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BIS-ASE 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1517 (2020) 012007 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1517/1/012007

The effect of adhesive concentration variation on the

characteristics of briquettes

R P Dewi* and M Kholik

Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tidar, Magelang, Indonesia

*Email: ranypuspita@untidar.ac.id

Abstract. The depletion of fossil fuel reserves is increasingly encouraging people to see other
renewable energy sources. Strategic steps can be taken is applying the concept of energy
diversification. One of the simplest and easiest ways to diversify energy is through biomass
energy utilization. Indonesia has abundant biomass energy sources, which can come from waste.
Potential wastes that can be used as raw material for briquettes are sawdust and coconut shell
waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in the adhesive
concentration of starch on the characteristics of charcoal briquettes which include caloric value,
moisture content, and ash content. The research is done with variating of adhesive concentration
4%, 6%, and 8% with sawdust and coconut shell composition 75%:25%. The research result
shows that briquettes with 4% of adhesive concentration have caloric value 6974.022 Cal/g,
moisture content 4.518%, and ash content 1.364%. Briquettes with 6% of adhesive concentration
have caloric value 7561.582 Cal/g, moisture content 4.232%, and ash content 1.762%. Briquettes
with 8% of adhesive concentration have caloric value 6996.102 Cal/g, moisture content 4.455%,
and ash content 1.623%. The characteristics of briquette have fulfilled the value of briquette
quality standard SNI 01-6235-2000. The most optimum of adhesive concentration in briquette
production from the research was 6%.

1. Introduction
Dependence on fossils fuels is increasing over time. The condition made worse by the depletion of
reserves. The society is expected to immediately look for other alternative energy sources that are cheap
and environmentally friendly. One of the abundantly available energy sources that can be utilized
through simple conversion technology is biomass. Biomass energy has a greater perspective than the
other form of energy, since it is renewable, in contrast to the nature of fossil fuels [1]. Biomass waste
that currently has the promising potential to be used as an alternative energy source is sawdust and
coconut shell waste. These wastes can be converted to briquettes through briquettes production
technology. Briquetting technology needs the addition of a binding material to hold the briquette
together. Briquette binder plays a key role in the process of briquette production [2]. Binder type, binder
concentration and, compaction pressure, significantly affected the physical characteristics of briquettes
produced [3].
Sawdust can be gotten from the sawmill industry. Total production of sawn wood in Indonesia
reaches 2.6 million m3 per year with the amount of waste formed around 54.24% of total production.
This number shows a potential amount of waste to be used as raw material for making briquettes.

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BIS-ASE 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1517 (2020) 012007 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1517/1/012007

Sawdust briquettes showed potential for application as viable biomass fuel [4]. Sawdust and molasses
added to decrease the shatter index of the briquette [5].
Another waste that can be used as raw material for briquette is coconut shell. Coconut shell is an
agricultural waste that is abundant to the environment and also raises the risk to health as well as
environmentally [6]. Meanwhile, the addition of coconut shell waste is expected to increase the heating
value of the briquettes produced. The formation and utilization of charcoal briquettes with coconut shells
have two advantages, namely encouraging the study of renewable substitute energy technologies and
being one of the solutions to environmental waste problems because it uses raw materials for coconut
shells [7]. The utilization of sawdust and coconut shell waste has not been carried out optimally. The
making of briquettes through the use of sawdust and coconut shell waste is expected to be one of the
alternative solutions for renewable energy alternatives that are renewable and environmentally friendly.

2. Method
The research was done by using a composition of sawdust and coconut shell (75%:25%) and variation
of binder concentration as shown in Table 1. The pressing force used in briquettes production was 2500
psi. Variables of briquettes observed in the research were a calorific value (cal/g), ash content (%), and
moisture content (%).

Table 1. Variation of binder concentration

Variation Binder (%)
P1 4
P2 6
P3 8

Preparing raw Crushing and Briquetting

Carbonizing Mixing
material sieving and drying

Figure 1. Process of briquette production

Figure 1 shows the process of briquette production, there were:

(1) Preparing raw materials
Sawdust and coconut shell wastes were cleaned and dried in the sun to reduce the moisture content
and to ensure an effective carbonization process.
(2) Carbonizing
Sawdust and coconut shell waste were carbonized at a temperature of 450C. Then, they were fed
into a retort with 5 kg capacity. The fully carbonized material was collected for further process.
(3) Crushing and sieving
Carbonized sawdust and coconut shell was crushed to smaller particles and sieved using a 100-
micron sieve.
(4) Mixing
Before mixing all of the raw materials, we need to prepare the binder first. Tapioca starch was used
as a binder. Binder concentration was produced by dissolving tapioca starch in a 0,16 liter of water.
Tapioca starch and water were mixed with the boiling water until a homogeneous solution was
obtained. Then, mixing raw materials (sieved sawdust and coconut shell) and binder as the
concentration stated in Table 1.
(5) Briquetting and drying
The tapioca starch mixed carbonized was pressed by pressing the machine at 2500 psi. The diameter
of the briquettes produced was 5 cm. The briquettes were placed on a tray and then it was sun-dried
for one day.

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BIS-ASE 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1517 (2020) 012007 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1517/1/012007

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Results
The grade of briquettes with a variation of binder concentration of 4%, 6%, and 8%. The briquettes were
analyzed to tests for calorific value refers to ASTM 2015, ash content refers to ASTM D-3174, and
moisture content refers to ASTM D-3173. Table 2 shows the results of the properties of the briquette
produced.

Table 2. Properties of briquette

Calorific value Mean Ash Mean Moisture Mean
Sample
(cal/g) content (%) content (%)
P1 7042.345 1.698 4.196
7312.806 6974.022 1.171 1.364 4.117 4.158
6566.916 1.221 4.160
P2 7615.606 1.850 4.208
7223.074 7561.582 1.687 1.762 4.194 4.232
7846.066 1.748 4.294
P3 7064.762 1.628 4.478
6565.836 6996.102 1.547 1.623 4.505 4.455
7357.706 1.693 4.382

3.2. Discussions

3.2.1. Calorific value

The calorific value test of briquette refers to ASTM 2015. The test was done three times for each
variation concentration of binder. The effect of binder concentration on calorific value is shown in
Figure 2. Figure 2 shows that the highest calorific value was obtained at 6 % binder concentration that
is 7561.582 cal/g. The addition concentration of binder to 8 % cause the calorific value of briquettes
produced decreased. This is due to the greater moisture content of binder. The result showed that there
was a significant influence on the amount of starch adhesive to the calorific value of coconut shell
charcoal briquette [8]. Based on three variations of binder concentration, the calorific value of briquettes
is within the range of calorific value according to the briquette quality standard of SNI 01-6235-2000.

10000

9000
Calorific value (cal/g)

7561.582
8000
6996.102

7000
y = 11.04x + 7155.2
6974.022
R² = 0.0011
6000

5000

4000
P1 P2 P3
Concentration of binder (%)

Figure 2. Effect of concentration of binder on calorific value

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BIS-ASE 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1517 (2020) 012007 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1517/1/012007

3.2.2. Ash content.

The ash content test of briquette refers to ASTM D-3174. The test was done three times for each
variation concentration of binder. The effect of binder concentration on calorific value is shown in
Figure 3. Figure 3 shows that the lowest ash content was obtained at 4% binder concentration that is
1.364% and the highest ash content was obtained at 6% binder concentration that is 1.762%. This value
is not much different from the value of the ash content at 8% binder concentration. High and low ash
content affected by the addition of adhesive, higher adhesive added higher ash content obtained [9].
Based on three variations of binder concentration, the ash content of briquettes is within the range of
ash content according to the briquette quality standard of SNI 01-6235-2000.
3.0

2.5

1.762
2.0
Ash content (%)

1.5
y = 0.1295x + 1.324 1.623
1.0 1.364 R² = 0.411

0.5

0.0
P1 P2 P3
Concentration of binder (%)

Figure 3. Effect of concentration of binder on ash content

3.2.3. Moisture content

Moisture content test of briquette refers to ASTM D-3173. The test was done three times for each
variation concentration of binder. The effect of binder concentration on calorific value is shown in
Figure 4. These results appropriated with recommendations of 5-10% moisture content for good quality
briquettes [10]. Based on three variations of binder concentration, the ash content of briquettes is within
the range of ash content according to the briquette quality standard of SNI 01-6235-2000.

5.00

4.80
Moisture content (%)

4.60 4.518
y = -0.0315x + 4.4647 4.455
R² = 0.0439
4.40

4.20 4.232

4.00
P1 P2 P3
Concentration of binder (%)

Figure 4. Effect of concentration of binder on moisture content

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BIS-ASE 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1517 (2020) 012007 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1517/1/012007

4. Conclusion
Tapioca starch as binder plays a key role in briquette production. The highest calorific value of
briquettes resulted has the highest ash content and the lowest moisture content. The optimum
concentration of binder from the research was 6% with the composition of sawdust and coconut shell
waste was 75%:25%.

Acknowledgment
The author would like to thanks Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LPPM-PMP)
Universitas Tidar for the financial support and the partners in Mechanical Department, Engineering
Faculty, Universitas Tidar, Magelang for the help.

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