Seminar

Report Entitled

A SCREENING TECHNIQUE FOR ANTICIPATING

Submitted
NETWORK in
INSTABILITIES
IN AC-DC SYSTEMS USING SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES
OBTAINED BY FREQUENCY SCANNING

Submitted in
Partial fulfilment for the award of the
Degree
of

Master of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering
(Power Systems)

By
Rohith S (P21PS002)

Under the guidance of

Dr. P. B. Darji

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SURAT – 395007

Oct-2022
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 SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SURAT-395007, GUJRAT, INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DECLARATION
“I hereby declare that the Dissertation report entitled “A Screening Technique for
Anticipating Network Instabilities in AC-DC Systems using Sequence Impedances obtained
by Frequency Scanning” is being submitted in the partial fulfilment for the award of the
degree of “Master of Technology in Electrical Engineering (Power Systems)’’ to Sardar
Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat is an authentic record of my own work
done under the guidance of Dr. P. B. Darji, in Electrical Engineering Department. The
matter reported in this Dissertation has not been submitted at any other place for award of any
degree or diploma, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Date: 11-10-2022 Signature

Place: SVNIT, Surat. Name:

Roll No:

ii
 SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SVNIT
SURAT-395 007, GUJRAT, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “A Screening Technique for

Anticipating Network Instabilities in AC-DC Systems using Sequence

Impedances obtained by Frequency Scanning ” submitted by ROHITH S, P21PS002
is a record of bonafide work carried out by her in partial fulfilment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of “MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING with
specialization POWER SYSTEMS”.

Date: 11-10-2022

Place: SVNIT Surat

Signature and date Signature and date

Supervisor(s)

iii
 EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The Dissertation entitled “A Screening Technique for Anticipating Network

Instabilities in AC-DC Systems using Sequence Impedances obtained by

Frequency Scanning” submitted by Mr. Rohith S (P21PS002) in the partial fulfilment of
the requirement for the award of the degree in “Master of Technology in Electrical
Engineering with specialization Power Systems.” of the Sardar Vallabhbhai National
Institute of Technology, Surat is hereby approved for the award of the degree.

Date: 11/10/2022
Place: SURAT

Signature and date Signature and date

Supervisor(s)

Signature and date Signature and date

Examiner(s) Chairman

Signature and date

Head of Department

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide Dr. P. B. Darji for
his valuable guidance, motivation and for his extreme cooperation to complete my
dissertation work successfully.

I would like to express my sincere respect and profound gratitude to Dr. A.K
Panchal, Head of Electrical Engineering Department for supporting and providing
the facilities for my dissertation work.

I am thankful to Dr.V.Mahajan, P.G. In-charge, Electrical Engineering

Department, for his consent and permission to utilize the facilities of the
department for my study.

I appreciate all my colleagues whose direct and indirect contribution helped me a

lot to accomplish this dissertation work. I would also like to thank all the teaching
and non- teaching staffs for cooperating with me and providing valuable advice
which helped me in the completion of this work.

Finally, I would like to express my thanks to all the members of my lovely family,
without whose support I would have ever been able to aspire for this level of
education.

-ROHITH S

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 ABSTRACT

Power electronic based AC-DC converters, in the form of FACTS and HVDC
systems are widely used in modern power system for making the system more
flexible, reliable and secure. There is potential for adverse interaction with the
lightly damped modes of the connected transmission network on the AC and DC
sides due to the fast control of these converters. The interaction is complicated
because the coupling between the AC and DC sides is mediated via the converter.
The action of the converter causes complementary-frequency dynamic coupling
between positive and negative sequence components on the AC side.

The study of AC-DC interactions in an HVDC system can be analyzed using

analytical models and simulation based techniques. Given the complexity of the
dynamical system time-domain based simulation based frequency scanning is a
convenient tool for analysis. In this technique, we obtain the small signal
frequency domain model of the system by injecting a broadband signal of small
magnitude in the simulation model of the system. The main utility of a frequency
scanning technique, applied to FACTS and HVDC application is to identify
resonant frequencies in the system. The studies are carried out on the CIGRE
benchmark system using simulation tools such as PSCAD and MATLAB. These
studies indicate that the time domain based frequency scanning results can be of
great practical use in anticipating and avoiding adverse AC-DC interactions. The
method presented is quite general and can be extended to study similar power
electronic converter applications in power systems, e.g., Voltage Source Converter
based HVDC and FACTS systems such as STATCOM etc.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................... ii
CERTIFICATE ........................................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................. v
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................................................................................xi
CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 1
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Motivation ................................................................................................................ 1
1.1.1 Sub synchronous Controller Interaction .................................................... 2
1.1.2 Sub synchronous Torsional Interaction ..................................................... 3
1.1.3 Network Interaction ................................................................................. 4
1.2 Analysis Method ...................................................................................................... 5
1.2.1 EMTP Method’s ......................................................................................... 5
1.2.1 Eigen Value Analysis ................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 6
2 Frequency Response using Scanning Technique ................................................................ 6
2.1 Representation of Power System as a negative feedback system .................... 6
2.2 Frequency Scanning Scheme based on sequence components ...................... 11
2.3 Frequency Scanning Scheme based on DQ components ................................. 13
2.4 Frequency response of HVDC System ............................................................... 15
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 19
3 Screening Criteria for Anticipating Instabilities .......................................................... 19
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 22
4 Case Study ........................................................................................................................... 22
4.1 Frequency scanning of CSC-HVDC System (Cigre-Bench Mark Model) ........... 22
4.1.1 Frequency Scanning Setup in PSCAD ................................................. 23
4.1.2 Screening of some unstable cases of HVDC-AC System Interaction
by using frequency scan result .................................................................... 26

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 4.2 Frequency scanning of Transmission Line with STATCOM .............................. 33
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 35
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................ 35
REFERENCE ............................................................................................................................... 36

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Type-3 Wind System: DFIG connected to a Series Compensated Network ............... 2

Figure 1.2 Synchronous machine connected to a Series Compensated Network with TCSC ...... 3

Figure 1.3 STATCOM Interfaced Network ..................................................................................... 4

Figure 1.4 Frequency response of 𝑌𝑄𝑄 with different values of magnetizing reactance 𝑋𝑚 ........ 4

Figure 2.1 Power Electronic System (PES) Connected to Grid ..................................................... 6

Figure 2.2 Small-signal Model Extraction from the PSCAD Time-domain Simulation .............. 6

Figure 2.3 Representation of a Power System as a Negative Feedback Connection of Devices

to the Network ............................................................................................................................. 7

Figure 2.4 Voltage and current injection based frequency scanning. ............................................. 8

Figure 2.5 Simple Combination of sinusoids from 1 Hz to 150Hz ................................................ 9

Figure 2.6 Shorder’s Multi-Sine from 1Hz to 150 Hz .................................................................. 10

Figure 2.7 Scheme based on Sequence Components: Two independent frequency scans are

done (positive and negative sequence injection) ........................................................ 11

Figure 2.8 Scheme based on D-Q Components. Two independent frequency scans are doneby

applying the multi-sine signal u(t) at the point A keeping B at zero, and the other

by applying u(t) at B, keeping A at zero. .................................................................... 13

Figure 2.9 LCC based HVDC System ........................................................................................... 15

Figure 2.10 Scheme based on D-Q Components. Two independent frequency scans are done:

one by applying the multi-sine signal u(t) at the point A keeping B at zero, and the

other by applying u(t) at B, keeping A at zero ............................................................ 16

Figure 2.11 Multi-sine voltage signal injection for frequency scanning ...................................... 16

Figure 2.12 Independent frequency scanning of AC system and DC system ............................... 17

Figure 2.13 Combining Frequency Responses ................................................................................ 18

Figure 3.1 MIMO System ............................................................................................................... 19

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Figure 4.1 Cigre HVDC Benchmark Model .................................................................................. 22

Figure 4.2 Frequency scanning of Cigre model by method of current injection ......................... 23

Figure 4.3 Behavior of complete HVDC system ........................................................................... 23

Figure 4.4 Multisine Injection for Frequency Scanning of the DC system ................................. 23

Figure 4.5 12 Pulse HVDC Converter ........................................................................................... 24

Figure 4.6 Rectifier Current Controls for Cigre CSC HVDC Model ............................................ 24

Figure 4.7 Multiple Run Setup for Multisine injection ,data extraction and data storing .......... 25

Figure 4.8 Multisine Waveform and extracted data after signal injection ................................... 25

Figure 4.9 Frequency Scanning of the AC Network Connected to Rectifier station .................. 26

Figure 4.10 Rectifier current waveform for Stable Case ................................................................ 27

Figure 4.11 Variation of Negative Sequence Admittance with Frequency (Stable Case) ............. 27

Figure 4.12 Variation of Positive Sequence Admittance with Frequency (Stable Case) ............... 28

Figure 4.13 Nyquist Plot for the stable case ..................................................................................... 29

Figure 4.14 Frequency Response of HVDC System (Stable Case) ................................................. 29

Figure 4.15 Frequency Response of AC Network (Stable Case) .................................................... 30

Figure 4.16 Response of dc current 𝐼𝑑𝑐 : (Unstable Case) ............................................................... 30

Figure 4.17 Variation of Positive Sequence Admittance with Frequency (Unstable Case) .......... 31

Figure 4.18 Variation of Negative Sequence Admittance with Frequency(Unstable Case) .......... 31

Figure 4.19 Frequency Response of HVDC System (Unstable Case) ............................................ 32

Figure 4.20 Frequency Response of AC Network (Unstable Case) ............................................... 32

Figure 4.21 STACOM Connected to the midpoint of a line ........................................................... 33

Figure 4.22 Frequency Scanning of STATCOM by Injecting Multisine Input ............................. 33

Figure 4.23 PSCAD Setup for STATCOM Scanning ..................................................................... 34

Figure 4.24 Frequency Response of STATCOM in DQ Domain .................................................. 34

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PES :Power Electronic System

FACTS :Flexible AC Transmission System

HVDC :High Voltage DC

PSCAD :Power Systems Computer Aided Design

SSCI :Sub Synchronous Controller Interaction

SSTI :Sub Synchronous Torsional Interaction

STATCOM :Static Compensator

EMTP :Electro Magnetic Transient Program

FFT :Fast Fourier Transform

LCC :Line Commutated Converter

MIMO :Multiple Input Multiple Output

LTI :Linear Time Invariant

MATLAB :Matrix Laboratory

SSR :Sub Synchronous Resonance

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