an open pan of water, such as Fig .
5-9a, setting in a room where the air tempera-
ture is 74°F and the relative humidity is 40 per-
cent; the corresponding dew-point temperature
is the saturation temperature of the moisture
vapor at its vapor pressure, Pv = <I> X Pvs =
0.40 X 0.8462 = 0.3385 in. Hg. The dew-
point temperature at 0.3385 in. Hg (Table 4-
1) is 48.2°F. Although the water temperature
in the pan could fall to the wet-bulb tempera-
ture <tw = 58.8°F) of the surrounding air, it
will in a case such as this probably assume a
temperature that is closer to the air dry-bulb
temperature (t = 74°F) . Assume, for purposes
of discussion, that the water assumes a temper-
ature of 65°F. The vapor pressure correspond-
ing to the air dew point was 0.3385 in. Hg. At
the same time the vapor pressure of the water
at 65°F is 0.6222 in. Hg. Since the vapor pres-
sure of the surrounding air is less than that of
the water, evaporation of the water into the air
will occur.
APPLIED PSYCHROMETRIC$ 179
(b)
This difference in vapor pressure is the
driving force that causes the vapor to diffuse
from the liquid surface into the air above. As
long as the air currents above the liquid contin-
ually carry away the moisture being evapo-
rated , evaporation will continue.
On the other hand, when the pan of water
is placed inside the closed container (Fig. 5-
9b), the pressure of the vapor mixed with the
air in the container is continually increasing
due to the water evaporating from the pan.
Eventually , vapor pressure equilibrium will be
established when the vapor pressure in the air
and of the water are equal and no further evap-
oration takes place. When evaporation ceases,
the dew-point temperature of the air inside the
container will be equal to the temperature of
the water in the pan. Under these conditions
the air is said to be satu¥tted.
From this, it is apparent that if the temper-
ature of the water is greater than the air dew
point, evaporation takes place; and when the
air dew point is equal to the water temperature,
evaporation ceases.
The evaporation of a liquid requires that the
latent heat of vaporization be supplied. As a
result of the water evaporation into the air, the
water remaining tends to cool as it surrenders
180 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS
the necessary latent heat from vaporization. In
the preceding discussion of the pan of water, it
has been assumed that heat would flow from
the surrounding air into the water, as no insu-
lation was indicated. As a result, even tho!Jgh
the water tends to cool slightly, its temperature
remains nearly constant because of heat flow
into it from the surrounding air.
S-6 HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN
AIR AND WATERt
When air is brought in contact with water at
a temperature different from the air wet-bulb
temperature, an exchange of heat, as well as
moisture, will take place between the air and
water.
1. If the water temperature is higher than
the air wet-bulb temperature, the water
temperature will drop and the air wet-
bulb temperature will rise because the
water surrenders heat to the air.
2. If the water temperature is lower than
the air wet-bulb temperature, the water
temperature will rise and the air wet-
bulb temperature will drop.
3. In any exchange of heat between water
and air, the water temperature can never
fall, or rise, to the initial air wet-bulb
temperature.
4. Whenever an exchange of heat occurs
between air and water, the temperature
of both must change.
There is one important exception to item 4
ubove. ln air washers, to be discussed later,
tlnformation extracted from Trane Air Conditioning Manual, The Trane Company , LaCrosse, Wisconsin ,
1965, pp. 69- 76, with permission .
tExtructcd from The Armstrong Humidification Handbook, Armstrong Machine Works , Three Rivers, Mich-
i2an , pp . 12 15, with permission .
nozzles
application. A fourth medium, wetted element posits a
where the water is continually recirculated
humidifiers, applies primarily to private resi- capac it)
being neither heated nor cooled externally, the
dences or similar small buildings where very ersare
temperature of the spray water does not change
low humidifying capacities are required (see the hea
because there is no addition or removal of heat
from the system. The latent heat required for Figs. 5-10, 5·11). additivt
Steam is ready-made water vapor that needs
evaporation of water comes from the sensible the wa
only to be mixed with the air. With evapora-
heat in the air, which causes a reduction in air by as -r
tive pan humidification, air flows across the
dry-bulb temperature.
surface of heated water in a pan and absorbs Respor
In order to humidify air with water sprays,
the temperature of the spray water must always
the water vapor. Both steam and evaporative ~
pan humidification are essentially isothermal with tl
be higher than the required final dew point of
processes . where little change in air tempera- tern. I
the air. Such an amount of water must be used
ture occurs. with 1
that, as the water cools down from its initial
Water spray humidification is an adiabatic where
temperature, its final temperature will still be
process if evaporation of the water is caused humid
above the required final air dew point. It is
by the water absorbing sensible heat from the
also necessary to remember that, besides the Contr
air reducing the air dry-bulb temperature. The
relationship between the final air dew-point types
latent heat of evaporation reduces the sensible
temperature and the water temperature, the ex- contr•
heat of the air by about 1000 Btu for each
change of heat and moisture between air and space
water depends upon the air dry-bulb and wet- pound of water evaporated.
Let us examine the basic requirements for air d1
bulb temperatures. pan
effective humidification and see how each of
spon:
the humidifying media satisfies these require-
S-7 METHODS OF midi·
ments.
HUMIDIFICATIONt spra~
Capacity. Small-capacity requirements can be face
If you are humidifying a hospital operating
economically with evaporative pan mete
room, obviously your design criteria are differ-
or self-contained steam-generating unit humid- coot
ent than those for hurhidifying a textile mill,
ifiers, installed either in the air-handling sys- · ' troll
an office building, a laboratory, or a home.
tem or individually within the area(s) to be any'
Different types of operations have substantially
humidified . Larger-capacity needs , depending mid
different requirements for the achievement of
on the application, can best be met by either syst
proper relative humidity. These requirements
water spray or steam humidification systems,
determine what means of humidification you
which may be installed either in nonducted in- San
should use.
dustrial applications or in air-handling sys- ste~
Three basic humidifying media are avail-
tems . As a rule, steam humidification can pro- me•
able: steam, evaporative pan, and water spray.
vide ~arger capacities than water spray units. sati
Each has particular advantages and limitations
tiOJ
which determine its suitability for a particular Maitftenance . Steam humidification systems
ba<
are largely maintenance free. Maintenance re·
ste
quirements for both water spray and evapora- ifi(
tive pan humidification depend on fi1ineral con·
ef
tent of the water. With water spray equipment
mi
minerals dispersed in the water mist settle out
W
as dust when the droplets evaporate . Spray
 ~~
~ APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS
application. A fourth medium, wetted element
humidifiers, applies primarily to private resi-
dences or similar small buildings where very
low humidifying capacities are required (see
• ' Figs. 5-10, 5-11).
Steam is ready-made water vapor that needs
only to be mixed with the air. With evapora-
tive pan humidification, air flows across the
surface of heated water in a pan and absorbs
the water vapor. Both steam and evaporative
pan humidification are essentially isothermal
processes . where little change in air tempera-
ture occurs.
Water spray humidification is an adiabatic
process if evaporation of the water is caused
' humidified air can be circulated.
by the water absorbing sensible heat from the
air reducing the air dry-bulb temperature. The
latent heat of evaporation reduces the sensible
heat of the air by about 1000 Btu for each
pound of water evaporated.
Let us examine the basic requirements for
effective humidification and see how each of
the humidifying media satisfies these require-
ments.
t Capacity. Small-capacity requirements can be
met most economically with evaporative pan
or self-contained steam-generating unit humid-
ifiers, installed either in the air-handling sys-
tem or individually within the area(s) to be
humidified. Larger-capacity needs, depending
on the application, can best be met by either
water spray or steam humidification systems,
which may be installed either in nonducted in-
dustrial applications or in air-handling sys-
tems. As a rule, steam humidification can pro-
vide larger capacities than water spray units.
Maintenance. Steam humidification systems
are largely maintenance free. Maintenance re-
quirements for both water spray and evapora-
tive pan humidification depend on 111ineral con-
tent of the water. With water spray equipment
minerals dispersed in the water mist settle out
as dust when the droplets evaporate. Spray
181
nozzles can become clogged with mineral de-
posits and require regular cleaning to maintain
capacity. Similarly, evaporative pan humidifi-
ers are subject to "liming up," particularly on
the heating coils in the pan, although chemical
additives automatically or manually added to
the water in the pan can reduce this problem
by as .much as 50 percent.
Response to control. Since steam is ready-
made water vapor, it needs only to be mixed
with the air to satisfy the demands of the sys-
tem. Response to control is much faster than
with either water spray or evaporative pan
where evaporation must take place before
Control of output. Operation of the three basic
types of systems is regulated by a humidity
controller (hygrostat) located either in the
space humidified or in the return air duct of an
air duct system. Water spray and evaporative
pan equipment operate intermittently in re-
sponse to control. Output for these types of hu-
midifiers is determined by size and number of
spray nozzles or by water temperature and sur-
face area, respectively. Steam humidifiers can
meter the output by means of a modulating
control valve in response to the humidity con-
troller, by positioning the humidifier operator
anywhere from closed to fully open. Steam hu-
~idifiers can thus respond more precisely to
system demand than can the other two types.
Sanitation. The high temperatures inherent in
steam humidification make it virtually a sterile
medium. Assuming boiler makeup water is of
satisfactory quality, and there is no condensa-
tion, dripping or spitting in the air ducts, no
bacteria or odors will be disseminated with
steam humidification. Evaporative phn humid~
ifiers can sustain bacteria colonies in the res-
ervoir and distribute them throughout the hu-
midified space. High water temperatures,
water treatment, and regular cleaning and
 Constant steam supply'-,.

~ n-:;:;~~.
•
l•o 0 0 0 0 0 : 4® valve

'\Steam jacketed Condensate

dispersion manifold separator

Cross-section of manifold

FIG. A-13-STEAM METHOD

Water vapor
Steam, hot water
or electricity in

......... Auto valve

Water pan/

FIG. B-13- EVAPORATIVE PAN METHOD

Heat taken from air

to evaporate moisture ~

pressure

FIG. C-13- WATER SPRAY METHOD

Figure 5-10

Humidification methods: (a) using

dry steam (b) Using evaporated
watar lc\ Ualnn flnrav wat&r

where the water is continually ·recirculated
being neither heated nor cooled externally, the
temperature of the spray water does not chang
because there is no addition or removal of heat
from the system. The latent heat required for
evaporation of water comes from the sensib,c
heat in the air, which causes a reduction in ~ir
dry-bulb temperature.
In order to humidify air with water sprays,
the temperature of the spray water must always
be higher than the required final dew point of
the air. Such an amount of water must be used
that, as the water cools down from its initial
temperature , its final temperature will still be
above the required final air dew point. It is
also necessary to remember that, besides the
relationship between the final air dew-point
temperature and the water temperature, the ex-
change of heat and moisture between air and
water depends upon the air dry-bulb and wet-
bulb temperatures.
5-7 METHODS OF
HUMIDIFICA TIONt
If you are humidifying a hospital operating
room , obviously your design criteria are differ-
ent than those for humidifying a textile mill ,
an office building, a laboratory, or a home.
Different types of operations have substantially
different requirements for the achievement of
proper relative humidity. These requirements
determine what means of humidification you
should use .
Three basic humidifying media are avail-
able: steam, evaporative pan, and water spray .
Each has particular advantages and limitations
which determine its suitability for a particular
:Manual, The Trane Company, LaCrosse, Wisconsin,
lbook, Armstrong Machine Works, Three Rivers, Mich-
flushing of the humidifier help to minimize the
problem, however. Water spray systems can
distribute large amounts of bacteria and can
present odor problems in air-handling systems.
Drip· from spray nozzles and unevaporated wa-
ter discharge can collect in ducts , around
drains and drip pans, and on eliminator plates,
encouraging the growth of algae and bacteria.
Corrosion. Whenever -liquid moisture is pres-
ent in a humidification system, corrosion can
be a problem. Since steam and evaporative pan
humidifiers are designed to discharge only wa-
ter vapor, corrosion in ductwork is not a prob-
lem. Evaporative pan units are subject to corro-
sion and deterioration, the severity of which
depends on materials of construction and fre-
quency of cleaning. Steam units are largely self-
cleaning; scale or sediment, whether formed in
the unit or entrained in the supply steam, are
drained from the humidifier through the drain
trap. Water spray humidifiers and all duct-
work, eliminator plates, and so forth in prox-
imity to them are highly susceptible to corro-
sion.
Costs. Evaluation of costs in selecting a hu-
midification system should include installation,
operating and maintenance costs, as well as
first cost. However, total humidification costs
should run far less than heating or cooling sys-
tem costs.
First costs, of course, vary with the size of
the units. Priced on a capacity basis, larger-
capacity units are the most economical, regard-
less of the types of humidifier; that is, one hu-
midifier capable of delivering 1000 lb of hu-
midification per hour costs less than two 500-
lb/hr units of the same type .
Of the three basic humidification media,
steam humidifiers will provide the highest ca-
pacity per first-cost dollar; water spray is next,
and evaporative pan is the least economical,
assuming capacity needs are 75 lb/hr or more.
Installation costs for the three types cannot
be accurately formulated, as availability of wa-
APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 183
ter, steam, electricity, and so forth, close to
the humidifiers can vary greatly between jobs.
Operating costs are similar between the three
types, although they are insignificant compared
to heating and cooling system costs .
Maintenance costs vary widely with water
spray and to a lesser degree with evaporative
pan equipment, requiring substantially more
maintenance than steam humidification. Table
5-1 summarizes the capabilities of each type.
RECOMMENDED APPLICATIONS:
Steam. Recommended for virtually all com-
mercial, institutional, and industrial applica-
tions . Where steam is not available, small-ca-
pacity needs up to 50 to 75 lb/hr can be met
best using self-contained steam-generating
units; above this capacity range, central system
steam humidifiers are most effective and eco-
nomical. Steam should be specified with cau-
tion where humidification is being used in
small, confined areas to add large amounts of
moisture to hygroscopic materials.
Evaporative pan . Recommended only as an
alternative to self-contained steam-generating
unit humidifiers for small commercial or insti-
tutional applications . Generally not recom-
mended where load requirements exceed 50 to
75 lb/hr.
Water spray. Recommended for industrial ap-
plications where evaporative cooling is re- '
quired; typical application is summer time hu-
midification of textile mills in southern United
States.
A fourth medium, mentioned previously, is
wetted element humidifiers. These units are
recommended for private residences, or similar
small buildings where very low humidifying
capacities are required. Figure 5-11 represents
a humidifying device which exposes a large
wetted surface to an airstream. The unit shown
would be mounted in the warm airstream in a
duct system. The unit consists of a series of
184 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

Table 5-1
Comparison of Humidification Methods*
Evaporative
Steam Pan Water Spray

Effect on air Virtually no Small temperature Substantial temperature

temperature change rise drop (if no heating
of spray water)

Unit capacity per unit Small to very Small Small

size large

Maintenance frequency Annual Weekly to Weekly to bimonthly

monthly

Response to control Immediate Slow Slow

Control of output On-off or full On-off On-off

range
modulation Figure 5-11
Wetted element humldlfiel
Sanitation/Corrosion Sterile medium; Pan subject to Subject to severe
AIRE {Courtesy of Har
corrosion corrosion; corrosion and Humidity, Inc.)
free bacteria can be bacteria problems
present

Cost: Price (per unit of Low High Low to medium

capacity)
Installation Varies with availability of steam, water, electricity, etc.
Operating Low Low Low
Maintenance Low High Very high
~---
Breaker comb
*Reproduced from The Armstrong Humidification Handbook, Armstrong Machine Works, Three Rivers, Michigan , with
permission.

rotating, alloy metal, screened disks rotated at
slow speed (2 rpm) by a small electric motor
drive. The disks rotate in a bath of water in the
pan where water is picked up and held in the
mesh of the screen by surface tension. The
wetted disks rotate into the airstream, present-
ing a large surface area for water evaporation.
The disks rotate only when humidification is
called for by the humidity control system.
Figure 5-12 represents a type of humidifier
which breaks up a stream of water into a fine
mist by throwing it against a breaker. Opera-
tion is quite simple. The motor section, sealed
against water, drives both disk and pump tube.
Water is drawn from the reservoir through the
pump tube and is placed on top of the rotating
disk. The water is cast centrifugally against the
breaker comb, which in tum atomizes the wa-
ter. Primary air enters the disk and picks up •
the water particles and produces partial evapo-
Figure 5-12
ration. This partially vaporized water is then
introduced either into the space or the duct The Walton Atomizer {
where the surrounding air completes the evap- Walton Laboratorlet
oration process.
185
 able 5-1
lumldlflcatlon Methods*
Evaporative
Pan Water Spray

Small temperature Substantial tCIIIIM'IIItiU r

rise drop (if n() hrul lu
of spray wulrr)

S,.mall Small

Weekly to Weekly to bimnnllrl

monthly

Slow Slow

On-off On-off

Figure 5-11
Pan subject to Subject to sev, Wetted element humidifier, HUMID-
corrosion; corrosion ami AlAE (Courtesy of Hamilton
bacteria can be bacteria prohl• m Humidity, Inc.)
present

High Low to medium

with availability of steam, water, electricity, etc.

Low Low
High Very high

dbook, Armstrong Machine Works, Three Rivers, Mlrlr/•11!1 Breaker comb

at tion is quite simple. The motor section, •

:or against water, drives both disk and pumr 1111
he Water is drawn from the reservoir throu11lr 1!1•
he pump tube and is placed on top of the "'-llllill
he disk. The water is cast centrifugally aaalnNI llrt
Disc
1t- breaker comb, which in turn atomize• th
m. - ter. Primary air enters the disk and pi
is the water particles and produces partial
ration. This partially vaporized water I Figure 5-12
ier introduced either into the space or th
.ne where the surrounding air cdmpletes th The Walton Atomizer (Courtesy
Walton Laboratories, Inc.)
ra- oration process.
185
Illustrative Problem S-6 downstream from humidifier.
Given in the problem, W2 = 70
An evaporative pan type humidifier is to be grains/lb da. The final air condi-
used in a duct system to humidify the air sup- · tion must lie on the constant hu-
plied to a building. The supply air upstream of midity ratio line w2. The quantity
the humidifier has a dry-bulb temperature of of air passing through system is
90°F and a wet-bulb temperature of 58°F. The from Eq . (4-7),
downstream air leaving the pan humidifier
must have a humidity ratio of 70 grains/lb da. cfm X 60 8000 X 60
The quantity of air flowing through the duct ma =
VI 13 .92
upstream of the humidifier is 8000 cfm. If the
water in the pan is maintained at 212°F by a rna = 34,480 lb/hr
steam immersion coil, determine the follow-
ing: (a) moisture addition to the air and (b) re- The quantity of moisture added to each pound 88.5-
sulting psychrometric properties of the air of air is w2 - WI = 70 - 21 = 49 grains/
Figures-·
downstream from the humidifier. lb da or 0.007 lb vapor/lb da. The heat added
to each pound of air by the evaporating water Solution for Ex81
Solution: is (W2 - W 1)hw, where hw is the enthalpy of
the evaporating water; in this case hw = h8 at With h 2 = 32.95 Btu/lb da and W2 = 70 g1
Step 1: Sketch the equipment.
212°F and 14.696 psia and is 1150.5 Btu/lb grains/lb da on Fig. 5-14, find t 2 = 91°F, t w2 vt
Step 2: Determine initial condition u? air steam. = 68 .8°F. (ans) tu
upstream of humidifier. Locate A straight line on Fig. 5-14 joining points 1 tl1
point 1 on psychrometric chart, Heat added to air/lb air = (4917000)( 11 50.5) and 2 represents the humidifying process. rr
Fig. 5-14 at tl = 90°F, twl =
\ 58°F. From the chart find W1 =
= 8.05 Btu/lb air Step 4: Total moisture added to the air.
The total moisture added to the
21 grains/lb da, h 1 = 24.9 Btu/lb
The enthalpy of air leaving the humidifier air determines the manufacturer's
da, and V1 = 13 .92 fe/lb da.
must be h2 = h 1 + enthalpy addition .,. 24.9 rating of the humidifier, and for
Step 3: Determine final condition of air + 8.05 = 32.15 Btu/lb da. this problem is ma(W2 - WI) -
: 3tl-'l!
2 Pounds/hr moisture
Heated = 34,480 ( 70 - 21) = 241 lb/hr (ans)
Heated hum idified 7000
dry ai r ai r

Illustrative Problem 5-7

)
Atomizing spray-type humidifiers (similar ·
to Walton atomizers-Figure 5-12) are to~ be
installed in a space within a building where the
Makeup water
totar air circulation rate is 8000 cfrp and the
in~ide air is 70°F DB and 50 percent RH .
Figure 5-13 Fresh outside air is to be heated and introduced
Schematic: Open-pan humidifier to the space at the rate of 1500 cfm. The
(Illustrative problem 5-6) heated outside air has a humidity ratio of 11
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 187

downstream frpm humidifier.

Given in the problem, W2 = 70
grains/lb da. The final air condi-
tion must lie on the constant hu-
midity ratio line W2 • The quantity
of air passing through system ·is w
~
from Eq. (4-7),

cfm X 60 8000 X 60 1-'-----+--

tw 2
= 70
ma =
VI 13.92
ma = 34,480 lb/hr
I
--- ft'5a 1 w, = 21
The quantity of moisture added to each pound 90
of air is w2 - WI = 70 - 21 = 49 grains/
Figure 5-14
lb da or 0.007 lb vapor/lb da. The heat added
to each pound of air by the evaporating water Solution for Example 5-6
is (W2 - Wdhw, where hw is the enthalpy of
the evaporating water; in this case hw = h8 at With h2 = 32.95 Btu/lb da and W2 = 70 grains/lb da. The space is heated by steam con-
212°F and 14.696 psia and is 1150.5 Btu/lb grains/lb da on Fig. 5-14, find t 2 = 91°F, tw2 vection units. Determine the amount of mois-
steam. = 68.8°F. (ans) ture to be added to the space air to maififain
A straight line on Fig. 5-14 joining points 1 the desired space temperature and relative hu-
Heat added to air/lb air = (4917000)(1150.5) and 2 represents the humidifying process. midity.
= 8.05 Btu/lb air Step 4: Total moisture added to the air.
Solution:
The total moisture added to the
The enthalpy of air leaving the humidifier air determines the manufacturer's Step 1: Establish known conditions for
must be h2 = h 1 + enthalpy addition = 24.9 rating of the humidifier, and for points on psychrometric chart,
+ 8.05 = 32.15 Btu/lb da. this problem is ma(W2 - WI) . Figure 5-15. The space air con-
:::: 3'l·'1! dition (ra) may be established at
2 Pounds/hr moisture 70°F DB and 50 percent RH. At
70 - 21) this point find lwra = 58SF WB,
Heated
humidified
= 34,480 ( 7000 = 241 lb/hr (ans) Wra = 55 grains/lb da, and Vra =
air 13.51 fe/lb da. Also, establish
the humidity ratio of the outside
Illustrative Problem 5-7
ventilation air (oa) as W08 = 11
grains/lb da.
Atomizing spray-type humidifiers (similar
to Walton atomizers-Figure 5-12) are to be Step 2: Construct the space wet-bulb tem-
installed in a space within a building where the perature line on the chart and ex-
Makeup water
total air circulation rate is 8000 Cfrp and the tend downward and to the right
inside air is 70°F DB and 50 percent RH . until it intersects with the humid-
ure 5-13 Fresh outside air is to be heated and introduced ity ratio of the outside air (W0 a =
pen-pan humidifier to the space at the rate of 1500 cfm. The 11 grains). This point of intersec-
1ve problem 5-6) heated outside air has a humidity ratio of 11 tion is the dry-bulb temperature to
 _ _ . ·~· ·· · - ·- - , -, -· '' '""'•''- • n•vo

q, = qL = 42,S80 = 0.244 (3S,2S6)(ilt) draw

Llt = 4.9S°F the f;
Fi.
This checks the sop value found in Step 3. air-h;
point
w 5-8 COMBINED HEATING AND
throu

t HUMIDIFICATION OF AIR
During cold weather it may be necessary to
-and/o
flow :
..J11G- --· I Wra =55 provide for both heating and humidification of
air to be circulated in a building to maintain
I II ~-.
1
I woa = 11 comfort conditions. The heated air must be in-
troduced into the space to be conditioned at a
70 75 98
sufficiently high dry-bulb temperature and hu-
Figure 5-15 midity ratio to offset heat losses and to main-
when
tain a satisfactory humidity condition.
Solution for Example 5-7 or the
Figure S-16 is a typical heating and venti-
and l
lating air-handling unit. The unit consists of
moist!
several sections: a mixing box section where
which the outside air must be pre- midification. The dry-bulb temperature of the Sir
return air from the conditioned space is mixed
heated before introducing to the space is to be 70°F; therefore, the S°F differ-
with outside air for ventilation in a fixed or ffla an
space, toa = 98°F DB, twoa = ence ? S - 70) cooling of the air represents
variable ratio which is adjusted by damper po-
S8 .S WB, and V08 = 14.09 ft 3/lb the sensible heat required to evaporate the
da. sition, a heating coil and humidifier section,
moisture from the humidifiers.
and a fan section . The unit shown is called a
Step --3-: The outside air at the condition Step 4: The moisture addition to the space
found in Step 2 is mixed with may be found from Return air
space air found in Step 1: Steam , hot w;
Moisture addition = ma08 (Wra - WoJ electrici1
mara X tra + fflaoa X toa
tmix
mara + maoa

mara = 6500 X 60
13.51
= 2 8,868 lb!hr Moisture addition = 40.1S lb/hr Mixing
box
air
1500 X 60 Latent heat required to evaporate water is
maoa = 6388 lb/hr equal to the mass of water times the latent heat
14.09
of evaporation, or h18 at S8.S°F, which is
28,868 X 70 + 6388 X 98 1060.S Btu/lb (Table A-1).
tmix = 28,868 + 6388

tmix = 7S°F Latent heat (qL) = 40.1S x 1060.S • Filter

42,S80 Btu/hr
In Fig . S- IS find the point of intersection be- Figure 5-16
tween tmlx = 7S°F DB and twmix = S8.S WB . This latent heat is supplied by the space air as Schematic: Typical hea
This is the condition of the space without hu- it cools to space conditions from tmix = 7S°F. humidifying unit
 ,.,

q3 = qL. = 42,S80 = 0 .244 (3S,2S6)(~t) draw-through unit because of tho lncullon ol

~t = 4.9S°F the fan with respect to the other cornJX>ncnts.
Figure S-17 is a generalized sketch of an
This checks the sop value found in Step 3. air-handling system where moist air enters at
i point 1 and leaves at point 2. As the air passes

/50% w
t •
S-8 COMBINED HEATING AND
HUMIDIFICATION OF AIR
through the system, it may have sensible heat
and/or moisture added. The system is a steady-
flow system and the following equations apply:

- During cold weather it may be necessary to

~I
e I Wra =55 provide for both heating and humidification of rna,hl + ,q.2 + rnwhw = rna2h2 (5-18)
= 58.5 air to be circulated in a building to maintain
oa 1
comfort conditions. The heated air must be in- rna, = ma2 (5-19)
~--~~==:=t-W = 11
75 98 oa troduced into the space to be conditioned at a
sufficiently high dry-bulb temperature and hu- rna 1W 1 + rnw = rna 2W2 (5-20)

1ure 5-15 midity ratio to offset heat losses and to main-

lor Example 5·7
midification. The dry-bulb temperature of the
e space is to be 70°F; therefore , the S°F differ-
ence (7S - 70) cooling of the air represents
b the sensible heat required to evaporate the
moisture from the humidifiers .
Step 4: The moisture addition to the space
may be found from
where mw is the pounds of water evaporated,
tain a satisfactory humidity condition.
or the pounds of vapor (steam) added per hour,
Figure S-16 is a typical heating and venti-
and hw is the corresponding enthalpy of the
lating air-handling unit. The unit consists of
moisture added in Btu/lb of moisture. ,
several sections: a mixing box section where
Since rna 1 = rna 2, we divide Eq. (S-18) by
return air from the conditioned space is mixed
with outside air for ventilation in a fixed or rna and we have
variable ratio which is adjusted by damper po-
sition, a heating coil and humidifier section, h, + ~ + rn~w = h2 (5-21)
and a fan section. The unit shown is called a ma ma
Return air

Steam. hot water , or

Moisture addition = rnaoa (Wra - WoJ electricity

= 6388 ( ss7~11)
Moisture addition = 40. 1S lb/hr Mixing '
box
air
Latent heat required to evaporate water is
equal to the mass of water times the latent heat
of evaporation, or h18 at S8 .S°F, which is
1060.S Btu!lb (Table A-1).
Steam
Filter humidifier
Latent heat (qL) = 40.1S X 1060.S =
42,S80 Btu/hr '•
Figure 5-16

This latent heat is supplied by the space air as Schematic: Typical heating,
it cools to space conditions from tmix = 7S°F. humidifying unit
190 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

m heat from the air to provide the latent heat for 3000 cfm at a barometric pressure of 29.92 in. St
m., "2
t, vaporization . This is the process used to cool Hg. While passing through the chamber, the
t2
and humidify air with recirculated spray water air absorbs sensible heat at the rate of 153,000
w, w2
in an air washer with no external heating or Btu/hr and picks up 83 lb/hr of saturated steam
h, h2
- .- cooling of the spray water. The process is . at 230°F. Determine the dry-bulb and wet-bulb
I \ called evaporative cooling , to be discussed temperatures of the air leaving the device . w2 =
later.
mw , hw
\ By solving Eq. (5-23) for rnaand substitut- Solution (Method 1 ):
ftlllillh latent
ing into Eq . (5-22) and rearranging terms , we
Figure 5-17 (See Figure 5-18)
have
Schematic: Device for heating Step 1: Determine psychrometric proper- W2 =
humidifying air ties of air at initial condition. On
fl.h = h2 - h1 = I~S2 + hw
psychrometric chart (Fig. 5-18), or
!l.W w2 - WI mw
at 40°F DB and 35°F WB find v1
Also, from Eqs. (5-18) and (5-19) we have lqS2 + mwhw
= 12.64 felda , W1 = 22 grains/ W2 =
"\,. (5-26) lb da, h 1 = 13.0 Btu/lb da.
fflw
lqs2 = maCh2 - hi) - mwhw (5-22)
Step 2: Determine mass of air flowing .
Equation (5-26) defines the enthalpy-humidity From Eq. (5-7) . Fron
and from Eq. (5-20) we have
ratio where:
= cfm X 60 3000 X 60 ,
fflw maCW2 - WI) (5-23)
1. The rate of air flow has disappeared. mal = ffla2 = = 12.64
VI

Substitution of Eq. (5-23) into Eq. (5-21) 2. The ratio !l.hl!l.W is the slope of a line 14,240
gives on the psychrometric chart related only ffl 0 = 14,240 lb/hr or --
60 f
to the total space load and the moisture =I
added. = 237.3 lb/min
h1 + ~+ (W2 - W1)hw = h2 (5-24)
ma 3. If the condition of the air at point I or
point 2 is set, the values of h and W for
Equation (5-24) is the general equation which the other point may be allowed to vary
states that the enthalpy of the air leaving, h2, but must always be on a straight line on
is equal to the enthalpy of the air entering, h~> the psychrometric chart having a slope
plus the sensible heat added plus the latent heat of !l.hl!l. W.
added by the moisture.
If the process were adiabatic ( 1q,2 = 0), Some psychrometric charts include an
then Eq . (5-24) becomes alignment quadrant which gives various values
of !l.h!!l.W which provides a means for deter-
h1 + (W2 - W1)hw = h2 (5-25) mining the direction of heating and humidify-
ing process line on the chart. The following
In the process represented by Eq. (5-25), ide- example illustrates the process.
ally the air entering at point I is brought to its •
"temperature of adiabatic saturation," com- 86
monly known as the " thermodynamic wet- Illustrative Problem 5-8 Figure 5-
bulb temperature" (see Section 4-14). The
process represents cooling of the air at con- Moist air at 40°F DB and 35°F WB enters a Solutlon for Exampl
No. 1)
stant wet bulb as the water absorbs sensible heating and humidifying device at the rate of
 APPLIED PSVCHROM! llliC~ '191

hrtll from the air to provide the latent heat tor 3000 cfm at a barometric pressure of 29.92 in. Step 3: Determine psychrometric pmpl'l
vuporlzation. This is the process used to cool Hg . While passing through the chamber, the ties of air at the final condition .
1nd humidify air with recirculated spray water air absorbs sensible heat at the rate of 153,000 From Eq. (5-20)
In an air washer with no external heating or Btu/hr and picks up 83 lb/hr of saturated steam
ooling of the spray water. The process is at 230°F. Determine the dry-bulb and wet-bulb
called evaporative cooling, to be discussed temperatures of the air leaving the device . Wz = WI + fflw
-
later. ffla
By solving Eq . (5-23) for rna and substitut- Solution (Method 1 ): 22 83
g into Eq. (5-22) and rearranging terms ,· we =--+--
(See Figure 5-18) 7000 14,240 '
Step 1: Determine psychrometric proper- W2 = 0 .00898 lb vapor/lb da
!lh q52 + ties of air at initial condition. On
- = hz - hi hw
= 1
!lW Wz- WI fflw psychrometric chart (Fig. 5-18), or
at 40°F DB and 35°F WB find v 1
IqS2 + mwhw = 12.64 felda, WI = 22 grains/ W2 = 0 .00898 X 7000
(5-26)
fflw lb da, h1 = 13 .0 Btu!lb da.
= 62.86 grains/lb da (ans)
Step 2: Determine mass of air flowing.
Equation (5-26) defines the enthalpy-humidity From Eq. (5-7).
ratio where: From Eq. (5-21)
cfm X 60 3000 X 60
1. The rate of air flow has disappeared. mal = fflaz = = 12.64 " hz = hI +~
, + mwhw
--
VJ
ma ffla
2. The ratio !lh!!lW is the slope of a line 14,240
on the psychrometric chart related only ma = 14,240 lb/hr or - -
60 _From Table A- 1 hw at 230°F = hg at 230°F
to the total space load and the moisture
added. 237.3 lb/min = 1157.1 Btu!lb steam

3. If the condition of the air at point I or

point 2 is set, the values of h and W for ~,

the other point may be allowed to vary

but must always be on a straight line on
the psychrometric chart having a slope
of llh!!lW.
w
Some psychrometric charts include an
alignment quadrant which gives various values
of !lh!!lW which provides a means for deter-
t
mining the direction of heating and humidify- W2 = 62.8
ing process line on the chart. The following
example illustrates the process . -~~
-w, = 22
86
Illustrative Problem 5-8
Figure 5-18
Moist air at 40°F DB and 35°F WB enters a Solution for Example 5-8 (Method
heating and humidifying device at the rate of No.1)
192 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRieS
0-~ ~
h2 13 .00 + 153,000 + 83 X 1157.1
14,240 14,240
h2 = 13.00 + 10.74 + 6. 74
h2 = 30.48 Btu/1~ da (ans.)
NOTE: In the above solution for h2 , the value
10.74 represents the sensible heat added, and
the value 6.74 represents the latent heat added
per pound of air passing through the device.
Step 4: Locate the final air condition on
psychrometric chart. Draw a hor-
izontal line on psychrometric
chart for w2 = 62.86 grains/lb
da. Draw an inclined line on chart
for h2 = 30.48 Btu/lb' da to inter-
sect W2 line. This point of inter-
section is the final air condition
leaving the device , point 2. At
point 2, read the dry-bulb temper-
ature as 86°F and the wet-bulb
temperature as 65 .8°F.
Step 5: Connect point 1 and 2 by a
straight line. This line represents
the process of heating and hu-
midification within the device.
Figure 5-19
Solution for Example 5-8 (Method
No.2)
Solution: (Method 2): (See Figure 5-19.)
Step 1: Determine the sensible-heat ratio
(SHR) for the heating and humi-
difying . process . From the solu-
tion of Method 1 above, it was
determined that the sensible-heat
addition to the air was q. =
10.74 Btu/lb da and the latent
heat addition was qL = 6.74 ('
Btu/lb da. The SHR is defined as
the sensible heat divided by the
total heat for a process. For this
problem
q. 10.74
SHR 0.614
qs + qL 10.74 + 6.74
Step 2: Plot the SHR on the psychrome-
tric chart. In Fig. 5-19 at a point
where the 78°F DB line intersects
with the 50 percent RH curve,
you will note a small circle. This
is the alignment circle for the
SHR scale located on the upper
right of the Fig. 5-19. Using a
straight-edge, draw a construction
a:
I
(/)
0.614
line between . the alignment circle
and a SHR value of 0.614. Paral-
lel to this construction line draw .t,
the process line through the t.
known point 1 at 40°F DB and
35°F WB . Point 2 must be on this
process line.
'
Step 3; Determine location of point 2. Re-
ferring again to Method 1 solu-
tion, Step 3, the humidity ratio of
the air leaving the device was w2
= 62.86 grains/lb da. Determine
the point of intersection of W2 and ·
the process line drawn in Step 2
above. This determines point 2 on
the psychrometric chart, and we
can read the dry-bulb temperature
of 84°F and wet-bulb temperature
of 65.2°F.
NOTE: The small variation in the results ob-
tained is quite possible with the graphical-type
solution. When using the SHR scale, extreme
care must be used if a high degree of accuracy
is to be expected.
Solution: (Method 3): (See Figure 5-~0.)
After the development of Eq. (5-26) it was
indicated that some psychrometric charts pro-
vide an alignment quadrant to identify the en-
thalpy-humidity ratio (Llh! LlW) for a heating
and humidifying process. Figure 5-20 is a
schematic drawing of such a chart and quad- 5-~
rant. us
Step 1: Determine the enthalpy-humidity
ratio for the process. By Eq. (5- Wil
• 26), in!
in!
Llh =~ + hw
ch:
ca1
LlW mw
in1
153,000 + 1157. 1 th
= 83 th
 APPLIED PSYCHROMt TRICS 193

line between . the alignment circle

Solution: (Method 2): (See Figure 5-19.)
Step 1: Determine the sensible-heat ratio
(SHR) for the heating and humi-
difying process . · From the solu-
tion of Method 1 above, it WjS
determined that the sensible-heat
addition to the air was q. =
10.74 Btu/lb da and the latent
heat addition was qL = 6 .74 (
Btu!lb da. The SHR is defined as
the sensible heat divided by the
total heat for a process. For this
c problem
b Alignment quadrant used with some
rt q. 10.74
10.74 + 6.74
r- SHR = q. + qL
r-
•n Step 2: Plot the SHR on the psychrome-
\t tric chart. ln Fig. 5-19 at a point
:r- where the 78°F DB line intersects
Ib with the 50 percent RH curve,
you will note a small circle . This
is the alignment circle for the
a SHR scale located on the upper
nts
right of the Fig. 5-19 . Using a
lU-
straight-edge, draw a construction
and a SHR value of 0 .614. Paral-
lel to this construction line draw
the process line through the
known point 1 at 40°F DB and
35°F WB. Point 2 must be on this
process line.
Step 3; Determine location of point 2. Re-
ferring again to Method 1 solu-
tion, Step 3, the humidity ratio of
the air leaving the device was w2
= 62 .86 grains/lb da. Determine
the point of intersection of w2and . Figure 5-20
the process line drawn in Step 2
above. This determines point 2 on psychrometric charts (See Illustrative
= 0.614 the psychrometric chart, and we problem 5-8, Method 3).
can read the dry-bulb temperature
of 84°F and wet-bulb temperature
of 65 .2°F. ~h
~W = 3004 (say 3000) (ans)
NOTE: The small variation in the results ob-
tained is quite possible with the graphical-type Step 2: On the quadrant draw a construc-
solution . When using the SHR scale, extreme tion line from its center through
care must be used if a high degree of accuracy 3000 on the scale. Parallel to this
is to be expected. line, draw the heating and hu-
midifying process line on the psy-
chrometric chart through the
Solution: (Method 3): (See Figure 5-20.)
known conditions at point 1.
After the development of Eq . (5-26) it was
indicated that some psychrometric charts pro- Step 3: Determine the position of point 2

/J a:
I
(/)
vide an alignment quadrant to identify the en-
thalpy-humidity ratio (~hi~W) for a heating
and humidifying process. Figure 5-20 is a
schematic drawing of such a chart and quad-
on the process line by using either
Eq . (5-20) or (5-21)

S-9 HEATING AND HUMIDIFICATION

0 .614 rant. USING SPRAY EQUIPMENT
Step 1: Determine the enthalpy-humidity Frequently, spray water equipment is used
_.., t w2 = 62 .8 ratio for the process . By Eq. (5- with or without various arrangements of heat-

______ iw2
.......
26),

~h=~+hw
ing coils to preheat and/or reheat the air pass-
ing through the spray chamber. The spray
chamber is frequently called an air washer be-
cause it performs the secondary task of clean-
~w mw
ing, removing <fust and other particulate from
Figure 5-19 153,000 + 1157. 1 the airstream. However, for our discussion at
tor Example 5-8 (Method this point, we will be concerned primarily with
~o. 2)
194 APPLIED PSYCHROMETnl'"'

the spray chamber as n tltwin• In humidify
the air.
In Sections 5-5 null ~ tlthcre was a discus-
sion of the behuvitu ul uir and water in contact
with each ot her. llumidification of air by
spraying wntcr Into it is a direct application of
the principles of evaporation and heat ex-
chunsc between air and water when in contact
with each other.
In most instances air washers are used in
industrial applications where the device per-
forms the two objectives of humidification and
cleaning of the air. Figure 5-21 shows a sec-
tiona! view of a large, central station washer.
It consists of a spray chamber in which a num-
ber of spray nozzles and risers are installed.
The washer illustrated has one bank of spray
nozzles. Sometimes two, and occasionally
three, banks are installed. Nozzles used for air
washers ordinarily have a capacity of approxi-
mately 1Y4 to 2 gpm per nozzle. The quantity
of water delivered by each bank can be varied
by installing a larger or smaller number of noz-
zles. The water is forced through the nozzie by
pumping at pressures from 20 psi to 40 psi to
obtain good aton'lization of the water. The
[Lilli INA TOftS
washer housing is a rectangular steel casing, a
closed at top and sides and mounted on a shal- w
low watertight tank base. Inlet baffles distrib- so
ute the entering air uniformly through the co
chamber, and at the leaving end eliminators re- C
move the entrained water droplets in the air- th
stream preventing so-called carryover. The an
eliminators also pick up dirt particles. The f0
eliminator plates are so designed and installed fr
so that the direction of air flow is changed a
number of times while flowing through them. th
In this way the air impinges against the wet be
surfaces of the plates and the dust particles and ha
water droplets are deposited on the plates. The T
plates are washed down by a continuous th
stream of water from flooding nozzles. Air th
washers will not always remove greasy parti- is
cles and soot. Tobacco smoke will ordinarily ai
pass through an air washer. c:
Some odors can be removed from the air 0
passing through an air washer. An odor is usu-

Second stage Fir

:.;..--. <

Tank

Heat +t
exchanger
•water supply
(a) Single bank ai r washer (b) Two·stage air •
Figure 5-21
Industrial Tube Air-Washer (Courtesy Figure
of The Trane Company.) Types of ali
 APPLIED PSYCHROMC"I Rl

washer housing is a rectangular steel casing, ally due to the vapor of some compound mi xed
tional view of a large, central ~tation w•~hc1 closed at top and sides and mounted on a shal- with the air. Many of these vapors will dis
ify
It consists of a spray chamber in which 1 1\11111 low watertight tank base. Inlet baffles distrib- solve in water. Of course, as the water b
ber of spray nozzles and risers are ln•l lllh'!il ute the entering air uniformly through the comes saturated with the soluble vapors, it be-
us-
The washer illustrated has one bank chamber, and at the leaving end eliminators re- comes less and less able to remove odors from
act
nozzles . Sometimes two, and OOGIIil! move the entrained water droplets in the air- the air. Furthermore, the water itself acquires
three, banks are installed~ Nozzlel ullll I
by
stream preventing so-called carryover. The an odor due to the material in solution; there-
1 of
washers ordinarily have a capacity eliminators also pick up dirt particles. The fore, under these conditions it must be changed
ex- eliminator plates are so designed and installed frequently or continuous overflow used.
mately 11/4 to 2 gpm per nozd
ttact
of water delivered by each bank so that the direction of air flow is changed a Air washers iife designed to be installed on
by installing a larger or smaller number of times while flowing through them. the suction side of the fan. They should never
d in
zles . The water is forced throU In this way the air impinges against the wet be installed on the discharge side unless they
per- have been specially built for this purpose.
pumping at pressures from surfaces of the plates and the dust particles and
and water droplets are deposited on the plates. The There will be· no difficulty with water leaking
obtain good atomization o
sec-
plates are washed down by a continuous through the joints of the washer installed on
stream of water from flooding nozzles. Air the suction side of a fan. However, if a washer
washers will not always remove greasy parti- is installed on the discharge side of a fan , the
cles and soot. Tobacco smoke will ordinarily air pressure developed by the fan is likely to
pass through an air washer. cause water leakage through the joints , in spite
Some odors can be removed from the air of rubber gaskets usually installed.
passing through an air washer. An odor is usu- If a set of eliminator plates is installed after

Second stage

- ...,
.::;
<
.,
-
'
Tank

exchanger
Pump
water supply
(c) Two-stage counterflow
(a) Single bank air washer (b) Two·stage air washer air washer

Figure 5-22
Figure 5-21
Types of air washers
al Tube Air-Washer (Courtesy
,f The Trane company.)
196 APPLIED PSYCHROMCTR IC
each bank of sprays, u wushcr having two
banks is known as a two-stugc washer. A two-
stage washer is illustrated in Fig. 5-22b and c.
Sometimes a two-stage washer may have two
or three banks of spray nozzles in each stage.
Ordinarily , the water in air washers is recircu-
lated. When the air is to be humidified, either
the air or the water, or sometimes both, are
heated before entering the washer. If the air is
to be cooled and dehumidified in the washer,
the water must first be cooled. Heating or cool-
ing of the water can be ·accomplished by sup-
plying either hot or chilled water to the heat
e~changer shown in the ~r~ywater piping of
F1g. 5-22.
The total cross-sectional w · area of air
washers is usually based on an air velocity of
500 fpm. If higher air velocities are used, trou-
ble may be experienced with entrained mois-
ture being carried over from the washer.
Some washers, smaller in size than the in-
dustrial type, are used in built-up air-handling
units with various arrangements of heating and
tempering coils, as well as means for heating
or cooling the spray water used in the washer.
Figure 5-23 is a schematic drawing of such a
built-up air-handling unit. The arrangement is
general, and only the components actually re-
quired to perform the heating and humidifying
process would be included. On the sketch is
shown the variation in air properties as the air
passes through the unit.
There are several common arrangements
that are used:
1. Preheat the air prior to its contact with
recirculated spray water, followed by re-
heating of the air.
2. Heat the spray water only.
3. Moderately preheat the air then pass it
through heated spray water.
4. Pass the air through spray washer using
Heater Pump
or
ch iller
w,
~
W3, W4
w,.w 2
t, t3 t2 t4
Figure 5-23
Schematic: Heating and humidifying
devices using spray washer
recirculated water with no preheating or
reheating of air.
Arrangement 1 normally uses recirculated
spray water having no external heating and
uses a reheating coil to heat the humidified air
to a final temperature that may be required to
provide sensible heating of a building. Ar-
rangement 2 is seldom used if the incoming air
temperature is expected to be below 32°F at
any time. Arrangement 3' is used for special
cases when arrangement 2 cannot meet the re-
quirements. Since it involves additional equip-
ment and piping, it is a more expensive sys-
tem. Arrangement 4 is the familiar process of
adiabatic saturation of air when the air dry- oft'
bulb temperature is lowered at constant wet tive
bulb as some of the water evaporates to hu- cen
midify the air. In hot, dry climates a device of fici<
this type becomes a very simple, useful unit
for summer cooling. Eh
Referring again to Fig. 5-23 , as the air is
preheated, its dry- and wet-bulb temperatures
increase, but the humidity ratio remains con-
stant. Passing through the spray chamber, the
or
wet-bulb temperature remains constant as the
dry-bulb temperature decreases and the humid-
ity ratio increases . The reheating process in-
creases the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
at constant humidity ratio. Therefore, we have
three elementary processes in series, a sensi- alsc
ble-heating process, an adiabatic saturation
process, and another sensible-heating process.
Humidifying efficiency (frequently called ef-
fectiveness) is a measure of the completeness
of the humidifying process using a spray wh<
chamber. This efficiency is dependent on sev- oft
eral factors: ber.
tern
a. number of spray nozzles, and banks of hun
air,
nozzles, and the direction of the sprays
with respect to the air flow direction of~
tun
b. production of a fine water mist by the
nozzles, which depends on the nozzle
llh
design, size and water pressure
c. air velocity through the chamber
30'
d. ratio of mass of air to water flow
fin;
e. time of contact between water and air, Th
or actually the length of the unit pre
sh<
Under favorable conditions, nearly com- ce~
plet~ saturation of the air at the air wet-bulb wi1
temperature may be obtained. The amount of the
moisture added to the air depends on the enter- ne:
ing air wet bulb and on the spray chamber de- (a)
sign,. Commercial air washers are less than 100 ter
percent effective. That is, complete saturation am

Pump
or
chiller
w,
~------=-Lw ,W
3 4
w,.w 2
t, t3 t2 t4
Figure 5-23
Schematic: Heating and humidifying
devices using spray washer
recirculated water with no preheating or
reheating of air.
Arrangement 1 normally uses recirculated
spray water having no external heating and
uses a reheating coil to heat the humidified air
to a final temperature that may be required to
provide sensible heating of a building. Ar-
rangement 2 is seldom used if the incoming air
temperature is expected to be below 32°F at
any time. Arrangement 3· is used for special
cases when arrangement 2 cannot meet the re-
quirements. Since it involves additional equip-
ment and piping, it is a more expensive sys-
tem. Arrangement 4 is the familiar process of
adiabatic saturation of air when the air dry-
bulb temperature is lowered at constant wet
bulb as some of the water evaporates to hu-
midify the air. In hot, dry climates a device of
this type becomes a very simple, useful unit
for summer cooling.
Referring again to Fig. 5-23, as the air is
preheated, its dry- and wet-bulb temperatures
increase, but the humidity ratio remains con-
stant. Passing through the spray chamber, the
wet-bulb temperature remains constant as the
dry-bulb temperature decreases and the humid-
ity ratio increases . The reheating process in-
creases the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
at constant humidity ratio. Therefore, we have
three elem~ntary processes in series, a sensi-
ble-heating process, an adiabatic saturation
process, and another sensible-heating process.
Humidifying efficiency (frequently called ef-
fectiveness) is a measure of the completeness
of the humidifying process using a spray
chamber. This efficiency is dependent on sev-
eral factors:
a. number of spray nozzles, and banks of
nozzles, and the direction of the sprays
with respect to the air flow direction
b. production of a fine water mist by the
nozzles, which depends on the nozzle
design, size and water pressure
c. air velocity through the chamber
d. ratio of mass of air to water flow
e. time of contact between water and air,
or actually the length of the unit
Under favorable conditions, nearly com-
plete saturation of the air at the air wet-bulb
temperature may be obtained. The amount of
moisture added to the air depends on the enter-
ing air wet bulb and on the spray chamber de-
sign. Commercial air washers are less than 100
percent effective. That is, complete saturation
APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 197
of the air is not obtained. The saturation effec-
tiveness will normally range from 80 to 90 per-
cent. Referring to Fig. 5-23, the saturation ef-
ficiency is defined as
Eh
Actual change in air dry-bulb temperature
Maximum possible change in dry bulb
or
t2 - t3 X 100
Eh (5-27)
t2 - tw
also
W3- w2 -x 100
Eh = Ws- W2 (5-28)
where t2 and t 3 are the dry-bulb temperatures
of the air entering and leaving the spray cham-
ber, respecHvely; tw is the constant wet-bulb
temperature for the process; w2 and w3 are the
humidity ratios of the entering and leaving
air, respectively; and Ws is the humidity ratio
of the air saturated at the wet-bulb tempera-
ture.
Illustrative Problem 5-9
" z-/(;)
Five thousand cfm of air at 40°F DB and
&-- <3
30°F WB are to be heated and humidified to a
final condition of 90°F DB and 30 percent RH.
The process of heating will be done by using a
preheating coil and a reheating coil arranged as
shown in Fig. 5-23. The humidification pro-
cess is to be done by using a spray chamber
with recirculated unheated water. Assume that
the humidifying process will have an effective-
ness of 82 percent. Determine the following:
(a) the psychrometric properties of the air en-
tering and leaving the spray washer, (b) the
amount of preheat and reheat required in
198 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

Btu!hr, and (c) the amount of water evaporated leaving spray chamber must be tio scale and extend horizontal line to the left
into the air in lb/hr. on this line. to intersect the 100 percent RH line. This point
m
locates the wet-bulb temperature for the hu-
Solution: (See Fig. 5-24.) Step 4: Determine the psychrometric prop- midifying process as 59.2°F. ~~ere this con- m
erties of the air entering and leav- stant wet-bulb line interseCts .the ,preheat pro-
Step 1: Locate initial and final air condi-
ing the chamber. The humidifying cess line and the reheat process line will be the -
tion on the psychrometric chart. 5-1
process is assumed to have an ef- entering and leaving air col)ditlon, respec-
All
fectiveness of 82 percent, there- tively, for the humidifying process, points 2
fore, with w~ = w3 and w2 and 3. From Fig. 5-24 then - -
Initial Condition (1) Final Condition (4)
wl Eq. (5-28) becomes and
II = 40°F DB t4 = 90°F DB. 4'c;-~ ~(/X cha
tw 1 = 30°F WB tw4 = 67 .2°F WB w4- wl Point 2 Point 3 nali
W 1 = 10 grains/lb w4 = 63 grains/lb Eh = Ws- WI
t2 = 100°F DB t3 = 66.6°F DB
be
da da and
tw2 = 59.2°F WB tw3 = 59.2°F WB
h 1 = 11.2 Btu/lb da h4 = 31 .6 Btu/lb da
where w4 is the humidity ratio of the air leav- w2 = 10 grains/lb da w3 = 63 grains/lb da tina
V1 ,;, 12.62 fe/1b da v4 = 14.04 retlb da air
ing the spray chamber. Solving Eq. (5-28) for h2 = 25.6 Btu/lb da h3 = 25.8 Btu/lb da
W., we have v2 = 14.13 retlb da V3 = 13.44 fe/lb da onl;
Step 2: Construct the horizontal preheat air
line through point 1 and extend to atut
the right. The air condition enter- Ws =
w4-
Eh
w1 + W1 Step 5: Determine the quantity of preheat
cha
and reheat. From Eq. 4-7
ing spray chamber must be on and
this line. 63 - 10 + 10 cfm X 60 5000 X 60 I
0.82 ma = cha1
Vt 12.62
Step 3: Construct the horizontal reheat tric
line through point 4 and extend
Ws = 74.6 grains/lb da
ffl 0 = 23,772 lb/hr prO<
(ans)
to the left. The air condition In Fig. 5-24 locate Ws of 74.6 on humidity ra- atur
Remember this mass flow rate is constant cun
throughout the flow system. The volume flow cun
rate (cfm) changes because the specific volume to u
is changing. By Eq. 5-4,
Hea
w
1iJs
2 = ffl 0 (h2 - h1) = 23,772(25.6 - 11.2)
or
f 1iJs2 = 342,300 Btu/hr (preheat) (ans)

:X: ws = 74.6 By Eq. 5-4

w3 =w4 whe
= 63 3iJs4 * ma(h4 - h3) = 23,772(31.6 - 25.8)
ffla
3qs4 = 137,800 Btu/hr (reheat) (ans)
~
Y< W1 =W2
- = 10 mw
90100 Step 6: Mass of water evaporated. Each
hA a
pound of air absorbs w3 - w2
Figure 5-24 grains of moisture; therefore, by psyc
Solution for Example 5-9 Eq . (5-23) tA ' a
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 199
I

! 7~
63 10
)
leaving spray chamber must be tio scale and extend horizontal line to the left
on this line. to intersect the 100 percent RH line. This point rnw = rna(W3 - W2) = 23,772(
locates the wet-bulb temperature for the hu-
Step 4: Determine the psychrometric prop- midifying process as 59.2°F ....Where this con- mw = 179.9 lb/hr (evaporated) (ans)
erties of the air entering and leav- stant wet-bulb line interseCt's the preheat pro-
ing the chamber. The humidifying cess line and the reheat proces~ line will be the
5-10 HEATING AND HUMIDIFYING
process is assumed to have an ef- entering and leaving air condition, respec-
AIR WITH HEATED SPRAY WATER
fectiveness of 82 percent, there- tively, for the humidifying process, points 2
fore, with w~ = w3
and w2 and 3. From Fig. 5-24 then - As noted in Section 5-9, air may be heated
W 1 Eq. (5-28) becomes and humidified by passing it through a spray
=- or? lo 1 chamber where the spray water is heated exter-
Point 2 Point 3 nally. The initial spray water temperature must
be high enough so that as it contacts the air
t2 = 100°F DB t3 = 66.6°F DB
tw2 = 59.2°F WB tw3 = 59.2°F WB
and transfers its heat to the air and cools, the
where w4 is the humidity ratio of the air leav- w2 = 10 grains/lb da w3 = 63 grains/lb da final air temperature must be above the initial
ing the spray chamber. Solving Eq. (5-28) for ~ =! 25 .6 Btu/lb da h3 = 25 .8 Btu!lb da air temperature. The water temperature can fall
W., we have v2 = 14. 13 te/lb da v 3 = 13 .44 te!lb cta only to the wet-bulb temperature of the leaving
air (ideally). The changes in the water temper-
ature and air temperature within the spray
w. = Step 5: Determine the quantity of preheat
chamber depend on the relative masses of air
and reheat. From Eq. 4-7
and water circulated.
63--=--!.Q + lO If both the air and water temperature are
cfm X 60 5000 X 60
0.82 ma = changing, the process line on the psychrome-
v, 12.62 tric chart is not a straight line. The path of the
w. = 74.6 grains/lb da
rna = 23 '772 lb/hr process is a ·pursuit curve of the water temper-
(ans)
In Fig. 5-24 locate w. of 74.6 on humidity ra- ature which is represented on the saturation
Remember this mass flow rate is constant curve (100 percent RH). To draw the pursuit
throughout the flow system. The volume flow curve on a psychrometric chart, it is necessary
rate (cfm) changes because the specific volume to use the following relationship.

/J 'W
is changing. By Eq. 5-4,
Heat absorbed by air = heat given up by water
,q.2 = rna (h2 - h,) = 23 ,772(25 .6 - 11.2)
or

If
1q.2 = 342,300 Btu/hr (preheat) (ans)
'reheat Frt- rna(hB - hA) = rnwCp(tA' - tB) (5-29)

~, I:;:::
6 By Eq. 5-4
where
w3 = 63 3qs4 = rna(h4 - h3) = 23,772(31.6 - 25.8)
2
rna = lb/hr of air flow through spray chamber
IW 1 =W 3qs4 = 137,800 Btu/hr (reheat) (ans)

rnw = lb/hr of water sprayed

90 100 = ,J Step 6: Mass of water evaporated. Each hA and h8 = air enthalpy values from
pound of air absorbs w3 - w2
1re 5-24 psychrometric chart for two points, A and B
grains of moisture; therefore, by
=
lr Example 5-9
1 Eq . (5-23) tA' and t8 • spray water temperatures (in °F)
 200 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

•.
,:

/- ~. w,
rtJI I WD
.:l
"'
~
a.
E
------------~------------+-w A
~·
"'
;:
Figure 5-25 "'
:~
c
Construction of pursuit curve
(heating and humidifying with heated
spray water

cP = specific heat of water, assumed constant
and equal to unity
Figure 5-25 represents a procedure for the
development of the pursuit curve on the psy-
chrometric chart. To draw the curve, the initial
air condition, point A, and the initial water
temperature, point A 1 , are plotted and then
connected by a straight line. Select point B on
this line a short distance from A. The water
temperature at point B 1 may then be calcu1ated
from Eq. (5-29) with known values of rna and
mw. Connect points B and B 1 with a straight
line. Next, select a point such as C a short dis-
tance from B and again use Eq. (5-29) to cal-
culate the water temperature at point C 1 • The
procedure is continued until the final water
temperature, D 1 , is approximately equal to the
wet-bulb temperature of the air passing
through D. A straight line drawn through point
A and the final air dry bulb, point D, continued
to intersect the saturation curve (shown
dashed) defines the humidifying efficiency (ef-
fectiveness) of the process. For Fig. 5-25 the Figure 5-26
value of Eh would be (W0 - WA)I(W. - WA)
expressed as a decimal. Spray Water Alr-Washe
Humidification (Courte
This method of plotting the pursuit curve is Trane Compan:
time consuming, and a simpler solution of
such problems using heated spray water may
be obtained by the use of Fig. 5-26. This
graph is based upon the assumption that the lllu
Actual change in air enthalpy
heat absorbed by the air is equal to the heat
given up by the water. Also, the final water CF = Theoretical change in air enthalpy
temperature and final air wet-bulb temperature wa~
are the same. Actually, the final water temper- or
is s
ature will be higher than the final air wet-bulb For
temperature. Nevertheless, this chart enables !!.h actual
CF = - - - - - (5-30) wat
many problems involving washers to be solved !!.h theoretical
oft
easily by first finding the theoretical solution •
and then applying a correction factor (CF). t In effect, this correction factor corresponds to
~
The correction factor is determined by the humidifying efficiency, Eh, determined by
Eqs. (5-27) and (5-28).

tTrane Air Conditioning Manual, The Trane Company, LaCrosse, Wisconsin, 1965, p. 227.
nditioning Manual , The Trane Company, LaO
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETAICS 201

Initial wet bulb

temperature of air

t~~~====~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\00
?,0
roo

- ~ w,
•
-==:. . ~::::::~~~~~~~100
~ 9o
~
.§"'"'
120
110 t::-'t,

30 25
40135
WD L~~:::::.-_::"'-<::::::::-- ~
____..-so
- 9</; ~
."
20 18
.~
1o ..$'~ ~
</; ~ 16 14
.roo ~~ ;:>~ .:
<(
13 12
11
I~ ~ - ~___/~-=r: -~"'- '0..--.w
~~- ~I~ -A. /'/1§5 <{~"'
t:
-------'>..._------t-WA ----*=OOr- ~ 9
.. .
~
"'3:
"'" ~ 8
80 7
·e 5-25 -
.~

c
of pursuit curve
ldlfylng with heated
'f water 0 4.5
~
0..
(:J 4
A and the final air dry bulb, point D, continued
to intersect the saturation curve (shown 3.5
dashed) defines the humidifying efficiency (ef-
fectiveness) of the process. For Fig. 5-25 the Figure 5-26
value of Eh would be (W0 - WA)I(Ws - WA) Spray Water Air-Washer Chart for
expressed as a decimal. Humidification (Courtesy of The
This method of plotting the pursuit curve is Trane Company.)
time consuming, and a simpler solution of
such problems using heated spray water may
be obtained by the use of Fig. 5-26. This
graph is based upon the assumption that the Actual change in air enthalpy Illustrative Problem 5-10*
heat absorbed by the air is equal to the heat CF = Theoretlca
. I c hange m
. rur
. enthaIpy
given up by the water. Also, the final water An air quantity of 15,000 cfm enters a
temperature and final air wet-bulb temperature washer at 70°F DB and 50°F WB. The washer
or
are the same. Actually, the final water temper- is supplied with 150 GPM of water at 90°F.
ature will be higher than the final air wet-bulb For a correction factor of 0.85 determine the
f:lh actual (5-30) water temperature in the tank and the condition
temperature. Nevertheless, this chart enables CF = !lh theoretical
many problems involving washers to be solved of the .air leaving the washer.
easily by first finding the theoretical solution
In effect, this correction factor corresponds to
and then applying a correction factor (CF). t Solution : (See Fig. 5-27.)
the humidifying efficiency, Eh, determined by
t The correction factor is determined by Step 1: Determine final water temperature
Eqs. (5-27) and (5-28).

any , LaCrosse, Wisconsin, 1965, p. 227. :j:Trane Air Conditioning Manual, The Trane Company, LaCrosse, Wisconsin, 1965 , p. 232.
202 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS
'---t------J
70
Figure 5-27
Solution to Problem 5-10
and theoretical final air wet-bulb
·temperature. The water-to-air ra-
tio is 150/15 = 10 gpm/1000 cfm
of air. Using Fig. 5-26, set the
right end of the straight-edge on
the right scale at 10 gpm/1000
cfm; set the left end of the
straight-edge on the initial water
temperature of 90°F on left scale.
Where a line between these two
points crosses the initial air wet
bulb of 50°F' read the final water
temperature of 73 .5°F, which is
also the theoretical final air wet-
bulb temperature.
Step 2: Determine actual leaving air con-
dition from washer. In Fig. 5-27
at entering air condition of 70°F
DB and 50°F WB find hi = 20.2
Btu/lb da. Theoretically, the air
could be heated and humidified
to saturation at 73.5°F, and line
1-2 represents the process through
the washer. The enthalpy of satu-
rated air at 73 SF is h2 = 37.2
w tl :
r An air-conditioning unit for an industrial
Btu/lb da. Theoretical change in
enthalpy is h2 - hi = 37.2 -
20.2 = 17.0 Btu/lb da. The ac-
tual change in enthalpy is the the-
oretical change times the · correc-
tion factor. Actual enthalpy
change = 17.0 X 0.85 = 14.45
Btu/lb da. The actual enthalpy of
air leaving washer will be h3 =
20.2 + 14.45 = 34.65 Btu/lb da.
In Fig. 5-27 construct a constant-
enthalpy line at 34.65 and extend
to intersect line 1-2 at point 3. At
point 3 find t3 = 73.5°F, tw3 =
70. 7°F. (ans)
A water-to-air ratio of 5 gpm per 1000 cfm
is common for a single-bank washer, while ap-
proximately 10 to 15 gpm per 1000 cfm are
usual ratios for two- and three-bank washers .
Initial water temperature will vary within the
range of 60°F to 120°F depending upon the in-
let and outlet air temperatures. Ordinarily, the
operator has the following items he can vary to
control the performance of the washer:
a. inlet air temperature by changing the perat
amount of heating medium to the preheat table
coil sensi
cons
b. inlet water temperature by controlling
the heating capacity of heat exchanger
c. water quantity by taking a bank of noz-
zles out of service.
Illustrative Problem 5-11 <I> I
building must provide 4500 cfm of outside air
V1 :
WI :
hi :
entering a preheat coil at 5°F DB and 50 per-
cent RH. The preheat coils heat the air to 40°F
DB. The outside air then mixes with 13,500
cfm of recirculated air at 70°F DB and 40 per-
cent RH. The mixed air passes through a
washer supplied with 90 GPM of water at
ll0°F and has a correction factor of 0.83 . The
humidified air is then reheated to a dry-bulb
temperature of 115°F before entering the sup-
ply fan which delivers it to a duct system for
distribution within the building. Determine (a)
the psychrometric properties of the air as it
flows through the conditioning equipment and
(b) if the heat exchanger supplying heat to the
spray water were turned off so that the water
in the washer were recirculated without any
heat being added, what would be the properties
of the air through the conditioning equipment?
Solution: (Part a): (See Figs. 5-28 and
5-29.)
NO'
Step 1: Make a sketch of the mechanical use
arrangement of the equipment,
Fig. 5-28. (Circled numbers es-
• tablish points where air conditions
are to be established.)
Step 2: Determine the properties of the
preheated outside air (point 2).
The properties of the outside air from low-tern- be·

• the heating capacity of heat exchanger
w t 1 = 5°F
--+------'1
70
re 5-27
Problem 5-10
Btu/lb da. Theoretical change in
enthalpy is h2 - h 1 = 37.2 -
20.2 = 17.0 Btu/lb da. The ac-
tual change in enthalpy is the the-
oretical change times the correc-
tion factor. Actual enthalpy
change = 17.0 x 0.85 = 14.45
Btu/lb da. The actual enthalpy of
air leaving washer will be h3 =
20.2 + 14.45 = 34.65 Btu/lb da.
In Fig. 5-27 construct a constant-
enthalpy line at 34.65 and extend
to intersect line 1-2 at point 3. At
point 3 find t3 = 73.5°F, tw3 =
70. 7°F. (ans)
A water-to-air ratio of 5 gpm per 1000 cfm
~ common for a single-bank washer, while ap-
proximately 10 to 15 gpm per 1000 cfm are
usual ratios for two- and three-bank washers.
Initial water temperature will vary within the
range of 60°F to l20°F depending upon the in-
let and outlet air temperatures. Ordinarily, the
operator has the following items he can vary to
~ control the performance of the washer:
APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 203
a. inlet air temperature by changing the perature psychrometric charts are listed in the
amount of heating medium to the preheat table below. Since the preheating process is a
coil sensible-heating process, it is carried out at
constant humidity ratio W 1 = W2 •
b. inlet water temperature by controlling
c. water quantity by taking a bank of noz- Outside Air (1) Preheated Outside Air
zles out of service. (2)
t2 = 40°F (given)
Illustrative Problem 5-11 <!>t = 50 percent <!> 1 = 10 percent
An air-conditioning unit for an industrial
building must provide 4500 cfm of outside air
entering a preheat coil at 5°F DB and 50 per-
Vt = 11.72 fe/Jb da
W 1 = 3.50 grains/Jb da
h 1 = 1.7 Btu/lb da
v2 = 12.60 retJb da
w2 = 3.50 grains/Jb da
h2 = 10.2 Btu!lb da
cent RH . The preheat coils heat the air to 40°F
DB . The outside air then mixes with 13,500
cfm of recirculated air at 70°F DB and 40 per- Step 3: Determine the amount of preheat
cent RH . The mixed air passes through a required. By Eq. 5-7 ,
washer supplied with 90 GPM of water at
110°F and has a correction factor of 0.83. The
x cfm lb/hr
humidified air is then reheated to a dry-bulb ffla 1 = ffl a2 = Vt
temperature of 115°F before entering the sup-
ply fan which delivers it to a duct system for 60 X 4500
ma2 = 11.72 23,038 lb/hr
distribution within the building. Determine (a)
the psychrometric properties of the air as it = 384 lb/min
flows through the conditioning equipment and
(b) if the heat exchanger supplying heat to the
spray water were turned off so that the water By Eq. 5-4,
in the washer were recirculated without any
heat being added, what would be the properties 1iJs2 = maih2 - ht)
of the air through the conditioning equipment? = 23,038(10.2 - 1.7)
Solution: (Part a): (See Figs. 5-28 and
lqs
2
= "195,820 Btu/hr
5-29.)
NOTE: If approximate Eq. (5-9) had been
Step 1: Make a sketch of the mechanical used, the result would be
arrangement of the equipment,
Fig. 5-28. (Circled numbers es- 1iJs2 = (1.10 cfm)(t2 - t 1)
tablish points where air conditions
are to be established.) 1.10(4500)(40 - 5)
Step 2: Determine the properties of the
1iJs
2
= 173,250 Btu/hr (approximate)
preheated outside air (point 2).
The difference of about 22,500 Btu/hr may
The properties of the outside air from low-tein- be accounted for by the fact that the constant
204 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS •

Return air
(13,500 CFM)
•
@ Supply

"'~'-]-t-~,--~~~~T---:::=~=•,
Moisture
eliminators air
f I >
< II I:IZi I I ~
Outside I I J '""""
air
4500 CFM
"~ Mixing
box
"@)
CD 0~
:'-.

"Tempering"
preheat coil
90GPMat110° F
Figure 5-29
Solution of Example 5-11.
Sh ell and
tube heat
exchanger
... , ..
Figure 5-28 cfm = m X v = 384 X 12.60 = 4838 cfm
Schematic arrangement of one of the
two units of Illustrative Problem 5-11 then

(4838)(40) + (13,500)(70) The

t4 = gprr
18,338
in Eq. (5-9) was determined by considering m3 = 60,089 lb/hr l
standard air (v = 13. 34 fe /lb) . The actual spe- t4 = 62.08°F (use t4 = 62°F) 4.9
1001.5 lb/min (say 1000 lb/min)
cific volume of the outside air in this problem 110
is 11.72 fe!lb . The exact Eq. (5-4) should al- In Fig. 5-29 draw a straight line connecting
By Eq . (5-14)
ways be used when the actual specific volume Mixture temperature points 2 and 3. Where this line intersects the
is significantly different from standard. dry-bulb temperature of 62°F locate point 4
and find v4 = 13.25 fetlb da, W4 = 33
Step 4: Determine mixture condition of mz X tz + m3 X t3
(t4) = . + . grains/lb da, h4 = 20.0 Btu/lb da, and tw4 =
preheated outside air and return mz m3 49.8°F.
air.
(384)(40) + (1000)(70) The
In Fig. 5-29 locate point 3 at 70°F DB and t4 = 1384
St~p 5: Determine the washer perfor-
mance and calculate the leaving four
40 percent RH, find v3 = 13.48 fetlb da. By
Eq . (5-7),
t4 = 61.6°F • water temperature (t1w), and the
entering and leaving air condi- per
NOTE: The mixture temperature (t4 ) could tions for the washer. rea
m3 = also be approximated by use of Eq. (5-17). as
The entering air condition to the washer has ent
60 X 13,500 + cfm3 X t3
cfm 2 X t2 already been determined, point 4 , in Step 4. Btl
t = --~--~----~--~
13.48 cfm2 + cfm3 The volume of air entering the washer is wo
 • APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 205

1air
0 CFM)

Supply •
Moisture
air
eliminators

A ._ .6
'at 1 .- •s
,... r
I
,tw
115
Figure 5-29

ihell and Solution of Example 5-11a and 5-11b

ube heat
'xchanger
-~

ure 5-28 cfm = mX V = 384 X 12.60 = 4838 cfm Cfffi4 = rna~ · X V4 = (1384)(13.25)
gement of one of the
= 18,338 cfm
stratlve Problem 5-11 then

(4838)(40) + (13,500)(70) The water-to-air ratio then is 90/18.338 = 4.9

t4 =
18,338 gprn/1000 cfm.
m3 = 60,089 lblhr Using Fig. 5-26 with water-to-air ratio of
= 1001.5 lb/min (say 1000 lb/min) t4 = 62.08°F (use t4 = 62°F) 4.9 and the inlet water temperature Uew) =
110°F, at tw4 = 49.8°F, find
By Eq. (5-14) In Fig. 5-29 draw a straight line. connecting
Mixture temperature points 2 and 3. Where this line intersects the
Final water temperature (t1w) = 74°F
dry-bulb temperature of 62°F locate point 4
m2 x t2 + m3 x t3 and find v4 = 13.25 fe/lb da, w4 = 33 Theoretical final wet-bulb temperature
(t4) grains/lb da, h4 = 20.0 Btu/lb da, and tw4 = =
m2 + m3 49.8°F.
of air leaving 74°F.
(384)(40) + (1000)(70)
t4 = 1384
Step 5: Determine the washer perfor- The actual condition of the air leaving may be
mance and calculate the leaving found by applying the correction factor 0.83.
t4 = 61.6°F water temperature (t1w). and the On Fig. 5-29, locate t1w = 74°F on the 100
entering and leaving air condi- percent relative humidity curve. At this point
NOTE: The mixture temperature (t4 ) could tions for the washer. read the theoretical enthalpy of the air leaving
also be approximated by use of Eq. (5 -17). as 37.6 Btu/lb da. The theoretical rise in air
The entering air condition to the washer has enthalpy is 37.6 - h4 = 37.6 - 20.0 = 17.6
cfm2 + cfm3 x t3
X t2 already been determined, point 4, in Step 4.
t = --~--~----~~~ Btu/lb da. The actual change in enthalpy
cfm2 + cfm3 The volume of air entering the washer is would be (17.6)(0.83) = 14.6 Btu/lb da.
206 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS
Therefore, the actual enthalpy of the air leav-
ing would be 20.0 + 14.6 = ~4.6 Btu/lb da,
hs.
Draw a straight line on Fig. 5-29 connect-
ing point 4, the entering air condition, and the
leaving water condition. Construct a constant-
enthalpy line (h 5 = 34.6) to produce an inter-
section at point 5, the actual leaving air con-
dition from the spray washer. Read t5 = 72°F,
tw5 = 70.6°F, W 5 = 111 grains/lb da, and
v5 = 13.75 ft/lb da.
Step 6: Determine the final air properties
after reheating (point 6) .
The reheating process is a sensible-heating
process at constant humidity ratio W6 = W5 =
111 grains/lb da. On Fig. 5-29 locate intersec-
tion of W = 111 and t6 = 115°F and find the
following properties of the reheated air: h 6 =
45.2 Btu/lb da, v 6 = 14.85 ft/lb da, and tw6 =
81.6°F.
Step 7: Determine the required amount of
reheat. By Eq. (5-4),
ils6 = inaih6 - hs)
(1384)(60)(45.2 - 34.6)
iJs6 = 880,200 Btu/hr
Solution: (Part b) (Refer to Fig. 5-29)
All air properties up to and including point
4 are the same as found in part a.
Step 1: Determine air properties leaving
spray washer when the spray wa-
•ter is unheated.
When no heat is added to the spray water,
the water will quickly assume the wet-bulb
temperature of the entering air (tw4 = 49 .8°F).
The air condition as it passes through the spray
chamber would follow the constant wet-bulb
temperature of 49.8°F as the air is humidified
and cooled .
Theoretically , the air would leave the spray
washer saturated at a dry-bulb temperature of
49. 8°F, or the drop in dry-bulb temperature
would be 62 - 49.8 = 12.2 degrees. The cor-
rection factor, or humidifying effectiveness,
must be applied in this case to the dry-bulb
· temperature change or the humidity ratio
change. Therefore, the actual change in dry-
bulb temperature would be (12.2)(0.83) =
10.1 degrees. Therefore, the actual dty-bulb
temperature of the air leaving the washer
would be 62 - 10.1 = 51.9°F = h·
On Fig. 5-29 locate the intersection of t7 =
51.9°F and tW? = 49.8°F. Find h7 = 20.1
Btu!lb da, W7 = 50 grains /lb da, and v7 =
13.04 fe!lb da.
Step 2: Determine final air properties after
reheating.
The reheating process is a sensible-heating
process at constant humidity ratio (W8 = W7 =
50 grains/lb da) . On Fig. 5-29 draw a constant
humidity ratio line from point 7 to intersect t 8
at l15°F. At point 8 find tw8 = 72.2~F. hs =
35.5 Btu/lb da, and v8 = 14.65 fe/lb da.
Step 3: Determine the amount of reheat
required. By Eq. 5-4,
ilsg = Tna 7 (hg - h7)
(1384)(60)(35.5 - 20.1)
ilsg = 1,278,800 Btu/hr
5-11 COOLING AND
DEHUMIDIFICATION OF AIR
The preceding sections of this chapter have
been concerned primarily with the heating
and/or humidification of air to provide supply
air to a conditioned space which would over-
come heat losses and provide for satisfactory
humidity conditions . We will now concern
ourselves with cooling and dehumidification of
air supplied to a space. This air would be used
to overcome the heat gains and moisture gains
of the space.
Most summer air-conditioning applications
require the simultaneous removal of both sen-
sible and latent heat quantities to maintain
comfort conditions for people, or for maintain-
ing stability of an industrial process. Deter-
mination of the required supply air quantity ·
and its properties are the important steps in
the satisfactory design of air-conditioning sys-
tems.
In Section 5-3 sensible cooling of moist air
was discussed. However, as may be recalled,
we were concerned at that time with the pro-
cess of warm supply air providing the sensible
heat to overcome heat loss from the condi-
tioned space. We are now concerned with sup-
plying air to a conditioned space at a suffi-
ciently reduced dry-bulb temperature below the
space design dry-bulb temperature to absorb
the sensible heat gains to the space. The sup-
ply air must also be at a sufficiently reduced
humidity ratio to absorb the latent heat gains
to the space.
Figure 5-30a represents a typical cooling
coil using chilled water in the tubes. If the
chilled water circulated through the tubes is
at a temperature low enough to maintain the air-
side surface temperature of the coil below the
dew-point temperature of the entering air, the
properties of the air passing through the de-
humidifying coil may be represented as shown
in Fig. 5-30a. The dry- and wet-bulb tem-
peratures, humidity ratio, and enthalpy of the
entering air are reduced. The psychrometric
process of cooling and humidification of the air
from condition 1 to condition 2 is represented
on Fig. 5-30b if all the air uniformly and per-
fectly contacts the chilled surface of the coil.
The moisture could be condensed from the air at No
a vatiable temperature from the initial dew- Eq
point temperature (A) to the final saturation ch;
temperature (t2 ). If the condensed moisture is an'
brought to the final temperature (t2 ) before on
draining from the system, we may write the lin
following steady-flow energy and material-bal- no
ance equations. ce1
206 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS
Therefore, the actual enthalpy of the air leav-
ing would be 20.0 + 14.6 = 34.6 Btu/lb da,
hs .
Draw a straight line on Fig. 5-29 connect-
ing point 4, the entering air condition, and the
leaving water condition . Construct a constant-
enthalpy line (h5 = 34.6) to produce an inter-
section at point 5, the actual leaving air con-
dition from the spray washer. Read t5 = 72°F,
tw5 = 70.6°F, W5 = 111 grains/lb da, and
v5 = 13.75 ft/lb da.
Step 6: Determine the final air properties
after reheating (point 6).
The reheating process is a sensible-heating
process at constant humidity ratio W6 = W5 =
111 grains/lb da. On Fig. 5-29 locate intersec-
tion of W = 111 and t6 = 115°F and find the
following properties of the reheated air: h6 =
45 .2 Btu/lb da, v6 = 14.85 ft/lb da, and tw6 =
81.6°F.
Step 7: Determine the required amount of
reheat. By Eq. (5-4),
ils6 = ma/h6 - hs)
(1384)(60)(45.2 - 34.6)
iJs6 = 880,200 Btu/hr
Solution: (Part b) (Refer to Fig. 5-29)
All air properties up to and including point
4 are the same as found in part a.
Step 1: Determine air properties leaving
spray washer when the spray wa-
•ter is unheated.
When no heat is added to the spray water,
the water will quickly assume the wet-bulb
temperature of the entering air (tw4 = 49.8°F) .
The air condition as it passes through the spray
chamber would follow the constant wet-bulb
temperature of 49. 8°F as the air is humidified
and cooled.
Theoretically, the air would leave the spray
washer saturated at a dry-bulb temperature of
49.8°F, or the drop in dry-bulb temperature
would be 62 - 49.8 = 12.2 degrees. The cor-
rection factor , or humidifying effectiveness,
must be applied in this case to the dry-bulb
· temperature change or the humidity ratio
change. Therefore, the actual change in dry-
bulb temperature would be (12.2)(0.83) =
10.1 degrees. Therefore, the actual dty-bulb
temperature of the air leaving the washer
would be 62 - 10. 1 = 51.9°F = t7 •
On Fig. 5-29 locate the intersection of h =
51.9°F and tW? = 49 .8°F. Find h7 = 20. 1
Btu/lb da, W7 = 50 grains /lb da, and v7 =
13 .04 fe/lb da.
Step 2: Determine final air properties after
reheating.
The reheating process is a sensible-heating
process at constant humidity ratio (W8 = W7 =
50 grains/lb da) . On Fig. 5-29 draw a constant
humidity ratio line from point 7 to intersect t 8
at ll5°F. At point 8 find tw8 = 72.2°-F , h8 =
35.5 Btu/lb da, and Vg = 14.65 fe/lb da.
Step 3: Determine the amount of reheat
required. By Eq . 5-4,
/Jsg = ffla 7 (hg - h7)
(1384)(60)(35.5 - 20. 1)
/lsg = 1,278 ,800 Btu/hr
5-11 COOLING AND
DEHUMIDIFICATION OF AIR
The preceding sections of this chapter have
been concerned primarily with the heating
and/or humidification of air to provide supply
air to a conditioned space which would over-
come heat losses and provide for satisfactory
humidity conditions. We will now concern
ourselves with cooling and dehumidification of
air supplied to a space. This air would be used
to overcome the heat gains and moisture gains
of the space.
Most summer air-conditioning applications
require the simultaneous removal of both sen-
sible and latent heat quantities to maintain
comfort conditions for people, or for maintain-
ing stability of an industrial process. Deter-
mination of the required supply air quantity ·
and its properties are the important steps in
the satisfactory design of air-conditioning sys-
tems .
In Section 5-3 sensible cooling of moist air
was discussed . However, as may be recalled,
we were concerned at that time with the pro-
cess of warm supply air providing the sensible
heat to overcome heat loss from the condi-
tioned space . We are now concerned with sup-
plying air to a conditioned space at a suffi-
ciently reduced dry-bulb temperature below the
space design dry-bulb temperature to absorb
the sensible heat gains to the space. The sup-
ply air must also be at a sufficiently reduced
humidity ratio to absorb the latent heat gains
to the space .
Figure 5-30a represents a typical cooling
coil using chilled water in the tubes. If the
chilled water circulated through the tubes is
at a temperature low enough to maintain the air-
side surface temperature of the coil below the
dew-point temperature of the entering air, the
properties of the air passing through the de-
humidifying coil may be represented as shown
in Fig . 5-30a. The dry- and wet-bulb tem-
peratures , humidity ratio , and enthalpy of the
entering air are reduced. The psychrometric
process of cooling and humidification of the air
from condition 1 to condition 2 is represented
on Fig. 5-30b if all the air uniformly and per-
fectly contacts the chilled surface of the coil.
The moisture could be condensed from the air at No
a vatiable temperature from the initial dew- Eq
point temperature (A) to the final saturation ch;
temperature (t2 ) . If the condensed moisture is anj
brought to the final temperature (t2 ) before on
draining from the system , we may write the lin
following steady-flow energy and material-bal- no
ance equations. ce1

IV- washer saturated at a dry-bulb temperature o
Ia, 49 .8°F, or the drop in dry-bulb temperature
would be 62 - 49.8 = 12.2 degrees . The cor-
:t- rection factor, or humidifying effectiveness,
he must be applied in this case to the dry-bulb
lt- · temperature change or the humidity ratio
!r- change. Therefore, the actual change in ~ry ­
n- bulb temperature would be (12 .2)(0.8.3) =
F, 10. 1 degrees . Therefore, the actual dty-bulb
lld temperature of the air leaving the washer
would be 62 - 10.1 = 51.9°F = 17 •
On Fig. 5-29 locate the intersection of 17 =
es
51.9°F and 1W'J = 49.8°F. Find h7 = 20.1
Btu/lb da, W7 = 50 grains /lb da, and v7 =
1g 13.04 fellb da.
Step 2: Determine final air properties after
c-
reheating.
1e
The reheating process is a sensible-heating
process at constant humidity ratio (W8 = W7 =
50 grains/lb da). On Fig. 5-29 draw a constant
humidity ratio line from point 7 to intersect 18
of
at l15°F. At point 8 find 1w8 = 72.2°F, h8 =
35.5 Btu/lb da, and v8 = 14.65 fellb da.
Step 3: Determine the amount of reheat
required. By Eq. 5-4,
/lsg = rna? (hg - h7)
(1384)(60)(35.5 - 20. 1)
/lsg = 1,278,800 Btu/hr
lt
5-11 COOLING AND
g DEHUMIDIFICATION OF AIR
l-
The preceding sections of this chapter have
been concerned primarily with the heating
and/or humidification of air to provide supply
b air to a conditioned space which would over-
I. c ome heat losses and provide for satisfactory
y humidity conditions. We will now conc~m
b ourselves with cooling and dehumidification of
d air supplied to a space. This air would be used
to overcome the heat gains and moisture gains
y of the space.
APPLIED PSYCH ROMETHICS 20
Cooling and
Most summer air-conditioning applications
dehumidifying cor I
require the simultaneous removal of both sen-
t,
sible and latent heat quantities to maintain t2
comfort conditions for people, or for maintain- tw,
ing stability of an industrial process. Deter-
mination of the required supply air quantity w,
w2
and its properties are the important steps in
h,
the satisfactory design of air-conditioning sys- h2
tems .
In Section 5-3 sensible cooling of moist air
was discussed. However, as may be recalled,
we were concerned at that time with the pro-
cess of warm supply air providing the sensible
heat to overcome heat loss from the condi- (a)
tioned space. We are now concerned with sup-
plying air to a conditioned space at a suffi-
ciently reduced dry-bulb temperature below the
space design dry-bulb temperature to absorb
the sensible heat gains to the space. The sup-
ply air must also be at a sufficiently reduced
humidity ratio to absorb the latent heat gains ---,w,
to the space. ~ 1 W2
Figure 5-30a represents a typical cooling
coil using chilled water in the tubes. If the
chilled water circulated through the tubes is
at a temperature low enough to maintain the air-
(b)
side surface temperature of the coil below the
dew-point temperature of the entering air, the Figure 5-30
properties of the air passing through the de- Schematic Illustration of cooling and
humidifying coil may be represented as shown dehumidification
in Fig. 5-30a. The dry- and wet-bulb tem-
peratures, humidity ratio , and enthalpy of the
entering air are reduced. The psychrometric malhl = ma2h2 + qc + mwhw (5-31)
process of cooling and humidification of the air
mal ma2 (5-32)
from condition 1 to condition 2 is represented
on Fig. 5-30b if all the air uniformly and per- mal WI ma2W2 + mw (5-33)
fectly contacts the chilled surface of the coil.
The moisture could be condensed from the air at Note that these three equations are similar to
a variable temperature from the initial dew- Eqs. (5-18), (5-19), and (5-20) with the signs
point temperature (A) to the final saturation changed on iJs and mw. The process of cooling
temperature (12 ). If the condensed moisture is and dehumidification between points 1 and 2
brought to the final temperature (12 ) before on Fig. 5-30b may be represented by a straight
draining from the system, we may write the line (1-2) on the psychrdmetric chart. There is
following steady-flow energy and material-bal- no problem here because we are normally con-
ance equations. cerned with only the. initial and final air con-
208 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

dition . Combining Eqs. (5-31) and (5-32) we or

have
iJL ~ rna(WJ - W2)(1055) (5-36)
q, = rna (h, - h2) - rn.Jzw (5-34)
wra = 64
If standard air is assumed with W1 and W2 ex-
and from Eqs. (5-32) and (5-33) we have pressed in units of grains/lb da, Eq. (5-36) be-
comes
~
~~
---1 ... -·~
I W = 58.7
W =56.7

rnw = rna (W, - W2) (5-35)

. (1055)(0.075)(60)(cfm)(W 1 - W2) a
qL = 7000 55 F 60 F 65 F 78 F
In the above equations hw would be the en- g
thalpy of saturated water at the final air dew- Figure 5-31 r.
point temperature or at a specified water tem- or Schematic psychrometric chart for
perature. Illustrative Problem 5-12
We may also look at the process of Fig.
5-30b and assume that air supplied to a space
qL = 0 .68 cfm(W 1 - .W2) (5-37)

at condition 2 will absorb sensible and latent "ra" refers to room air condi-
where
heat as it changes to condition 1. If condition tion.) From Eq. (5-9)
1 is the space design conditions to be main- qL = latent heat absorbed by supply
tained, then air may be supplied to the space
at condition 2. air from condition 2 to iJs = 1.10 CFMsa {tra - tsa)
By using Eq . (5-9) with the temperature condition 1 (in Btulhr)
difference expressed as t 1 - t2 and assuming or
cfm = supply air quantity at standard
various values of t2, it is possible to determine
the quantity of standard air required to absorb conditions iJs 50,000
the sensible heat load; or the air quantity to be W1 and W2 space and supply air humidity cfmsa = 1.1 O{tra - tsa) 1.10(78 - 55)
supplied may be arbitrarily selected and the re- cfmsa = 1976 (ans)
ratios, respectively,
quired supply air temperature (t2) may be cal-
culated for a given sensible heat load. In either (grains/lb da) Step 2: Determine the humidity ratio of
case it will be necessary to establish the hu- i1
the supply air.
midity ratio (W2) of the supply air if there is to d
Illustrative Problem 5-12 Each pound of air supplied at 55°F must n
be a simultaneous removal of latent heat as
have a humidity ratio sufficiently depressed d
well as the sensible heat. Assume that a given space has a calculated
As may be seen in Fig . 5-30b, the humidity below the design humidity ratio of the space s
sensible heat gain of 50,000 Btu/hr and a latent to absorb the latent heat load while rising to s
ratio of the supply air (W2) is Jess than that of heat gain of 12,500 Btu!hr with a space design
the conditioned space (W1). At low partial the space condition, or the vertical distance 0
condition of 78°F and 45 percent RH. Deter- (Wra - WsJ = aw. From Eq. (5-37) ~
pressures , approximately 1055 Btu are re- mine the supply air quantities and respective
quired to condense or evaporate 1 lb of water. properties if the supply air temperature is as-
Equation 5-35 gives the amount of moisture signed values of 55°F, 60°F, and 65°F. _t.
change in the air. Therefore, the latent heat Supply Air
(qL) associated with this moisture may be Temperature t,.-t.. cf
Solution: (See Fig. 5-31)
found by multiplying Eq. (5-35) by h1g =
1055, or Step 1: Using a supply air temperature 55 23 19
t58 = 55°F, determine the quan- 60 18 25
65 13 34
iJL = rn.Jzw = rna(W, - W2)hfg tity of supply air. (Subscript
 APPLIED PSYCHROME:TRICS 20

or qL
11W = Wra - w•• = 0.68 CFMsa
qL ~ ma{Wt - W2)(1055) (5-36)
12,500
w,. = 64 0 .68(1976)
If standard air is assumed with W1 and W2 ex·
pressed in units of grains/lb da, Eq. (5-36) be· • ~
.,.... ~~I I W = 58 .7
W = 56 .7 11W = Wra - Wsa = 9 .3 grains/lb da
comes
From the psychrometric chart at tra = 78°F
. (1055)(0.075)(60)(cfm)(W 1 - W2) and RHra = 45 percent, find Wra = 64
55 F 60 F 65 F 78 F
qL = 7000 grains/lb da. Therefore, the required humidity
Figure 5-31 ratio of the supply air will be
or Schematic psychrometric chart for
Illustrative Problem 5-12 Wsa = Wra - 11W = 64 - 9.3

qL = 0 .68 cfm(W 1 - W2) (5-37) w•• = 54.7 grains/lb da

"ra" refers to room air condi· Step 3: Plot the values of t58 = 55°F and
where tion .) From Eq. (5-9) w.. = 54.7 grains/lb da on Fig.
qL = latent heat absorbed by supply 5-31.
air from condition 2 to qs = 1.10 CfMsa (Ira - tsa) Step 4: Perform similar calculations to
condition 1 (in Btulhr) determine the values of w•• for
or r•• = 60°F and 65°F. The results
cfm = supply air quantity at standard are shown in the table b.elow.
conditions q. 50,000
cfmsa = tsa) Step 5: Plot the above corresponding val-
1.10(78 - 55)
W1 and W2 = space and supply air humidity ues of tsa and Wsa on Fig. 5-31.
cfm•• = 1976 (ans)
ratios, respectively,
By observing the plotted points on Fig. 5-31,
(grains/lb da) Step 2: Determine the humidity ratio of it may be noted that a straight line may be
the supply air. drawn through them and , when extended to the
Illustrative Problem 5-12 Each pound of air supplied at 55°F must right, will pass through the space design con-·
have a humidity ratio sufficiently depressed dition of 78°F DB and 45 percent RH . If this
Assume that a given space has a calculated below the design humidity ratio of the space same line is extended to the left, it will inter-
sensible heat gain of 50,000 Btu/hr and a latent to absorb the latent heat load while rising to sect the 100 percent RH curve at a temperature
heat gain of 12,500 Btu/hr with a space design the space condition, or the vertical distance of 49.6°F DB . This point is called the room
condition of 78°F and 45 percent RH. Deter· (Wra - w••) = 11W. From Eq. (5-37) apparatus dew point (tradp)
mine the supply air quantities and respective
properties if the supply air temperature is as·
signed values of 55°F, 60°F, and 65°F.
Supply Air
Temperature t,.-t.. cfm .. w.. - w.. w..
Solution: (See Fig. 5-31)
55 23 1976 9.3 54.7
Step 1: Using a supply air temperature 60 18 2525 7.3 56.7
t
58
= 55°F, determine the quan- 65 13 3496 5.3 58 .7
tity of supply air. (Subscript
210 APPLIED PSYC.HROMETRICS
It should be apparent that there could be an
infinite number of possible supply air temper-
atures along this sloping line between 49.6°F
and 78°F which would absorb the space sensi-
ble and latent heat loads simultaneously. Also,
it may be noted by our calculations that, as the
supply air temperature approaches the 100 per-
cent RH curve, the required cfm5a decreases
and would reach a minimum when the air
leaves the cooling device saturated at 49.6°F.
It should also be apparent from the preceding
discussion that the supply air condition is depen-
dent on the slope of the line on Fig. 5-31 . While
the method of solution used in this illustrative
problem is quite workable, a more simple and
direct method is normally used by air-condi-
tioning engineers .
5-12 SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO (SHR)
In Section 5-8 and Problem 5-8 (Method 2)
there was a brief discussion of the sensible
heat ratio (sometimes called sensible heat fac-
tor, SHF). This ratio becomes a very useful
tool for the solution of problems concerned
with the cooling and dehumidification of air.
In Problem 5-8 the sensible heat ratio was de-
fined as
a:
J:
en
Figure 5-32
Schematic psychrometric chart
Illustrating sensible heat ratio (SHR)
of the supply air. The vertical line 3-1 referred
to the enthalpy scale defines the latent heat ca-
pacity of the supply air. The line 2-1 referred
to the enthalpy scale defines total heat capacity
of the supply air. Therefore,
The sensible heat capacity, qs = h3 - h2
27.3 - ·21.8 = 5.5Btu/lbda
The latent heat capacity, qL = h 1 - h3 =
28.7 - 27.3 = 1.4 Btu/lb da
The total heat capacity, q, = h 1 - h2
28.7 - 21.8 = 6.9 Btu/lb da
t
where RSHR refers to the ratio of the room DI
loads. The slight variation in the above two an-
swers may be accounted for by the difficulty of
0 .800 reading accurate enthalpy values from the psy- B
chrometric chart. m
Whenever the space sensible and latent heat - 3
loads are known, the slope of process line 1-2 th,
may be determined by the sensible heat ratio. su
This room sensible heat ratio (RSHR) is plot-
ted on the psychrometric chart through the
room design conditions parallel to the refer-
ence line through the alignment circle (78°F
DB and 50 percent RH) and the sensible heat
ratio scale, as illustrated on Fig. 5-32.
From the above discussion, when the room
sensible and latent loads are known, the nu- ps
merical value of the room sensible ratio may cle
be calculated. The sensible· heat ratio scale and ref1
alignhtent circle on the psychrometric chart is the
= used to establish the required slope of the per
RSHR line. The actual process line is drawn
parallel to this reference line and through the
room design conditions. The required supply
air conditions entering the space mu,st be lo-
cated on this line.
=

The sensible heat ratio is

SHR = . qs . = ~ (5-38)
qs + qL q,
SHR = qs = ~
Using the same basic data of Problem 5 -12 qs + qL 5.5 + 1.4
with the space condition at 78°F DB and 45 = 0.797 (say 0.800)
percent RH, and the supply air at a condition
of 55°F DB, W58 = 54.7 grains/lb da, we may The same result is found by taking the ratio of
replot these conditions on Fig. 5-32. Label the sensible and total heat loads of the space.
these points l and 2, respectively. From the
psychrometric chart the enthalpy values may
Using room sensible heat (RSH) and room la- •
tent heat (RLH), we have
be found as h 1 = 28.7 Btu/lb da and h2 =
21 .8 Btu/lb da. Construct the right triangle as RSH dB---.
shown, determine point 3, and find h3 = 27.3 RSHR = RSH + RLH 57 80
Btu/lb da .
The horizontal line 2-3 referred to the en- 50,000 = 0.800 Figure 5- 33
thalpy scale defines the sensible heat capacity 50,000 + 12,500 Solution to Probler
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 211

cc
J:
en
Figure 5-32
Schematic psychrometric chart
Illustrating sensible heat ratio (SHR)
of the supply air. The vertical line 3-1 referred
to the enthalpy scale defines the latent heat ca-
pacity of the supply air. The line 2-1 referred
to the enthalpy scale defines total heat capacity
of the supply air. Therefore,
The sensible heat capacity, qs = h3
- Step 2: Determine properties of the supply
27 .3 - 21.g = 5.5 Btu/lb da
where RSHR refers to the ratio of the room
loads. The slight variation in the above two an-
swers may be accounted for by the difficulty of
reading accurate enthalpy values from the psy-
0.800
chrometric chart .
• Whenever the space sensible and latent heat
loads are known, the slope of process line 1-2
may be determined by the sensible heat ratio.
This room sensible heat ratio (RSHR) is plot-
ted on the psychrometric chart through the
room design conditions parallel to the refer-
ence line through the alignment circle (7goF
DB and 50 percent RH) and the sensible heat
ratio scale, as illustrated on Fig. 5-32.
From the above discussion, when the room
sensible and latent loads are known , the nu-
merical value of the room sensible ratio may
be calculated. The sensible· heat ratio scale and
alignment circle on the psychrometric chart is
used to establish the required slope of the
h2 = RSHR line. The actual process line is drawn
parallel to this reference line and through the
room design conditions. The required supply
Dlustrative Problem 5-13
A room has a sensible heat gain of 76,000
Btu!hr and a RSHR of o.g5 . The room is to be
maintained at gooF DB and 40 percent RH . If
3000 cfm of air is supplied to the room, find
the required dry bulb and humidity ratio of the
supply air.
Solution: (See Fig. 5-33.)
Step 1: Determine the location of the
RSHR line on the psychrometric
chart.
Construct the reference RSHR line on . the
psychrometric chart through the alignment cir-
cle and o.g5 on the SHR scale. Parallel to this
reference line construct the RSHR line through
the room design conditions of gooF DB and 40
percent RH . ·
air. By Eq. 5-9,

The latent heat capacity, qL = h1 - h3 air conditions entering the space ml(st be lo-
2g.7- 27.3 = 1.4Btu/lbda
cated on this line. iis = (1.10 cfm••)(trm - t•• )

The total heat capacity , q1 = h 1 - h2 =

2g .7 - 21.g = 6.9 Btu/lb da

The sensible heat ratio is

SHR = iis = ~ a:
I
iJs + iJL 5.5 + 1.4 en
= 0.797 (say o.gOO)

The same result is found by taking the ratio of

the sensible and total heat loads of the space.
7-40%_ t w
Using room sensible heat (RSH) and room la- 1\:RSHF >jRoom air (ra)
·

tent heat (RLH), we have Supply air (sa)

dB----. RSHR = 0.85
RSH 57 80
RSHR = RSH + RLH
Figure 5-33
50,000 = o.goo Solution to Problem 5-13
50,000 + 12,500
 76,000 = 1. 10(3000)(80 t ..) q.
RSHR = q. + iJL the supply air any combination of dry- and cula
t,. = 57°F wet-bulb temperatures that intersect on the .The
RSH 42,000 RSHR line. In practice, however, the combi- ben
Locate the point where the dry-bulb temper- RSH + RLH 42,000 + 14.000 nation of dry- and wet-bulb temperatures se- tern
ature 57°F intersects the RSHR line. This is RSHR = 0.75 lected for the supply air must be one that can eve
the condition of the supply air. Read Wsa . = be obtained with the equipment used to cool prin
55 .5 grains/lb da, RHsa = 80 percent, hsa = Step 2: Determine the dew-point temper- the air. Air is ordinarily delivered to the con-
22.2 Btu/lb da, 1.,58 = 53.4°F. ature of the supply air. Determine ditioned room in the same state that it leaves a
the point where t 58 = 56°F inter- the cooling equipment. The conditioning
sects the RSHR line. From the t
Illustrative Problem 5-14 equipment selected must, therefore, be able to
chart at this point find tdp = .reduce the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of
50.5°F (ans)
lllu
A room within a building has a sensible the supply air to a point that will fall on the
heat gain of 42,000 Btu/hr and a latent heat Step 3: Determine supply air quantity . By RSHR line for the room in question .
gain of 14,000 Btu/hr. The room design con- Eq. 5-9, Air can be cooled to many different combi-
75°
ditions are 76°F DB and 63°F WB. Air is to be nations of dry- and wet-bulb temperatures, the .
gai
supplied to the room at 56°F DB . How much iJs = (1 . 10 cfm58 )(tnn - fsa) exact combination depending on the design
he a
supply air must be used and what will be the 42,000 = 1.IO(cfm58 )(76 - 56) of the cooling equipment. Equipment of the
cha
supply air dew-point temperature? type ordinarily used tends to provide supply '
cfm58 = 1909 (say 1900 cfm) (ans) sue
air having high relative humidities, in the
RH
Solution: (See Fig. 5-34.) 5-13 THE CONDITIONED AIR order of 90 percent relative humidity, though
pel
SUPPLY lower or higher relative humidities are obtain-
Step 1: Determine the RSHR and plot the
able.
RSHR line on the psychrometric Theoretically, the designer of an air-condi- In any actual . air-conditioning installation
chart. By Eq. 5-38, tioning system may select for ~e condition of
• the sensible and lat~nt heat gains can be cal-

a:
I
U)

--- w
RSHR
= 0.75

dB--.
56 76
t • dB___.
55 75
Figure 5-34
Figure 5-
Solution to Problem 5-14
Solutlon to Prot
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETAI''

;HR=~ the supply air any combination of dry- and culated by methods presented in later chapters .
qs + qL wet-bulb temperatures that intersect on the .The required dry- and wet-bulb temperatures to
RSH 42,000 RSHR line. In practice, however, the combi- be maintained in the conditioned space are de-
nation of dry- and wet-bulb temperatures se- termined by the type of QCCupancy. So in
RSH + RLH 42,000 + 14,000
lected for the supply air must be one that can every installation the problem resolves itself
RSHR = 0.75 be obtained with the equipment used to cool primarily into finding two quantities:
Step 2: Determine the dew-point temper- the air. Air is ordinarily delivered to the con-
ature of the supply air. Determine ditioned room in the same state that it leaves a. the amount of supply air required
the point where t 5a = 56°F inter- the cooling equipment. The conditioning
b. the condition of the supply air
sects the RSHR line. From the equipment selected must, therefore, be able to
chart at this point find tdp = reduce the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of
lllustrative Problem 5-15
50.5°F (ans)
the supply air to a point that will fall on the
RSHR line for the room in question.
Step 3: Determine supply air quantity. By A conditioned room is to be maintained at
Air can be cooled to many different combi-
Eq. 5-9, 75°F DB and 50 percent RH. The sensible heat
nations of dry- and wet-bulb temperatures, the .
gain of the room is 14,000 Btu/hr. The latent
exact combination depending on the design
i:J.s = (1.10 cfmsa)(trm - fsa) heat gain of the room is 3000 Btu/hr. If the
of the cooling equipment. Equipment of the
42,000 = 1.10(cfm5a)(76 - 56) characteristics of the cooling equipment are
type ordinarily used tends to provide supply
such that the air leaving it has a 90 percent
cfmsa = 1909 (say 1900 cfm) (ans) air having high relative humidities, in the
RH, find the required dry- and wet-bulb tem-
order of 90 percent relative humidity, though
·13 THE CONDITIONED AIR peratures of the supply air.
lower or higher relative humidities are obtain-
UPPLY able.
Solution:
Theoretically, the designer of an air-condi- In any actual . al!-conditioning installation
oning system may select for the condition of the sensible and latent heat gains can be cal- Step 1: Determine RSHR

c: c:
I I
(/) U)

50% I
--- w
RSHR
= 0.75
w
'RSHR
= 0.82

t dB____.
55 75
t
34 Figure 5-35
blem 5-14 Solution to Problem 5-15
 214 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS
RSHR = RSH = 14,000
RSH + RLH 14,000 + 3000
RSHR = 0.823 (say 0.82)
Step 2: Construct RSHR line on psychro-
metric chart.
.· On Fig. 5-35 locate room design conditions
. at 75°F DB and 50 percent RH. Using the
alignment circle and the SHR scale, construct
the reference RSHR line. Parallel to this ref-
erence line construct the actual RSHR line
through the room design condition and extend
to the left to intersect the 100 percent RH
curve. Where this RSHR line interesects the 90
percent RH curve, find the condition of the air
leaving the cooling apparatus, which is also
the supply air condition to the space. Read
158 = 55°F, 1w = 53.4°F. (ans)
58
Illustrative Problem 5-16
Air leaves a bank of cooling coils at 63°F
DB and 90 percent RH. The room to which the
air is delivered has a sensible heat gain of
wra = 86 grains/lb da (ans) A
25,000 Btu/hr and a latent heat gain of K:\00 de
Btu/hr. If the room is to be maintained ot K0°F Step 3: Determine the supply air quantity m:
DB by thermostat, find the resulting Rl l und (cfmsa). By Eq. 5-9, re.
humidity ratio in the cond'itioned room . !low co
much air is being supplied to the room? q. = (1.10 cfm.a)(t.a - t.a)
25,000 = (1.10 cfm58 )(80 - 63)
Solution: (ans)
cfmsa = 1337
Step 1: Determine the RSHR .
Problems 5-15 and 5-16 dealt with selecting
RSH 25,000 the condition of the supply air; no reference
RSHR = RSH + RLH = 25 ,000 + 8300 has been made of selecting the volume of sup-
ply air. To begin by arbitrarily selecting the air
RSHR = 0.7507 (say 0.75)
volume is equivalent to fixing the dry- and
wet-bulb temperatures of the supply air with-
Step 2: Locate RSHR line on psychro-
out first ascertaining whether air at these tem-
metric chart.
peratures can be obtained by use of the condi-
On Fig. 5-36 locate the supply air condition tioning equipment. This point is illustrated by
at tsa = 63°F, RHsa = 90 percent. Using the the following problem.
alignment circle and the SHR scale, construct J ,
the reference RSHR line. Parallel to this ref- Illustrative Problem 5-17
erence line construct the actual RSHR line
through the supply air condition and extend to The sensible. heat gain to a room is 18,200
the right to intersect the 80°F DB line. At this Btu/hr and its latent heat gain is 4500 Btu/hr.
point find RHra = 57 percent,

a:
I
(/)

~
RSHR <:>-- ·
= 0.75
w
"----+----+-------J
dB--.
63 80
t •
dB--.
71

Figure 5-
Figure 5-36
Solutlon to Pro
Solution to Problem 5-16
 APPLI ED PSYCHFIOMrl Ill

Wra = 86 grains/lb da (ans) A conditioned air supply of 1200 cfm is tu hr

25,000 Btu/hr and a latent heat gain of 8300 delivered to the room. If the room is tu he
Btu/hr. If the room is to be maintained at 80°F Step 3: Determine the supply air quantity maintained at 85°F DB and 69°F WB , find the
DB by thermostat, find the resulting RH and (cfm.J. By Eq. 5-9 , required wet- and dry-bulb temperatures of the
humidity ratio in the conditioned room. How conditioned supply air.
much air is being supplied to the room? • qs = (1. 10 cfmsa)(tra - tsa)
Solution:
25 ,000 = (1.10 cfm )(80 -
83 63)
Solution: Step 1: Determine the dry-bulb tempera-
cfmsa = 1337 (ans)
Step 1: Determine the RSHR. ture of the supply air (t83 ). By Eq.
(5-19) ,
Problems 5-15 and 5-16 dealt with selecting
R HR = RSH = 25 ,000 the condition of the supply air; no reference
iJs = (1.10 cfm8 3 )(tra - t83 )
S RSH + RLH 25,000 + 8300 has been made of selecting the volume of sup-
RSHR = 0. 7507 (say 0. 75) ply air. To begin by arbitrarily selecting the air 18,200 = 1.1 0(1200)(85 - t88)
volume is equivalent to fixing the dry- and tsa = 71.1 °F (say 71 °F)
Step 2: Locate RSHR line on psychro- wet-bulb temperatures of the supply air with-
metric chart. out first ascertaining whether air at these tem- Step 2: Calculate the RSHR.
peratures can be obtained by use of the condi-
On Fig. 5-36 locate the supply air condition tioning equipment. This point is illustrated by RSH 18,200
at tsa = 63°F, RHsa = 90 percent. Using the the following problem.
alignment circle and the SHR scale, construct
RSHR = RSH + RLH 18,200 + 4500
the reference RSHR line. Parallel to this ref- Illustrative Problem 5-17 RSHR = 0.802 (say 0.80)
erence line construct the actual RSHR line
through the supply air condition and extend to The sensible heat gain to a room is 18,200 Step 3: Locate RSHR line on psychro-
the right to intersect the 80°F DB line. At this Btulhr and its latent heat gain is 4500 Btu/hr. metric chart.
point find RHra = 57 percent,

a:
/J I a:
I
I
(/)

(/)

o ______
_.ra
.-- RSHR
= 0.75
• "'S..---+-1 RSHR
•u
= 0.80
w
w

t dB____.
t
71 85
80
Figure 5-37
re 5-36
Solution to Problem 5-17
Problem 5-16
216 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

On Fig. 5-37 locate the room air condition Return air

at 85°F DB and 69°F WB . Using the SHR
scale,. construct the reference RSHR line. Par-
allel to this reference line and through the Bypassed return air
room design conditions draw the actual RSHR
line and extend to the left. Where the. dry- ·
bulb temperature of the supply air tsa = 71 °F Supply
intersects the RSHR line find, twsa = 63 .5°F, air
RHsa = 68 percent.
This would be a difficult supply arr condi-
tion to obtain without extensive modification
of the system. It is always best to select the
supply air condition before determining the re- Dehum idifier
quired supply air quantity, as was done in when used
Problem 5-16. 78
Figure 5-38
BYPASSED RETURN AIR: Figure 5-38 is Figure 5
a schematic drawing of a system where a por- Schematic: Return air bypass system
Solution to PrCl
tion of the air drawn from the conditioned
room is admitted to the inlet of the supply fan
without passing through the cooling equip- 50 percent RH. The specifications require a to- Draw RSHR line on chart through room de-
ment. The air supplied to the fan in this man- tal air volume flow of 6000 Cfm to be circu- sign conditions and extend to the left 'to inter-
ner is known as "bypassed return air." The air lated. Find the following: sect the 90 percent RH curve. At this point
entering the fan is a mixture of chilled air and find t = 57.5°F DB and tw = 55.8°F WB.
the bypassed return air. Only the chilled air a. the dry- and wet-bulb temperatur.es of This .is the condition of the chilled SUP.Plv air.
portion of the mixture can absorb sensible and the chilled air leaving the cooling coil if .1; 7 Cf· I (,. ; /3 . 1- L
its RH is 90 percent Step 2: Find volume flow of chilled sup-
latent heat in the conditioned space. The rea-
ply air. By Eq. (5-9),
son is that the dry-bulb and dew-point temper- b. the volume of air to be cooled and de-
atures of the bypassed return air are equal to humidified
those of the room air, whereas the air chilled i:Js = (1.10 cfm.a)(tra - tsa)
by the coil is at a lower dry-bulb and dew- c. the volume of return air to be bypassed 80,000 = (1.10 cfmsa)(78- 57.5)
point temperature. In problems involving mix- d. the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of cfm53 = 3548 (volume flow of chilled air)
tures of bypassed return air and conditioned the mixture of chilled and bypassed re-
air, the bypassed return air may be neglected turn air delivered to the room Step 3: Determine volume flow of return
entirely, and the problem figured as though
air.
chilled air alone were being delivered to the Solution:
conditioned room. The total volume flow of air was set at 6000 '
Step 1: Determine RSHR line and locate cfm. Therefore, the bypassed return air would
Illustrative Problem 5-1St on psychrometric chart. be·
'J-3. q.~ • rl
A room has a sensible heat gain of-so,OOO RSHR RSH 80,000 Bypassed Return Air (cfmra) = 6000 - 3548
RSH + RLH 80,000 + 20,000 I
Btulhr and a latent heat gain of 20,000 Btu!hr;$ , f-C
= 2452 cfm
The room is to be maintained at 78°F DB and RSHR 0.80
as-. s~-
tExtracted from Trane Air Conditioning Manual, The Trane Company, LaCrosse, Wisconsin, p. 106, 1965 ,
with permission. tExtracted from Trane Air Conditioning Manual , The Tra
 APPLIED PSYCHROMF l IW'

Return air

u..
Bypassed return air I
en

50%
RSHR
---
' w = 0.80

Ou tsi de ai r Dehum idifier

~+----+---------' t
wh en used 78
Figure 5-38 Figure 5-39
Schematic: Return air bypass system Solution to Problem 5-18

50 percent RH . The specifications require a to- Draw RSHR line on chart through room de- Step4: The mixture condition of chilled air
tal air volume flow of 6000 Cfm to be circu- sign conditions and extend to the left to inter- · and bypassed return air may be
lated. Find the following: sect the 90 percent RH curve. At this point found as follows . By Eq. 5-17,
..-., find t = 57SF DB and tw = 55.8°F WB .
a. the dry- and wet-bulb temperatur,es of This .is the condition of the chilled SUP.IPlv air. cfm88 X t58 + cfmra X tra
the chilled air leaving the cooling coil if I Cf· l <. ; Jo • ·t.-1. tmix
Step 2: Find volume flow of chilled sup- cfmtotal
its RH is 90 percent
ply air. By Eq. (5-9), 3548 X 57 .5 + 2452 X 78
b . the volume ~f air to be cooled and de-
6000
humidified iJs = (1.10 cfmsa)(tra - tsa)
tmix 65 .87 (say 65.9°F)
c. the volume of return air to be bypassed 80,000 (1.10 cfm88)(78 - 57 .5)
d. the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of cfmsa = 3548 (volume flow of chilled air) The mixture temperature <tmix) must be the
the mixture of chilled and bypassed re- air temperature entering the room and must fall ·
turn air delivered to the room Step 3: Determine volume flow of return on the RSHR lir:e (0.80). At the point of inter-
air. section with tmix = 65 .9°F, find twmix =
Solution: 59.8°F, Wmix = 67 grains/lb da.
The total volume flow of air was set at 6000
Old fallacies die hard. t One that has been
Step 1: Determine RSHR line and locate cfm. Tderefore, the bypassed return air would
most persistently long-lived is the belief that
on psychrometric chart. be
uncomfortable drafts result in a conditioned
room if the temperature of the supply air is
RSHR = RSH = 80,000 Bypassed Return Air (cfmra) 6000 - 3548
low. It is just as possible to have a drafty room
Fe RSH + RLH 80,000 + 20,000 2452 cfm with a warm air supply as with a cold air sup-
RSHR = 0.80

ane Company , LaCrosse, Wisconsin , p. 106, 1965 ,

t Extracted from Trane Air Conditioning Manual, The Trane Company , LaCrosse, Wisconsin , p. 107 , 1965 .
 218 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS
ply. The whole matter of draft p~ention is
one of properly introducing supply dir~ ·nto a
room . Poorly designed and improperly 1 ated
air outlets will always cause drafts , reg dless
of the temperature of the supply air. With
properly located air inlets of correct design,
there is little danger of drafts when introdvcing
air at temperatures usually needed to maintain
r4he required temperature and humidity of a
conditioned room . In spite of this, specifica-
tions fixing the lowest dry-bulb temperature at
which an air supply may be introduced are oc-
casionally encountered. Usually these specifi-
cations fix the minimum temperature of the
supply air at a point 10 to 15 degrees below
the dry-bulb temperature being maintained in
the conditioned room. Usual temperature dif-
ferences are 17 to 25 degrees.
Fixing both the dry-bulb temperature of the
room and the lowest dry-bulb temperature at
which the air supply may be introduced is
equivalent to fixing both the temperature rise
and the volume of the air supply. As the tem-
perature rise of the air supply has been set, and
because the sensible heat gain of the room is a
given amount, it is apparent that by ·choosfng
the dry-bulb temperature of the air supply, the
volume of chilled air that must be delivered is
automatically determined. This has been illus-
trated in previous problems. Because of this,
many specifications call for definite volumes of
air to be supplied; these volumes have been
calculated on some minimum assumed temper-
ature which may, or may not, be stated.
Another situation that requires the circula-
tion of larger air volumes than are desirable
sometimes arises in the larger cities because of
their ventilation ordinances. If larger volumes
of air then are needed are cooled and dehumi-
dified, the humidity in the conditioned space
will frequently be too high. However, the re-
quirement that the entire air supply be taken
from outdoors is often waived, but the volume
of air circulated according to these ventilation
requirements must still be supplied, even The same effect as results from the above
though practically all return air is used. arrangement can be accomplished by throttling
Where the volume of air that must be cir- the conditioned air supply by dampers or by
culated is larger than the volume of air that varying the speed of the supply air fan . Both
should be conditioned, the difference between of these introduce air distribution problems if
the two-that is, the balance of the air needed carried beyond certain limits, while the bypass
to make up the total which must be circu- system insures a constant rate of air supply .
lated-should be withdrawn from the room
and bypassed. (The use of bypass is suggested Dlustrative Problem 5-19
here not as a method of draft prevention or of
temperature control but only as a method of A room in which the sensible heat gain is
meeting the requirements of specifications that 160,000 Btu/hr and the latent heat gain ~7y_
call for needlessly large volumes of air.) This 40,000 Btu/hr is to be maintained at 761lF-uB
excess quantity of return air actually required and 50 percent RH . The specifications require
to maintain the given room temperature and that the air supply shall be delivered to the I
humidity should be conditioned. room at a temperature no lower than 6~e-:ll C'.,
Whenever possible, this excess return air chilled air leaves the conditioner at 90 percent
should be eliminated because it contributes RH. Find the following:
nothing toward the maintenance of the desired
room conditions. The bypassed return air is a. the quantity of air to be conditioned by
carried around through the duct system as so the cooling coils
much dead weight only in order to circulate the
specified larger air volume. The circulation of b. the total air quantity to be delivered to
larger air volumes than are needed has some the room
disadvantages. First, there is an increase in the c. the quantity of return air to be bypassed.
first cost of the installation because of the
larger ducts and fans needed. Second, there is
an increase in the operating cost because of the
larger fan motor required to circulate the ex-
cess air.
The use of bypass return air is a means of
controlling room design conditions at partial
loads. Whenever the actual room sensible heat
load is less than the maximum design load (la-
tent load has a tendency to remain more con-
stant thatl sensible load), the room temperature
will be decreased if the design quantity of con-
ditioned air is supplied. When the room loads
are at the maximum design values, the return •
air bypass would be closed, but as these loads dB---+-·t.a ·
decrease , the bypass damper would be opened 61 76
proportional to the decrease in the room load ,
thus preventing a decrease ·in the room temper- . Figure
ature. Solution to P1
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICB 219

requirements must still be supplied, even
though practically all return air is used.
Where the volume of air that must be cir-
culated is larger than the volume of air that
should be conditioned, the difference between •
the two-that is, the balance of the air neede<;l
to make up the total which must be circu-
lated-should be withdrawn from the room
and bypassed. (The use of bypass is suggested
here not as a method of draft prevention or of
temperature control but only as a method of
meeting the requirements of specifications that
call for needlessly large volumes of air.) This
excess quantity of return air actually required
to maintain the given room temperature and
humidity should be conditioned.
Whenever possible, this excess return air
should be eliminated because it contributes
nothing toward the maintenance of the desired
room conditions. The bypassed return air is
Solution:
The same effect as results from the above
arrangement can be accomplished by throttling Step 1: Determine RSHR line and locate
the conditioned air supply by dampers or by on psychrometric chart.
varying the speed of the supply air fan . Both
of these introduce air distribution problems if
carried beyond certain limits, while the bypass 160,000 = 0.80
RSHR
system insures a constant rate of air supply. 160,000 + 40,000
Illustrative Problem 5-19 Step 2: Determine required quantity of
chilled air (subscript "ca"). By
A room in which the sensible heat gain is Eq. (5-9),
160,000 Btu/hr and the latent heat gain ~1 y. *'IL
40,000 Btu/hr is to be maintained at 76'¥-uB I
qs = (1.10 Cfffica)Ura - tea)
and 50 percent RH. The specifications require
that the air supply shall be delivered to the I 160,000 = (1.10 cfmcJ(76 - 55.3)
room at a temperature no lower than 6~e~ '·II cfmca = 7027
chilled air leaves the conditioner at 90 percent
RH. Find the following:

a. the quantity of air to be conditioned by

Step 3: Determine total quantity of supply
.
air.
.
carried around through the duct system as so the cooling coils According to the problem, the supply air to
much dead weight only in order to circulate the b. the total air quantity to be delivered to the conditioned space must have a temperature
specified larger air volume. The circulation of of 61°F. Therefore, the total quantity of supply
the room
larger air volumes than are needed has some air would be
disadvantages. First, there is an increase in the c. the quantity of return air to be bypassed.
first cost of .the installation because of the
larger ducts and fans needed. Second, there is
an increase in the operating cost because of the
larger fan motor requiied to circulate the ex- u...
cess air. I
CJ)
The use of bypass return air is a means of
controlling room design conditions at partial
loads. Whenever the actual room sensible heat
load is less than the maximum design load (la- 50% RSHF
tent load has a tendency to remain more con- =O.BO
stant than sensible load), the room temperature w
will be decreased if the design quantity of con-
ditioned air is supplied. When the room loads
are at the maximum design values, the return
air bypass would be closed, but as these loads
l
61 76
decrease, the bypass damper would be opened
proportional to the decrease in the room load, Figure 5-40
thus preventing a decrease .in the room temper-
Solution to Problem 5-19
ature.
 qs = {1.10 cfm 58 )(1ra - 158 )
160,000 (1.10 cfm 53 )(76 - 61)
cfmsa 9697
Step 4: Determine quantity of bypass air.
Bypassed air cfmsa ~ cfffica
9697 - 7027
Bypassed air = 2670 cfm
5-14 COOLING COIL PERFORMANCE
In Section 5-13 ~ertain conditions were as-
sumed for the supply air. The major assump-
tion was that the air leaving the cooling coil
was at a relative hvmidity of 90 percent. Fur-
ther, it was assum¥ that the air entering the
cooling coil was recirculated return air from
the conditioned space. The latter assumption
would be correct only when no outside air was
introduced to the conditioned space for proper
ventilation. The actual condition of the air en-
tering the cooling apparatus would normally be
a mixture of return air from the conditioned
space and outside fresh air for ventilation.
Several factors influence the air-side perfor- level of the coil and increases the rate of heat
mance of a cooling and dehumidifying coil us-
ing a volatile refrigerant or chilled water. For
a given coil configuration these factors are:
a. entering air condition, that is, dry- and
wet-bulb temperatures
b. velocity of air flow, that is, usually es-
tablished by the coil face velocity (FV)
c. coil depth in rows of tubes perpendicular
to the airstream direction
d. refrigerant temperature
Figure 5-41 illustrates the actual perfor- . curve would result . The point of intersection
mance of an extended surface (finned) cooling
and dehumidifying coi l. Line AB represents the
RSHR for a particular situation . The air enter-
ing the cooling coil is at point D , which rep-
resents a mixture of outside air at condition C
Outside C
air~
8.-....- --
D
~ ~ · _.-;Roo m air
II: ~.-uo A
Figure 5-41
Actual perfo~~nce of an extended
surface cool7'g and dehumidifying
coli
and room return air at condition A . Whenever
possible, outside air used for ventilation
should be brought in through the dehumidify-
ing equipment in order to reduce the effects of
the outside air on the room Load to a mini-
mum . This practice also increases the effective-
ness of the coil because the higher temperature
and moisture content of the entering mixture,
compared to room air, raises the performance
transfer.
In practice, the surface temperature of an
extended surface dehumidifying coil is seldom
uniform . The typical condition of the airstream
as it passes through the coil is represented by
the curved line D 123451" with the refrigerant
temperature inside the coil at t,. The numbered
, points (2, 3, 4, and 5) represent the number of
rows of coil depth and indicate the air condi-
tion produced by coils of varying depth with
the refrigerant temperature and coil face veloc-
ity constant. If the refrigerant temperature
and/or coil face velocity is changed, a different
between the RSHR line (AB) and the coil per-
formance curve, point E, represents the air
condition required to satisfactorily absorb the
room sensible and latent heat gains . If an exact
number of rows of coil depth did not deliver
Room apparatus
dew point (tradp)
Relations
GSHR (cc
air at this point, the room loads could no
absorbed to produce the desired room co
tions at point A. From the above discussior
may see that the design engineer may se
coils of varying depth, vary the refrige
temperature, or vary the face velocity to ob
the proper coil performance.
The actual surface temperature of the c•
ing coil could range from G to H on Fig. 5
and is not of primary importance in evalua
coil performance. If point D represents
condition of air entering the coil and poir
the desired leaving condition, then a stra
line from D through F extended to the 100 1
cent RH curve establishes a single uniform
surface temperature at point E which would
sult in the same leaving air condition . Poir
is called an equivalent or effective coil surf
temperature, IE, which can be considered
the uniform coil surface temperature w
would produce the same leaving air conditi
as the variable coil surface temperature that
curs when the coil is in operation . t It sho
• be realized that the straight line DFE does
tExtracted in part from Carrier System Design
Company , Syracuse, N.Y., 1972 , pp . 1- 120.
tExtrnctcd in part from Carrier System Design
Company, Syracuse, N.Y., 1972 , pp . 1- 11 8.
 APPLIED PSYCHROMf Hll

I
Outsid e air (oa)
Outsi~e C
air- .cl
Mixture condition
entering cooling

~ Room apparatus apparatus (ea)

~~-----zo
2 1 I

RSH R A Room air

...
dew point (t,adp)
~«==
F
\\ "J
Room design condition (ra)

Supply air to room and

leaving aircondition from
cooling apparatur (t,. = t 18 )

Figure 5-41 Figure 5-42

Actual perfo~"J-"nce of an extended Relationship between RSHR and
surface cool_!rg and dehumidifying GSHR (cooling Coli Performance)
coli

air at this point, the room loads could not be necessarily represent a condition line describ-
and room return air at condition A. Whenever
absorbed to produce the desired room condi- ing the air condition as the air passes through
possible, outside air used for ventilation the coil. Rather, it represents the relationship
tions at point A. From the above discussion we
should be brought in through the dehumidify-
may see that the design engineer may select between the entering and leaving air conditions
ing equipment in order to reduce the effects of
coils of varying depth, vary the refrigerant and defines the effective coil surface tempera-
the outside air on the room load to a mini-
temperature, or vary the face velocity to obtain ture, tE . It also defines the grand sensible heat
mum. This practice also increases the effective-
the proper coil performance. ratio (GSHR) which represents the actual load
ness of the coil because the higher temperature
The actual surface temperature of the cool- conditions for the cooling coil. The point tE is
and moisture content of the entering mixture,
ing coil could range from G to H on Fig . 5-42 referred to as the coil apparatus dew point
:ompared to room air, raises the performance
and is not of primary importance in evaluating (tadp). This point E should not be confused
level of the coil and increases the rate of heat
coil performance. If point D represents the with point B, which is the room apparatus dew
ransfer.
condition of air entering the coil and point F point (tradp)· When no outside air is used (an
In practice, the surface temperature of an
the desired leaving condition, then a straight unusual situation), lines AB and DE coincide
:xtended surface dehumidifying coil is seldom
line from D through F extended to the 100 per- and the coil and room apparatus dew-point
miform. The typical condition of the airstream
cent RH curve establishes a single uniform coil temperatures will be the same. They will also
s it passes through the coil is represented by
surface temperature at point E which would re- be the same when the air leaving the cooling
1e curved line D 12345t, with the refrigerant
sult in the same leaving air condition . PointE coil is saturated at 100 percent relative humid-
!mperature inside the coil at t,. The numbered
is called an equivalent or effective coil surface ity.
oints (2, 3, 4, and 5) represent the number of
temperature, t£, which can be considered as
>ws of coil depth and indicate the air condi-
on produced by coils of varying depth with r the uniform coil surface temperature which
would produce the same leaving air conditions
GRAND SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO
(GSHR)::j: The grand sensible heat ratio is the
te refrigerant temperature and coil face veloc-
as the variable ~..'oil surface temperature that oc- ratio of the total sensible heat to the grand total
y constant. If the refrigerant temperature
curs when the coil is in operation. t It should heat load that the conditioning apparatus must
tdlor coil face velocity is changed, a different
be realized that the straight line DFE does not handle , including the outdoor heat loads. This
trve would result. The point of intersection
:tween the RSHR line (AB) and the coil per-
rmance curve, point £, represents the air tExtracted in part from Carrier System Design Manual, Part I, Load Estimating, Carrier Air Conditioning
Company, Syracuse, N.Y., 1972, pp. 1-120.
ndition required to satisfactorily absorb the
:!:Extracted in part from Carrier System Design Manual, Part I , Load Estimating, Carrier Air Conditioning
:>m sensible and latent heat gains. If an exact Company, Syracuse, N.Y. , 1972, pp . 1-118 .
mber of rows of coil depth did not deliver
ratio is determined from the following equa- mixture condition of the air entering the appa-
tion: ratus .
Referring again to Fig. 5-42, the point of
TSH TSH intersection between the GSHR line and the
= ---
GSHR (5-39) RSHR line must represent the air condition
TSH + TLH GTH
leaving the apparatus and entering the condi-
tioned space (t1a = t58). This neglects fan and
or, from Fig. 5-42
duct heat gains, duct leakage losses, and so
forth . In practice, these heat gains and losses
h,- hF
GSHR are taken into account in estimating the cooling
ho - hF load. Therefore, the temprrature of the air
leaving the apparatus is not necessarily equal
In Eq. (5-39) to the temperature of the air supplied to the
space. This temperature difference is usually
TSH = room sensible heat (RSH) + outside small (2 or 3 degrees); therefore, in our work
air sensible heat (OASH) in the following problems, we will assume
(t1a = t58 ) unless otherwise stated.
or
REQUIRED AIR QUANTITY:t The quan-
tity of air required to offset simultaneously the
TSH = RSH + (1.10 cfilloJ(t0 a - t,a) (5-40)
room sensible and latent heat loads and the
quantity of air required through the cooling ap-
and
paratus to handle the total sensible and latent
heat loads may be calculated using the condi-
TLH = room latent heat (RLH) + outside air tions on their respective RSHR and GSHR
latent heat (OALH)
lines. For a particular application, when both
the RSHR and GSHR lines are plotted on the
or
psychrometric chart, the quantity of air re-
quired to satisfy the room loads may be calcu-
TLH = RLH + (0.68 cfllloa)(W0 a - W,a) lated from
(5-41)
The slope of the GSHR line represents the ra- RSH
(5-42)
tio of sensible and latent heat that the cooling cfmsa = 1. 1O(tra - tsa)
apparatus must handle. The GSHR can be plot-
ted on the psychrometric chart without know- The quantity of air required through the cool-
ing the condition of the supply air, in much the ing apparatus to satisfy the total air condition-
same manner as the RSHR line, using the cal- ing load (including supplementary loads) may
culated GSHR, the mixture condition of air en- be calculated from
I temperature.
tering the apparatus, the sensible heat ratio
TSH
scale, and the alignment circle on the chart.
Cflll,ta = 1.1 0 Uea - tla)
The resulting GSHR line is plotted through the (5-43)
•
tExtracted in part from Carrier System Design Manual, Part 1, Load Estimating, Carrier Air Conditioning
Company , Syracuse, N.Y ., 1972 , pp . 1-119.
The required air quantity suppucu •v ... ~ - r--.
(cfmsa) is equal to the air quantity required
through the apparatus (cflll,ta), neglecting leak-
age losses. In Eq . (5-43) the term tea is the
mixture condition of the air entering the cool-
ing apparatus. The value of tea can only be de-
termined by trial and error, unless 100 percent
outside air is ( specified.
BYPASSING OUTSIDE AIR:t Outdoor
air should not be bypassed .. Obviously, the ef-
fect of bypassing outdoor air is exactly the
same as though this outdoor air were blown
directly into the room by a separate fan. The
fact that the outdoor air is mixed with the
chilled air before being delivered to the condi-
tioned space does not alter the truth of this
statement.
If outdoor air is delivered directly to a con-
ditioned room or, what amounts to the same
thing, is bypassed through the cooling coil, the
sensible and latent heat gains of the room will
be increased by exactly the amount of heat that
the outdoor air surrenders in cooling down to
the room dry-bulb and dew-point temperatures .
Therefore, an additional amount of chilled air
supply will be required to offset the sensible
and latent heat gains due to the delivery of out-
door air directly to the room.
Unconditioned outdoor air, when delivered
to a conditioned room, will usually lower the
sensible heat ratio of that room, thus making it
necessary to chill the supply air to a lower
temperature than would otherwise be needed.
Hence, if outdoor air is bypassed, not only
must a larger volume of chilled air be pro-
vided, but it must also be cooled to a lower
BYPASS FACTOR: Many practicing engi-
. neers take into account coil bypass factor (BF)
tExtracted from Trane Air Conditioning Manual, 1
tCarrier, W. H. , " The Contact-Mixture Analogy ,
Vapor," Transactions ASME, Vol. 59, p. 49 , 193'

a- mixture condition of the air entering the appa-
ratus.
Referring again to Fig . 5-42·, the point of
intersection between the GSHR line and the
9) RSHR line must represent the air condition
leaving the apparatus and entering the condi-
tioned space (t1a = tsa) . This neglects fan and
duct heat gains, duct· leakage losses, aneta so
forth . In practice, these heat gains and iosses
are taken into account in estimating the cooling
load. Therefore, the temperature of the air
leaving the apparatus is not necessarily equal
to the temperature of the air supplied to the
space. This temperature difference is usually
e as when it entered.
small (2 or 3 degrees); therefore, in our work
in the following problems, we will assume
(t1a = t.J unless otherwise stated.
REQUIRED AIR QUANTITY:t The quan-
tity of air required to offset simultaneously the
I)
room sensible and latent heat loads and the
quantity of air required through the cooling ap-
paratus to handle the total sensible and latent
r
heat loads may be calculated using the condi-
tions on their respective RSHR and GSHR
lines . For a particular application, when both
the RSHR and GSHR lines are plotted on the
psychrometric chart, the quantity of air re-
quired to satisfy the room loads may be calcu-
lated from
RSH (5-42)
cfmsa = 1. 1O(tra - tsa)
The quantity of air required through the cool-
ing apparatus to satisfy the total air condition-
ing load (including supplementary loads) may
be calculated from
TSH
Cfll\Ja = 1.10 (tea - tla) (5-43)
1ual, Part I , Load Estimating, Carrier Air Conditioning
APPLIED PSYCHnOMl 1111 ~
The required air quantity supplied to the space when estimating the coil cooling l<lud nud NUp
ply air quantity . Some manufacturers rule thl' ll
(cfmsa) is equal to the air quantity required
cooling coils according to bypass factors. The
through the apparatus (cfll\ia) , neglecting leak-
theory:j: on which this practice is based is that
age losses. In Eq. (5-43) the term tea is the
all the air passing through a finned-tube cool-
mixture condition of the air entering the cool-
ing coil does not contact the chjlled surface of
ing apparatus . The value of tea can only be de-
the coil unless the coil is several rows deep
termined by trial and error, unless 100 percent
normal to the direction of air flow . In other
outside air is specified.
r
words the air leaving an extended surface cool-
BYPASSING OUTSIDE AIR:t Outdoor
ing coil is a mechanical mixture of air which
air should not be bypassed .. Obviously , the ef-
has contacted the chilled surface and chilled to
fect of bypassing outdoor air is exactly the
that temperature and air which escapes (by- .
same as though this outdoor air were blown
passed) through the coil in the same condition
directly into the room by a separate fan . The
fact that the outdoor air is mixed with the
The bypass factor is equal to the difference
chilled air before being delivered to the condi-
between the leaving air temperature and the
tioned space does not alter the truth of this
mean surface temperature of the coil, divided
statement. by the difference between the entering air tem-
If outdoor air is delivered directly to a con-
perature and the mean surface temperature of
ditioned room or, what amounts to the same
the coil. Referring to Fig . 5-42, the bypass
thing, is bypassed through the cooling coil , the
factor would be
sensible and latent heat gains of the room will
be increased by exactly the amount of heat that
the outdoor air surrenders in cooling down to BF = tF - tE
the room dry-bulb and dew-point temperatures. to - tE
Therefore, an additional amount of chilled air
supply will be required to offset the sensible where tF = dry-bulb temperature of air
and latent heat gains due to the delivery of out- leaving coil
door air directly to the room.
Unconditioned outdoor air, when delivered
tE = coil mean (effective) surface
to a conditioned room, will usually lower the temperature
sensible heat ratio of that room, thus making it
t0 = dry-bulb temperature of air
necessary to chill the supply air to a lower
temperature than would otherwise be needed. entering coil
Hence, if outdoor air is bypassed, not only
must a larger volume of chilled ' ir be pro- More generally, we may use the following
vided, but it must also be cooled to a lower expression for the bypass factor:
temperature.
BYPASS FACTOR: Many practicing engi- BF = t,a - tadp (5-44)
neers take into account coil bypass factor (BF) tea - tadp
tExtracted from Trane Air Conditioning Manual , The Trane Company, LaCrosse, Wisconsin, p. 109, 1965.
:j:Carrier, W. H. , " The Contact-Mixture Analogy Applied to Heat Transfer with Mixtures of Air and Water
Vapor," Transactions ASME, Vol. 59, p. 49 ,. 1937.
224 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

Since the line DFE is a straight line, it is where 0.56 is the bypass factor of a single row
closely true that coil at a face velocity of 500 fpm and n is the
number of rows of coil depth. oa

W 18 - Wadp (5-45)
The bypass factor+ is a function of the
BF = Wea - Wadp physical and operating characteristics of the
air-conditioning a{'paratus and, as such, repre-
The quantity 1 - BF is frequently referred to sents that portion of the air which is considered
as the "contact factor" and may be considered to pass through the conditioning apparatus
to be that portion of the air leaving the cooling completely unaltered.
coil at the coil apparatus dew point. The physical and operating characteristics
affecting the bypass factor are as follows:
l _ BF = tea - tla _ W ea - Wla Figure 5-43
1. A decreasing amount of available appa-
tea - tadp - Wea - W adp (5-46) Effect of changing size of bypass
ratus heat-transfer surface results in an
factor (BF)
hea - hla increase in the bypass fact~r; that is, less
hea - hadp rows of coils, less coil surface area,
wider spacing of coil tubes . The effect of varying the bypass factor on
In Eqs. (5-44), (5-45), and (5-46) subscripts the conditioning equipment is as follows:
used are as follows: 2. A decrease in the velocity of air through
the conditioning apparatus results in a
decrease in bypass factor; that is, more 1. Smaller bypass factor
ea = entering air condition to cooling a. Higher adp-DX equipment selected
time for the air to contact the heat-trans-
apparatus fer surface. for higher refrigerant temperature and
Ia = leaving air condition from cooling chilled water equipment would be se-
Decreasing or increasing the amount of lected for less water flow or higher
"""" apparatus temperature chilled water. Possibly
heat-transfer surface has a greater effect on by-
adP\= air properties at the coil ap~atus pass factor than varying the velocity of air smaller refrigeration machine.
dew pqint ___/' through the apparatus . b. Less air-smaller fan and fan motor.
To properly maintain room design condi- c. More heat-transfer surface-more
The bypass factor of a coil of n rows deep tions, the air must be supplied to the space at rows of coil or more coil surface area
equals the bypass factor for one row raised to some point along the RSHR line. Therefore, as available.
the nth power. Experimentationt has indicated the bypass factor varies, the relative position d. Smaller piping if chilled water is
that the approximate bypass factor for ex- of the GSHR line and RSHR line changes, as used.
tended surface, %-in. OD tube, 13/32-in . high shown by the dotted lines on Fig. 5-43. As the 2. Larger bypass factor
helical fins, spaced 14 per inch, may be pre- position of the GSHR line changes, the enter- a. Lower adp-Lower refrigerant tem-
dicted by the followir.g empirical relationship: ing and leaving air conditions at the apparatus, perature to select DX equipment, and
the required air quantity , bypass factor, and more water flow or lower water tem-
BF = 0.56" the apparatus dew point also change. perature for chilled water equipment .
• Possibly larger refrigeration machine.
b. More air-larger fan and fan motor.
c. Less heat-transfer surface-less rows
t Carpenter, James H., " Fundamentals of Psychrometries," Carrier Air Conditioning Company , Syracuse,
New York , p. 17 , 1962.
of coil or less coil surface available.
+Extracted in part from Carrier System Design Manual, Part 1, Load Estimating, Carrier Air Conditioning d. Larger piping if more chilled water is
Company , Syracuse, N.Y., 1972, pp. 1-121 to 1-123 . osed.

is where 0.56 is the bypass factor of a single row
coil at a face velocity of 500 fpm and n is the
number of rows of coil depth.
The bypass factor+ is a function of the
45)
physical and operating characteristics of the
air-conditioning apparatus and, as such, repre-
to sents that portion of the air which is consi~red
ed to pass through the conditioning apparatus
ng completely unaltered.
The physical and operating characteristics
affecting the bypass factor are as follows:
1. A decreasing amount of available appa-
16)
ratus heat-transfer surface results in an
increase in the bypass fact~r; that is , less
rows of coils, less coil surface area,
wider spacing of coil tubes.
ItS
2. A decrease in the velocity of air through
the conditioning apparatus results in a
decrease in bypass factor; that is, more
time for the air to contact the heat-trans-
fer surface.
Decreasing or increasing the amount of
heat-transfer surface has a greater effect on by-
pass factor than varying the velocity of air
through the apparatus.
To properly maintain room design condi-
p tions, the air must be supplied to the space at
0 some point along the RSHR line. Therefore, as
d the bypass factor varies , the relative position
of the GSHR line and RSHR line changes, as
~ shown by the dotted lines on Fig. 5-43 . As the
position of the GSHR line changes, the enter-
ing and leaving air conditions at the apparatus,
the required air quantity, bypass factor, and
the apparatus dew point also change.
metrics," Carrier Air Conditioning Company, Syracuse,
1nual, Part 1, Load Estimating, Carrier Air Conditioning
23.
oa
Figure 5-43
Effect of changing size of bypass
factor (BF)
The effect of varying the bypass factor on
the conditioning equipment is as follows :
1. Smaller bypass factor
a. Higher adp---DX equipment selected
for higher refrigerant temperature and
chilled water equipment would be se-
lected for less water flow or higher
temperature chilled water. Possibly
smaller refrigeration machine.
b. Less air-smaller fan and fan motor.
c. More heat-transfer surface--more
~
rows of coil or more coil surface area
•'<.
available.
d. Smaller piping if chilled water is
used.
2. Larger bypass factor
a. Lower adp-Lower refrigerant tem-
perature to select DX equipment, and
more water flow or lower water tem-
perature for chilled water,equipment.
Possibly larger refrigeration machine .
b. More air- larger fan and fan motor.
c . Less heat-transfer surface- less rows
of coil or Jess coil surface available.
d. Larger piping if more chilled water is
used.
APPLIED P S YC HI~ O MI I HI
It is, therefore, an economic oaltllll'C ul 11"1
cost and operating cost in selecting lhc p111pl'r
bypass factor for a particular application . Tu
ble 5-2 gives suggested ranges of bypass fuc
tors for various applications.
Illustrative Problem 5-20
A conditioned r9P.!Y having ~.gsible and la-
tent heat gains of 40,000 and .6500 Btu/hr, ·re-
specJ}.vely, is to be maintained~77°F DB and
63°F WB . The outdoor air is af 95°F DB and
78°~'\vB. The specifications require that 2400/./.J
Cf14 of air be delivered to the room. Of this
amount 25 percent is to be outdoor air and 75
percent return air from the room. Find the fol-
lowing:
a. the required dry- and wet-bulb tempera-
tures of the supply air to the conditioned
room
b. the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of
the air entering the cooling coils
c. the required condition of the chilled air
supply leaving the cooling coils
d. the quantity of the air to be chilled by
the cooling coils ·
e. the quantity of air to be bypassed
Solution: (See Fig. 5-44)
Step 1: Determine dry-bulb temperature
of supply air and RSHR line. By
Eq. 5-9,
q. = (1.10 cfm••)(tra - r••)
40,000 = 1.10(2400)(77 - r••)
r•• = 61.8°F
RSHR = RSH = 40,000
RSH + RLH 40,000 + 6500
RSHR = 0.86
 226 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

Table 5-2
Typical Bypass Factors*

Coli
Bypass
Factor Type of Application Example

0.30 to 0 .50 A small total load or a load that is Residence

somewhat larger with a low sensible
heat ratio (high latent load)

0.20 to 0 .30 Typical comfort application with a Residence, small retail shop, factory
relatively small total load or a low
sensible heat ratio with a somewhat
larger load
dB--:4 7
tadp
61.8 77
0. 10 to 0.20 Typical comfort application Department store , bank, factory

0.05 to 0.10 Applications with high internal sensible Department store , restaurant, factory
Flgur'
loads or requiring a large amount of
outdoor air for ventilation Solution to Probl

0.00 to 0 .10 All outdoor air application Hospital operating room, factory

*Extracted from Carrier System Design Manual, Part I , Load Estimating, Carrier Air Conditioning Company, Syracuse, If the GSHR line is extended downward and
N .Y., 1972, p . 1-127.
to the left to intersect the 100 percent RH
I"') On psychrometric chart (Fig. 5-44) draw Step 3: Determine the GSHR line and the
curve, the apparatus dew point is found,
tadp = 47°F.
RSHR line (0.86) through room design condi- required condition of the chilled
Step 4: Determine bypassed air and
tions. Where tsa = 61.8°F intersects the RSHR air leaving the cooling coil.
chilled air.
line, find twsa = 56.8°F, Wsa = 60 grains/lb da. By Eq. 5-44,
The chilled air leaving the cooling coil must
be on the RSHR line and also on the GSHR
Step 2: Determine entering air conditions
line. This air condition has already been estab- BF = tla - tadp 61.8 - 47
to cooling coil.
lished at tsa = 61.8°F, twsa = 56.8°F . There- tea ~ tadp 81.5 - 47
Locate outside air condition (95°F DB and fore,
78°F WB) on Fig. 5-44. Connect outside air BF = 0.43
condition to room design conditions with a t1a = tsa = 61.8°F
straight line. The mixture condition must lie on Bypassed air = BF X cfmsa 0.43 X
this straight line. By Eq. (5-14), twla = twsa = 56.8°F 2400 = 1032 cfm
By Eq . 5-46
W,a = Wsa = 60 grain/lb da
0.25 X 95 + 0 .75 X 77 •
tmix = tea - tla 81.5 - 61.8
1.00 Since the entering and leaving air conditions BF =
tea - tadp 81.5 - 47
tmix = 8 1.5°F = tea from the coil have been determined , the GSHR
1
line is a straight line joining these two air con- I - BF = 0 .5'7
Locate tea = 81.5°F on straigh.t line be- ditions . On Fig. 5-44 draw the GSHR line and
tween outside air and room air and find twea = determine from the SHR scale and alignment hilled ui r • ( I - BF) (cfm88) = 0 .57 X
67 .2°F, Wea • 77 grains/lb da. circle that GSHR = 0 .65 . 2400 136R cfm
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRIC$ 227

Table 5-2
I Bypass Factors*
0:: I GSHR
• ~J=0.65
Example

tt is Residence
sensible

tha Residence, small retail shop, factory

--
---
--
_.-i

1 1 ~/..5 I
a low
new hat
dB_!_..I
tadp 47
I
61.8 77
1 I
95 RSH R = 0.86-
t
Department store, bank, factory
Act. RSHR = 0.739
sensible Department store, restaurant, factory
Figure 5-44
1ount of
Solution to Problems 5-20 and 5-21

Hospital operating room, factory

1, Load Estimating, Carrier Air Conditioning Company, Syracuse, If the GSHR line is extended downward and Illustrative Problem 5-21
to the left to intersect the 100 percent RH
curve, the apparatus dew point is found, Using the same basic data of Problem 5-20,
raw Step 3: Determine the GSHR line and the tadp = 47°F. determine the actual RSHR caused by the by-
ndi- required condition of the chilled passing of outside air.
Step 4: Determine bypassed air and
IHR air leaving the cooling coil.
chilled air.
da. By Eq. 5-44, Solution: (Refer to Fig. 5-44)
The chilled air leaving the cooling coil must
be on the RSHR line and also on the GSHR Step 1: Determine the sensible and latent
ions
line. This air condition has already been estab- BF = t,. - tadp 61.8 - 47 heat quantities associated with the
lished at tsa = 61.8°F, twsa = 56.8°F. There- tea - t adp 81.5 - 47 outside air which is bypassed.
and fore,
: air BF = 0.43 Problem 5-20 stated that 25 percent of the
b a t1a = tsa = 61.8°F air circulated was to be outside air, or 0.25 x
;! on
Bypassed air = BF X cfmsa 0.43 X 2400 =:= 600 cflllca· Of this amount, 43 percent
tW(a = twsa = 56.8°F 2400 = 1032 cfm was bypassed (BF = 0.43). Therefore, by-
By Eq. 5-46 passed outside air is 0.43 x 600 = 258 cfm.
W 1• = Wsa = 60 grain!lb da The sensible and latent heat loads caused
tea - tla 81.5 - 61.8 this bypassed air may be found as follows:
Since the entering and leaving air conditions 1 BF = \
tea - tadp 81.5 - 47
from the coil have been determined, the GSHR Bypassed outside air
line is a straight line joining these two air con- 1 - BF = 0.51 ..Sensible heat load = 1.10(258)(t a - t,.J
be- ditions. On Fig. 5-44 draw the GSHR line and 0

a
determine from the SHR scale and alignment Chilled air = (1 - BF) (cfm 5.) 0.57 X 1.10(258)(95 - 77)
circle that GSHR = 0 .65 . 2400 = 1368 cfm Sensible heat load 5100 Btu/hr
228 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS
and
Bypassed outside air
Latent heat load = 0.68(258)(W08 - W..J
= 0.68(258)(117 .5 _;_ 64)
Latent heat load = 9390 Btu/hr
New sensible heat for room
= 40,000 + 5100 = 45,100 Btu/hr
New latent heat for room
= 6500 + 9390 = 15,890 Btu/hr
Actual RSHR
New sensible heat
New sensible heat + New latent heat
45,100
45,100 + 15,890
Actual RSHR = 0.739
Draw actual RSHR line on psychrometric
chart through room design conditions and ex-
tend to intersect the 100 percent RH curve. At
this point of intersection it may be noted that
the actual RHSR Line passes through the room
design conditions and the coil apparatus dew
point.
EFFECTIVE SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO:
From the results of Problems 5-20 and 5-21 it
may be concluded that there must be psychro-
metric relationships between bypass factor
(BF), apparatus dew point <tactp), GSHR, and
RSHR.
To relate BF and tadp to load calculations,
the effective sensible heat ratio (ESHR) term
was developed. The ESHR is interwoven with
BF and tadp and thus greatly simplifies the cal-
culation of air quantity and apparatus selec-
tion. t
The ESHR is the ratio of the effective room
tCarrier System Design Manual, Part I, Load Estimating, Carrier Air Conditioning Company , Syracuse,
N.Y., 1972, p. 1-127 .
sensible heat to the sum of the effective room
sensible and latent heat. Effective room sensi-
ble heat (ERSH) is the sum of room sensible
heat plus that portion of outdoor air sensible oa
heat which is considered as being bypassed,
unaltered, through the conditioning apparatus.
The effective room latent heat (ERLH) is the
sum of the room latent heat plus that portion
of outdoor air latent heat which is considered
as being bypassed, unaltered, through the con-
ditioning apparatus . The ESHR may be ex-
pressed in the following relationship:
Figure 5-45
Schematic: Showing relationship
ERSH between GSHR, ESHR, RSHR, and
ESHR (5-47)
ERSH + ERLH apparatus dew point
RSH + (OASH)(BF)
RSH + (OASH)(BF) + RLH + (OALH)(BF)
AND BFt A simplified approach for deter-
mining the required air quantity is to use the
The bypassed outdoor air loads that are in- psychrometric correlation of ESHR, tadp• and
cluded in the calculation of ESHR are, in ef- BF. The formula for calculating the air quan-
fect, loads imposed on the conditioned space tity, using BF and tadp is
in exactly the same manner as infiltration
loads. The infiltration loads come through ERSH
doors and windows; the bypassed outdoor air (5-48)
cffficta = l.lO(tra _ tactp)(1 - BF)
load is supplied to the space through the air
distribution system.
This air quantity simultaneously offsets the
It should be noted at this point that ESHR
room sensible and room latent heat loads and
is equal to actual RSHR calculated in Problem
also handles the total sensible and latent heat
5-21.
loads for which the conditioning apparatus is
Plotting the ESHR on the psychrometric
designed, including outdoor air loads and the
chart locates the apparatus dew point <tactp).
supplementary loads.
The GSHR passes through the tadp and the en-
tering air condition to the cooling apparatus.
IUustrative Problem 5-22
Where the GSHR line and RSHR line inter-
sect, locates graphically the leaving air condi-
A small department store has a calculated
tion from the apparatus and entering the space.
Figure 5-45 illustrates the graphical arrange- s~nsible heat load 9f J,SCfJJOO Btu/hr and a Ia-
• tent heat load of 315;ooo Btu/br. The summer
ments of these conditions .
outsjpf air design conditions ~ 95°F DB and
AIR QUANTITY USING ESHR, ADP, 75°F WB . The1~nside design conditions are
1-)80°F DB and 6SOF,.,\YB . Outside air required
for ventilation is 1500 cfm. Determine the fol -
lowing:
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 229

sensible heat to the sum of the effective room a. outdoor air heat lo~ds
.
sensible and latent heat. Effective room sensi- b. grand total heat load
ble heat (ERSH) is the sum of room sensible
heat plus that portion of outdoor air sensible oa c. effective sensible heat ratio
heat which is considered as being bypassed, d. apparatus dew point
unaltered, through the conditioning apparatus.
The effective room latent heat (ERLH) is the e. dehumidified supply air quantity
sum of the room latent heat plus that portion f. entering and leaving air conditions at the
of outdoor air latent heat which is considered apparatus.
as being bypassed, unaltered, through the con-
ditioning apparatus. The ESHR may be ex- Solution:
pressed in the following relationship: Figure 5-45
Step 1: Determine outside air loads.
Schematic: Showing relationship
ESHR = _.....:E=R..:.:S..:.:H:.____ between GSHR, ESHR, RSHR, and Outside air sensible heat
· (5-47)
ERSH + ERLH apparatus dew point
(OASH) = (1 . 10 cfmo.)(t0 a - tra)
RSH + (OASH)(BF)
= 1.10(1500)(95 - 80)
RSH + (OASH)(BF) + RLH + (OALH)(BF)
AND BFt A simplified approach for deter- OASH = 24,750 Btu/hr (ans)
mining the required air quantity is to use the
The bypassed outdoor air loads that are in- psychrometric correlation of ESHR, tadp• and Outside air latent heat
tric cluded in the calculation of ESHR are, in ef- BF. The formula for calculating the air quan- (OALH) = (0.68 cfmoa)(Woa - Wra)
ex- fect, loads imposed on the conditioned space tity , using BF and tadp is
in exactly the same manner as infiltration = 0.68(1500)(98 .5 - 68.5)
At
hat loads. The infiltration · loads come through ERSH
OALH = 30,600 Btu/hr (ans)

om doors and windows; the bypassed outdoor air cfffida = 1.10(tra - tadp)(1 - BF)
(5-48)
Step 2: Determine grand total heat load.
·ew load is supplied to the space through the air
distribution system. Grand total heat load
This air quantity simultaneously offsets the
It should be noted at this point that ESHR
'10:
is equal to actual RSHR calculated in Problem
room sensible and room latent heat loads and (GTH) = RSH + RLH + OASH + OALH
1 it also handles the total sensible and latent heat
'0-
5-21.
loads for which the conditioning apparatus is
GTH = 150,000 + 30,000
Plotting the ESHR on the psychrometric + 24,750 + 30,600
tor designed , including outdoor air loads and the
chart locates the apparatus dew point <tadp).
and
The GSHR passes through the tadp and the en-
. supplementary loads. GTH = 235,350 Btu/hr (ans)

tering air condition to the cooling apparatus.

ns, Illustrative Problem 5-22 This is the total heat load the cooling appa-
Where the GSHR line and RSHR line inter-
rm ratus must handle.
sect, locates graphically the leaving air condi-
ith A small department store has a calculated
tion from the apparatus and entering the space. Step 3: Determine the ESHR and tadp·
cal- sensible heat load 9f. J;S81JOO Btu/hr and a la- Eq. 5-47,
Figure 5-45 illustrates the graphical arrange-
lee- tent heat load of 16~000 Btu/ijr. The summer
ments of these conditions .
outs~ air design conditions .ft1rf 95°F DB and
om AIR QUANTITY USING ESHR, ADP, 75°F WB. The/ttnside design conditions are ESHR = ERSH
'l-780°F DB and 6)°F,.}YB. Outside air required ERSH + ERLH
for ventilation is 1500 cfm. Determine the fol- RSH + OASH(BF)
Estimating, Carrier Air Conditioning Company , Syracuse,
lowing: RSH + OASH(BF) + RLH + OALH(BF)
230 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

From Table 5-2 select a bypass factor of 0 .1 5. 153,700 constructing these two lines and finding their
1.10(80 - 53)(1 - 0.15) point of intersection. This is not as accurate as
150,000 + 24,750(0. 15) determination by calculation. By calculation
ESHR = 153,700 + 30,000 + 30,600(0.15) Cfffida = 6088 (ans)
we have, by Eq. 5-44,
Step 5: Determine the entering and leav-
ESHR = 153,700 ing air conditions at the appa-
BF = tla - tadp
188,300 tea - t adp
ratus.
ESHR = 0 .8 16 (say 0.82)
The entering air dry-bulb temperature is the tla = tadp + BF(tea - tadp)
temperature of the mixture of 1500 cfm of o~t­ 53 + 0.15(83. 7 - 53)
On the psychrometric chart (Fig. 5-46) lay side air and 6088 - 1500 cfm of return air
off ESHR line through room design conditions from i11e inside. By Eq. 5-17 , tla = 57.6°F
and extend to intersect the 100 percent RH
(1500)(95) + (6088 - 1500)(80) On the psychrometric chart (Fig. 5-46) con-
curve . At this point find
tea = struct the GSHR line by joining the point rep-
6088
resenting the coil entering air condition with
tadp = 53°F
tea = 83.7°F the tadp = 53°F. Where t1a = 57 .6°F intersects
the GSHR line find tw18 = 55 .6°F, Wla = 62
Step 4: Find dehumidified supply air Where tea = 85. 7°F intersects with the grains/lb da. The leaving air condition from
quantity. By Eq . 5-48, straight line between outside air and room de- the cooling apparatus is equal to the supply air
sign conditions find twea = 67 . 7°F, W.a = 76 condition to the space. Therefore
grains/lb da.
ERSH The condition of the air leaving the cooling tsa = tla = 57 .6°F
Cfffida = 1.1 O(trm - tadp)( 1 - BF) apparatus must fall on the GSHR and RSHR
lines. This point may be found graphically by tw58 = t"''a = 55.6°F
Wsa = Wla = 62 grain/lb da

SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO LINES:

Solution of Problem 5-22 involved the deter-
a: mination of the apparatus dew point by finding
I
(/)
the intersection between the ESHR line and the
100 percent RH curve on the psychrometric
chart. When the ESHR line does not intersect
the 100 percent RH curve, or, when the appa-
ESHR ratus dew point is too low, a new procedure
= 0.82 must be used to determine the apparatus dew
w point.

~r-------+-~ t
• Low values of ESHR or RSHR occur when
low relative humidities must be maintained in
a conditioned space or when the room latent
t 1a = 57.6 80 95 heat load is high in relationship to the sensible
heat load. This latter condition frequently oc-
Figure 5-46 curs at partial-loa4 conditions because the la-
Solution to Problem 5-22 tent load in a room tends to stay relatively con-
 APPLIED PSYCHFlOMETniCS 23 1

15 . . 153 ,700 . constructing these two lines and finding their stant, whereas the sensible heat lolld 11111y vury
1.10(80 - 53)(1 - 0. 15) point of intersection. This is not as accurate as widely (solar load decreasing) .
determination by calculation. By calculation When low values of ESHR and RSIIR nrl'
CfiJl,Ja = 6088 (ans)
5) we have, by Eq. 5-44, encountered, it nearly always means that the
chilled air leaving the cooling apparatus must
Step 5: Determine the entering and Ifav- tla - tadp be reheated before it is introduced to the con-
ing air conditions at th~ appa- BF =
tea - tadp ditioned room as supply air. Therefore, the
ratus.
leaving air condition from the cooling appa-
The entering air dry-bulb temperature is the t1a = tadp + BF(tea - tadp) ratus will not be equal to the supply air condi-
temperature of the mixture of 1500 cfm of out- 53 + 0.15(83 .7 - 53) tion to the conditioned room.
lay side air and 6088 - 1500 cfm of return air The method used to solve a problem involv-
>ns from 111e inside. By Eq. 5-17, tla = 57 .6°F ing low values of ESHR and RSHR will be
~H illustrated by the following problem.
(1500)(95) + (6088 - 1500)(80) On the psychrometric chart (Fig. 5-46) con-
tea = struct the GSHR line by joining the point rep- Illustrative Problem 5-23
6088
resenting the coil entering air condition with
tea = 83.7°F the tadp = 53°F. Where t1a = 57.6°F intersects A room within a particlllar building has a
the GSHR line find tw1a = 55.6°F, Wla = 62 sensible heat gain of 100,000 Btu/hr and a la-
air Where tea = 85.7°F intersects with the grains/lb da. The leaving air condition from tent heat gain of 38,900 Btu/hr. The room is
straight line between outside air and room de- the cooling apparatus is equal to the supply air to be maintained at 80°F DB and 40 percent
sign conditions find twea = 67. 7°F, Wea = 76 condition to the space. Therefore RH when the outside air at design conditions
grains/lb da. are 90°F DB and 74°F WB. Outside air for
The condition of the air leaving the cooling tsa = t1a = 57 .6°F ventilation is to be 2000 cfm. Determine the
apparatus must fall on the GSHR and RSHR following:
lines. This point may be found graphically by
tWsa = t >VIa = 55.6°F.
Wsa = W 1a = 62 grain/lb da a. outdoor air heat load
b. effective sensible heat ratio
SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO LINES:
Solution of Problem 5-22 involved the deter- c. supply air condition to the space
/} a:
I
(/)
mination of the apparatus dew point by finding
the intersection between the ESHR line and the
100 percent RH curve on the psychrometric
d. supply air quantity
e. apparatus dew point

M~a
chart. When the ESHR line does not intersect
f. t?ntering and leaving air conditions at the
r the 100 percent RH curve, or, when the appa-
ESHR cooling apparatus

~i--
ratus dew point is too low, a new procedure
= 0.82 must be used to determine the apparatus dew g. reheat quantity , if any.
'ra 65 I w point.
Low values of ESHR or RSHR occur when Solution:

----+----+----'
80 95
t low relative humidities must be maintained in
a conditioned space or when the room latent
heat load is high in relationship to the sensible
Step I: ·Determine outside air loads.

OASH ( 1.10 Cfl11oa)(t0 a - tra)

heat load. This latter condition frequently oc-
lgure 5-46 curs at partial-loaq conditions because the la- ( 1.10)(2000)(90 . - 80)
1 to Problem 5-22 tent load in a room tends to stay relatively con- OASH 22,000 Btu/hr

\
 RSH
0:
cfmsa = 1.1 O(tra - tsJ
I
(/) 100,000
w 1.10(80 - 60)

t RSHR
cfmsa = 4545

---
74
I

Wsa =W Ia
= 0.72 RSHR

RSHR
=

=
RSH = 100,000
+ RLH 100,000 + 38,900
0.719 (say 0.72)
0
·1' I I =50
Draw RSHR line on psychrometric chart
dB_. Wa d .P = 44 . 9
.
(Fig. 5-47). Where t5a = 60°F intersects the
RSHR line, find twsa = 53.3°F, Wsa = 50
tla =51 60 80 grains/lb da.
Figure 5-47 Step 4: Determine mixture condition of
Solution to Problem 5-23 air entering the cooling appa-
ratus.

OALH = (0.68 cfffioa)(Woa - Wra) From Table 5-2, assume BF = 0.15. The mixture entering the cooling apparatus
consists of 2000 cfm at outside air conditions
(0.68(2000)(101 - 62) and 4545 - 2000 cfm of inside recirculated
100,000 + 22,000(0.15)
OALH = 53,000 Btu!hr ESHR air. By Eq. 5-17
103,300 + 38,900 + 53,000(0.15)
Outside
103,300 2000(90) + (4545 - 2000)(80)
air heat load = OASH + OALH tmix = tea =
150,150 4545
22,000 + 53,000
tea = 84.4°F
75,000 Btu/hr ESHR = 0.688
On a straight line connecting outside air
Grand total
When plotted on. the psychrometric chart, conditions and inside air conditions, locate
heat load = RSH + RLH tea = 84.4°F. Find twea = 68.5°F, Wea = 79
this ESHR line intersects the 100 percent RH
+ OASH + OALH curve at approximately 35°F, which is a very grains/lb da.
100,000 + 38,900 low value and would give a low supply air Step 5: Determine the coil apparatus dew
+ 22,000 + 53,000 temperature to the conditioned space. point and the condition of the air
GTH = 213,900 Btu/hr (ans.) leaving the cooling coil.
Step 3: Assume a reasonable supply air tem-
perature to the conditioned space The air leaving the cooling coil must be at the
Step 2: Determine effective sensible heat same humidity ratio as that of the supply air,
and calculate supply air quantity.
ratio (ESHR). W1a = Wsa = 50 grains/lb da. By Eq. 5-46,
The temperature difference between supply
ESHR = W ea - Wla
air and room air could be between 15 and 25 1 - BF = W Ia - Wadp
RSH + OASH(BF) degrees normally. Select supply air tempera-
RSH + OASH(BF) + RLH + OALH(BF) ture t5a = 60°F. By Eq. 5-42,
+Extracted from Trane Air Conditioning Manual, The Tn
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 233

RSH W = W _ Wea - Wlo

cfmsa adp ea l _ BF
l.10(tra - t5J
a:
/J I
(/) 100,000 = 79 - 79 - 50
1 - 0.15
1.10(80 - 60)
Wadp 44.9 grains/lb da
·• cfmsa = 4545
=

RSHR RSH 100,000 On psychrometric chart (Fig. 5-47) locate

= 0.72 RSHR
I RSH + RLH 100,000 + 38,900 tadp = 45 .4°F where Wadp =;= 44.9 intersects
Wsa =W Ia RSHR = 0.719 (say 0.72) the 100 percent RH curve.
= 50 Join tea to tadp by a straight line (GSHR
Draw RSHR line on psychrometric chart line) . Where W1a = Wsa = 50 intersects the
.
dp = 44 9 (Fig. 5-47). Where tsa = 60°F intersects the
0

GSHR line, find the leaving air condition from

80
re 5-47
Problem 5-23
From Table 5-2, assume BF = 0.15.
100,000 + 22,000(0. 15)
ESHR
103,300 + 38,900 + 53,000(0. 15)
103,300
150, 150
ESHR = 0.688
When plotted on. the psychrometric chart,
this ESHR line intersects the I 00 percent RH
curve at approximately 35°F, which is a very
low value and would give a low supply air
temperature to the conditioned space.
Step 3: Assume a reasonable supply air tem-
perature to the conditioned space
and calculate supply air quantity .
The temperature difference between supply
air and room air could be between 15 and 25
degrees normally . Select supply air tempera-
ture t5a = 60°F. By Eq. 5-42,
RSHR line, find twsa = 53.3°F, Wsa = 50
grains/lb da.
Step 4: Determine mixture condition of
air entering the cooling appa-
ratus.
The mixture entering the cooling apparatus
consists of 2000 cfm at outside air conditions
and 4545 - 2000 cfm of inside recirculated
air. By Eq. 5-17
2000(90) + (4545 - 2000)(80)
tmix = tea =
4545
tea = 84.4°F
On a straight line connecting outside air
conditions and inside air conditions, locate
tea = 84.4°F. Find twea = 68.5°F, Wea = 79
grains/lb da.
Step 5: Determine the coil apparatus dew
point and the condition of the air
leaving the cooling coil.
The air leaving the cooling coil must be at the
same humidity ratio as that of the supply air,
W1a = Wsa = 50 grains/lb da. By Eq. 5-46,
Wea - Wla
1 - BF = w1a - Wadp
+Extracted from Trane Air Conditioning Manual, The Trane Company, LaCrosse, Wisconsin, p. 115, 1965 .
the cooling coil. At this point t1a = 51 °F,
tWJa = 49.5°F.
Step 6: Determine amount of reheat re-
quired.
Since the air leaving the cooling apparatus
is at a lower dry-bulb temperature than the re-
quired supply air dry-bulb temperature, reheat
is required. This would be a sensible-heating
process. By Eq. 5-9,
Reheat = (1.10 cfmsa)(t5 a - t1J
= 1.10(4545)(60 - 51)
Reheat = 45,000 Btu/hr (ans.)
Reheating of the chilled air supply, for the
cases when low sensible heat ratios are found,
can be accomplished in several ways. Steam or
hot water reheat coils or electric resistance
coils are sometimes used. Hot water from the
refrigeration condenser may be used in the re-
heat hot water coil. The so-called run-around
system may be used. The run-around system
uses a ·precooling water coil followed by a de-
humidifying coil and the reheat water coil con-
nected as indicated in Fig. 5-48. t The run-
around cycle has the advantage of an operating
cost that is small in comparison with other
234 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS
Precooling coil
t,
tw1
tdp,
condition
Water circulating pump
J v
Figure 5-48
Schematic: Run-around reheat cycle
methods. This is because the refrigeration ca-
pacity needed to dehumidity the supply air is
reduced by the amount of reheating done once
the system is in operation. Water is recircu-
lated continuously through the precooling and
reheating coils. Sensible heat withdrawn from
the warm air on its way to the dehumidifying
coil is carried by the circulating water to the
reheating coils. These reheating coils then re-
turn the sensible heat to the chilled air leaving
the dehumidifying ·coil. Any sensible heat
added to the flowing air by the reheating coils
is equal to the heat removed by the precooling
coils. Consequently, there is a decrease in the
required refrigerating capacity when using the
run-around cycle to reheat the chilled air
supply.
When reheating, the smallest possible quan-
tity of sensible heat should be added to the air
supply in order to hold the required additional
refrigerating capacity to a minimum. When us-
ing the run-around cycle, the quantity of sen-
sible heat added during reheating should also
be kept as small as possible. The larger the
amount of heat transferred from the precooling
4
t4
tw 4---l.------
tdp4
Final air
condition
coils to the reheating coils by the circulating
water, the greater will be the required area of
the coils, and the larger will be the amount of
circulating water needed.
Theoretically, the chilled air supply leaving
the cooling coils can be reheated by being
mixed with air at a higher dry-bulb tempera-
ture. Actually, however, this method works
out poorly. In the average air-conditioning in-
stallation air for reheating purposes can be ob-
tained from only two sources: from outdoor air
or from the conditioned room. Outdoor air is
not always suitable because of its unstable
temperature, and return air cannot be used for
this purpose when the sensible heat percentage
is low.
Outdoor air should not be introduced into a
conditoned room without first being cooled and
dehumidified. If outdoor air is used for reheat-
• heat'load is considered negligible. The inside
ing, it must of necessity be mixed directly with
the chilled air supply, without being cooled
and dehurnified. The introduction lowers the
sensible heat ratio of the room (see ESHR),
thus aggravating the very condition that it is
desired to correct by reheating.
5-15 COOLING OF MOIST AIR
USING SPRAY WASHERS
Air spray washers were discussed generally
in Section 5-9 and 5-10. However, the discus-
sion there was concerned primarily with the
heating and humidification of air. Problem 5-9
involved th~ process of humidification of air
by use of recirculated spray water without
heating or cooling of the spray water. This
process of humidification also reduced the dry-
bulb temperature of the air. Therefore, we may a
say that this represents a cooling and humidi- t
fying process. This process is commonly re-
ferred to as evaporative cooling. 5
The evaporative-cooling process is a simul-
taneous removal of sensible heat and addition s
of moisture which takes place at constant wet-
bulb temperature, the wet-bulb temperature of b
the entering air. The spray water temperature S•
remains constant at the air wet-bulb tempera-
ture, and the water is continuaily recirculated
without external heating or cooling.
Evaporative co.oling is commonly used for
applications where inside relative humidity is 0
to be controlled without, necessarily, any con-
trol of the inside temperature, except to hold it
within certain limits. Evaporative cooling may
be used in industrial applications where humid-
ity alone is critical, and also in dry climates
where evaporative cooling gives some relief by
removing sensible heat.
Illustrative Problem 5-24
6
6
An industrial building has a calculated sen-
ti
sible heat load of 1,500,000 Btu/hr. The latent
6
relative humidity is to be maintained at 50 per-
cent. The outside air at design conditions is at
l00°F DB and 65°F WB . Using all outdoor air
passing through an evaporative cooler having a
humidifying efficiency of 90 percent, deter-
mine the following: R

nidifying coil Reheating coil
4
. •.
Final air
condition
Vater circulating pump
ure 5-48
1-around reheat cycle
coils to the reheating coils by the circulating
water, the greater will be the required area of
the coils, and the larger will be the amount of
circulating water needed.
Theoretically, the chilled air supply leaving
the cooling coils can be reheated by being
mixed with air at a higher dry-bulb tempera-
~ ture . Actually, however, this method works
out poorly . In the average air-conditioning in-
~ stallation air for reheating purposes can be ob-
.t tained from only two sources: from outdoor air
s or from the conditioned room. Outdoor air is
g not always suitable because of its unstable
e temperature, and return air cannot be used for
e this purpose when the sensible heat percentage
r is low.
Outdoor air should not be introduced into a
conditoned room without first being cooled and
dehumidified. If outdoor air is used for reheat-
tl ing, it must of necessity be mixed directly with
·- the chilled air supply, without being cooled
and dehumified. The introduction lowers the
o sensible heat ratio of the room (see ESHR),
e thus aggravating the very condition that it is
g desired to correct by reheating.
APPLIED PSYCHAOMETAICS 235
5-15 COOLING OF MOIST AIR a. the building inside dry- and wet-bulb
USING SPRAY WASHERS temperatures at design conditions
Air spray washers were discussed generally b. the supply air quantity
in Section 5-9 and 5-10. However, the discus-
sion there was concerned primarily with the
heating and humidification of air. Problem 5-9
Solution: (See Fig. 5-49)
Step 1: Determine entering and leaving air
involved the_ process of humidification of air
conditions at the evaporative
by use of recirculated spray water without
cooler.
heating or cooling of the spray water. This
process of humidification also reduced the dry- The entering air conditions are the outside
bulb temperature of the air. Therefore, we may air conditions of tea = t 0 a = 100°F, and
say that this represents a cooling and humidi-
fying process. This process is commonly re-
..
tw = 65°F. On the psychrometric chart (Fig.
5-49) locate the entering air condition. The
ferred to as evaporative cooling. wet-bulb temperature Ctw = 65°F} is the con-
The evaporative-cooling process is a simul- ••
taneous removal of sensible heat and addition stant wet-bulb temperature for the process .
of moisture which takes place at constant wet- The leaving air dry-bulb temperature may
bulb temperature, the wet-bulb temperature of be found by use of Eq. (5-27) using new sub-
the entering air. The spray water temperature scripts or
remains constant at the air wet-bulb tempera-
ture, and the water is continuaily recirculated tea - tla X 100
Eh
without external heating or cooling. tea - tw
Evaporative copling is commonly used for
applications where inside relative humidity is or
to be controlled without, necessarily, any con-
trol of the inside temperature, except to hold it _ Eh(tea - t )
t1a tea w
within certain limits. Evaporative cooling may 100
be used in industrial applications.where humid-
= 100 - 90000 - 65)
ity alone is critical, and also in dry climates
100
where evaporative cooling gives some relief by
removing sensible heat. t1a = 68.5°F
Locate the point of intersection where t 1a =
Dlustrative Problem 5-24 68 .5°F crosses the wet-bulb temperature line of
65°F. This point represents the leaving air condi-
An industrial building has a calculated sen- tion from the evaporative cooler; find t 1a =
sible heat load of 1,500,000 Btu/hr. The latent
68.SOF, tw,. = 65°F , and W1a = 87 grains/lbda.
heat load is considered negligible. The inside
relative humidity is to be maintained at 50 per-
Step 2: Determine inside air dry- and wet-
cent. The outside air at design conditions is at
bulb temperature.
100°F DB and 65°F WB . Using all outdoor air
passing through an evaporative cooler having a The room sensible heat ratio (RSHR) is
humidifying efficiency of 90 percent, deter- 1.00 because there is no latent heat gain. A
mine the following: RSHR of unity would be represented by a line
236 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

w Figure 5-50

L-----+---+-----+---'
dB__.
t 1a = 68.5 83.8 100
t Cooling and humidifying with chilled
water sprays

ature rises in spite of the fact that it is hu-

Figure 5-49
Solution to Problem 5-24
of constant humidity ratio or dew point. The
air condition leaving the evaporative cooler is
the condition of the supply air to the space.
Construct a horizontal line through the air con-
dition leaving the cooler and extend to the
right to intersect the 50 percent RH curve. This
point of intersection represents the inside con-
ditions at design. Find Ira = 83.8°F and lw... =
69.8°F.
Step 3: Determine the supply air quantity .
The air leaving the evaporative cooler and
entering the building must absorb the sensible
heat gain as the air increases in temperature
from lsa = l1a = 68 .5°F to Ira = 83.5°F. This
midifying the air. In this case the air surren-
ders sufficient sensible heat to warm the spray
water and also to evaporate a small portion of
it. Because, in this case, the initial temperature
be the same. However, as may be observed by
of the water is less than the initial wet-bulb
inspection, the inside dry- and wet-bulb tem-
temperature of the air, the water temperature t
peratures would be higher, and the CFMsa re-
will rise and both the dry- and wet-bulb tem- I
quired would be less since the temperature rise
of the supply air would be greater.
peratures of the air will fall. The maximum t
final temperature to which the water can pos- I
Air may be cooled and humidified by pass-
sibly rise is to some point that lies below the I
ing tbe air through water sprays when the wa-
final wet-bulb temperature of the air. f
ter temperature is lower than the initial air wet-
If the water temperature is held constant at
bulb temperature. To do so, the water temper-
a point below the initial dew-point temperature
ature must be higher than both the initial and
of the air, cooling and dehumidification of the
final dew-point temperatures of the air. If the
air will take place along a line such as AC in
water temperature could be maintained con-
Fig. 5-51. However, if, as is the usual case, I
stant at some point between the initial wet-bulb
the water temperature rises while in contact
and dew-point temperatures of the air, the con-
with the air, the condition of the air would be s
dition of the air as it passes through the humid-
represented by a curved line such as AD, with ~

would be a sensible-heating process of the sup- ifier could be represented by a straight line
the air actually leaving at condition E. When f
ply air. By Eq. 5-42, such as AC in Fig. 5-50. Point C represents the
the initial water temperature is below the initial 1:
constant water temperature and point B repre-
dew-point temperature of the air, the water 1
RSH 1,500,000 sents the final condition of the air leaving the
cfm = = -~-..:__-
temperature rises as it is brought in contact s
humidifier. If the water temperature is not con-
sa 1.1 O(tro - 153) 1.10(83.5 - 68 .5) with the warm air. In the case represented by t·
stant but changes as it contacts the air (the
cfmsa = 89,100 Fig. 5-50 the water humidified the air. In the il
usual condition), the condition of the air fol-
case represented by Fig. 5-51 the water will v
lows a curved path such as AD, leaving the
If the RSHR had been less than unity for dehumidify the air if sufficient water is pro- p
humidifier at point E. The final water temper-
Problem 5-24, the method of solution would vided to hold the final water temperature down tl
ature would be at point D . The water temper-
to a point below the initial dew-point temper- t(

w Figure 5-50
--+---+-----t--'
68.5 83.8 100
I Cooling and humidifying with chilled
lgure 5-49
1 to Problem 5-24
"he be the same. However, as may be observed by
is inspection, the inside dry- and wet-bulb tem-
;e. peratures would be higher, and the CFMsa re-
m- quired would be less since the temperature rise
he of the supply air would be greater.
his Air may be cooled and humidified by pass-
m- ing the air through water sprays when the wa-
ter temperature is lower than the initial air wet-
bulb temperature. To do so, the water temper-
ature must be higher than both the initial and
ty. final dew-point temperatures of the air. If the
water temperature could be maintained con-
nd
stant at some point between the initial wet-bulb
Jle
and dew-point temperatures of the air, the con-
JCe
dition of the air as it passes through the humid-
his
ifier could be represented by a straight line
lp-
such as AC in Fig. 5-50. Point C represents the
constant water temperature and point B repre-
sents the final condition of the air leaving the
humidifier. If the water temperature is not con-
.5) stant but changes as it contacts the air (the
usual condition), the condition of the air fol-
lows a curved path such as AD, leaving the
for humidifier at point E . The final water temper-
llld ature would be at point D . The water temper-
water sprays
ature rises in spite of the fact that it is hu-
midifying the air. In this case the air surren-
ders sufficient sensible heat to warm the spray
water and also to evaporate a small portion of
it. Because, in this case, the initial temperature
of the water is less than the initial wet-bulb
temperature of the air, the water temperature
will rise and both the dry- and wet-bulb tem-
peratures of the air will fall. The maximum
final temperature to which the water can pos-
sibly rise is to some point that lies below the
final wet-bulb temperature of the air.
If the water temperature is held constant at
a point below the initial dew-point temperature
of the air, cooling and dehumidification of the
air will take place along a line such as AC in
Fig . .S-51. However, if, as is the usual case,
the water temperature rises while in contact
with the air, the condition of the air would be
represented by a curved line such as AD, with
the air actually leaving at condition E. When
the initial water temperature is below the initial
dew-point temperature of the air, the water
temperature rises as it is brought in contact
with the warm air. In the case represented by
Fig. 5-50 the water humidified the air. In the
case represented by Fig. 5-51 the water will
dehumidify the air if sufficient water is pro-
vided to hold the final water temperature down
to a point below the initial dew-point temper-
,
APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 237
Figure 5-51
Cooling and dehumidifying with
chilled water sprays
ature of the air. In the actual device sufficient
water is provided to accomplish this.
As long as the final water temperature is
kept below the initial dew-point temperature of
the air, the air will be both cooled and dehu-
midified. However, if the final water tempera-
ture is allowed to rise above the initial air dew
point, the air will still be cooled, but it will be
humidified as well. Although the water tem-
perature can rise above the initial air dew
point, the water temperature cannot rise to the
final wet-bulb temperature of the air.
In a single-stage air washer (Fig. 5-22a) the
flow of water and air are parallel to each other,
hence both the initial and final temperature of
the water must be lower than the final dew-
point temperature of the air if dehumidification
is to take place. This is true only for a single-
stage washer. When a two-stage washer (Fig.
5-22b) is used, the situation is somewhat dif-
ferent. In many such washers the chilled water
is divided equally between each spray bank ..
The ·water is then supplied to each stage at the
same temperature. Problems involving such
two-stage washers can be solved by consider-
ing each stage as a separate, single-stage
washer. Thus, for a two-stage washer, the
problem is solved exactly as though the air
flowed through two washers in series. The
temperature of the water supplied to each stal!e
238 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

is exactly the same, but the air temperature en- The reverse problem is also common, that
tering the second washer has been lowered be- is, determining the quantity of heat that can be 80
cause it has already been cooled in the first removed from the air flowing through the
washer. washer when the water available is limited be- 4~
45
With a given amount of heat to be trans- cause its cost is high, or because the yield of a
30t25
o>
~.
~
so
ferred from the air to the water, the tempera- well is fixed. 15 "o-~-~~ ss. .~
.~
~ ~ '
ture rise of the water is determined by the Figure 5-52 is a chart which may be used ~ ~ 6.o
~~ ·~
~

quantity of water supplied. Sufficient water to aid in the calculation of the final condition <i:10
0 "''"'%
should be supplied to a single-stage washer so of water and air in a washer. Primarily the 9 .0
~ 8.0
~/. '0~ (l,
(:5 ~
that its final temperature will be lower than the chart is based on the fundamental fact that the LL o....,.~
u 7.0 )7 . "'
final dew point to which the air is cooled. To heat surrendered by the air is equal to the heat 0
0
-:;..
provide a factor of safety, the final water tem- gained by the water. Also, when air and water ~ 6.0
perature should be 1 degree lower than the re- ~ 5.5
are brought into .intimate contact with each 0.
quired final dew-point temperature. other in the washer, the final temperature of ~ 5.0
If the cooling water is obtained from a city the water will be equal to the final wet-bulb s:"' 4.5
main or a deep well, its initial temperature is temperature to which the air is cooled. Ac- 0
fixed. If the water is cooled by a refrigeration tually, the final water temperature will be ~ 4.0
<:J
system, the water should be cooled to such a lower than the final wet-bulb temperature of
temperature that the rise in water temperature the air. Nevertheless, this chart enables many 3.5
in the spray washer will be 8 to 14 degrees. A problems involving washers to be solved, by
rise of 10 degrees is usually a good average. finding the theoretical solution and then apply-
3.0
The quantity of water to be circulated through ing a correction factor [see Eq. (5-30)]. The
an air washer for a given heat load can be correction factor is normally about 0.85. Figure!
computed from the following expression:
Illustrative problem 5-25 Spray Water Alr-W
Cooling and Deh
heat absorbed by spray water = heat given Outside air at 95°F DB and 72°F WB is to (Courtesy of The T1
up by air be cooled in a spray washer where the initial
water temperature is 50°F. The quantity of air
or to be cooled is 16,000 cfm and the quantity of
water available is 100 gpm. Determine the fol-
q lowing:
gpm (549)
500(tlw - few)
1. Find the final temperature to which the F ina·l wat e r
air can theoretically be cooled.
where
2. If the washer correction factor is 0.85,
gpm = water flow rate (gal/min) estimate the final conditions of the air
500 = (60 minlhr)(8.34 lb/gal) and final water temperature.

q= heat transferred from air to water Solution: (See Fig. 5-53)

(Btu/hr). Step 1: Determine the water-to-air ratio. dB- - .

difference in water
t 1a = 66 .:
t1w - tew 100 gpm
Water-to-air ratio
temperature, water temperature 16,000/1000 Figure 5-
rise in spray washer = 6.25 gpm/1000 cfm Solutlon to Prol

239
 The reverse problem is also common, that Initial Wet Bulb Termperature of A ir

-~\., , 50
35
ure en- is, determining the quantity of heat that can be
red be- removed from the air flowing through the '
he first washer when the water available is limited be-
25
~
--<'.
"? so
cause its cost is high, or because the yield of a 15
"o---<'.~,.~ s~
v•
40-+- 40
e trans- "? ~t'!
well is fixed . •· ~,. ~ 6.o
~ 1)
~
.
.empera- Figure 5-52 is a chart which may be used ~ 10 '}% u..
0
1 by the to aid in the calculation of the final condition 9 .0
~ 8 .0 t/.<:5"'~~t'! 6. 45 ~­
z
nt water of water and air in a washer. Primarily the u.. o..,A" ~
~asher so
u 7.0 )'. !!>
"'a;
chart is based on the fundamental fact that the 0 ~
c.
0 E
r than the heat surrendered by the air is equal to the heat ~ 6 .0 50 ~
)oled . To gained by the water. Also, when air and water a; 5.5
c. ~
~ater tern- are brought into .intimate contact with each ~ 5 .0 ~
ian there- other in the washer, the final temperature of ~ 4.5
55 :~"'
the water will be equal to the final wet-bulb 0
rom a city temperature to which the air is cooled. Ac- ~ 4 .0
(.9
perature is tually, the final water temperature will be
!frigeration lower than the final wet-bulb temperature of 3 .5 60
ito such a the air. Nevertheless, this chart enables many
lemperature problems involving washers to be solved, by
degrees . A 3 .0
finding the theoretical solution and then apply- 65
od average . ing a correction factor (see Eq. (5-30)). The Figure 5-52
l.ted through correction factor is normally about 0.85.
Spray Water Air-Washer Chart for
load can be Cooling and Dehumidification
·ession: Illustrative problem 5-25 (Courtesy of The Trane Company.)
Outside air at 95°F DB and 72°F WB is to
1eat given be cooled in a spray washer where the initial
water temperature is 50°F. The quantity of air
to be cooled is 16,000 cfm and the quantity of
water available is 100 gpm. Determine the fol ·
lowing:
(5-49) 1. Find the final temperature to which the
ew) air can theoretically be cooled.
72
2. If the washer correction factor is 0.85,
estimate the final conditions of the uir w
all min) and final water temperature.
lb/gal)
rom air to water
Solution: (See Fig. 5-53) f
Step 1: Determine the water-to-air ratio . t 1a = 66.2 95
100 gpm
Figure 5- 53
ter Water-to-air ratio = 16,00011000
Solution to Problem 5-25
Mr tP.mnerature
 240 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

Step 2: Determine theoretical final air On Fig. 5-53 where (h1Jacr intersects pro-
temperature. cess line between theoretical entering and leav-
Exhaust air
ing air conditions, read actual leaving air con-
Using Fig. 5-52 draw a straight line from 10,000 CFM
dition as
50°F initial water temperature on right scale to Recirculated air
the water-to-air ratio 6 .25 on left scale. Where 20,000 CFM
straight line crosses 72°F, the initial air wet-
tla = 66.2°F
bulb temperature , read theoretical final water =
-
fw 1a 63.0°F Outside air
temperature and wet-bulb temperature of 10,000 CFM
61.2 F . (ans) Step 4: Estimate actual final water tem-
On psychrometric chart (Fig. 5-53) draw a perature. ®
straight line from the initial air condition (95°F
DB, 72°F WB) to the theoretical final air wet- Theoretically, the water would be heated by
bulb temperature of 61.2 located on 100 percent the air from 50°F to 61.2°F. Evidently, if it
RH curve. This straight line represents the theo- absorbs only 0.85 of the theoretical quantity of
retical process of cooling the air from its initial heat, its actual temperature rise would be only Ct
conditions to saturation at 100 percent RH. 0.85 (61.2 - 50) = 9.52°F. Therefore, the
Figure 5
estimated final water temperature would be
Step 3: Estimate the actual final air con- 50 + 9.52 = 59.52°F. Schematic: Equlpmt
ditions leaving the washer. As .may be noted in this problem, the initial for Illustrative probh
letters Identify corre:
From Fig. 5-53 determine the theoretical and final dew-point temperature of the air are
on Fig. 5
entering and leaving enthalpy of the air. the same. Therefore, the air has been cooled
from 95°F to 66.2°F, but no dehumidification
1. Determine the actual condition of the air
hea = 35 .5 Btu/lb da has taken place.
leaving the air washer of each unit.
h1a = 27.3 Btu/lb da (theoretical) Illustrative Problem 5-26t 2. If the air is supplied directly to the au-
ditorium from each of the units , how
By Eq. 5-30 An auditorium is supplied with 60,000 Cfm much sensible and latent heat could be
of conditioned air to maintain inside design absorbed by the supply air? What is the
Correction factor conditions of 78°F DB and 50 percent RH. A RSHR?
total of 20,000 cfm of outside air at 95°F DB
= actual change in air enthalpy Solution:
and 76°F WB is used . The auditorium is
theoretical change in air enthalpy
served by two air-handling units each having a Step I: Determine the condition of the air
CF = (hea - hla)acl precooling coil and a double-bank, single-stage · leaving the air-handling unit.
h Ja)lheor
( hea - air washer. Each washer operates at 0.87 cor-
rection factor. Figure 5-54 illustrates the me- On the psychrometric chart (Fig. 5-55) lo-
(hea - hla)acl = 0.85(35 .5 - 27.3) cate points A, B, and C for the conditions
chanical arrangement of one of the two air-
= 6.97 handling units. Well water used for condensing given . Connect A and B and B and C with
straight lines .
water in the refrigeration machine flows
Then through the precooling coil and reduces the Point D represents a mixture condition of
temperature of the outside air by 6 degrees . precooled outside air at B and return air at C.
(hla)acl = heo - 6.97 = 35 .5 - 6.97 Each washer is supplied with 300 gpm of spray The dry-bulb temperature of this mixture may
= 28.53 Btu/lb water at 42°F. be found as follows:
By Eq. 5-17
t Extracted from Trane Air Conditioning Manual, The Trane Company , LaCrosse, Wisconsin , pp. 228-230,
with permiss ion . cfm8 X t8 + cfmc X tc
to =
total cfm
•
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 241
On Fig. 5-53 where (h1Jact intersects pro-
cess line between theoretical entering and leav-
Ex haust air .
ing air conditions, read actual leaving air con-
10,000 CFM
dition as
Reci rculat ed air
20 ,000 CFM
Spray eliminato r
tla = 66.2°F
J iJ1 -- . - -... iil1 .- I Supply

-
tw,, = 63 .0°F Outside air
10,000 CFM

Step 4: Estimate actual final water tem-

perature.
Theoretically, the water would be heated by
the air from 50°F to 61.2°F. Evidently, if it
absorbs only 0.85 of the theoretical quantity of
heat , its actual temperature rise would be only
0.85 (61.2 - 50) = 9.52°F. Therefore, the
estimated final water temperature would be
50 + 9.52 = 59.52°F.
As .may be noted in this problem, the initial
and final dew-point temperature of the air are
the same. Therefore, the air has been cooled
from 95°F to 66.2°F, but no dehumidification
has taken place.
Illustrative Problem 5-26t
An auditorium is supplied with 60,000 Cfm
of conditioned air to maintain inside design
conditions of 78°F DB and 50 percent RH. A
total of 20,000 cfm of outside air at 95°F DB
and 76°F WB is used. The auditorium is
served by two air-handling units each having a
precooling coil and a double-bank , single-stage
air washer. Each washer operates at 0.87 cor-
rection factor. Figure 5-54 illustrates the me-
_chanical arrangement of one of the two air-
handling units. Well water used for condensing
water in the refrigeration machine flows
through the precooling coil and reduces the
temperature of the outside air by 6 degrees.
Each washer is supplied with 300 gpm of spray
water at 42°F.
e Trane Company , LaCrosse, Wisconsin, pp . 228-230,
0
Ch iller
Figure 5-54
Schematic: Equipment arrangement
for Illustrative problem 5-26 (Circled
letters Identify corresponding points
on Fig. 5-55.)
1. Determine the actual condition of the air (10,000)(89) + (20,000)(78)
leaving the air washer of each unit. 30,000
2. If the air is supplied directly to the au- tv = 81.67°F
ditorium from each of the units, how
much sensible and latent heat could be Locate tv = 81.67°F on line BC. This repre-
sents the air condition entering the air washer.
absorbed by the supply air? What is the
RSHR? Find twv = 68.4°F, hv = 32.() Btu/lb da,
Wv = 83 grains/lb da.
Solution:
300 GPM
Step 1: Determine the condition of the air Water-to-air ratio
30,000/ 1000
· leaving the air-handling unit.
10 gpm/1000 cfm air
On the psychrometric chart (Fig. 5-55) lo-
cate points A, B , and C for the conditions Using Fig. 5-52 , connect initial water tem-
perature of 42°F on right scale with 10
given. Connect A and B and B and C with
straight lines. gpm/1000 cfm on left scale . Where this
straight line intersects with initial air wet-bulb
Point D represents a mixture condition of
precooled outside air at B and return air at C. temperature Uwo = 68.4°F), read the theoreti-
The dry-bulb temperature of this mixture may cal final air wet-bulb and water temperatures as
be found as follows: 52°F. Locate 52°F on the 100 percent RH
By Eq. 5-17 curve and mark point G. Connect points D and
G with a straight line. This is the theoretical
cfm8 X t8 + cfiilc X tc
tv= process line for the air passing through the
total cfm washer.
242 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

gpm/1 000 cfm of air is to be used in an air

washer. Determine the following:

a. the initial temperature that the water

must theoretically have
h 0 = 32.6
b. the actual initial water temperature, if a
hF = 28.1 correction factor of 0.85 is assumed
hE = 22.9 c. an estimate of the final condition of the t
air leaving the washer I
w t
Solution:

L___..f--------:-_1
8
Step 1: Determine the theoretical initial
a
water temperature.
dB__.
56 Using J;ig. 5 -52 locate where the initial d
Figure 5-55 wet-bulb temperature of 68°F and final wet- f(

bulb temperature of 55°F intersect in the ma- tl

Solution to Problem 5-26 trix. Lay a straight-edge through this point and 3.
through the water-to-air ratio of 15 gpm/1000
cfm. Read the required water temperature from tl
Latent heat capacity = he - hF the right scale at 50.0°F. Sf
The washer has a correction factor of 0.87. bl
Determine the theoretical change in air en- = 29.9 - 28 .1 Step 2: Determine actual initial water
thalpy as hv - he = 32.6 - 21.4 = 11.2 = 1.8 Btu!lb da. temperature.
1:
Btu/lb da. The actual change in air enthalpy On psychrometric chart (Fig. 5-56) locate ti:
would be (0.87)(11.2) = 9. 7 Btu/lb da. There- By Eq. 5-8
fore, the actual enthalpy of the air leaving the
washer would be 32.6 - 9.7 = 22.9 Btu!lb
da = ' hE. Locate hE = 22 .9 on line DG and iJs = (4.5 cfm88)(hF - hE)
find tE = 56°F, twE = 54.6°F, and WE = 61 = 4.5(30,000)(5.2)
grains/lb da. iJs = 702,000 Btu/hr
Step 2: Determine sensible and latent iJL = (4.5 cfm.a)(hc - hF)
quantities that the air will ab-
sorb. = 4.5(30,000)(1.8)
iJL = 243,000 Btu/hr
On Fig. 5-55 locate point F by drawing a
5.2
horizontal line through E and a vertical line RSHR = = 0.74
through C. Find hF = 28.1 Btu/lb da. 5.2 + 1.8
Illustrative Problem 5-27 dB--+-
Sensible heat capacity = hF - hE
Figure 5-
= 28 .1 - 22.9 Air initially at 80°F DB and 68°F WB is to
= 5.2 Btu/lb da. be cooled to 55°F WB . Water at the rate of 15 Solutlon to Prob
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 243

gprn/1000 cfm of air is to be used in an air
washer. Determine the following:
a. the initial temperature that the water
must theoretically have
b. the actual initial water temperature, if a
correction factor of 0 ..85 is assumed
c. an estimate of the final condition of the
air 'leaving the washer
w Solution:
initial air condition (80°F DB, 68°F WB) at A.
Find hA = 32.2 Btu!lb da.
Theoretical final air wet bulb given is 55°F.
At 55°F WB and 100 percent RH, read h8 =
23.3 Btu/lb da.
Actual heat to . be surrendered by air is
hA - h8 = 32.2 - 23.3 = 8.9 Btu/lb da.
Since the correction factor given is 0.85 and
the actual heat lost by the air amounts to 8. 9
Btu/lb da, it is evident that the problem must
be solved as though the air were to surrender
8.9/0.85 = 10.47 Btu/lb da.

_ _____.1 Step 1: Determine the theoretical initial

water temperature.
The theoretical wet bulb temperature of the
air may be found as follows:
The initial air enthalpy hA = 32.2 Btu/lb
Using Fig. 5-52 locate where the initial da. The theoretical quantity of heat to be sur-
wet-bulb temperature of 68°F and final wet- rendered is 10.47 Btu/lb da. Therefore, the
lgure 5-55 bulb temperature of 55°F intersect in the ma- theoretical final enthalpy of the air should be
1 to Problem 5-26 trix. Lay a straight-edge through this point and 32.2 - 10.47 = 21.7 Btu/lb da.
through the water-to-air ratio of 15 gprn/1000 On Fig. 5-56 draw the line of constant en-
cfm. Read the required water temperature from thalpy of 21.7 Btu/lb . Where this line inter-
the right scale at 50.0°F. sects the 100 percent RH curve, find the wet-
Latent heat capacity = he - hp
n. Step 2: Determine actual initial water
bulb temperature of 51.8°F, point C.
!0-
= 29.9 - 28.1 On Fig. 5-52 use a straight-edge between
temperature.
l.2 = 1.8 Btu/1b da . 15 gprn/1000 cfm and intersection of 68°F ini-
lpy On psychrometric chart (Fig. 5-56) locate tial wet-bulb temperature and 51.8°F final wet
:re- By Eq. 5-8
the
l/lb
md
iJs = (4.5 cfm5a)(hF - hE)
61 = 4.5(30,000)(5.2)
iJs = 702,000 Btu/hr
:ent qL = (4.5 cfm53)(hc - hp)
ab-
= 4.5(30,000)(1 .8)
qL = 243,000 Btu/hr
w
__t
1g a
5.2
line RSHR =
5.2 + 1.8
= 0.74
~...----
Illustrative Problem 5-27 dB____.
Figure 5-56
Air initially at 80°F DB and 68°F WB is to
Solution to Problem 5-27
be cooled to 55°F WB. Water at the rate of 15
244 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS
bulb . At right read the initial water tempera-
ture as 45 .5°F, point D of Fig. 5-56. This is
the initial water temperature that will actually
cool the air to a final wet-bulb temperature of
55°F.
Theoretically, the rise in water temperature
would be 51.8 - 45 .5 = 6.3 degrees . Since
the correction factor is 0 .85, the actual rise in
water temperature would be 0 .85 X 6 .3 =
5.36 degrees . Therefore, the actual final water
temperature would be 45 .5 + 5.36 = 50.9°F,
pointE of Fig. 5-56.
\
Step 3: Estimate final air condition leav-
ing washer.
Draw line AC on Fig. 5-56. This represents
the theoretical process line of the air passing
through the washer. The actual final wet-bulb
temperature of the air was stated as 55°F.
Where 55°F WB intersects line AC, find point
F, which is the approximate air leaving condi-
tions. Find tF = 56.8°F, hF = 23 .2 Btu/lb da,
WF = 62 grains/lb da.
CHA
Re
5-1 . Moist air at 35°F DB and 32°F WB 1s to b
50 percent RH . Using the psychrometric chart ;
determine the following :
(a) The initial and final values of humidit:
ume, and dew-point temperature
(b) If the initial air volume entering the
CFM , determine:
(1) required heating capacity (Btu/hr)
(2) required moisture addition (lb/hr)
(3) pounds per hour of air flowing thn
5-2. Three thousand cfm of air at 40°F DB and
cfm of air at 90°F DB and 74°F WB in a stea<
dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures, humidity ra
ing mixture.
5-3. Moist air at an initial condition of 40°F DI
and humidified to a final condition of 90°F DB aJ
of humidification is to be carried out in a spn
. recirculated spray water with no external heating
The spray washer has a humidifying effectiver
and reheating of the air will be done by heat-1
volume flow rate is 8000 cfm, determine:
(a) How much preheat and reheat capacity
(b) How much water must be added to t
gpm?
5-4 . Using the same initial and final air conditi
the range of preheated air temperatures that wo
pan type humidifier containing water maintainec
coils. Assume that the air pressure is 14.7 psia.
5-5. A building interior is to be heated by force
at 105°F DB . The calculated sensible heat los
Btu/hr with the building interior maintained a1
when the outdoor air is at 30°F DB and 24°F'
that 25 percent of the air circulated must be o
loss is all sensible heat, determine the followin,
(a). the required supply air quantity in lb/1
(b) if humidification is performed by sp1
,
'
 •
Step 3: Estimate final air condition leav-
ing washer.
Draw line AC on Fig. 5-56. This represents
the theoretical process line of the air passing
through the washer. The actual final wet-bulb
temperature of the air was stated as 55°F.
Where 55°F WB intersects line AC, find point
F, which is the approximate air leaving condi-
tions. Find tp = 56 .8°F, hp = 23 .2 Btu/lb da,
WF = 62 grains/lb da.
. recirculated spray water with no external heating or cooling of the spray water.
CHAPTER 5
Review
5-l. Moist air at 35°F DB and 32°F WB is to be conditioned to 70°F DB and
50 percent RH . Using the psychrometric chart and any required calculations,
determine the following :
(a) The initial and final values of humidity ratio, enthalpy, specific vol-
ume, and dew-point temperature
(b) If the initial air volume entering the conditioning device is 5000
CFM, determine:
(1) required heating capacity (Btu/hr)
(2) required moisture addition (lb/hr)
(3) pounds per hour of air flowing through the conditioner
5-2. Three thousand cfm of air at 40°F DB and 35°F WB are mixed with 5000
cfm of air at 90°F DB and 74°F WB in a steady-flow device. Determine the
dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures, humidity ratio, and enthalpy of the result-
ing mixture.
5-3 . Moist air at an initial condition of 40°F DB and 32°F WB is to be heated
and humidified to a final condition of 90°F DB and 30 percent RH . The process
of humidification is to be carried out in a spray chamber (air washer) using
The spray washer has a humidifying effectiveness of 88 percent. Preheating
and reheating of the air will be done by heat-transfer coils. If the initial air
volume flow rate is 8000 cfm, determine:
(a) How much preheat and reheat capacity is required , Btu/hr?
(b) How much water must be added to the spray chamber as makeup,
gpm?
5-4 . Using the same initial and final air conditions of Problem 5-3, determine
the range of preheated air temperatures that would permit the use of an open-
pan type humidifier containing water maintained at 212°F by immersed heating
coils . Assume that the air pressure is 14.7 psia.
5-5. A building interior is to be heated by forced circulation warm air supplied
at l05°F DB. The calculated sensible heat loss from the building is 560,000
Btu/hr with the building interior maintained at 68°F DB and 60 percent RH
when the outdoor air is at 30°F DB and 24°F WB. Proper ventilation requires
that 25 percent of the air circulated must be outdoor air. If the building heat
loss is all sensible heat , determine the following :
(a) the required supply air quantity in lb/hr and cfm
(b) if humidification is performed by spraying steam into th~ airstream
 246 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS

after the mixing of outdoor and recirculated air, how much steam in lb/hr 'Return air
is required, assuming the steam is at 16 psia, dry and saturated? Exhaust
(c) How much heat must be supplied by the heat-transfer coil after hu- 70° F DB , 50% RH

midification?
5-6. Air at 60°F DB and 50°F WB is to be preheated and then humidified to a
final condition of l00°F DB and 40 percent RH in a steady-flow device. Hu- air
midificaHon is to be performed by spraying steam into the air. The steam pres-
sure is 20 psia and has a quality of 80 percent.
(a) To what temperature must the air be preheated before humidification? Heating coil Humidi
(b) If 4000 cfm of air at the initial condition enters the process, how
much steam in lb/hr is required to humidify the air? Figure 5-57
(c) What must be the heating capacity of the preheating coil in Btu/hr? Sketch tor Problem !

5-7. A building has a calculated heat loss of 400,000 Btu/hr and a sensible
heat ratio of 0.80. The building interior is to be maintained at 70°F DB and 50
percent RH when the outdoor air is .at 35°F DB and 40 percent RH. Outdoor
air required for ventilation is 3000 cfm. Air supplied to the building interior is
to be at ll5°F DB . Humidification of the supply air to the building interior, if
required, will be done by using dry saturated steam at 18 psia after the air has
passed through the heating device.
(a) How much air must be supplied to the building interior, lb/hr and
cfm?
(b) How much steam, if any, is required for humidification, lb/hr?
(c) Find the required temperature rise of the air through the heat-transfer
device, and heat transfer in Btu/hr.
(d) Make a sketch of a psychrometric chart showing all process lines and
points which pertain to the solution of the problem.
h 5-8. Moist air at 60°F DB and 30°F dew-point temperature enters a humidify-
ing device at the rate of 4000 cfm. Dry saturated steam at 30 psia is sprayed
into the airstream. Following humidification, the air is heated by a heat-transfer
device to a final condition of 90°F DB and 55°F dew-point temperature .
(a) How much steain must be added to the air, lb/hr?
(b) How much heat must be supplied by the heat-transfer device, Btu/hr?
(c) What are the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures after humidification?
(d) Make a sketch of a psychrometric chart showing all process lines and
points which pertain to the solution of the problem.
5-9. A building interior is to be maintained at 70°F DB ant 50 percent RH
when outdoor design conditions are 30°F DB and 26°F WB. Heat losses from
the building are 250,000 Btu/hr sensible and.:-44, 100 Btu/hr latent. Latent heat
transfer is due to infiltration of cold, dry outdoor air. Ventilation requires that
1000 cfm of outdoor air be introduced into the supply air. The supply air to
the building interior is to be at l00°F DB . The conditioning equipment is
shown in Fig. 5-57.
(a) Determine the quantity of supply air required , lb/hr and cfm .
(b) Determine the capacity of the heating device in
(1) The humidifier is a spray washer using rec
without heating or cooling of the water.
(2) The humidifier is a steam humidifier using
and saturated.
(c) Make a sketch of a psychrometric chart showin
points 'which pertain to the solution of the problem
5-10. A high humidity chamber is to be maintained at 7~
RH when outdoor design conditions are 30°F DB and
sensible heat loss from the chamber is 260,000 Btu/hr.
within the chamber it will be necessary to use 75 perc<
percent recirculated air for the supply air mixture.
The proposed equipment to condition the air is sho
preheat coil will heat the outdoor air to 70°F. The spra)
fying effectiveness of 90 percent and will use recirculatt
heating or cooling of the spray water. The steam humid
Return air
IOJ\\OOUO. (75° F, DB , 70% RH)
Preheat coi I Spray washer Reheat ct
Figure 5-58
Sketch tor Problem
 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 247

culated air, how much steam in lb/hr

16 psia, dry and saturated? .....
Exhaust Return air
~d by the heat-transfer coil after hu-
70° F DB , 50% RH

e preheated and then humidified to a Fan Supply

:nt RH in a steady-flow device. Hu- Outdoor 1 11 1 1 ~
a1r
~ steam into the air. The steam pres-
cent.
be preheated before humidification?
condition enters the process, how Heating coil Humidifier
midify the air?
Figure 5-57
y of the preheating coil in Btu/hr?
Sketch for Problem 5-9
s of 400,000 Btu/hr and a sensible
to be maintained at 70°F DB and 50
'F DB and 40 percent RH. Outdoor (b) Determine the capacity of the heating device in Btu/hr, if
[r supplie~ to the building interior is (1) The humidifier is a spray washer using recirculated spray water,
;upply air to the building interior, if without heating or cooling of the water.
ed steam at 18 psia after the air has (2) The humidifier is a steam humidifier using steam at 16 psia, dry
and saturated . .
to the building interior, lb/hr and (c) Make a sketch of a psychrometric chart showing all process lines and
points which pertain to the solution of the problem.
lred for humidification, lb/hr?
5-10. A high humidity chamber is to be maintained at 75°F DB and 70 percent
: of the air through the heat-transfer
RH when outdoor design conditions are 30°F DB and 80 percent RH . The
sensible heat loss from the chamber is 260,000 Btu/hr. Due to contamination
chart showing all process lines and
f the problem.
within the chamber it will be necessary to use 75 percent outdoor air and 25
percent recirculated air for the supply air mixture.
oint temperature enters a humidify- The proposed equipment to condition the air is shown in Fig. 5-58 . The
lturated steam at 30 psia is sprayed preheat coil will heat the outdoor air to 70°F. The spray washer has a humidi-
1, the air is heated by a heat-transfer fying effectiveness of 90 percent and will use recirculated spray water with no
55°F dew-point temperature. heating or cooling of the spray water. The steam humidifier will use dry satu-
o the air, lb/hr?
by the heat-transfer device, Btu/hr? Return air
mperatures after humidification? Exh"11<t (75° F, DB , 70% RH)
~-----.--~--~-
chart showing all process lines and
the problem.
d at 70°F DB ant 50 percent RH
B and 26°F WB . Heat losses from
-'44, I 00 Btu/hr latent. Latent heat
tdoor air. Ventilation requires that
the supply air. The supply air to Preh eat coil Spray washer Reheat coil Steam humidifier
. The conditioning equipment is
Figure 5-58

ir required, lb/hr and cfm. Sketch for Problem 5-10

;.::<H:J AI"'I"'LitU 1-'::)YGHHUMtTRICS

(c) The required bypass factor for the coolin1

rated steam at 20 psia. Supply air temperature to the chamber will be 110°F (d) The effective sensible heat factor.
dry bulb.
(a) Determine the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures, humidity ratio, and 5-14. Given the following design information for
enthalpy for the air at each numbered point in the system. Outside air conditions: 95°F I
(b) Determine the required supply air quantity, lb/hr and cfm. Inside air conditions: gooF I
(c) Determine the heating capacity required for the preheat coil and the Sensible heat gain: 226,0
reheat coil, Btu/hr. · Latent heat gain: 67 ,5'
(d) Determine the amount of water absorbed by the air in the air washer, Required quantity of outdoor air f<
lb/hr.
(e) Determine the amount of steam absorbed by the air in the steam
humidifier, lb/hr.
·~ Inside building volume: 70,0
If 12 air changes per hour are desired for propel
building, determine:
(f) Make a sketch of a psychrometric chart showing all process lines and (a) Air volume to be circulated, cfm.
points which pertain to the solution of the problem. (b) The sensible heat factor for the building.
(c) Dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the ai
5-11. A given space within a buiiding is to be maintained at 7goF DB and 50
(d) Dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the ai
percent RH. The calculated sensible heat gain to the space is 4g,ooo Btu'lhr,
and the latent heat gain is 12,000 Btu/hr. Supply air to the space is to have a 5-15. Given the following design information for l
dry-bulb temperature of 60°F. Outside air conditions: l05°F
(a) Calculate the space sensible heat ratio. Inside air conditions: 50 per'
(b) Determine the wet-bulb and dew-point temperatures , humidity ratio, Sensible heat gain: lgO,OC
and enthalpy of the supply air. Latent heat gain: 20,0C
(c) Calculate the quantity of supply air required, lb/hr and cfm. It has been decided to use 100 percent outdoor ai
The outdoor air will pass through a spray chamt
5-12. A building has a calculated sensible heat gain of 130,000 Btu/hr and a
water. The spray chamber will have an estimated I
latent heat gain of 32,500 Btu/hr. The inside design conditions are 7goF DB
and 50 percent RH. The outside design conditions are 90°F DB and 76°F WB. go percent. Determine:
(a) The resulting dry-bulb temperature in ti
Required outside air quantity for ventilation is 4000 cfm.
(a) For a cooling coil bypass factor of zero, what would be the apparatus tions .
(b) The required air flow, cfm.
dew-point temperature?
(c) The dry- and wet-bulb temperatures o
(b) If a cooling coil was selected that had a bypass factor of 0. 20, de-
chamber at design conditions.
termine
(1) Required supply air quantity, cfm. 5-16. Given the following design information for
(2) Entering and leaving air conditions at the cooling coil (dry- and Outside air .conditions: 95°F DE
wet-bulb temperatures) . Inside air conditions: gooF DE
(3) The refrigeration load on the cooling coil, Btu/hr and tons. Sensible heat gain: 230,000
Latent heat gain: 55,000
5-13. Given the following design ·information for a building:
Required outdoor air for ventilation
Outside air conditions: 90°F DB, 75°F WB.
(a) Using a cooling coil bypass factor of 0.
Inside air conditions: gooF DB, 50 percent RH.
(l) The apparatus dew-point temperatm
Sensible heat gain: 160,000 Btu/hr.
(2) The quantity of air supplied to the b
Latent heat gain: 40,000 Btu/hr.
building heat gains, cfm.
If the total quantity of supply air to the building is to be gooo cfm, 50 percent
(3) Entering and leaving air conditions
of which must be outdoor air for ventilation, determine:
wet-bulb temperature) .
(a) The required dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the air leaving the
(4) Effective sensible heat factor.
cooling coil and entering the building.
(b) If the supply air dry-bulb temperature
(b) The dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the air entering the cooling
cooling coil bypass factor is used, determi
coil.

erature to the chamber will be II 0°F
ulb temperatures, humidity ratio, and
:red point in the system.
air quantity, lb/hr and cfm.
1 required for the preheat coil and the
r absorbed by the air in the air washer,
tm absorbed by the air in the steam
ric chart showing all process lines and
n of the problem.
. to be maintained at 78°F DB and 50
t gain to the space is 4g,ooo Btlii'hr,
. Supply air to the space is to have a
:at ratio.
:w-point temperatures, humidity ratio,
y air required, lb/hr and cfm.
•le heat gain of 130,000 Btu/hr and a
nside design conditions are 78°F DB
onditions are 90°F DB and 76°F WB.
.on is 4000 cfm.
r of zero, what would be the apparatus
that had a bypass factor of 0.20, de-
ty, cfm.
mditions at the cooling coil (dry- and
he cooling coil, Btu!hr and tons.
ation for a building:
90°F DB, 75°F WB.
gooF DB, 50 percent RH.
1
160,000 Btu/hr.
40,000 Btu/hr.
uilding is to be 8000 cfm, 50 percent
on, determine:
b temperatures of the air leaving the
ng .
~tures of the air entering the cooling
APPLIED PSYCHROMETAICS 24
(c) The required bypass factor for the cooling coil.
(d) The effective sensible heat factor.
5-14. Given the following design information for a building:
Outside air conditions: 95°F DB, 75°F WB .
Inside air conditions: gooF DB, 67°F WB.
Sensible heat gain: 226,000 Btu/hr.
Latent heat gain: 67,500 Btu/hr.
Required quantity of outdoor air for ventilation: 5400 cfm.
Inside building volume: 70,000 ft 3 .
If 12 air changes per hour are desired for proper air circulation within the
building, determine:
(a) Air volume to be circulated, cfm.
(b) The sensible heat factor for the building .
(c) Dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the air supplied to the building.
(d) Dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the air entering the cooling coil.
5-15. Given the following design information for a building:
Outside air conditions: 105°F DB, 70°F WB.
Inside air conditions: 50 percent RH.
Sensible heat gain: 1g0,000 Btu/hr.
Latent heat gain: 20,000 Btu/hr.
It has been decided to use 100 percent outdoor air to condition the building.
The outdoor air will pass through a spray chamber using recirculated spray
water. The spray chamber will have an estimated humidifying effectiveness of
go percent. Determine:
(a) The resulting dry-bulb temperature in the building at design condi-
tions.
(b) The required air flow, cfm. "
(c) The dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the air leaving the spray
chamber at design conditions .
5-16. Given the following design information for a building. •
Outside air .conditions: 95°F DB , gooF WB .
Inside air conditions: gooF DB , 40 percent RH.
Sensible heat gain: 230,000 Btu/hr.
Latent heat gain: 55,000 Btu/hr.
Required outdoor air for ventilation: 5000 cfm.
(a) Using a cooling coil bypass factor of 0.15 , determine:
(I) The apparatus dew-point temperature .
(2) The quantity of air supplied to the building interior to absorb the
building heat gains, cfm.
(3) Entering and leaving air conditions at the cooling coil (dry- and
wet-bulb temperature) .
(4) Effective sensible heat factor.
(b) If the supply air dry-bulb temperature has to be 60°F and the same
cooling coil bypass factor is used , determine:
250 APPI,.IED PSYCHROMETRICS

(1) The quantity of supply air required, cfm. BIDLIOGRAJ

(2) The required reheat capacity, Btu/hr.
5-17 . Given the following design information for a building:
Outside air conditions: 92°F DB, 76°F WB .
1. The Armstrong Humidification Handbook, Arm
Inside air conditions: 80°F DB, 50 percent RH .
Three Rivers , Michigan . -
Sensible heat gain: 68,500 Btu/hr.
Latent heat gain: ' 29,350 Btu/hr. 2. Trane Air Conditioning Manual , The Trane
Ventilation requires that all air supplied to the building interior Wisconsin.
must be outdoor air.
3. Carrier System Design Manual , Part 1, Load Esti
Temperature difference between inside design dry bulb and
ditioning Company , Syracuse, NY, 1972.
supply air is to be 20 degrees.
Using a cooling coil bypass factor of 0.10, determine: ~

(a) Room sensible heat factor.

(b) The supply air quantity, Btu/hr.
(c) Apparatus dew-point temperature.
(d) Reheat quantity, Btu/hr.
5-18. Cooling-load calculations for a building indicate a sensible heat gain of
200,000 Btu/hr and a latent heat gain of 25,000 Btu/hr at design conditions.
The outdoor air at design conditions is at 105° F DB and 65°F WB. A manu-
facturer can supply a spray water evaporative cooler using recirculated spray
water which has a humidifying effectiveness of 90 percent when the air flow is
9000 cfm.
(a) If 100 percent outdoor air is used in the amount of 9000 cfm through
the spray washer and enters the building as supply air, determine:
(1) The dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the air leaving the spray
washer as supply air.
(2) The resulting dry- and wet-bulb temperatures and the relative
humidity of the air in the building.
5-19 . Given the following design information for a building:
Outside air conditions: 95°F DB, 75°F WB.
Inside air conditions: 80°F DB, 50 percent RH .
Sensible heat gain: 150,000 Btu/hr.
Latent heat gain: 50,000 Btu/hr.
Minimum required outdoor air for ventilation: 3000 cfm.
Supply air for this application is to be all outdoor air.
For a cooling coil bypass factor of 0.10, determine:
(a) Heat loads caused by outdoor air, Btu/hr.
(b) Apparatus dew-point temperature.
(c) Supply air quantity to use, cfm.
(d) Supply dry- and wet-bulb temperatures. \'

251